Chapter 1 1 CLIMATE and ARCHITECTURE

Outdoor Thermal Comfort Analysis for the Dhond Residence in GOA, India

Item Type text; Electronic Thesis

Authors Poonam, Anaokar Deepak

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.

Download date 10/10/2021 08:09:10

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190206 1

OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT ANAYLSIS FOR THE DHOND

RESIDENCE IN GOA, INDIA.

Poonam Deepak Anaokar

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE WITH A MAJOR IN ENERGY CONSERVATION

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

2 0 0 5 2

APPROVAL BY THESIS COMMITEE

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

______

Dr.Nader Chalfoun Date Committee Chair Architecture department

______

Dr. Ralph Hammann Date Committee Chair Architecture department

______

Prof. Ron Stoltz Date Committee Chair Landscape Architecture department 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost I would like to thank my husband Dr. Sumant Paranjpe for his

encouragement and patience without which this report would not exist. My deepest gratitude

goes to my parents and my sister for their help and support. Their numerous trips to the meteorological office to obtain the climatic data for Goa have made this study meaningful. I would also like to thank my family back home whose encouragement and confidence all throughout has been the force of motivation behind all the long hours of work and study.

Special thanks to Dr.Nader Chalfoun from the School of Architecture, my chair advisor whose invaluable input and review has made this study possible. Many hours of careful paraphrasing and technical help have made this thesis possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Ralph Hammann from the School of Architecture and Prof. Ron Stoltz from the

School of Landscape Architecture, members of the committee whose valuable inputs and suggestions and their enthusiasm to serve on this committee have made this study very special.

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this thesis to my grandmother, Aji for being a source of inspiration for us all.

ABSTRACT

The hypothesis of this study is to create a thermally viable microclimate for a residential outdoor space in the hot humid climate of the state of Goa in India with innovative and intelligent use of landscaping materials and shading conditions to control radiation, direct heat, air movements and moisture. This research focuses on the optimization of the performance of outdoor spaces using computer simulations.

Outdoor spaces form an important part of houses in the hot-humid region as the humidity levels are high and natural air currents are the best option. A typical house in the tropical region would be defined by three types of spaces- indoor, outdoors and a combination of the indoor and the outdoor consisting of generally of a verandah or a loggia.

This thesis focuses on the “indoor- outdoor” spaces where the breezes could be used to cool the space as well as the use of non–radiative materials so as to lower the temperature in the outdoor spaces and restore conditions to the thermal comfort zone. This study is aimed towards the integration of architecture with landscape architecture to achieve thermal comfort for outdoor spaces and to demonstrate how these can be optimized for better comfort for the residential structures in the tropical zone. 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE...... 13 1.1 VERNACULAR AND REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE...... 15 1.2 DEFINING THE PROBLEM ...... 18 1.3 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK...... 19 1.4 MOTIVATING A SOLUTION ...... 20 1.5 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS...... 20 2 THE BIOCLIMATIC NEEDS FOR THE TROPICAL ZONE ...... 22 2.1 THE TROPICAL ZONE...... 23 2.2 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS FOR THE TROPICAL ZONE...... 24 2.3 CONCLUSIONS...... 38 3 THERMAL COMFORT ...... 41 3.1 THE BIOLOGICAL NEED FOR THERMAL COMFORT...... 42 3.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL COMFORT...... 43 3.3 THERMAL BARRIERS...... 45 3.4 THE COMFORT ZONE ...... 45 4 PASSIVE COOLING...... 47 4.1 COMFORT VENTILATION ...... 49 4.2 NIGHT FLUSH COOLING...... 49 4.3 RADIANT COOLING ...... 49 4.4 EVAPORATIVE COOLING...... 50 5 TOOLS ...... 51 5.1 ESTIMATING A PERSON’S VIEW FACTORS WITH FISH EYE LENS PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 52 5.2 SCALED MODELS...... 53 5.3 DETERMINATION OF THE SCALE...... 54 5.4 PROCEDURES OF THE EXPERIMENT...... 55 5.5 COLLECTION OF MICROCLIMATIC DATA...... 58 6 DESIGN AND EVALUATION ...... 65 6.1 AREA OF STUDY...... 67 6.2 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF GOA ...... 68 6.3 SITE INVENTORY ...... 74 6.4 CLIMATIC OVERVIEW ...... 81 6.5 DESIGNING THE OUTDOOR SPACE...... 84 6.6 MATERIAL PALETTE ...... 90 6.7 SIMULATIONS...... 93 6.8 ANALYSIS...... 114 7

6.9 OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES ...... 116 7 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 120 7.1 ANALYSIS...... 121 7.2 SUMMARY OF DESIGN STRATEGIES ...... 121 7.3 CONCLUSIONS...... 124 REFERENCES ...... 126 APPENDIX...... 129

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1.1: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN THE HOT-HUMID REGION...... 16 FIGURE 1.2: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN THE HOT-ARID REGION...... 17 FIGURE 1.3: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN THE TEMPERATE REGION...... 17 FIGURE 1.4: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN THE COLD REGION...... 18 FIGURE 2.1: THE CLIMATE ZONES ...... 23 FIGURE 2.2: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN SRI LANKA AND THE MAP OF SRI LANKA...... 26 FIGURE 2.3: CLIMATIC DATA FOR COLOMBO, SRI LANKA ...... 28 FIGURE 2.4: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN THAILAND AND THE MAP OF THAILAND...... 29 FIGURE 2.5: CLIMATIC DATA FOR BANGKOK, THAILAND ...... 31 FIGURE 2.6: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN INDIA AND THE MAP OF INDIA...... 32 FIGURE 2.7: CLIMATIC DATA FOR MUMBAI, INDIA...... 34 FIGURE 2.8: A TYPICAL HOUSE IN AUSTRALIA AND THE MAP OF AUSTRALIA...... 35 FIGURE 2.9: CLIMATIC DATA FOR BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA...... 37 FIGURE 3.1: THE COMFORT ZONE PLOTTED ON THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART...... 46 FIGURE 5.1: PERSONS VIEW FACTORS IN A RADIATING FIELD(LEFT) AND USE OF FISH EYE LENS PHOTOGRAPHY TO CAPTURE GEOMETRY OF RADIATING FIELDS(RIGHT)...... 53 FIGURE 5.2: THE FISH EYE LENS USED FOR THIS EXPERIMENT...... 54 FIGURE 5.3: CAPTURING PHOTOS OF THE PHYSICAL MODEL THROUGH THE FISH EYE LENS. 55 FIGURE 5.4: FISH EYE LENS PHOTOGRAPH OVERLAID WITH POLAR GRID LOOKING UP TOWARDS THE SKY...... 56 FIGURE 5.5: FISH EYE LENS PHOTOGRAPH OVERLAID WITH POLAR GRID LOOKING DOWN TOWARDS THE GROUND...... 56 FIGURE 5.6: PIE CHART SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF MATERIALS...... 57 FIGURE 5.7: INPUT WINDOW FOR THE SOFTWARE OUTDOORS© ...... 57 FIGURE 5.8: INPUT WINDOW FOR THE SOFTWARE OUTDOORS© ...... 58 FIGURE 5.9: COMPARISON GRAPH SHOWING DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (T-DRY), MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE (MRT) AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE (ET)...... 58 FIGURE 5.10: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR CONCRETE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 60 FIGURE 5.11: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GLASS IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 60 FIGURE 5.12: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GRASSCRETE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 60 FIGURE 5.13: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR FOLIAGE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 60 FIGURE 5.14: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR ALUMINUM IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 61 FIGURE 5.15: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR STONE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 61 9

FIGURE 5.16: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR BRICK IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 61 FIGURE 5.17: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GRASS IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 61 FIGURE 5.18: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR WOOD IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR JUNE 21...... 62 FIGURE 5.19: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR CONCRETE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 62 FIGURE 5.20: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GLASS IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 62 FIGURE 5.21: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GRASSCRETE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 62 FIGURE 5.22: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR FOLIAGE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 63 FIGURE 5.23: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR ALUMINUM IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 63 FIGURE 5.24: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR STONE IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 63 FIGURE 5.25: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR BRICK IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 63 FIGURE 5.26: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR GRASS IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 64 FIGURE 5.27: SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRAPHS FOR WOOD IN SUN (LEFT) AND SHADE (RIGHT) FOR DECEMBER 21...... 64 FIGURE 6.1: MAP OF INDIA WITH PANJIM, GOA ON THE WEST COAST...... 67 FIGURE 6.2: A TYPICAL GOAN VILLAGE...... 69 FIGURE 6.3: THE BASIC GOAN HOUSE...... 71 FIGURE 6.4: A TYPICAL GOAN HOUSE WITH THE BALCĀO...... 72 FIGURE 6.5: A TYPICAL HOUSE HAVING LATERITE WALLS...... 73 FIGURE 6.6: AN EXAMPLE OF THE TYPICAL INDO-PORTUGUESE HOUSE...... 74 FIGURE 6.7: SITE PLAN OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE JUXTAPOSED WITH ITS NATURAL SURROUNDINGS...... 76 FIGURE 6.8: GARAGE LEVEL FLOOR PLAN OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 76 FIGURE 6.9: FIRST FLOOR PLAN OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 77 FIGURE 6.10: SECOND FLOOR PLAN OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 78 FIGURE 6.11: SOUTH WEST ELEVATION (TOP) AND SOUTH EAST ELEVATION (BOTTOM) OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 79 FIGURE 6.12: SECTION SHOWING THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 80 FIGURE 6.13: ENLARGED SECTION OF THE DHOND RESIDENCE...... 80 FIGURE 6.14: CLIMATIC DATA GRAPHS FOR PANJIM, GOA...... 83 FIGURE 6.15: DESIGNED SITE PLAN HIGHLIGHTING ALL THE LOCATIONS ...... 86 FIGURE 6.16: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR JUNE 8 A.M. AND 10 A.M...... 87 FIGURE 6.17: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR JUNE 12 P.M. AND 2 P.M...... 87 FIGURE 6.18: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR JUNE 4 P.M. AND 6 P.M...... 88 10

FIGURE 6.19: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR DECEMBER 8 A.M. AND 10 A.M...... 88 FIGURE 6.20: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR DECEMBER 12 P.M. AND 2 P.M...... 89 FIGURE 6.21: SHADOW ANALYSIS FOR DECEMBER 4 P.M. AND 6 P.M...... 89 FIGURE 6.22: PLUMERIA OBTUSA USED FOR THE BOSQUE...... 91 FIGURE 6.23: MANGIFERA INDICA USED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE OUTDOOR ROOM...... 91 FIGURE 6.24: COCOS NUCIFERA, WHICH IS USED ALONG THE SOUTH WEST COMPOUND WALL ...... 92 FIGURE 6.25: BOUGAINVILLEA WHICH IS USED ON THE ROOF OF THE RAMADA AND COMPOUND WALLS...... 92 FIGURE 6.26: GRASSCRETE, A LOW EMISSIVE PAVING MATERIAL...... 93 FIGURE 6.27: A TYPICAL HOUSE BUILT WITH LATERITE (RIGHT) AND LATERITE (LEFT) AS FOUND NATURALLY ...... 93 FIGURE 6.28: VIEW OF LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA...... 94 FIGURE 6.29: GRAPH OF PERCENTAGES FOR LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA ...... 95 FIGURE 6.30: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA UP AND DOWN RESPECTIVELY...... 96 FIGURE 6.31: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA FOR JUNE 21 AND DECEMBER 21 RESPECTIVELY ...... 97 FIGURE 6.32: VIEW OF LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS ...... 98 FIGURE 6.33: GRAPH OF PERCENTAGES FOR LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS...... 99 FIGURE 6.34: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS, LOOKING UP...... 99 FIGURE 6.35: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS, LOOKING DOWN...... 100 FIGURE 6.36: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS FOR JUNE 21...... 100 FIGURE 6.37: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 2: UNDER THE RAFTERS FOR DECEMBER 21...... 101 FIGURE 6.38: VIEW OF LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE...... 102 FIGURE 6.39: GRAPH OF PERCENTAGES FOR LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE ...... 103 FIGURE 6.40: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE, LOOKING UP...... 103 FIGURE 6.41: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE DOWN...... 104 FIGURE 6.42: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE FOR JUNE 21...... 104 FIGURE 6.43: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 3: UNDER THE BOSQUE FOR DECEMBER 21...... 105 FIGURE 6.44: VIEW OF LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES...... 106 FIGURE 6.45: GRAPH OF PERCENTAGES FOR LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES...... 107 FIGURE 6.46PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES LOOKING UP...... 107 FIGURE 6.47: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES...... 108 FIGURE 6.48: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES FOR JUNE 21...... 108 FIGURE 6.49: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES FOR DECEMBER 21.. 109 FIGURE 6.50: VIEW OF LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA ...... 110 FIGURE 6.51: GRAPH OF PERCENTAGES FOR LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA...... 111 11

FIGURE 6.52: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA LOOKING UP...... 111 FIGURE 6.53: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN THROUGH A FISH EYE LENS FOR LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA LOOKING DOWN...... 112 FIGURE 6.54: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA FOR JUNE 21...... 112 FIGURE 6.55: GRAPHS FOR LOCATION 5: UNDER THE RAMADA FOR DECEMBER 21...... 113 FIGURE 6.56: LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA ...... 116 FIGURE 6.57: INTRODUCTION OF EVERGREEN VINES AS A CANOPY...... 117 FIGURE 6.58: LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES ...... 118 FIGURE 6.59: CHANGE OF MATERIALS AND SHADING CONDITIONS FOR LOCATION 4: UNDER THE PALM TREES...... 119 FIGURE 7.1: LOCATION 4: EAST OF THE PALM TREES, BEFORE (LEFT) AND AFTER (RIGHT)...... 122 FIGURE 7.2: LOCATION 1: UNDER THE VERANDA ...... 122 FIGURE 7.3: ROOF VENTS FOR THE VERANDA ROOF...... 123 FIGURE 7.4: OPENING THE SOUTHWEST FOR PREVAILING WINDS...... 123 FIGURE 7.5: CEILING FANS AID VENTILATION...... 124

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 6.1: SHADING CALENDAR FOR GOA, WHICH SHOWS THE DRY BULB TEMPERATURES FOR ALL HOURS OF THE DAY HIGHLIGHTING THE COOL, COMFORTABLE AND HOT TEMPERATURES...... 84 13

Chapter 1 1 CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE

Architecture owes much of its form to climate. This chapter briefly summarizes the various climate zones and how architecture has evolved as a response to climate. Further on, the chapter gives an overview of the literature review done previously, the problem statement of the report and the aim towards a solution.

Until a few hundred years ago man had adapted to the natural conditions and lived in harmony with nature. The global population was small and human beings depended on natural resources for their living. Small populations meant low emissions and low pollutions.

In general, the waste products were biodegradable and could be returned back to the natural cycle.

Most buildings were constructed with natural indigenous materials and their forms were developed according to the climatic conditions. Different construction techniques evolved from the need to mitigate the sun and seasonal variations. For example, houses in the hot and dry region were sometimes built under ground and with minimum openings, to utilize the coolness of the earth. A fireplace achieved all the heating while cooling was achieved by opening windows and shading them. Small windows characterized the buildings and this ensured minimal heat gains as well as minimal cooling loads.

The industrial revolution brought about the mass production of materials. Buildings could be built faster and with various materials and not only the indigenous materials.

Industrialization and rapid advances in technology increased the demands for energy to maintain indoor comfort. Energy thus became a valuable resource.

The twenty first century has brought new dimensions in terms of technology and science. The invention of modern mechanical and ventilation systems has changed our approach to designing buildings. Today, we depend mainly on mechanical systems and the 15

universalization of architecture poses a great threat. Traditional age-old solutions to the

problems presented by the local climate have been abandoned, and instead use advanced

materials such as reinforced concrete and glass walls without scientific reasoning have been

adopted. This universalization of architecture has led to the creation of design concepts and

forms that are energy guzzlers. The energy crisis of 1973 has raised our consciousness.

Energy is turning to be a very valuable and expensive resource. Hence we need to turn

towards designs that are bioclimatic and use natural resources rather than work solely on

mechanical devices.

1.1 Vernacular and Regional Architecture

The earth is divided into five climate zones, tropical, arid, temperate and cold and polar. The

creation of the different climatic zones is determined by various climatic conditions such as

temperature, solar heating, quantity of rainfall, wind speed and relative humidity. [1]

Climate has a dominant influence on architecture throughout the world and is one of the main reasons for differences in architecture. Many forms of architectural expression

found around the world are creative solutions to the problems of climate. In hot and arid

zones, it is essential to block the heat of the sun and reduce solar gain in summer. In hot and

humid zones, it is not only essential to block the solar radiation but also have windows for

cross ventilation. Thus, climate defines the architecture of a region giving it indigenous

character and is one of the most important factors to be considered while designing

buildings and the associated landscape around it.

Tropical climates are characterized by high humidity. In this climatic zone, the

houses have strategically placed windows that aid cross ventilation. Direct solar radiation is 16

very much undesirable and to combat this, houses have large overhangs, shutters; light colored walls and high ceilings. Outdoor spaces are regarded as important as indoor spaces and this is remarkably evident in the vernacular architecture of this region by the presence of courtyards. The temperature swing between day and night is not significant and hence massive construction is not needed. Buildings are often built on stilts to maximize air velocity and to avoid the dampness of the earth. The commonly found building materials are lightweight materials such as wood and bamboo. Windows are placed strategically to funnel the cool air and the hot air is exhausted through vents in the high ceilings. Buildings are sited far apart for maximum access to the wind. The roof is highly pitched since rainfall is abundant in these regions and has wide eaves to drain water away from the surface of the building.

Figure 1.1: A typical house in the hot-humid region. In hot and dry climates, massive (thermal) walls are used for their thermal storage.

The roofs are flat and since outdoor spaces in hot and arid climates cool quickly after sunset, these spaces are used for sleeping and relaxing in the evenings. Also, the houses are clustered and closely spaced so as to shade each other. The surface colors used are often light to minimize solar absorption and the interior surface colors are also light to help diffusion of light since the number and size of openings is very minimal. 17

Figure 1.2: A typical house in the hot-arid region. The temperate zone has pronounced seasonal variations. Overheating occurs only during summer months and the winters are cold. Shading is required only during summer and solar gain is desired for winter. Exterior walls are heavily insulated and houses have medium pitched roofs to ensure heat retention and allow rainwater run off.

Figure 1.3: A typical house in the temperate region. And finally in the colder regions the emphasis is on solar gain. The desired building form here is the circle to maximize solar gain and walls have cavities in them to retain the warmth in the house. Roofs are sloping for the snow to slide off and the plan of the house is inverted inwards for heating. Sunspaces form a very special element in this climate.

Sunspaces are glazed areas that are used to store the sun’s thermal energy and absorb the heat. Thermal mass materials such as masonry or water are used to store this energy and reuse it during nights to warm the interiors of the sunspace. Windows are few as they are 18

weak points in the thermal envelope and the ceilings are usually lower to reduce the volume of air to be conditioned.

Figure 1.4: A typical house in the cold region.

1.2 Defining the Problem

Today, the natural environment is being replaced by man made built environment.

Afforestation and urban development have led to the use of durable materials such as concrete, asphalt, masonry and glass. Often these materials tend to change the natural environment by storing heat during the daytime and re-emitting long wave radiation after sunset, which contributes to global warming. This not only causes thermal discomfort in outdoor spaces but also causes heat collection in indoor spaces.

This research focuses on the optimization of the performance of outdoor spaces for a residence in Goa, India that lies in the hot humid zone. A typical house in the tropical region would be defined by three types of spaces- indoor, outdoor and a combination of the indoor and outdoor consisting of generally of a veranda or a loggia. This thesis focuses on the

“indoor- outdoor” spaces where climate responsive strategies such as trapping of breezes to cool the space, use of non–radiative materials, and shading to lower the temperature in the outdoor spaces can be used to be in the thermal comfort zone. Creating a comfortable 19

outdoor space that can be easily integrated into the infrastructure of a building is very important in the hot humid zone as it supports a sustainable environment and also reduces energy costs and consumption in the hot humid zone where energy is expensive.

1.3 Review of Previous Work

Thermal comfort has been studied primarily for indoor spaces. Researchers have pursued a variety of strategies to improve the thermal comfort in interior spaces. However, there seems to be a measurable loss in the study of thermal comfort for outdoor spaces. P.O.Fanger

(1970) devised the Predicted Mean Vote, which is a thermal index for indoor comfort evaluation. Fanger’s equations rated PMV values on a 7-point scale ranging from +3 (hot) through 0 (neutral) to –3 (cold) with values between –0.5 and +0.5 regarded as comfortable.

Fanger further related the PMV to the “Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied” or PPD. This is the percentage of people that would be dissatisfied. If a group of people were subject to the same climate, then, due to biological variances it would not be possible to satisfy all. [2]

Since Fanger derived the comfort equations for indoor spaces, their extension to complex outdoor environments can be difficult. Gagge, Foblets, and Berglund (1986) introduced a modified PMV* that can be applied to a broader range of humidities and temperatures. The resulting PMV scale is an 11-point scale ranging from +5 (intolerably hot) through 0 (neutral) to –5 (intolerably cold). [3] Thermal comfort is based on several factors such as mean radiant temperature (MRT), clothing, and personal activity. Orientation, ventilation, building materials, cooling and evaporative features and landscaping are a few of the topics that need to be considered to achieve thermal comfort. 20

1.4 Motivating a Solution

Outdoor comfort depends largely on the control of air movement and radiant heat. Air

movement across the skin is necessary to aid rapid evaporation of sweat from the skin in the

tropical zone. Solar radiation has to be reduced and buildings along with their surroundings

need to cool quickly after sunset to give maximum nighttime comfort. This depends hugely

on the choice of non-radiative materials and passive cooling strategies used. These

requirements call for control of solar radiation, air movements, shading of walls and surfaces

around the structure in outdoor spaces and landscape design with the use of non-radiative

materials.

1.5 Original Contributions of the Thesis

In this study the method and results of a thermal assessment case study of outdoor spaces in

a residential structure in the tropical zone are explained. The purpose of this study is to research how thermal comfort can be achieved in outdoor spaces in hot and humid climates.

The study focuses on the utilization of a method to evaluate outdoor spaces, understand the geometry of the space, the climatic design, landscape materials and further evaluate human thermal comfort. The method is based on:

Defining locations of importance in the outdoor space and estimating a person’s view

factor at each location using fish eye lens photography to calculate the radiation from

different surfaces relevant to different locations within the space.

Computer simulation techniques to evaluate thermal conditions related to human

thermal comfort indices. 21

The method uses computer software, Outdoors© developed by Dr. Nader V. Chalfoun that predicts the Mean radiant temperature (MRT) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) thermal index and Percent of People Dissatisfaction (PPD), which evaluates thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. This data can be further used to predict the thermal performance of materials and test different design strategies for improvement.

This method allows designers to replace landscaping materials at a particular location and test the results again, thus giving the opportunity to use various landscaping materials and test different shading conditions. The study provides a useful tool to identify and analyze the major elements that most contribute to the thermal condition of an outdoor space thus increasing the usage of exterior spaces that are most essential in a hot-humid region like Goa, India.

Often in the practice of architecture and landscape architecture, environmental design is separated by a distinct demarcation. This research extends creativity and creates a bridge between architectural design and environmental design. It puts forth a new approach on designing with intelligent use of environmental issues, shading conditions and the use of low emissive materials.

Chapter 2 2 THE BIOCLIMATIC NEEDS FOR THE TROPICAL ZONE

2.1 The Tropical Zone

This chapter summarizes the tropical region which is the area of study and analyses

the architecture in different areas of the tropical region and their response to climate

dependent architecture. The study is summarized with a collection of strategies that are seen

in the tropical region.

The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth limited in latitude by the two tropics:

the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and thus centered on the equator. This

area lies approximately between 23.5° N latitude and 23.5° S latitude, and includes all the

parts of the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once during the

solar year. (North of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn the sun

never reaches an azimuth of 90° or directly overhead) [4]

Figure 2.1: The Climate Zones (Source: Daniel Klaus, The Technology Of The Ecological Building: Basic Principles And Measures, Examples And Ideas.) 24

Since the entire tropical zone receives the rays of the sun more directly than areas in higher latitudes, the average annual temperature of the tropics is higher and the seasonal change of temperature is less than in other zones. The seasons in the tropics are not marked by temperature but by the combination of trade winds taking water from the oceans and creating seasonal rains called monsoons over the eastern coasts. Several different climatic types can be distinguished within the tropical belt, since latitude is only one of the many factors determining climate in the tropics. Distance from the ocean, prevailing wind conditions, and elevation are all contributing elements.

High temperatures and rainfall are the characteristics of the tropics. The average temperatures in this region are 70˚F for the coolest month in the year and 90˚F for the entire year. This region is characterized by occasional rainfall, especially in 3 months of the year.

Broadly, there are two types of tropical climates, wet and dry. The wet tropical region is found in countries nearer to or at the equator. These regions have high temperatures and heavy rainfall during the monsoon months. The greatest rainfall occurs twice a year in March and September, and consequently there are two wet and two dry seasons. The dry tropical region roughly lies between 15˚N and 25˚S of the equator. These are the sunniest parts of the earth, where the annual rainfall is less. In this region, the two rainy seasons merge into one, with one wet season and one dry season. [5]

2.2 Climatic Analysis for the Tropical Zone

The purpose of this section is to research how climate affects the built form of architecture in the tropical zone. For this purpose, four cities in various parts of the tropical zone are chosen and then analyzed with climate, architectural characteristics, building 25

materials and influence of climate on building styles. Included with the climatic data for each region is a set of specific design priorities appropriate for that region. The four cities are:

1. Country: SRI LANKA

Reference City: Colombo [6°N 79°E]

2. Country: THAILAND

Reference City: Bangkok [13.73°N 100.5°E]

3. Country: INDIA

Reference City: Mumbai, Maharashtra [18°N 72°E]

4. Country: AUSTRALIA

Reference City: Brisbane, New South Wales [27°S 153°E]

Each city is studied with different factors such as temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind speeds and rainfall. A sketch which is a representative example of a typical residential structure found in that region is followed by a map of the country indicating the city chosen for study. Building materials and features of dwellings are studied for each city in detail. This is further compared with the indigenous architecture and a comparison is made between local elements in the architecture with the design priorities graphically.

This study helps in formulating strategies that are common to the tropical region.

After careful assessment these strategies can be further modified to create thermally comfortable outdoor spaces.

1. Country: SRI LANKA

Reference City: Colombo [6°N 79°E]

Figure 2.2: A typical house in Sri Lanka and the map of Sri Lanka. (Source: www.graphicmaps.com)

Sri Lanka experiences a typical tropical climate which is somewhat modified by the seasonal wind reversal of the Asiatic monsoons. South-West monsoon (May-September), Inter monsoon followed by the South-West monsoon (October-November), North-East monsoon (December-February) and Inter monsoon followed by North-East monsoon 27

(March-April) could be considered as the major climatic monsoons. This classification is

mainly based on the direction of the prevailing wind during the season.

Rainfall has been distributed throughout the year. However, relatively high rainfall

figures have been reported during the periods of April to June and October to November

due to seasonal changes in the atmosphere. Humidity in Colombo varies from approximately

70% during the daytime to between 85 – 95% during the night. Temperatures in Colombo

are not high, being mostly in the late 70’s and 80’s. [6]

Climate Responsive Features

Open spaces around Courtyard plan to provide Outdoor space protected house covered with non humidified microclimate by timber lattice windows radiative materials and cross ventilation

Most of the houses found in this region have large sloping timber roofs and are built on the courtyard plan. Open spaces around the houses are covered with a large number of tropical trees. This cuts down the re-emitted radiation from the ground and helps in maintaining lower temperatures. The courtyards cool the trapped air and help in cross ventilation. The indoor spaces are extended into outdoors, and such transition spaces are protected by timber lattice windows. Air movements are extremely important in these areas; hence all openings have screens to maximize the velocity as well as to shade the outdoor spaces. 28

100 90 TEMPERATURE 80 70 60 50 40 30 Temperature inTemperature F 20 range of comfortable temperature 10 average daily temperature 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 90 80 70 60 50 average morning humidity 40 average afternoon humidity 30 range of comfortable humidity Temperature inTemperature F 20 10 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

10 WIND SPEED 9 8 7 6 5 4

Speed in MPH Speed 3 2 wind speed for effective natural ventilation 1 mean daily wind speed 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 25

10 Rainfall in inches in Rainfall Rainfall in inches 5

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 15 MAXIMUM SUNSHINE HOURS 14

11 Number of SunshineNumber hours Maximum Sunshine Hours 10 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 2.3: Climatic Data for Colombo, Sri Lanka

2. Country: THAILAND Reference City: Bangkok [13.73°N 100.5°E]

Figure 2.4: A typical house in Thailand and the map of Thailand. (Source: www.graphicmaps.com)

Thailand's climate is tropical, high both in temperature and humidity, and dominated by monsoons. April and May are the hottest months of the year. June sees the beginning of

the South West Monsoon, and brings with it the rainy season, which continues intermittently

until the end of October. From November to the end of February the climate is much less

trying with a cooling North East breeze and a reduction in the humidity level. 30

The average daily temperatures range from 80ºF - 90ºF throughout the year. The

humidity levels are high, with the months of July and August having the highest levels of

humidity. Southwest monsoons that arrive between May and July (except in the South) signal

the advent of the rainy season which lasts into October. November and December mark the

onset of the dry season. Temperatures begin to climb in January, and a hot sun parches the

landscape. The dry season is shortest in the South because of the proximity of the sea to all

parts of the Malay Peninsula. [7]

Climate Responsive Features

Verandah wrapped around house Built on stilts to avoid moisture Openings at locations to and catch breezes with large provide cross ventilation sloping roofs for water drainage

Most of the traditional houses are built on stilts to avoid moisture and catch breezes. The

traditional low-rise dwellings are made of timber and have huge sloping roofs. The sloping

roofs are essential for water drainage as these areas have heavy rainfall periods. Transition areas such as verandas are wrapped around the houses. The houses have a number of openings for cross ventilation. Openings are located such that they catch the prevailing breeze. Timber, bamboos, and dried palm leaves are found to be used as building materials. 31

10 WIND SPEED 9 8 7 6 5 4

Speed in MPH Speed 3 2 wind speed for effective natural ventilation 1 mean daily wind speed 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 25

10 Rainfall in inches in Rainfall Rainfall in inches 5

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 15 MAXIMUM SUNSHINE HOURS 14

11 Number of SunshineNumber hours Maximum Sunshine Hours 10 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 2.5: Climatic Data for Bangkok, Thailand 32

3. Country: INDIA

Reference City: Mumbai, Maharashtra [18°N 72°E]

Figure 2.6: A typical house in India and the map of India. (Source: www.graphicmaps.com)

This region, which includes Mumbai, has a temperate climate being hot and humid in summer to being pleasant in winter. It is never too hot nor too cold. It rains quite heavily during the monsoon months of June, July and August. The Southwest monsoon blows in from the Arabian Sea to land. The southwest monsoon usually breaks on the west coast early in June and reaches most of South Asia by the first week in July. 33

The hot summers are from March to May where temperatures go high up to 90ºF.

The winters are cool from December through February where the temperatures are between

85º-90º F. The monsoons from June to September are heavy. The annual precipitation is

83.3 inches and occurs mainly through these months. Hot, relatively dry weather is the norm

before the southwest monsoons, which, along with heavy rains and high humidity, bring

cloud cover that lowers temperatures slightly. Temperatures reach the upper 80s°F and can

reach as high as 92°F during the day in the pre monsoon months.

Climate Responsive Features

Large sloping tiled roofs to drain off rain water with wide eaves protecting Outdoor space protected by the wall fabric from water damage jaffrey

The houses in this region have timber frames and huge sloping roofs due to the heavy

rainfall season. Outdoor areas are a part of the house. A jaffrey, which is a grille, is used as to

segregate the outdoors from the indoors. It acts as a security measure and also does not

block the prevailing breeze. The roofs have huge overhangs to shade the walls and windows

and also to protect the walls from water damage. Areas around the houses are landscaped to

avoid direct solar gain and minimize reflected radiation.

100 90 TEMPERATURE 80 70 60 50 40 30 Temperature in F 20 range of comfortable temperature 10 average daily temperature 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 90 80 70 60 50 average morning humidity 40 average afternoon humidity 30 range of comfortable humidity Temperature inTemperature F 20 10 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

10 WIND SPEED 9 8 7 6 5 4

Speed in MPH Speed 3 2 wind speed for effective natural ventilation 1 mean daily wind speed 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 25

10 Rainfall in inches in Rainfall Rainfall in inches 5

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

15 MAXIMUM SUNSHINE HOURS 14

11 Number of SunshineNumber hours Maximum Sunshine Hours 10 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 2.7: Climatic data for Mumbai, India 35

4. Country: AUSTRALIA

Reference City: Brisbane, New South Wales [27°S 153°E]

Figure 2.8: A typical house in Australia and the map of Australia. (Source: www.graphicmaps.com)

The northern third of Australia lies in the tropics and so is warm or hot the year around. The

rest of the country lies south of the tropics and has warm summers and mild or cool winters.

Australia receives most of its moisture as rain. Snow falls only in Tasmania and the

Australian Alps. About a third of the country is desert and receives less than 10 inches of

rain a year. The heaviest rainfall occurs along the north, east, southeast, and extreme

southwest coasts. 36

The east coast of Queensland is the wettest part of the continent. Brisbane which lies

along this coast receives as much as 45 inches of rain a year. Brisbane has a hot, humid

climate. While the summer maximum average temperate is 86oF, the summer months have

some extremely hot days. The winter is mild and very pleasant. Most winter days are sunny

with average temperatures of around 76oF.

Brisbane has four distinct seasons. Winter, the wettest and coolest season in Australia, lasts from June through August. Summer, which is the hottest and driest season, lasts from

December through February.

Climate Responsive Features

Sheltered patio with generous Modification of the verandah Wooden louvered shutters and opening of the interior into the into the design as outdoor lattices for ventilation. landscape. space.

The houses in this region seem to have a British colonial influence. Most of the traditional

houses have high ceilings, ventilators and are surrounded by a veranda. Light weight materials such as weather boards, asbestos and galvanized iron sheets are used for construction. Outdoor areas open into the interiors and have timber louvered shutters and lattices as screens. These screens acct as lines of defense against the sun and rain and also provide privacy.

90 TEMPERATURE 80 70 60 50 40 30 Temperature in F 20 range of comfortable temperature 10 average daily temperature 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

90 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 80 70 60 50 average morning humidity 40 average afternoon humidity Percentage 30 range of comfortable humidity 20 10 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

9 WIND SPEED 8 7 6 5 4 3 Speed in MPH in Speed

2 wind speed for effective natural ventilation 1 mean daily wind speed 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 25

10 Rainfall in inches in Rainfall Rainfall in inches 5

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

15 MAXIMUM SUNSHINE HOURS 12

3 Maximum Sunshine Hours Number of Sunshine hours Number

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 2.9: Climatic Data for Brisbane, Australia. 38

2.3 Conclusions

The study conducted is used to give a comparative over view of the specific climatic characteristics in the tropical zone. This study with reference to the traditional types of low- rise dwellings in the various cities in the tropical region explains the relationship between climate, built form and materials. The major climatic features and architectural responses to climate are highlighted in the conclusion.

The buildings are raised on pilotis to avoid the moisture at ground level, catch breezes, ventilate under the building and also as protection from white ants.

External spaces have a strong emphasis in building designs and the buildings are designed so as to have the interiors flow into the outdoors.

Shading exterior spaces is very important as is promoting air movements. Timber and bamboo screens are used to shade as well as ventilate spaces. Exterior spaces are included into the interiors, built as rooms without walls. Overhangs, balconies and porches are used to shade both walls and windows. 3

Bamboo screens and blinds act as lines of defense protecting against the sun. They also act as humidifiers when sprinkled with water as they moisten the air flowing through them.

Large gable vents provided in the roof to vent hot air near the ceiling. It is noted that the traditional regional dwelling type is a timber frame structure with the roof being more important than the walls. The roof is a high pitch roof that allows drainage and ventilation.

Landscaping is used to shade windows and walls to reduce solar gain as well as solar radiation from surrounding surfaces

6 Vertical planes such as walls are protected by ramadas and tensile structures that shade the vertical planes. Buildings have to be shielded from low sun angles in the morning and the evening and also need to block the high midday sun.

Atria or courtyards are incorporated into the house plan to further aid ventilation. The building envelope is punctured with many openings for use throughout the day. Cross ventilation is one of the key aspects. Large openings are provided at both windward and leeward sides to encourage cross ventilation. 8

Chapter 3 3 THERMAL COMFORT

In the hot humid climate outdoor spaces are incorporated into indoor spaces as the climate

facilitates the extension of the structure since temperatures are moderately high and outdoor

humidity could be lower than indoors because of air movements. From the previous study it

has been noted that these outdoor spaces are usually the focus of the residential structures in

the hot humid zone and form lines of defense against the sun and rain. Thus thermal comfort becomes a critical study in this research and how thoughtful design incorporating the built form, mechanical systems, orientation, and landscape and building materials can be used to extend the comfort zone. This chapter defines thermal comfort and the factors that

influence thermal comfort. Thermal comfort can be defined as:

‘‘That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment."

[ASHRAE Standard 55-66]

3.1 The Biological Need for Thermal Comfort

Our bodies constantly dissipate heat to maintain an optimum temperature. For the

proper functioning of the organs of the body, and particularly for that of the brain, the

temperature of the internal organs (the deep-body or core temperature) must be maintained

constant, at around 98.6°F. If it rises above 105.8°F or falls below 86°F, death is imminent.

This does not leave much margin for error, so the body’s ability to adjust to its thermal

environment needs to be quite sophisticated. Hence thermal comfort is an important factor

for the human body.

Thermal comfort occurs when the body temperatures are held within narrow ranges,

skin moisture is low and the body’s effort of regulation is minimized. (After ASHRAE 1997)

Combinations of air temperature, relative humidity, air motion and mean radiant 43

temperature will result in what most people consider thermal comfort. Thermal comfort can only be maintained when heat produced by metabolism equals the heat lost from body. The boundaries of thermal comfort are not absolute and would vary due to a number of factors such as culture, time of year, amount of clothing worn, health and most importantly physical activity.

3.2 Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort

To achieve thermal comfort, we must understand the human body heat balance and the environmental conditions that allow that balance. These conditions are:

1. Air temperature (°F): Heat is lost to the air by the body mostly by convection. If the

air temperature is above 98.6°F the body tends to gain heat from the environment.

The comfort range for most people (80 percent) extends from 68°F in winter to

78°F in summer. [10]

2. Relative Humidity: Relative humidity is a ratio, expressed in percent, of the amount

of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the

air were saturated. Since the latter amount is dependent on temperature, relative

humidity is a function of both moisture content and temperature. [11] As such,

relative humidity by itself does not directly indicate the actual amount of atmospheric

moisture present. For comfort the RH should be above 20 percent all year, below 60

percent in the summer and below 80 in winter.

3. Air velocity (feet/minute): Air movement affects the heat-loss rate by both

convection and evaporation. The comfortable range is from about 95 to about 130

feet/minute (fpm). [12] 44

4. Mean radiant temperature (MRT): MRT is defined as the uniform surface

temperature of an imaginary black enclosure with which man (also assumed a

blackbody) exchanges the same heat by radiation as in the actual environment. [13]

The mean radiant temperature of a space is the measure of the combined effects

of temperatures of surfaces within that space. The larger the surface area and the

closer one is to it, the more effect the surface temperature of that surface has on the

individual. The MRT is the measure of all these surface areas and temperatures

acting on a person's location in the room.

5. Physical Activity (MET): Metabolism is the body’s motor, and the amount of energy

released by the metabolism is dependent on the amount of muscular activity.

Physical activity is an important factor for maintaining thermal comfort as an active

person generates heat nearly six times more than a reclining person. A reclining

person would have an activity level of 0 .8 MET , a sitting person an activity level of

1 MET while a jogging person would have an activity level of 8 MET. [14]

6. Clothing (CLO): Clothing reduces the body’s heat loss as well as protects the body

from cold. Therefore, clothing is classified according to its insulation value. The

insulating properties of clothing are measured in the unit of thermal resistance called

the “clo”. A value of 1.5 indicates a high clo value usually that of a heavy coat while a

0 clo value indicates a nude person. [15]

A combination of all the above factors results in what is called thermal comfort, which is represented, on the psychrometric chart. (See Figure 3.1) The psychrometric chart is a powerful tool to understand the inter relationships of thermal environments. The horizontal 45

axis describes the temperature of the air, the vertical axis the actual amount of water vapor in the air called the absolute humidity and the curved lines describe the relative humidity.

3.3 Thermal Barriers

Our bodies are under constant thermal stress and need to adjust to a comfortable temperature as the surroundings change and the temperature changes. Skin is a very thin barrier and has difficulties adjusting to thermal changes. Hence we need an additional barrier to maintain thermal equilibrium of the body. Clothing does help in maintaining thermal comfort, but is not sufficient.

Buildings often serve as additional thermal barriers. Open spaces thus can be pulled into interior spaces as transitional spaces if they are thermally comfortable. Since thermal comfort varies according to the season and the place, the treatment needed to create thermally comfortable spaces would be different for every building.

3.4 The Comfort Zone

Careful balance of temperature, humidity, air movement and mean radiant temperature result in thermal comfort. Physical activity and clothing are secondary factors that need to be considered while designing for thermal comfort.

When these combinations of temperature of the air and relative humidity are plotted on the psychrometric chart they can define a comfort zone. Comfort zone is that zone on the psychrometric chart that defines the conditions where most people would be comfortable. Since the psychrometric chart relates only temperature and relative humidity, the other two factors (air velocity and MRT) are held fixed. The MRT is assumed to be close to the temperature of the surrounding air and the air velocity is assumed to be modest. The 46

comfort zone is not fixed and varies with culture, time of the year, health, amount of

clothing and physical activity. [16]

Figure 3.1: The comfort zone plotted on the psychrometric chart. (Source: Dr. Nader Chalfoun)

The factors affecting thermal comfort can be altered to be in the comfort zone. High

temperatures can be reduced by air movements up to a certain point. However this is not enough and needs to be supplemented with other strategies. This can be adjusted on the comfort zone where one factor can be altered to restore thermal comfort. This zone can be achieved with a few alterations in the thermal conditions. Portable fans, heaters, natural ventilation are some of the conditions that can be used to manually alter the thermal conditions as required. The boundaries of the comfort zone are not absolute and change with place, climate, people, culture and personal preferences. It can be assumed to be the zone where the highest percentage of people can be believed to be satisfied. 47

Chapter 4

4 PASSIVE COOLING

This chapter enumerates the various passive-cooling strategies that can be used in the hot

humid zone. In this zone, heat avoidance is not the only issue that needs to be handled.

Passive cooling can be further applied to lower the temperatures effectively, and further supplemented by mechanical cooling devices. This chapter briefly describes the various types of passive cooling.

Since the key factor in the hot humid zone is ventilation, control over the temperature of the incoming air is of utmost importance. Tests show that the air temperature above unshaded asphalt is 110˚F while that over adjacent shaded lawn is 90˚F.

This 20˚F difference is crucial and has a great effect on the heat load of the building. Thus, ventilation would be much more effective if the air entering the structure is cooled by natural means. Thus ventilation plays an equally important role in thermal comfort.

It is essential to generate thermal radiation control since mainly outdoor materials and temperature define the temperatures inside a structure. Outdoor comfort is affected by numerous variables such as form, materials, and mechanical systems, leaks. Outdoor spaces that play a vital role in the hot humid zone can be made thermally efficient with the use of low emissive materials. Sun, shade, airflow, evaporation, mass could be used for effective microclimate management and strategic use of these variables can be effectively used to manage the microclimate of a designed space. Using a variety of passive cooling systems and coupled with some mechanical devices would help in achieving thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. There are various passive cooling systems to cool a space; several of them are outlined in the following sections. 49

4.1 Comfort Ventilation

Comfort ventilation can be defined as a technique of using air motion across the skin to

promote thermal comfort. This passive cooling technique is most appropriate for the hot

humid climate where the air temperature is moderately hot and ventilation is most essential

to control indoor humidity. Thus for any space to be thermally comfortable it is necessary to

create air movements within and outside the structure.

Comfort ventilation depends on air movements and wind speeds. If the winds are

not sufficient to create the necessary indoor velocities, wind has to be either channeled or

has to be supplemented with mechanical devices. Airflow techniques that maximize the

airflow across the occupants of the building are most essential.

4.2 Night Flush Cooling

This technique uses the coolness of the night. Cool air of the night is trapped with

enclosures such as curtains and screens for outdoor spaces during the night and then used as

a heat sink during the day. This is an old technique and very effective in places where the temperature swing between day and night is high. Hence this technique cannot be used effectively for the tropical zone as the temperature swing between day and night is not significant.

4.3 Radiant Cooling

This technique is used where the roof is cooled using water. In direct radiant cooling, the roof is cooled in the night, and then it is covered or insulated so as to trap the coolness for the day. Thus the roof does not get overheated and temperatures are kept low. 50

4.4 Evaporative Cooling

Wherever the humidity is low, evaporative cooling is very effective. Fountains, pools, water trickling down walls, and transpiration from plants can all be used for evaporative cooling.

The results are best if the evaporation occurs indoors or in the incoming air stream. In

Northern parts of India, it was quite common to hang wetted mats at openings to cool the incoming air. Indian palaces had pools, streams, and waterfalls brought indoors to make the cooling more effective.

Misting the air is a direct evaporative-cooling strategy. Water under high pressure is atomized into tiny droplets, which then readily evaporates to cool the air. Misting is mainly used to cool outdoor spaces. Unfortunately, if the area is too sunny or too windy, the benefit of misting will be minimal. However, the cooling effect can be significant in sheltered outdoor spaces and greenhouses.

However, these techniques are found to be not too effective in the hot humid climate as the humidity levels are too high, and avoidance of extra humidity is necessary.

Chapter 5 5 TOOLS

This chapter explains the procedures of the experiment, and enumerates the steps carried

out for the study. For this experiment, the outdoor space of the Dhond residence (see

chapter 6) is chosen. Five critical points in this outdoor space are selected to be evaluated in

terms of thermal comfort. The experiment involves two steps-

Estimating a person’s view factor at each location using fish eye lens photography to

calculate the percentage of different radiating entities affecting the thermal environment at each location.

Predicting effects of surrounding elements and landscaping materials on microclimatic conditions by calculating long wave radiation at each point using Outdoors©, a computer software developed by Dr. Nader V. Chalfoun, the University of Arizona.

The results of the first two steps are then used to evaluate each location in terms of its comfort levels and to recommend changes in the landscaping materials or new shading strategies.

5.1 Estimating a Person’s View Factors with Fish Eye Lens Photographs

Fish-eye lens photographs have been widely used to represent the hemispheric radiating environment in studies of radiation exchange in the urban environment. They enable designers to calculate radiating surfaces affecting human thermal comfort. The Fish-eye lens photography technique represents a person’s view factor in a radiating field. A person’s view-factor is defined as the fraction of the radiant flux that strikes a person from a particular surface to that which would be received from the entire environment radiating uniformly. [17] 53

Figure 5.1: Persons view factors in a radiating field(left) and use of fish eye lens photography to capture geometry of radiating fields(right). (Source: Dr. Nader Chalfoun)

The Fish-eye lens technique was adapted from I. D. Watson and G. T. Johnson of

Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia. It is a simple technique by which view factors can be estimated for a person at locations where surrounding building geometry is complex and involves multiple radiating surfaces. The Watson-Johnson method involves the fish eye lens photographs overlaid with a polar graph whose annuli and radii correspond to a specific fraction of a persons view factors.[18]

5.2 Scaled Models

Theoretically, physical models of buildings and urban open spaces provide a means of accurately predicting daylight illumination but they are not suitable where the phenomenon does not scale down properly such as in the case of thermal environment. However, in complex building geometry, physical models when combined with fish eye lens photography can provide a reliable way to compute view factors of the various radiant surfaces at a reference point which otherwise would involve complex, often unmanageable equations. [19] 54

5.3 Determination of the Scale

For long wave infrared radiation, where radiation from all surfaces must be considered, methods of calculation based on the actual human figure model are too laborious to be practical. In practice, the long wave man radiant temperature is measured using a globe thermometer, which is considered a close approximation to the human body. By using a spherical target, whose diameter includes a 6 feet human figure, computation of the view factors is greatly simplified.

Because the Outdoors© program uses fish eye lens photography to represent the hemispheric radiating environment acting on a 6 feet average human figure, we can then assume that the real environment can be reduced in scale down to the limit of a sphere whose diameter is the size of the fish eye lens in use. If the lens diameter is 1 inch then the scale is 1”= 6’-0”. [20] For this project, since the outdoor space is designed digitally, a physical 3d model was built to capture the fish eye lens photographs. The diameter of the lens was 1/2”; hence the scale used was ½”=3’-0”.

Figure 5.2: The fish eye lens used for this experiment. 55

Figure 5.3: Capturing photos of the physical model through the fish eye lens.

5.4 Procedures of the Experiment

Fish eye lens photographs are taken at each of the five locations. Since a person’s radiating environment is represented as a sphere, photos were taken for both hemispheres once by looking down to the ground and another looking up towards the sky. [See Figure 5.1] The fish eyes lens with an angle of view 180 degrees represents half of this sphere. Therefore it is required to evaluate photographs both looking down at the ground and looking up towards the sky. The height of the tip of the lens is set at a level of 3 feet above the ground, representing a standing person, and is adjusted perfectly horizontal with the help of spirit levels.

The fish eye lens circular photographs are then overlaid with a polar graph whose annuli and radii correspond to a specific fraction of a person’s view factor. The polar grid has 25 annuli and 40 radii dividing the circle into 1000 parts. Each cell in this polar grid represents 56

0.1 percent of the radiating environment in half of the radiating atmosphere. Therefore,

combining both the photographs, each cell in the polar grid will represent 0.05 percent of

the total radiating environment at that location. The circular images looking upwards show

the sky, surrounding buildings, foliage and other objects while those directed at the ground

show ground cover and other landscaping elements. [See Figure 5.2 and 5.3]

Figure 5.4: Fish eye lens photograph overlaid with polar grid looking up towards the sky.

Figure 5.5: Fish eye lens photograph overlaid with polar grid looking down towards the ground.

To calculate each of these areas, count the number of cells occupied by materials or objects and multiply by 0.05 to get the percentage of that particular material or object in the hemisphere. 57

Figure 5.6: Pie chart showing the percentages of materials. The percentages are then input into the software “Outdoors©”. Outdoors© is a

computer program developed by Dr. Nader V. Chalfoun. The program is used for predicting

and evaluating thermal conditions of outdoor spaces. The program calculates the thermal

effects of certain physical characteristics of a given environmental setting such as surface temperatures, atmospheric pressure, solar and long wave radiation , convective forces(natural and mechanical) , air moisture, evaporation and evotranspiration, reflectivity, absorptivity

and emmisivity of surrounding natural and man made surfaces. These parameters are

analyzed by the program to predict the mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the ASHRAE

effective temperature (ET*) acting on the human body. The predicted mean vote (PMV)

index is calculated to represent human thermal comfort on a scale from -5 to +5. [21]

Figure 5.7: Input window for the software Outdoors© 58

Figure 5.8: Input window for the software Outdoors© The mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the ASHRAE effective temperature (ET*) values derived from the computer simulations are then input into graphs that are used to analyze the thermal comfort at each location.

Figure 5.9: Comparison graph showing Dry bulb temperature (T-Dry), mean radiant temperature (MRT) and effective temperature (ET).

5.5 Collection of Microclimatic Data

It is necessary to collect microclimatic data specific to the place of study, i.e. the Dhond

Residence in Goa. The software needs several climatic parameters such as wind speeds, dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures, solar radiation, globe temperature, relative humidity and 59

surface temperatures. Since this study was conducted in the United states of America, most

of the climatic parameters were obtained from the Meteorological Office of India and from

the climate file for Panjim, Goa. [22]

Surface temperatures are extremely important in this study as it is necessary to know

what location, and thereby what materials are in sun or in shade for the different times of the

day and the year. Since it was not possible to visit Goa to collect the climatic data, the

surface temperatures were interpolated from the surface temperatures for Tucson. [23](Since

the same method was applied for Tucson which lies in the hot-arid region as part of a

previous case study)

Any particular material has a particular temperature for being in sun or in shade.

After plotting the values for a particular material for all the times of the day for Tucson, the surface temperatures could be interpolated for Goa. Following are the graphs for Panjim,

Goa with the surface temperatures for every material in sun and shade for June and

December which are the times of the experiment. 60

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70

60 (F) Temperature Surface 60 Surface Temperature(F) 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F)

Figure 5.10: Surface temperature graphs for concrete in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 150 160 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80

Surface Temperature 70 70

60 Surface Temperature 60 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature

Figure 5.11: Surface temperature graphs for glass in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface

60 (F) Temperature Surface 60 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.12: Surface temperature graphs for grasscrete in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F) 50 Surface Temperature (F) 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.13: Surface temperature graphs for foliage in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21 61

Figure 5.14: Surface temperature graphs for aluminum in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F) Surface Temperature (F) 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F)

Figure 5.15: Surface temperature graphs for stone in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

Figure 5.16: Surface temperature graphs for brick in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70

Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface 60 60 50 Surface Temperature (F) 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.18: Surface temperature graphs for wood in sun (left) and shade (right) for June 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface 60 Surface Temperature (F) 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.19: Surface temperature graphs for concrete in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface 60 (F) Temperature Surface 60 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.21: Surface temperature graphs for grasscrete in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21 63

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F) 50 Surface Temperature (F) 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.22: Surface temperature graphs for foliage in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70

Surface Temperature (F) 60 60 50 Surface Temperature (F) 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.23: Surface temperature graphs for aluminum in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F) 50 Surface Temperature (F) 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.24: Surface temperature graphs for stone in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F)

Surface Temperature (F) 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.25: Surface temperature graphs for brick in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21 64

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface Surface Temperature (F) 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.26: Surface temperature graphs for grass in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70

Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface 60

Surface Temperature (F) Temperature Surface 60 50 50 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Dry Bulb Temperature (F) Figure 5.27: Surface temperature graphs for wood in sun (left) and shade (right) for December 21

Chapter 6 6 DESIGN AND EVALUATION

This chapter defines the area of study with its climatic analysis and finally interprets the results in a graphical and analylitical study

The area of study chosen is the Dhond residence in Panjim, Goa, India that lies in the tropical region. Goa lies between latitude 15.45 N and longitude 73.81 E. The residence is a two-storey house built in 2000 and the outdoor space surrounding the house is used as a base for this study. The outdoor space of the residence has been redesigned by the author and used for further study. The structure is a reinforced concrete frame filled in with masonry and finished with plaster and paint. The roof is sloping and constructed of reinforced concrete finished with plaster and red paint. The residence is naturally ventilated and is supplemented with mechanical devices such as ceiling fans and window air conditioning units.

This study is divided into 3 steps. First is the designing of the outdoor space

followed by testing using computer simulations and finally followed by fine tuning the

design by revisiting the deficiencies.

STEP 1:

Propose a design for the backyard of the Dhond Residence based on the fundamentals

learned from the case study.

STEP 2:

Test the success of the design using the described method.

STEP 3:

Fine tune the design by revisiting deficiencies.

6.1 Area of Study

Figure 6.1: Map of India with Panjim, Goa on the west coast. Source: www.worldatlas.com

Goa is a state that lies on the west coast on India. Panjim is the capital of Goa and has a

population of 58,786. Goa was a former Portuguese territory for more than 450 years. The

Portuguese arrived in Goa in 1510 and stayed there till 1955. In 1955 the Indian army ousted the Portuguese from Goa, and it became a part of India as a self-governing Union Territory.

Finally in 1987 Goa was declared a fully-fledged state of the Indian Union.

But, even after 450 years of colonial rule, Goa has retained a distinctive blend of cultures. Goan people and their lifestyle, even today still retain a distinctive Southern

European flavor, combined with the unique mix of its own native culture. Modern-day Goa is a conglomerate, of the various civilizations that it came in touch with, and that influenced the culture of Goa. Hence, the architecture in Goa is a mix of Portuguese and the local 68

architecture. The houses have large sloping roofs with wide overhangs and large windows.

Terracotta tiles are widely used to cover the roofs and outdoor spaces form an integral part

of the plan of the house.

Due to its mixed colonial rule, Goa is a multi-ethnic state. The majority Hindu community and the sizeable Catholic minority have lived in peace and harmony for decades and centuries. The staple diet of Goa is fish curry and rice. Unlike the rest of India, most

Hindus in Goa eat fish. Farming and fishing are the primary activities. Rice, coconuts,

cashew nuts, betel nuts are various other fruits are grown abundantly in Goa. The tourist

industry is another important business in Goa.

The people of Panjim live a relaxed lifestyle compared to the other cities in India.

The majority of Goans are very bohemian. Easy going in nature, enjoying a typical 'tropical

lifestyle' including the 'siesta', which is usually from 1pm to 4pm, the hottest part of the day.

The evening is the best time of the day when the stifling afternoon is forgotten and people

leave their shady rooms and come out into the open for a fresh breath of air.

Since clothing plays an important role in thermal comfort, it would be necessary to

explain the clothing style of people in Goa. The clothing fabric is usually cotton as it is

widely available all over the country. Men often wear cotton shirt and trousers and the

women wear the sari that is the traditional dress in India or the churidar, which consists of

loose pants, tied at the waist worn along with long flowing blouses and with a drape around

the neck. [24]

6.2 Vernacular Architecture of Goa

Goa offers a variety of local building materials such as bamboo, coconut palm, laterite,

boulders, a variety of hardwoods, soil ideal for rammed earth and shell lime from its

estuarine waters. Its monsoon is fierce and protecting oneself from it is the basis of

architectural form.

Figure 6.2: A typical Goan village. Source: Gerard da Cunha, Houses of Goa

The Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 changed the development of Goa. The Portuguese tried to convert Goans into a Christians, and separate them from their cultural roots. A

European lifestyle was encouraged along with a number of incentives from the Portuguese government. The house played an important role and was built on an impressive scale. The new Goan Christians adopted a European stance but did not cut themselves off completely 70

from their Indian roots. This gave birth to a new culture, which also affected the houses

owned by the Goan Hindus. Thus, Goa has two basic types of houses- the Goan catholic

house transformed after its owners converted to Christianity, and the Hindu house. The

Goan houses were an amalgamation of Portuguese architecture and traditional Indian

concepts achieved with characteristic goan workmanship and ingenuity. The Goan catholic

houses were influenced by the culture of the Portuguese. The Hindu lifestyle remained more

or less the same without any socio-cultural inputs from the Portuguese. The main factors

that were taken into account while designing the Goan house were the high temperatures,

high humidity, glare and solar radiation. A combination of good ventilation in the rooms

reduced both temperatures and humidity, which made for comfortable living without the aid

of fans. The Goan houses were built in the midst of paddy fields with large sloping roofs.

Most of the houses were designed on a spatial arrangement. The courtyard was the focus of

the houses with interconnecting rooms on either side. The spaces were simply zoned as

public or private or as male and female domains. There were no specific areas such as living room, dining room but were multipurpose. The Portuguese influence on the lifestyle of the converted Goan Christian was considerable. The Goan Christian house was a metamorphosis of concepts derived from the traditional Hindu house and an expression of

Portuguese influences. The Catholics had a stricter allocation of spaces. The idea of

individual privacy and space allocation for various spaces was a concept adopted by the

Goan Christian from the Portuguese. 71

Figure 6.3: The basic Goan house. Source: Gerard da Cunha, Houses of Goa

The basic Goan house is characterized by a single gable roof spread over the entire

house except for the balcāo and the rear veranda. The balcāo is a common feature of all Goan

houses. It can be described as a colonnaded porch with seats built into the sides, a kind of

open hall accordant with the ideas of decorum. It extended into the public space and is not a

balcony as its name suggests. It is the Goan houses device for opening up to the outer world.

By the 19th century, the balcāo had become an important element in the design of the house

and took on the added dimension of a double storied porch. In most Goan houses the

balcāo had steps leading up to it, giving it the impression of a formal entrance. It also

functioned as a transitionary space between the public and private domains of the house. 72

Figure 6.4: A typical goan house with the balcāo. Source: Gerard da Cunha, Houses of Goa

Over the balcāo is either a lean–to-roof or a gable end roof at a lower level. The Goan house was always built within a compound and enclosed within a compound wall. The compound wall was usually built with laterite stones and sometimes carved with intricate designs. For the humble house, laterite was substituted by dry random rubble masonry.

The veranda that covered the entire width of the house evolved from the balcāo. The colonnaded balcāo offered protection from the monsoons to only a part of the façade. The veranda protected the entire façade against the harsh sun and the fierce monsoons. The veranda is usually covered with a simple lean to roof that is tiled and is supported on slender wooden columns. Verandas are generally 4-5’ wide and are enclosed with elaborate railings made of either carved laterite stone or wood or later in cast iron and wrought iron. Since shady and cool living spaces are of paramount importance in the hot-humid tropical climate, these spaces were essential as they blocked direct sunlight while allowing air circulation. 73

The floors were made of various materials and varied from household to household.

They could be of organic floor (beaten earth plastered with cow dung paste), of stone, of tile, of teak, local laterite, basalt or granite.

Another factor that contributed to the comfort of the houses was the high plinth. With the raising of the plinth, houses captured the breezes from the sea and also protected the house from rising damp during and after monsoons. Plans allowed for easy passage of air and cross ventilation gave the owners a feeling of living in a protected building.

By planting their gardens with flowering shrubbery and fruit trees, Goan builders controlled solar radiation. The choice of building materials also contributed to the comfort of the house-laterite and “chuno” plaster. These materials have a low thermal capacity to absorb heat. The Goan house of the past used environmentally friendly building material.

These wooden roofs, thick mud and laterite walls, cow dung and mud plaster for flooring and clay tiles held very little heat and cooled the whole houses. Houses were randomly sited for maximum air circulation. Roofs were pitched, tiled with country tiles enclosing large volumes of air. Vent tiles provided extra ventilation.

Figure 6.5: A typical house having laterite walls. Source: Gerard da Cunha, Houses of Goa 74

Figure 6.6: An example of the typical Indo-Portuguese house. Source: Gerard da Cunha, Houses of Goa

The end of the 19th century saw the final evolution of the style referred to as the

Goan house or as the Indo-Portuguese house. The climatic conditions in Goa aided the

metamorphosis of the balcāo into a wide verandah running all along the front and

sometimes the sides of the house too. This change, which took place at the end of the 19th

century, was adapted by houses built thereafter until the early 20th century. The traditional

Hindu house was a response to the people’s needs, culture and lifestyle.

Thus the vernacular houses of Goa are a response to the hot humid climate. The

sloping roofs, large overhangs, use of organic materials for floors all help in maintaining

coolness that is much needed in the hot-humid climate. [25]

6.3 Site Inventory

The Dhond residence is located on a hill in Panjim, Goa. The site overlooks the

Arabian Sea and is approximately 1500ft from the sea. Panjim has an elevation of 196.85 ft

above sea level. The bungalow covers 1929 sq. ft. while the outdoor area covers 4128 sq.ft. 75

The major wind directions are the Southeast and the SouthWest. Monsoon winds are primarily from the SouthWest for the months of June to September while winter winds come in from the Southeast for the months of October to January. The site is flat and has no slope. 76

Figure 6.7: Site plan of the Dhond residence juxtaposed with its natural surroundings.

The Dhond residence was constructed in the year 2000 and the backyard of the house is used as the area of study. The Dhond house has 3 major levels, the garage level, the first 77

floor level with the living room that opens out into the outdoor space that is the area of study, and the second floor level that has the bedrooms.

Garage

Entry to plot

Figure 6.8: Garage level Floor Plan of the Dhond Residence 78

Veranda leading to outdoor space

Living Room

Dining

Bedroom Kitchen

Entry to plot

Figure 6.9: First floor plan of the Dhond residence. 79

Bedroom Bedroom

Entry to plot

Figure 6.10: Second floor plan of the Dhond residence.

Figure 6.11: South west elevation (top) and south east elevation (bottom) of the Dhond residence.

Figure 6.12: Section showing the various levels of the Dhond residence.

Bedroom Bedroom

Outdoor Kitchen space Living Room

Garage

Figure 6.13: Enlarged section of the Dhond residence.

6.4 Climatic Overview

The Arabian Sea lies on the west of the site. Goa is characterized by heavy rainfall for

4 months in a year and temperatures between 80º-90°F during the year. There are 3 seasons in a year, summer from March to May, monsoon from June to September and winter from

November to February. The region has a maximum rainfall of 83.585 inches of rainfall per year.

There are no extremes in the temperature and no clear demarcations from one season to the other except for the monsoon. The monsoon lasts from June to September and shows traces of higher relative humidity than the other months. Goa is in the path of the southwest monsoon, thereby experiencing a dry period lasting six to eight months of the year, followed by the annual rainfall, which occurs over the remaining four months. During the two months preceding the onset of the monsoon the humidity increases dramatically, and the normally clear skies become hazy and then cloudy. Once the monsoon has run its course the skies clear and the weather becomes pleasant. For four to five months from

October through February the climate is near perfect-cloudless blue skies, warm but not oppressively hot days, and calm seas.

This section illustrates the climatic data for Panjim, Goa graphically. All data has been used from the Meteorological Office of India where the design conditions have been carefully generated from a period of record (typically 30 years) to be representative of the location. The following four graphs represent the relative humidity, rainfall, wind speeds and number of sunshine hours respectively for Goa. The relative humidity is noted to be high through the year, reaching a maximum of 100% in the monsoon moths. The wind speeds are 83

not much throughout the year (2mph) except for the monsoon when sometimes high wind

speeds can be experienced (4mph). Sunshine is plenty throughout the year, with 11-12 hours

of sunshine per day. The temperatures are in the high 80’s throughout the year with hardly

any diurnal temperature swing. Goa experiences very heavy rainfall for 3–4 months of the

year. The rest of the year is dry. The combination of high relative humidity and temperatures make Panjim very uncomfortable thermally. 84

100

40 Percentage 20

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

average morning humidity average afternoon humidity range of comfortable humidity

20 WIND SPEED 15

5 Speed in MPH 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Wind speed for effective natural ventilation Max. wind speed Min.wind speed Mean daily wind speed

30 25 20 15 10

Rainfall in inches 5 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall in inches

s 15

Number of Sunshine hour 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Maximum Sunshine Hours

Figure 6.14: Climatic data graphs for Panjim, Goa. 85

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep Oct NovDec 1 am 73.76 74.84 78.62 81.14 82.94 80.42 78.62 77.72 77.72 77.72 76.28 74.48 2 72.5 73.94 77.9 80.6 82.58 80.24 78.62 77.72 77.36 77.36 75.56 73.4 3 71.42 73.04 77.18 80.06 82.22 80.06 78.62 77.54 77 77.18 74.84 72.32 4 71.06 72.5 76.82 79.52 81.86 80.06 78.62 77.54 77 76.82 74.66 71.78 5 70.7 71.96 76.1 78.98 81.5 79.88 78.44 77.54 76.82 76.64 74.3 71.06 6 70.16 71.6 75.74 78.62 81.14 79.7 78.44 77.54 76.82 76.28 73.94 70.34 7 70.88 72.5 77.18 79.88 82.58 80.24 78.8 78.08 77.72 77.18 74.84 71.42 8 71.42 73.58 78.26 81.14 83.66 80.78 79.34 78.44 78.44 78.08 75.74 72.32 9 71.96 74.66 79.34 82.4 84.56 81.32 79.7 78.8 79.16 78.98 76.64 73.22 10 76.28 78.44 81.86 84.38 86.72 82.4 80.6 79.88 80.96 81.14 80.24 78.44 11 80.6 82.04 84.56 86.3688.88 83.66 81.32 80.96 82.76 83.3 83.8482.4 12 noon 84.92 85.82 87.08 88.52 91.04 84.74 82.22 82.04 84.38 85.46 87.44 86.54 1 pm 85.46 86.36 87.26 88.7 91.22 84.74 82.22 82.04 84.74 85.64 88.16 87.26 2 86.18 87.08 87.62 88.8891.4 84.92 82.22 82.04 84.92 86 89.0687.98 3 86.72 87.62 87.8 89.2491.58 84.92 82.22 82.04 85.1 86.18 89.9688.52 4 85.64 86.18 86.9 88.34 90.5 84.38 81.86 81.68 84.2 85.1 88.1686.9 5 84.74 84.92 86 87.44 89.42 83.66 81.5 81.32 83.3 84.02 86.3685.1 6 84.02 83.48 85.1 86.5488.52 83.12 80.96 81.14 82.22 82.94 84.5683.48 7 82.22 82.04 83.84 85.4687.26 82.58 80.42 80.24 81.32 81.86 82.9481.68 8 80.24 80.6 82.76 84.3886.18 81.86 80.06 79.34 80.6 80.96 81.14 80.06 9 78.44 79.16 81.5 83.3 85.1 81.32 79.52 78.44 79.7 80.06 79.88 78.26 10 77.36 78.08 80.78 82.76 84.56 80.96 79.16 78.26 79.16 79.34 78.8 77.36 11 pm 76.1 76.82 80.06 82.22 84.02 80.78 78.98 78.08 78.8 78.62 77.9 76.46 12 mid 74.84 75.74 79.34 81.68 83.48 80.42 78.62 77.72 78.26 77.9 76.82 75.56 Cold Cool Comfort Hot

<32 32-64.9 65-79.9 >80

Table 6.1: Shading calendar for Goa, which shows the dry bulb temperatures for all hours of the day highlighting the cool, comfortable and hot temperatures.

6.5 Designing the Outdoor Space

The outdoor space was designed as having a variety of unique spaces that can be evaluated for their thermal characteristics. Different materials with different shading 86

conditions have been used. For the study 5 locations were created each with different

materials and different shading conditions. The 5 major locations are:

Location 1 Under the Veranda: Under a covered but semi open seating area.

Location 2 Under the Rafters: Under the extension of wooden rafters.

Location 3 Under the Bosque: Seating under a bosque of trees with grasscrete paving.

Grasscrete is a low emissive material composed of concrete paving with gaps in between

for grass to grow.

Location 4 East of Palm Trees: A base case condition with minimum shade, no

adjacent structure and no vegetation.

Location 5 Under the Ramada: Under a ramada with wooden board flooring.

The primary strategies that need to be used in the hot humid climate are protection from the sun and natural ventilation with a constant flow of breeze. For this purpose, the direction of the wind, the Southwest is kept free from vegetation that can reduce the breeze.

Hence the tall palms on the Southwest provide a modicum of shade while letting the

Southwesterly winds flow through the site.

The trees used to shade the roof of the veranda as well as block solar radiation have dense shadows and are evergreen; hence protection from the sun is ensured throughout the year. The landscaping materials are varied, as they provide a good variation for the study. 87

Figure 6.15: Designed site plan highlighting all the locations Shadow Analysis

The shadow analysis showed that for Location 1, the Southeast needs to be protected from the sun in the mornings, while the Southwest needs to be protected from the sun in 88

the afternoons. Hence trees such as Mangifera Indica which have dense shade were chosen to be planted on either side of the outdoor room.

Figure 6.16: Shadow analysis for June 8 a.m. and 10 a.m.

Figure 6.17: Shadow analysis for June 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. 89

Figure 6.18: Shadow analysis for June 4 p.m. and 6 p.m.

Figure 6.19: Shadow analysis for December 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. 90

Figure 6.20: Shadow analysis for December 12 p.m. and 2 p.m.

Figure 6.21: Shadow analysis for December 4 p.m. and 6 p.m.

6.6 Material Palette

All the building materials used for the redesign are materials that are native to the area. The trees, the stone paving, the wood are all easily found in the vicinity of the site. The stone used for paving is red laterite which is found locally. Laterite is a red, highly weathered, rock like enriched in iron and aluminum. It forms close to the earth and in areas having warm climates and seasonal rainfall. The stone is formed by decaying parent stones and is calcareous. Laterite is an important building material in Goa and is used in masonry block or ashlar form. The wood for the roof of the veranda as well as the ramada is teak wood which is polished with a coat of cashew nut oil which is a local tradition to prevent the rotting of wood due to the heavy rainfall season.

Different species of trees that are indigenous to the area have been used. The varieties used are:

Plumeria Obtusa for the Bosque, which is an evergreen flowering tree growing up to a

height of 15 feet and having dense foliage.

Mangifera Indica on either side of though outdoor room, which is an evergreen tree

having dense shade and which grows up to a height of 60 feet.

Cocos Nucifera, which a species of coconut palm, indigenous to the area, growing up

to a height of 100 feet.

Bougainvillea, which is used as a creeper on the roof for the ramada, as well as for the

walls. It is a vine which is evergreen, does not need much water and is ideal for reflecting

the heat. 92

Figure 6.22: Plumeria Obtusa used for the bosque Source: Courtright Gordon, Tropicals

Figure 6.23: Mangifera Indica used on either side of the outdoor room 93

Source: Courtright Gordon, Tropicals

Figure 6.24: Cocos Nucifera, which is used along the South west compound wall Source: Courtright Gordon, Tropicals

Figure 6.25: Bougainvillea which is used on the roof of the ramada and compound walls Source: Courtright Gordon, Tropicals

Grasscrete which is used for paving under the bosque is a low emissive material composed of concrete paving with gaps in between for grass to grow. Grasscrete is a good substitute for concrete for some applications, as it not only lowers the radiation from paving by about 50% but also shows a drop in temperature by as much as 20°F. 94

Figure 6.26: Grasscrete, a low emissive paving material.

Figure 6.27: A typical house built with laterite (right) and laterite (left) as found naturally Timber which is commonly found in Goa is used for the roof construction. The roofs

are usually built with teak wooden rafters, covered with plywood sheets, and finished off

with terracotta tiles on timber battens. Layers of water proofing are poured in between, and

the roofs are normally insulated with Styrofoam sheets.

6.7 Simulations

The experiment is tested for 2 days in a year, June 21 and December 21 when the sun is

expected to the highest and lowest position respectively in the sky. For each day, the

simulations are run for 3 times a day, at 10 in the morning, 3 in the afternoon, and 10 in the night. 95

The following pages illustrate the simulations for each location with its results. The picture is a view of the location, followed by a pie graph that illustrates the percentages of radiation from the various surfaces. The 2 graphs highlight the MRT conditions for each location for June 21 and December 21 for the respective hours. The comparison between T-

Dry (Dry Bulb Temperature) and MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) and the ASHRAE

Effective Temperature (ET) shows the difference between the actual measured temperatures and the collective temperatures as felt by the human body.

Analysis for Location 1: Under the Veranda

Figure 6.28: View of Location 1: Under the Veranda

Location 1: Under the Veranda is a completely shaded location being. The veranda is the part of the new construction added to the existing house for the purpose of this study. It 96

acts as a transition space between the indoors and the outdoors. The features of this location are:

• Sliding wooden framed screens with fabric rolling blinds to avoid solar radiation.

• Deep overhang.

• Aided with mechanical ventilation such as ceiling fans.

• Wooden roof covered with terracotta tiles and vents at top.

• Stone flooring.

• Trees on either side; the northeast and the northwest to block solar radiation during

the early hours of the day and late afternoons.

Percentage of Materials Metal 2% Foliage Grasscrete Glass Canvas 0% 4% 16% 11% Brick 5%

Wood 24% Stone Concrete 35% 3%

Figure 6.29: Graph of percentages for Location 1: Under the Veranda

Figure 6.30: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for location 1: Under the Veranda up and down respectively.

Location 1 June 21 250

200 T-Dry 150 MRT ET 100 82.4 74.82 84.92 75.57 80.96 68.09 67.66 62.3970.97

Temperature ( F) ( Temperature 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Location 1 December 21 250

200

T-Dry 150 MRT 88.52 100 78.44 77.81 77.36 ET 63.9470.21 70.19 60.668.12

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.31: Graphs for Location 1: Under the Veranda for June 21 and December 21 respectively

The comparison graphs show that when the dry bulb temperature (DBT) is 82.4ºF for 10 a.m., for June21 the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is 68.09ºF while the effective temperature (ET*) is 74.82ºF. Thus, the location is comfortable as the MRT and ET are lower than the DBT. The results are similar for the rest of the times of the day and for

December 21 too, thus making it a comfortable location at all times of the day. 99

Analysis for Location 2: Under the Rafters

Figure 6.32: View of Location 2: Under the Rafters Location 2: Under the Rafters is the location under the rafters of the veranda. This location is shaded at some times of the day. The rafters do not provide a solid shade, thus we can consider this location to have 30% shading conditions. The features of this location are:

• Wooden rafters provide shade at certain times of the day

• Stone flooring

• Part radiation from grasscrete and concrete pavers on other side 100

Percentage of Materials

Wood Sky 11% 23%

Stone 28% Foliage 11% Brick Canvas Grasscrete 5% 11% 11%

Figure 6.33: Graph of percentages for Location 2: Under the Rafters

Figure 6.34: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for location 2: Under the Rafters, looking up.

101

Figure 6.35: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for location 2: Under the Rafters, looking down.

Location 2 June 21 250

200 152 150 127.4 T-Dry 113.9 MRT 84.92 100 82.4 72.87 80.96 ET 56.7867.76

TemperatureF) ( 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.36: Graphs for Location 2: Under the Rafters for June 21. 102

Location 2 December 21 250

200 142 150 T-Dry 106.6 MRT 88.52 100 78.44 79.7 77.36 ET 63.03 56.43 51.64

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.37: Graphs for Location 2: Under the Rafters for December 21. The comparison graphs show that when the dry bulb temperature (DBT) is 82.4ºF for 10 a.m., for June21 the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is 127.4ºF while the effective temperature (ET*) is 72.87ºF. Thus, the location is uncomfortable as the MRT and ET are higher than the DBT. The only times the location is comfortable are when the location is shaded, i.e. at 10 in the morning for December and after sunset. Thus the location is comfortable when it is in shade. In hot-humid areas, solar protection is very important due to the high temperatures. A difference of at least 20ºF is found in shaded and unshaded materials. According to the graphs, this location is comfortable at 10 in the morning in June and at 3 in the afternoon for both June and December. The rest of the times it is uncomfortable. 103

Analysis for Location 3: Under the Bosque

Figure 6.38: View of Location 3: Under the Bosque

Location 3: Under the Bosque is the location under the bosque. This is a bosque of Plumeria

Obtusa which have dense shade. This location is thus shaded at all times of the day due to the dense shade from the trees. The features of this location are:

• Thick foliage obstructs the radiation from the sky

• Part radiation from grasscrete and stone paving on other side 104

ConcretePercentage of Materials 4% Stone Wood 6% Sky 3% 20% Brick 10%

Foliage Grasscrete 29% 28%

Figure 6.39: Graph of percentages for Location 3: Under the Bosque

Figure 6.40: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for location 3: Under the Bosque, looking up.

105

Figure 6.41: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for Location 3: Under the Bosque down.

Location 3 June 21 250

200

150 T-Dry MRT 84.92 100 82.471.85 77.6 72.6380.06 80.96 ET 56.5667.74

Temperature ( F) ( Temperature 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.42: Graphs for Location 3: Under the Bosque for June 21. 106

Location 3 December 21 250

200

150 T-Dry MRT 88.52 100 78.44 78.73 77.36 68.62 71.6 62.51 ET 61.18 50.71

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.43: Graphs for Location 3: Under the Bosque for December 21. The comparison graphs show that when the dry bulb temperature (DBT) is 82.4ºF

for 10 a.m., for June21 the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is 71.85ºF while the effective

temperature (ET*) is 77.6ºF. It has been noted that the location is comfortable at all times of

the day as the MRT and ET are lower than the DBT. The reason behind the location being

comfortable at all times of the day is 90% shading factors and also minimization from ground radiation due to the use of grasscrete.

107

Analysis for Location 4: East of the Palm trees

Figure 6.44: View of Location 4: East of the Palm trees.

This Location 4: East of the Palm Trees is the location under the palm trees. This location has minimum shading conditions and it has concrete paving and stone paving. It is bounded on one side by a compound wall and the veranda on the other side. The features of this location are:

• Minimum shade at any time of the day

• Concrete pavers for flooring

• Part radiation from stone flooring on other side

108

Percentage of Materials

Wood Concrete 3% 16% Sky 31%

Stone 20% Foliage Brick Canvas Grasscrete 13% 11% 4% 2%

Figure 6.45: Graph of percentages for Location 4: East of the Palm trees.

Figure 6.46Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for Location 4: East of the Palm trees looking up. 109

Figure 6.47: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for Location 4: East of the Palm trees.

Location 4 June 21 250

200 178.6 157.5 150 T-Dry 121.6 115.7 MRT 100 82.4 84.92 80.96 ET 59.9769.58

Temperature ( F) ( Temperature 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.48: Graphs for Location 4: East of the Palm trees for June 21.

110

Location 4 December 21 250

200 150.4 147.5 150 T-Dry 107.3 108.5 MRT 88.52 100 78.44 77.36 ET 54.2964.53

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.49: Graphs for Location 4: East of the Palm trees for December 21.

The comparison graphs show that when the dry bulb temperature (DBT) is 82.4ºF

for 10 a.m., for June21 the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is 178.6ºF while the effective

temperature (ET*) is 121.6ºF. Thus, the location is uncomfortable as the MRT and ET are

way higher than the DBT. This location is uncomfortable at all times of the day and could be

termed as the “worst case.” The reason behind the location being uncomfortable at all times

of the day is minimum shading factors and ground radiation due from the concrete pavers and stone flooring.

111

Analysis for Location 5: Under the Ramada

Figure 6.50: View of Location 5: Under the Ramada

The fifth location is under the ramada at the tip of the site and is named Location 5: Under the Ramada. This location has a roof above it, and hence shading conditions and it has wooden boards for flooring. It is bounded on both sides by the compound wall. The features of this location are:

• Shaded at certain times of the day

• Wooden flooring

• Part radiation from stone flooring and concrete pavers on other side

112

Percentage of Materials

Sky Wood 17% Foliage 29% 6% Grasscrete 2%

Concrete 2% Brick 44%

Figure 6.51: Graph of percentages for Location 5: Under the Ramada

Figure 6.52: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for Location 5: Under the Ramada looking up.

113

Figure 6.53: Photographs taken through a fish eye lens for Location 5: Under the Ramada looking down.

Location 5 June 21 250

200

150 125.1 T-Dry 105.2 MRT 100 82.481.2685.46 84.92 80.96 63.7171.73 ET

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.54: Graphs for Location 5: Under the Ramada for June 21.

114

Location 5 December 21 250

200

150 T-Dry 110.8 MRT 88.52 96.21 100 78.44 77.36 ET 63.8270.14 58.7167.04

Temperature ( F) 50

0 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 10:00 PM Hours

Figure 6.55: Graphs for Location 5: Under the Ramada for December 21.

The comparison graphs show that when the dry bulb temperature (DBT) is 82.4ºF

for 10 a.m., for June21 the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is 81.26ºF while the effective

temperature (ET*) is 85.46ºF. Thus, the location is comfortable as the MRT and ET are not much higher than the DBT. However, at 3 in the afternoon, this location has a MRT of

125.1ºF and ET* of 105.2ºF when the DBT is 84.92ºF. This difference is due to the fact that the location is shaded at 10 in the morning, but not shaded at 3 in the afternoon due to

the low angle of the sun. Thus, thermal comfort is hugely dependent on shading conditions especially in the hot humid climate. This location is uncomfortable only at 3 in the afternoon for both June and December, the rest of the times it is comfortable. 115

6.8 Analysis

10 a.m. 3 p.m. 10 p.m. June December June December June December Location 1 C C C C C C Location 2 U C U U C C Location 3 C C C C C C Location 4 U U U U C C Location 5 C C U U C C

C= Comfortable MRT (within a range of 70-90F) U= Uncomfortable MRT (within a range of 90F and above) Table 6.2: Comparison of MRT for all locations From table 6.2 we can see that out of the 5 locations, location 2, location 4 and location 5

are uncomfortable at certain times of the day. Location 2 is uncomfortable as it is not shaded

at times of the day. Location 4 is uncomfortable throughout as it has no shading conditions,

and is surrounded by concrete and stone paving. Location 5 is uncomfortable for certain

times of the day as the sun angles are low, and the ramada does not provide enough solar

protection. From the above analysis, it can be inferred that location 4 can be assumed to be

the worst case, while Location 1 can be assumed to be the best case.

Now we come to the third step of the design process, to fine tune deficiencies by revisiting

them. A comparison of the best case and the worst case would show why that particular

location is comfortable or not comfortable. Location 1: Under the Veranda is under the veranda, which is an addition to the house and is completely shaded. Its design features are:

• Shaded throughout the year.

• Sliding screens with fabric rolling blinds placed to avoid solar radiation as much as

possible.

• Mean radiant temperature (MRT) is very close to Dry bulb temperature (DBT). 116

• Aided with mechanical ventilation.

Thus this location has temperatures which are comfortable through all the times of the day.

For location 4: East of the palm trees, there are no shading conditions, and there is reflected radiation from concrete and stone paving which by themselves are completely un shaded.

From previous studies, it has been found that materials have lower surface temperatures when they are shaded. For example, the surface temperature of concrete in sun is 137ºF while in shade is 92ºF at 12 in the afternoon for June 21. Thus for this location we find that:

• No shade throughout the year

• Complete solar radiation

• Landscape surfaces such as concrete and stone are primary causes for high

temperatures

• Mean radiant temperature (MRT) is very high compared to Dry bulb temperature

(DBT).

Comparing Location 1(the best case) with Location 4 (the worst case) we can infer that:

Location 1 is shaded throughout the year while Location 4 is not shaded

throughout the year.

The moveable fabric screens which surround the outdoor room in Location 1 are

used to block solar gain. Location 4, being in the open receives complete solar gain.

Location 1 can be optimized by mechanical ventilation such as fans, while

Location 4 cannot be optimized using mechanical ventilation. 117

Thus, comparing the locations we can see the vast difference between a best case and a worst case. Shading conditions, protection from the sun and mechanical ventilation all create a thermally comfortable location.

Figure 6.56: Location 1: Under the Veranda

6.9 Optimization Strategies

Location 2: Under the Rafters and 5: Under the Ramada can be modified with changes in

shading conditions. As absence of shading is the major factor in the high MRT values, a

canopy of shade would restore thermal comfort at this location. Location 2: Under the

Rafters which was found to be uncomfortable at certain times of the day can be optimized

for thermal comfort by the addition of a shading cover. Evergreen vines were introduced on

the rafters and these conditions were simulated in the software. It was found that there is a

20ºF drop in mean radiant temperature as the solar radiation is reduced and long wave 118

radiation from the stone paving is cut down, as the stone paving is now in shade and not in the sun.

Figure 6.57: Introduction of evergreen vines as a canopy.

Similarly, location 5 which is uncomfortable only at certain times of the day due to

the low angle of the sun can be made comfortable by adding a layer of shading such as vines

that block the solar radiation.

The worst case location 4 can be optimized with certain strategies. It can be noted in

the graph of percentages for location 4 that maximum radiation is from the sky and the

concrete paving. Concrete is a material that holds radiation gained during the day and

reemits the long wave radiation thus contributing to major heat gains. Hence, replacing the

concrete with low emissive material like grass cuts down on long wave radiation. Since wind

speeds are very important in the hot humid region, cut outs in the compound wall increase 119

the velocity of wind, thus adding to the thermal comfort. Shading being a important factor too, creating a canopy of vines that shade the location as well as cut down on the solar radiation from the sky, adds to the thermal comfort. Since the location is on the southwest, it is very important to create the canopy of vines above human height, which is at about 8 feet so that it does not block the oncoming wind. Combining all the above strategies brings down the MRT by about 70°F thus making the location comfortable.

Figure 6.58: Location 4: East of the Palm Trees

120

Figure 6.59: Change of materials and shading conditions for location 4: Under the Palm trees.

Thus it can be seen how a thermally viable microclimate for the outdoor space of the

Dhond residence in the hot humid climate of Goa, India, can be created with the use of

innovative and intelligent landscape design as well as appropriate materials and optimized shading strategies.

121

Chapter 7 7 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

122

7.1 Analysis

From the previous analysis and evaluation it can be inferred that the hypothesis is proven. A thermally viable microclimate for the outdoor space of the Dhond residence has been created in the hot humid climate of Goa, India, with the use of innovative and intelligent landscape design as well as appropriate materials and optimized shading strategies.

Out of the 5 locations, 3 are uncomfortable at certain times of the day. These are made comfortable by the application of certain strategies such as avoiding solar radiation, using low emissive materials, increasing the percentage of foliage, creating an obstructed sky and having constant shading conditions.

For the hot humid zone, maximizing ventilation and shade while minimizing thermal mass are the most efficient strategies. This report helps us to draw conclusions about how a particular location can be optimized for thermal comfort using active and passive strategies.

The assessment concluded that the major factors contributing to the rise in temperature are landscaping materials, surrounding building materials, colors and shading conditions. Reflected radiation from these elements combined with the direct short wave radiation from the sun attributed to uncomfortable conditions.

7.2 Summary of Design Strategies

This is a summary of the design strategies used in the design of the outdoor space of the

Dhond residence. The following illustrations give an analytical conclusion of how an issue was resolved with an appropriate design response for the design of the outdoor space. 123

Figure 7.1: Location 4: East of the Palm trees, before (left) and after (right). The strategies used for the redesign of this location, East of the Palm trees were:

• Reduce extent of paving

• Use low emissive materials for paving

• Minimize radiation from nonpaved areas with tree shading

• Use light colors for building surfaces, landscape materials as well as fabric shades

Figure 7.2: Location 1: Under the Veranda For Location 1: Under the Veranda, the following strategies were used:

• Movable devices to block solar radiation.

• Trees planted at specific locations to reduce solar radiation.

• Trees with dense shades help in cutting down long wave radiation. 124

Figure 7.3: Roof vents for the veranda roof. Simulations proved that a steady flow of air reduces the temperature. In the hot–humid zone, a constant flow of air over the body is the most important strategy. Hence, roof vents at the top of the roof of the veranda help in venting out the hot air as it rises to the top of the roof. Also, the deep overhang of the roof helps in keeping the rain water away.

Figure 7.4: Opening the southwest for prevailing winds.

In Goa, the prevailing wind is from the southwest. Hence it is essential to keep the southwest open to catch the breeze. The cutouts in the wall also help in increasing the 125

velocity of wind as it strikes the wall. Similarly, the use of mechanical ventilation such as fans helps in increasing the wind velocity so very much needed for comfort in the hot humid zone.

Figure 7.5: Ceiling Fans aid ventilation.

7.3 Conclusions

This method provides a foundation upon which designers can take proper decisions about the geometry of the space with the surrounding buildings, the landscape materials, building materials, colors, the shading conditions and the control of direct long wave radiation to achieve human thermal comfort. It allows us to replace landscaping materials at a particular location and test the results again, thus giving designers the opportunity to use various landscaping materials and test different shading conditions. The usage of exterior spaces can be maximized thus creating viable microclimates. 126

The Outdoors© program combined with fish eye lens photography helped predict these conditions. Often in the practice of architecture and landscape architecture, environmental design is separated by a distinct demarcation. This research extends creativity and creates a bridge between architectural design and environmental design. It puts forth a new take on designing with intelligent use of environmental issues, shading conditions and the use of low emissive materials.

This method can be used universally regardless of climate as it is viable in areas with different climates. An in-depth study of the climate to be studied with knowledge of the basic fundamentals can be used to study as well as optimize thermal comfort for that region.

This research presents a rationale for creating thermal comfort in outdoor spaces.

The hot humid climate of the tropics serves as a good setting to design and test microclimates. It describes a method that can be used to design outdoor spaces effectively and by integrating climate, architecture and landscape architecture. Computer simulations can be effectively and innovatively juxtaposed with designing stages to have better design solutions that respond to the climate and are a part of the design process right from the start. For the start of a sustainable future, this report puts forth an innovative approach to harness architecture, climate, science and technology as one and create spaces that are thermally comfortable and pleasant to live in.

127

REFERENCES

[1] Koeppens Climate Classification [2] Fanger, P.O. 1970. Thermal Comfort. Danish Technical Press. Copenhagen. [3] Gagge, A.P., Foblets A.P. and Berglund, P.E. 1986. A Standard Predictive Index of Human Response to the Thermal Environment. ASHRAE Trans, Vol.92, Part 23. [4] www.ipedia.com/tropics.html [5] www.ipedia.com/tropics.html [6] http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_sources.html#IWE C [7] http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_sources.html#IWE C [8] http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_sources.html#IWE C [9] http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_sources.html#IWE C [10] Lechner, Norbert, Heating Cooling, Lighting: Design methods for Architects. New York, J Wiley, c2001. [11] www.erh.noaa/gov/images/afi/relativehumidity.html [12] Lechner, Norbert, Heating Cooling, Lighting: Design methods for Architects. New York, J Wiley, c2001. [13] ASHRAE. 1981. American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Handbook of Fundamentals. [14] ASHRAE. 1981. American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Handbook of Fundamentals. [15] ASHRAE. 1981. American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Handbook of Fundamentals. [16] Lechner, Norbert, Heating Cooling, Lighting: Design methods for Architects. New York, J Wiley, c2001. [17] Chalfoun, N.V. 1998. Outdoor Thermal Comfort Assessment Using MRT© And Fish Eye Lens Photography: A Case Study Of The El-Presidio Plaza In Tucson, Arizona. Lisbon, Portugal: PLEA’98, the 15th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. [18] Watson, I.D. and Johnson, G.T. 1988. Estimating Persons View Factors from Fish Eye Photographs. International Journal of Biometeorology, 123-128.

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[19] Chalfoun, N.V. 2002. Outdoor © A Computer Program for Predicting Thermal Comfort Conditions at Outdoor Spaces. [20] Chalfoun, N.V. 2002. Sustainable Urban Design And Outdoor Space Analysis Using MRT© And Fish Eye Lens Photography of Architectural Scale Models: A Case Study Of The Rio Nuevo Master Plan Project In Tucson, Arizona, USA. PLEA 2002, the 19th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, July 22-24, 2002, Toulouse-France. [21] Chalfoun, N.V. 2001. Thermal Comfort Assessment of Outdoor Spaces Using MRT© And Fish Eye Lens Photography of Architectural Scale Models: A Case Study Of The Arts Oasis Plaza at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Proceedings of PLEA 2001, the 18th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Florianopolis-Brazil, November 7-9, 2001. [22] http://www.imdmumbai.gov.in/main.htm [23] Chalfoun, N.V. 2002. Outdoor © A Computer Program for Predicting Thermal Comfort Conditions at Outdoor Spaces. [24] http://www.amchegoa.com

OTHER REFERENCES ASHRAE. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE 1997 Brown, G.Z., and M. Dekay. Sun, Wind and Light: Architectural Design Strategies, 2 end ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985. Chalfoun, N.V., Yoklic, M. and Thompson, T.L. 1991. Using The MRT©: An Original Computer Model In Assessing Outdoor Thermal Comfort Strategies For The Arizona Solar Oasis Project. Houston, Texas: Proc. The First Design For Extreme Environments Assembly (IDEEA ONE) Chalfoun, N.V., Mignon, G.V. and Thompson, T.L. 1991. The Black Globe Thermometer for Indoor/Outdoor Mean Radiant Temperature Measurement. Denver, Colorado: International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Solar World Congress Chalfoun, N.V., et al. 1991. MRT Update: A Study On The Thermal Effect Of Dry And Wet Paving And Landscape Materials On Restoring Human Thermal Comfort Conditions At Outdoor Spaces. Denver, Colorado: International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Solar World Congress. Chalfoun, N.V. 2002. Integrating Outdoor With Indoor Spaces. Phoenix, Arizona. Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) Excellence in Building Conference and Exposition. Chalfoun, N.V., Yoklic, M. and Thompson, T.L. 1991. Planning For Visitor Comfort, Outdoors At The United States Pavilion, EXPO ’92, Seville, Spain: PLEA’91 , Ninth International Conference On Passive And Low Energy Architecture, Seville. Chalfoun, N.V., Yoklic, M. and Thompson, T.L. 1990. MRT: An Original Computer Program for Predicting Thermal Conditions of Outdoor Spaces. Proc. Of 1st. World Renewable Energy Congress, Pergamon Press, New York, Vol 4, 2244-2249. 129

Courtright, Gordon, Tropicals. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press, c1988. Daniels, Klaus. The Technology Of The Ecological Building: Basic Principles And Measures, Examples And Ideas. Translated by Elizabeth Schwaiger. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser, 1997. Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Givoni, Baruch. Man, Climate and Architecture, 2 end ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976. Konya, Allan. Design Primer for Hot Climates. London: Architectural Press, New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1980. Lim, William S.W., and Tan Hock Beng, The New Asian Architecture: Vernacular Traditions and Contemporary style. Hong Kong : Periplus Editions, 1998 Made, Wijaya, Architecture Of Bali- A Source Book Of Traditional And Modern Forms. Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press, c2002 Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate: A Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953. Powell, Robert, The Asian House-Contemporary Houses Of Southeast Asia. Hong Kong : Periplus Editions, 1998 Powell, Robert, Tropical Asian House. London: Thames and Hudson; Singapore: Select Books, 1996. Yoklic, M. 2001. Climate Analysis and Comfort Simulation Tools: A Methodology for Urban Design in Arid Regions. Arizona State University. Cooling Frontiers Symposium.

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APPENDIX

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:32:55 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 82.4 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 82 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.88 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 60.67 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 322 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 65.04 0.88 | |Surface 2 Foliage 85 0.97 0.004 146.593632437006 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.11 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 73 0.94 0.04 129.955316915993 | |Surface 5 Brick 114 0.9 0.05 167.358371785819 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.346 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 112 0.95 0.03 174.206792035162 | |Surface 8 Wood 81 0.93 0.24 136.467542838371 | |Surface 9 Glass 82 0.94 0.16 138.957618593853 | |Surface 10 Metal 84 0.2 0.02 30.0042625744896 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:68.09°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 101 175.91 153.91 120.81 5 100.0| | 0.1 91 167.49 146.90 118.15 5 100.0| | 0.2 81 158.71 139.69 115.34 5 100.0| | 0.3 71 149.55 132.29 112.38 5 100.0| | 0.4 61 139.96 124.68 109.25 5 100.0| | 0.5 51 129.88 116.85 105.92 5 100.0| | 0.6 41 119.25 108.78 102.37 4.88 100.0| | 0.7 30 106.85 99.62 98.19 4.07 100.0| | 0.8 20 94.82 91.00 93.40 3.17 99.6| | 0.9 10 81.95 82.09 85.89 1.81 67.5| | Full 1.0 00 68.09 72.88 74.82 -0.14 5.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

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******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:33:16 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 84.92 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 78 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 79.17 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 47 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 259 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 68.15 0.88 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.004 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 80 0.87 0.11 126.7218938736 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 78 0.94 0.04 134.90073603137 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.05 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.346 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 120 0.95 0.03 184.158997656 | |Surface 8 Wood 82 0.93 0.24 137.479346055621 | |Surface 9 Glass 84 0.94 0.16 141.020034100101 | |Surface 10 Metal 85 0.2 0.02 30.225491224125 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:67.66°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 76 153.92 136.46 114.55 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 147.39 131.24 112.46 5 100.0| | 0.2 61 139.67 125.15 109.96 5 100.0| | 0.3 54 132.66 119.70 107.68 5 100.0| | 0.4 46 124.33 113.33 104.95 5 100.0| | 0.5 38 115.62 106.80 102.07 4.85 100.0| | 0.6 31 107.67 100.97 99.43 4.33 100.0| | 0.7 23 98.15 94.13 96.05 3.69 100.0| | 0.8 15 88.12 87.12 91.25 2.81 97.9| | 0.9 08 78.86 80.82 85.22 1.72 62.8| | Full 1.0 00 67.66 73.43 75.57 0.03 5.0| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

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******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:33:36 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 80.96 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 85 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.28 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 63.42 0.88 | |Surface 2 Foliage 59 0.97 0.004 120.558692323657 | |Surface 3 Canvas 69 0.87 0.11 116.707644474127 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 64 0.94 0.04 121.397673674911 | |Surface 5 Brick 80 0.9 0.05 131.091614352 | |Surface 6 Stone 81 0.87 0.346 127.663185235896 | |Surface 7 Concrete 89 0.95 0.03 147.832644574207 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.24 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 Glass 80 0.94 0.16 136.9179083232 | |Surface 10 Metal 81 0.2 0.02 29.3478586749186 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:62.39°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.1 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.2 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.3 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.4 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.5 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.6 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.7 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.8 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | 0.9 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| | Full 1.0 00 62.39 68.72 70.97 -0.81 18.8| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

134

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:34:05 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 82.4 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 82 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.88 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 60.67 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 322 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 65.04 0.88 0.23 114.553826337239 | |Surface 2 Foliage 85 0.97 0.11 146.593632437006 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.11 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 73 0.94 0.11 129.955316915993 | |Surface 5 Brick 114 0.9 0.05 167.358371785819 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.28 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 81 0.93 0.11 136.467542838371 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:64.72°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 101 173.99 152.30 120.20 5 100.0| | 0.1 91 165.49 145.24 117.51 5 100.0| | 0.2 81 156.63 138.00 114.67 5 100.0| | 0.3 71 147.37 130.55 111.67 5 100.0| | 0.4 61 137.67 122.89 108.50 5 100.0| | 0.5 51 127.47 115.00 105.12 5 100.0| | 0.6 41 116.71 106.88 101.52 4.71 100.0| | 0.7 30 104.13 97.64 97.25 3.89 100.0| | 0.8 20 91.92 88.96 91.96 2.90 98.6| | 0.9 10 78.84 79.99 83.59 1.40 45.5| | Full 1.0 00 64.72 70.70 72.87 -0.47 9.6| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

135

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:33:52 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 84.92 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 78 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 79.17 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 47 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 259 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 68.15 0.88 0.23 117.292210635775 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.11 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 80 0.87 0.11 126.7218938736 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 78 0.94 0.11 134.90073603137 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.05 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.28 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 82 0.93 0.11 137.479346055621 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:64.73°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 76 152.06 134.97 113.95 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 145.48 129.72 111.84 5 100.0| | 0.2 61 137.68 123.59 109.32 5 100.0| | 0.3 54 130.60 118.11 107.01 5 100.0| | 0.4 46 122.18 111.71 104.24 5 100.0| | 0.5 38 113.37 105.14 101.32 4.70 100.0| | 0.6 31 105.32 99.26 98.64 4.18 100.0| | 0.7 23 95.68 92.38 95.00 3.50 100.0| | 0.8 15 85.51 85.32 89.73 2.53 94.0| | 0.9 08 76.11 78.98 83.06 1.34 42.3| | Full 1.0 00 64.73 71.55 73.89 -0.26 6.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

136

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:34:19 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 80.96 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 85 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.28 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.42 0.88 0.23 113.146542532942 | |Surface 2 Foliage 59 0.97 0.11 120.558692323657 | |Surface 3 Canvas 69 0.87 0.11 116.707644474127 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 64 0.94 0.11 121.397673674911 | |Surface 5 Brick 80 0.9 0.05 131.091614352 | |Surface 6 Stone 81 0.87 0.28 127.663185235896 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.11 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:56.78°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.1 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.2 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.3 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.4 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.5 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.6 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.7 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.8 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | 0.9 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| | Full 1.0 00 56.78 65.17 67.76 -1.34 42.3| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

137

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:38:02 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 82.4 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 82 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.88 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 60.67 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 322 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 65.04 0.88 0.2 114.553826337239 | |Surface 2 Foliage 85 0.97 0.29 146.593632437006 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 73 0.94 0.281 129.955316915993 | |Surface 5 Brick 114 0.9 0.1 167.358371785819 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.06 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 112 0.95 0.04 174.206792035162 | |Surface 8 Wood 81 0.93 0.015 136.467542838371 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11Grass- wooden area 81 0.93 0.014 136.467542838371 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:71.85°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 101 178.07 155.73 121.49 5 100.0| | 0.1 91 169.74 148.76 118.86 5 100.0| | 0.2 81 161.07 141.61 116.10 5 100.0| | 0.3 71 152.01 134.26 113.18 5 100.0| | 0.4 61 142.53 126.71 110.09 5 100.0| | 0.5 51 132.59 118.94 106.82 5 100.0| | 0.6 41 122.11 110.93 103.33 5 100.0| | 0.7 30 109.90 101.84 99.22 4.26 100.0| | 0.8 20 98.07 93.30 94.87 3.44 99.9| | 0.9 10 85.43 84.47 88.23 2.23 86.0| | Full 1.0 00 71.85 75.34 77.60 0.34 7.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

138

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:34:31 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 84.92 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 78 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 79.17 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 47 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 259 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 68.15 0.88 0.2 117.292210635775 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.29 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 78 0.94 0.281 134.90073603137 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.1 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.06 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 120 0.95 0.04 184.158997656 | |Surface 8 Wood 120 0.93 0.015 180.2819661264 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass wooden area 120 0.93 0.014 180.2819661264 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:72.63°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 76 157.09 139.02 115.56 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 150.66 133.85 113.51 5 100.0| | 0.2 61 143.07 127.82 111.06 5 100.0| | 0.3 54 136.18 122.42 108.83 5 100.0| | 0.4 46 128.00 116.12 106.16 5 100.0| | 0.5 38 119.46 109.67 103.34 5 100.0| | 0.6 31 111.67 103.89 100.76 4.59 100.0| | 0.7 23 102.35 97.13 97.65 3.99 100.0| | 0.8 15 92.55 90.19 93.56 3.23 99.7| | 0.9 08 83.53 83.97 88.48 2.31 88.6| | Full 1.0 00 72.63 76.68 80.06 0.81 18.8| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

139

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:38:14 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 80.96 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 85 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.28 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.42 0.88 0.2 113.146542532942 | |Surface 2 Foliage 59 0.97 0.29 120.558692323657 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 64 0.94 0.281 121.397673674911 | |Surface 5 Brick 80 0.9 0.1 131.091614352 | |Surface 6 Stone 81 0.87 0.06 127.663185235896 | |Surface 7 Concrete 89 0.95 0.04 147.832644574207 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.015 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass-wooden area 78 0.93 0.014 133.46562181827 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:56.56°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.1 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.2 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.3 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.4 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.5 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.6 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.7 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.8 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | 0.9 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| | Full 1.0 00 56.56 65.03 67.64 -1.36 43.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

140

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:38:58 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 82.4 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 82 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.88 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 60.67 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 322 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 65.04 0.88 0.315 114.553826337239 | |Surface 2 Foliage 85 0.97 0.13 146.593632437006 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.02 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 73 0.94 0.035 129.955316915993 | |Surface 5 Brick 114 0.9 0.11 167.358371785819 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.2 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 112 0.95 0.16 174.206792035162 | |Surface 8 Wood 81 0.93 0.03 136.467542838371 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:72.92°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 101 178.69 156.25 121.68 5 100.0| | 0.1 91 170.38 149.29 119.06 5 100.0| | 0.2 81 161.74 142.16 116.31 5 100.0| | 0.3 71 152.71 134.83 113.41 5 100.0| | 0.4 61 143.27 127.29 110.34 5 100.0| | 0.5 51 133.36 119.54 107.08 5 100.0| | 0.6 41 122.93 111.55 103.61 5 100.0| | 0.7 30 110.76 102.48 99.51 4.32 100.0| | 0.8 20 98.99 93.96 95.26 3.51 100.0| | 0.9 10 86.42 85.15 88.85 2.34 89.5| | Full 1.0 00 72.92 76.04 78.59 0.51 10.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

141

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:38:28 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 84.92 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 78 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 79.17 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 47 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 259 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 68.15 0.88 0.315 117.292210635775 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.13 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 80 0.87 0.02 126.7218938736 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 78 0.94 0.035 134.90073603137 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.11 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 83 0.87 0.2 129.561490012658 | |Surface 7 Concrete 120 0.95 0.16 184.158997656 | |Surface 8 Wood 120 0.93 0.03 180.2819661264 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:73.38°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 76 157.57 139.41 115.71 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 151.17 134.25 113.67 5 100.0| | 0.2 61 143.59 128.23 111.23 5 100.0| | 0.3 54 136.72 122.84 109.01 5 100.0| | 0.4 46 128.56 116.55 106.34 5 100.0| | 0.5 38 120.05 110.11 103.54 5 100.0| | 0.6 31 112.28 104.34 100.96 4.63 100.0| | 0.7 23 103.00 97.59 97.86 4.03 100.0| | 0.8 15 93.23 90.67 93.89 3.29 99.8| | 0.9 08 84.24 84.46 88.94 2.39 90.8| | Full 1.0 00 73.38 77.17 80.73 0.93 23.3| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

142

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:39:11 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 80.96 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 85 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.28 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.42 0.88 0.315 113.146542532942 | |Surface 2 Foliage 59 0.97 0.13 120.558692323657 | |Surface 3 Canvas 69 0.87 0.02 116.707644474127 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 64 0.94 0.035 121.397673674911 | |Surface 5 Brick 80 0.9 0.11 131.091614352 | |Surface 6 Stone 81 0.87 0.2 127.663185235896 | |Surface 7 Concrete 89 0.95 0.16 147.832644574207 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.03 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:59.97°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.1 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.2 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.3 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.4 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.5 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.6 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.7 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.8 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | 0.9 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| | Full 1.0 00 59.97 67.18 69.58 -1.04 27.8| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

143

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:39:40 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 82.4 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 82 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.88 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 60.67 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 241 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 322 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 65.04 0.88 0.17 114.553826337239 | |Surface 2 Foliage 85 0.97 0.06 146.593632437006 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 73 0.94 0.024 129.955316915993 | |Surface 5 Brick 114 0.9 0.44 167.358371785819 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 112 0.95 0.015 174.206792035162 | |Surface 8 Wood 81 0.93 0.11 136.467542838371 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass-wooden area 81 0.93 0.181 136.467542838371 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:81.26°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 101 183.59 160.39 123.21 5 100.0| | 0.1 91 175.48 153.55 120.67 5 100.0| | 0.2 81 167.05 146.53 118.01 5 100.0| | 0.3 71 158.25 139.31 115.20 5 100.0| | 0.4 61 149.07 131.91 112.23 5 100.0| | 0.5 51 139.45 124.28 109.08 5 100.0| | 0.6 41 129.35 116.45 105.75 5 100.0| | 0.7 30 117.59 107.54 101.82 4.77 100.0| | 0.8 20 106.25 99.18 97.99 4.03 100.0| | 0.9 10 94.18 90.55 93.10 3.11 99.5| | Full 1.0 00 81.26 81.63 85.40 1.72 62.8| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

144

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:39:27 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 84.92 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 78 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 79.17 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 47 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 194 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 259 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 68.15 0.88 0.17 117.292210635775 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.06 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 78 0.94 0.024 134.90073603137 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.44 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 120 0.95 0.015 184.158997656 | |Surface 8 Wood 120 0.93 0.11 180.2819661264 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass wooden area 120 0.93 0.181 180.2819661264 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:79.89°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 76 161.80 142.86 117.05 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 155.53 137.76 115.06 5 100.0| | 0.2 61 148.11 131.81 112.69 5 100.0| | 0.3 54 141.40 126.50 110.52 5 100.0| | 0.4 46 133.43 120.29 107.93 5 100.0| | 0.5 38 125.13 113.94 105.21 5 100.0| | 0.6 31 117.57 108.25 102.72 4.97 100.0| | 0.7 23 108.55 101.61 99.72 4.39 100.0| | 0.8 15 99.08 94.79 96.42 3.76 100.0| | 0.9 08 90.37 88.67 92.46 3.03 99.2| | Full 1.0 00 79.89 81.51 85.98 1.86 70.1| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

145

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Jun,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:39:58 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 80.96 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 85 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 77.28 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 8.5 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.42 0.88 0.17 113.146542532942 | |Surface 2 Foliage 59 0.97 0.06 120.558692323657 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 64 0.94 0.024 121.397673674911 | |Surface 5 Brick 80 0.9 0.44 131.091614352 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 89 0.95 0.015 147.832644574207 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.11 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass-wooden area 78 0.97 0.181 139.206078670669 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:63.71°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.1 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.2 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.3 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.4 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.5 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.6 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.7 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.8 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | 0.9 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| | Full 1.0 00 63.71 69.57 71.73 -0.68 14.7| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

146

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:42:29 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 78.44 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 62 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 68.81 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 41.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 35.69 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 53.36 0.83 0 98.7469204494682 | |Surface 2 Foliage 77 0.97 0.004 138.173971322319 | |Surface 3 Canvas 76 0.87 0.11 123.008684595241 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 69 0.94 0.04 126.097914719172 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.05 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 80 0.87 0.346 126.7218938736 | |Surface 7 Concrete 103 0.95 0.03 163.498791776983 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.24 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 Glass 82 0.94 0.16 138.957618593853 | |Surface 10 Metal 82 0.2 0.02 29.5654507646496 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:63.94°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 77 152.49 138.19 108.06 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 144.96 131.75 105.44 4.89 100.0| | 0.2 61 137.14 125.14 102.69 4.42 100.0| | 0.3 54 130.04 119.21 100.16 3.99 100.0| | 0.4 46 121.60 112.25 97.12 3.48 100.0| | 0.5 38 112.77 105.09 94.48 3.05 99.3| | 0.6 31 104.69 98.64 91.80 2.62 95.6| | 0.7 23 95.01 91.05 87.92 2.01 77.2| | 0.8 15 84.80 83.22 82.92 1.24 37.2| | 0.9 08 75.37 76.16 77.36 0.39 8.2| | Full 1.0 00 63.94 67.82 70.21 -0.67 14.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

147

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:42:08 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 88.52 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 47 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 72.55 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 31.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 25.79 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.84 0.83 0 107.060701884441 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.004 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.11 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 82 0.94 0.04 138.957618593853 | |Surface 5 Brick 85 0.9 0.05 136.014710508563 | |Surface 6 Stone 86 0.87 0.346 132.448543365771 | |Surface 7 Concrete 130 0.95 0.03 197.1918742335 | |Surface 8 Wood 85 0.93 0.24 140.548534192181 | |Surface 9 Glass 86 0.94 0.16 143.10532271704 | |Surface 10 Metal 85 0.2 0.02 30.225491224125 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:70.19°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 66 146.21 134.85 108.12 5 100.0| | 0.1 59 139.43 129.15 105.79 5 100.0| | 0.2 53 133.43 124.16 103.71 4.94 100.0| | 0.3 46 126.19 118.20 101.18 4.43 100.0| | 0.4 40 119.76 112.98 98.91 3.99 100.0| | 0.5 33 111.98 106.74 96.54 3.53 100.0| | 0.6 26 103.87 100.34 94.08 3.06 99.3| | 0.7 20 96.63 94.71 91.48 2.58 95.0| | 0.8 13 87.81 87.98 87.72 1.89 71.6| | 0.9 07 79.89 82.06 83.68 1.18 34.3| | Full 1.0 00 70.19 74.96 77.81 0.15 5.5| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

148

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 1 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:42:40 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 77.36 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 74 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 71.07 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 54.88 0.84 | |Surface 2 Foliage 56 0.97 0.004 117.795284044393 | |Surface 3 Canvas 67 0.87 0.11 114.952673540297 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 57 0.94 0.04 115.039606878905 | |Surface 5 Brick 78 0.9 0.05 129.160279178971 | |Surface 6 Stone 79 0.87 0.346 125.785817407037 | |Surface 7 Concrete 87 0.95 0.03 145.690177891975 | |Surface 8 Wood 76 0.93 0.24 131.492042153533 | |Surface 9 Glass 80 0.94 0.16 136.9179083232 | |Surface 10 Metal 81 0.2 0.02 29.3478586749186 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:60.60°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.1 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.2 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.3 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.4 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.5 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.6 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.7 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.8 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | 0.9 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| | Full 1.0 00 60.60 65.14 68.12 -0.89 21.7| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

149

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:43:01 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 78.44 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 62 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 68.81 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 41.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 35.69 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 53.36 0.83 0.23 98.7469204494682 | |Surface 2 Foliage 77 0.97 0.11 138.173971322319 | |Surface 3 Canvas 76 0.87 0.11 123.008684595241 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 69 0.94 0.11 126.097914719172 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.05 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 80 0.87 0.28 126.7218938736 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 78 0.93 0.11 133.46562181827 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:56.43°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 77 147.84 134.21 106.45 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 140.13 127.66 103.74 4.60 100.0| | 0.2 61 132.12 120.94 100.90 4.11 100.0| | 0.3 54 124.83 114.90 98.29 3.67 100.0| | 0.4 46 116.15 107.82 95.48 3.21 99.7| | 0.5 38 107.05 100.51 92.63 2.75 97.3| | 0.6 31 98.72 93.94 89.50 2.26 87.0| | 0.7 23 88.72 86.21 84.96 1.55 53.6| | 0.8 15 78.14 78.22 79.09 0.65 13.9| | 0.9 08 68.34 71.00 72.77 -0.29 6.7| | Full 1.0 00 56.43 62.48 65.91 -1.29 39.8| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

150

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:42:50 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 88.52 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 47 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 72.55 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 31.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 25.79 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.84 0.83 0.23 107.060701884441 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.11 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.11 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 82 0.94 0.11 138.957618593853 | |Surface 5 Brick 85 0.9 0.05 136.014710508563 | |Surface 6 Stone 86 0.87 0.28 132.448543365771 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 85 0.93 0.11 140.548534192181 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:63.91°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 66 142.05 131.35 106.69 5 100.0| | 0.1 59 135.12 125.56 104.29 5 100.0| | 0.2 53 128.98 120.49 102.15 4.62 100.0| | 0.3 46 121.57 114.44 99.55 4.11 100.0| | 0.4 40 114.99 109.14 97.36 3.68 100.0| | 0.5 33 107.01 102.80 95.08 3.25 99.8| | 0.6 26 98.67 96.29 92.25 2.72 97.0| | 0.7 20 91.22 90.57 89.26 2.17 83.8| | 0.8 13 82.13 83.72 84.89 1.39 45.0| | 0.9 07 73.95 77.69 80.21 0.57 11.8| | Full 1.0 00 63.91 70.46 73.99 -0.51 10.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

151

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 2 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:43:11 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 77.36 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 74 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 71.07 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 54.88 0.84 0.23 101.125513219598 | |Surface 2 Foliage 56 0.97 0.11 117.795284044393 | |Surface 3 Canvas 67 0.87 0.11 114.952673540297 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 57 0.94 0.11 115.039606878905 | |Surface 5 Brick 78 0.9 0.05 129.160279178971 | |Surface 6 Stone 79 0.87 0.28 125.785817407037 | |Surface 7 | |Surface 8 Wood 76 0.93 0.11 131.492042153533 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:51.64°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.1 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.2 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.3 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.4 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.5 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.6 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.7 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.8 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | 0.9 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| | Full 1.0 00 51.64 58.83 63.03 -1.62 57.4| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

152

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:43:36 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 78.44 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 62 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 68.81 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 41.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 35.69 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 53.36 0.83 0.2 98.7469204494682 | |Surface 2 Foliage 77 0.97 0.29 138.173971322319 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 69 0.94 0.281 126.097914719172 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.1 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 80 0.87 0.06 126.7218938736 | |Surface 7 Concrete 103 0.95 0.04 163.498791776983 | |Surface 8 Wood 79 0.93 0.015 134.460701366143 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11Grass- wooden area 79 0.97 0.014 140.24395733888 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:61.18°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 77 150.77 136.71 107.46 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 143.17 130.23 104.81 4.78 100.0| | 0.2 61 135.28 123.58 102.03 4.30 100.0| | 0.3 54 128.11 117.61 99.47 3.87 100.0| | 0.4 46 119.58 110.60 96.43 3.37 99.9| | 0.5 38 110.66 103.39 93.82 2.94 98.8| | 0.6 31 102.49 96.90 90.98 2.49 93.2| | 0.7 23 92.69 89.26 86.87 1.85 69.6| | 0.8 15 82.35 81.37 81.56 1.03 27.4| | 0.9 08 72.78 74.25 75.67 0.14 5.4| | Full 1.0 00 61.18 65.84 68.62 -0.90 22.1| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

153

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:43:25 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 88.52 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 47 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 72.55 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 31.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 25.79 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.84 0.83 0.2 107.060701884441 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.29 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 82 0.94 0.281 138.957618593853 | |Surface 5 Brick 85 0.9 0.1 136.014710508563 | |Surface 6 Stone 86 0.87 0.06 132.448543365771 | |Surface 7 Concrete 130 0.95 0.04 197.1918742335 | |Surface 8 Wood 85 0.93 0.015 140.548534192181 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass-wooden area 85 0.93 0.014 140.548534192181 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:71.60°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 66 147.16 135.66 108.44 5 100.0| | 0.1 59 140.41 129.97 106.12 5 100.0| | 0.2 53 134.43 124.99 104.05 5 100.0| | 0.3 46 127.23 119.06 101.54 4.50 100.0| | 0.4 40 120.84 113.85 99.29 4.06 100.0| | 0.5 33 113.10 107.63 96.85 3.59 100.0| | 0.6 26 105.04 101.25 94.46 3.13 99.6| | 0.7 20 97.85 95.66 91.95 2.66 96.2| | 0.8 13 89.08 88.94 88.30 2.00 76.8| | 0.9 07 81.22 83.04 84.41 1.30 40.3| | Full 1.0 00 71.60 75.98 78.73 0.31 7.0| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

154

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 3 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:43:46 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 77.36 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 74 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 71.07 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 54.88 0.84 0.2 101.125513219598 | |Surface 2 Foliage 56 0.97 0.29 117.795284044393 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 57 0.94 0.281 115.039606878905 | |Surface 5 Brick 78 0.9 0.1 129.160279178971 | |Surface 6 Stone 79 0.87 0.06 125.785817407037 | |Surface 7 Concrete 87 0.95 0.04 145.690177891975 | |Surface 8 Wood 76 0.93 0.015 131.492042153533 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11Grass- wooden area 76 0.93 0.014 131.492042153533 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:50.71°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.1 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.2 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.3 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.4 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.5 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.6 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.7 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.8 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | 0.9 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| | Full 1.0 00 50.71 58.19 62.51 -1.69 61.2| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

155

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:44:23 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 78.44 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 62 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 68.81 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 41.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 35.69 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 53.36 0.83 0.315 98.7469204494682 | |Surface 2 Foliage 77 0.97 0.13 138.173971322319 | |Surface 3 Canvas 76 0.87 0.02 123.008684595241 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 69 0.94 0.035 126.097914719172 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.11 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 Stone 80 0.87 0.2 126.7218938736 | |Surface 7 Concrete 103 0.95 0.16 163.498791776983 | |Surface 8 Wood 79 0.93 0.03 134.460701366143 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:60.60°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 77 150.41 136.40 107.34 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 142.80 129.92 104.68 4.76 100.0| | 0.2 61 134.89 123.25 101.89 4.28 100.0| | 0.3 54 127.71 117.28 99.32 3.85 100.0| | 0.4 46 119.16 110.26 96.32 3.35 99.9| | 0.5 38 110.21 103.03 93.68 2.92 98.7| | 0.6 31 102.02 96.53 90.80 2.46 92.6| | 0.7 23 92.20 88.88 86.64 1.81 67.5| | 0.8 15 81.83 80.98 81.27 0.98 25.3| | 0.9 08 72.24 73.85 75.31 0.09 5.2| | Full 1.0 00 60.60 65.43 68.29 -0.95 24.1| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

156

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:44:01 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 88.52 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 47 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 72.55 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 31.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 25.79 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.84 0.83 0.315 107.060701884441 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.13 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 Canvas 78 0.87 0.02 124.854936539672 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 82 0.94 0.035 138.957618593853 | |Surface 5 Brick 85 0.9 0.11 136.014710508563 | |Surface 6 Stone 86 0.87 0.2 132.448543365771 | |Surface 7 Concrete 130 0.95 0.16 197.1918742335 | |Surface 8 Wood 85 0.93 0.03 140.548534192181 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:72.11°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 66 147.50 135.94 108.56 5 100.0| | 0.1 59 140.77 130.28 106.25 5 100.0| | 0.2 53 134.80 125.30 104.18 5 100.0| | 0.3 46 127.62 119.38 101.68 4.53 100.0| | 0.4 40 121.24 114.18 99.43 4.09 100.0| | 0.5 33 113.52 107.97 96.96 3.61 100.0| | 0.6 26 105.47 101.59 94.60 3.16 99.6| | 0.7 20 98.29 96.00 92.11 2.70 96.7| | 0.8 13 89.55 89.30 88.52 2.04 78.5| | 0.9 07 81.71 83.41 84.67 1.35 42.9| | Full 1.0 00 72.11 76.35 79.06 0.36 7.7| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

157

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 4 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:44:38 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 77.36 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 74 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 71.07 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 54.88 0.84 0.315 101.125513219598 | |Surface 2 Foliage 56 0.97 0.13 117.795284044393 | |Surface 3 Canvas 67 0.87 0.02 114.952673540297 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 57 0.94 0.035 115.039606878905 | |Surface 5 Brick 78 0.9 0.11 129.160279178971 | |Surface 6 Stone 79 0.87 0.2 125.785817407037 | |Surface 7 Concrete 87 0.95 0.16 145.690177891975 | |Surface 8 Wood 76 0.93 0.03 131.492042153533 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:54.29°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.1 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.2 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.3 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.4 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.5 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.6 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.7 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.8 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | 0.9 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| | Full 1.0 00 54.29 60.68 64.53 -1.41 46.0| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

158

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:10 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:45:03 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 78.44 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 62 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 68.81 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 41.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 191 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 35.69 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 53.36 0.83 0.17 98.7469204494682 | |Surface 2 Foliage 77 0.97 0.06 138.173971322319 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 69 0.94 0.024 126.097914719172 | |Surface 5 Brick 82 0.9 0.44 133.044528440923 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 103 0.95 0.015 163.498791776983 | |Surface 8 Wood 79 0.93 0.11 134.460701366143 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11Grass- wooden area 79 0.97 0.181 140.24395733888 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:63.82°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 77 152.42 138.13 108.04 5 100.0| | 0.1 69 144.89 131.69 105.42 4.89 100.0| | 0.2 61 137.06 125.07 102.66 4.41 100.0| | 0.3 54 129.96 119.14 100.13 3.98 100.0| | 0.4 46 121.51 112.18 97.09 3.48 100.0| | 0.5 38 112.67 105.01 94.45 3.05 99.3| | 0.6 31 104.59 98.56 91.76 2.61 95.5| | 0.7 23 94.91 90.97 87.88 2.00 76.8| | 0.8 15 84.70 83.15 82.86 1.23 36.7| | 0.9 08 75.26 76.08 77.29 0.38 8.0| | Full 1.0 00 63.82 67.73 70.14 -0.68 14.7| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

159

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:15 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:44:52 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 88.52 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 47 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 72.55 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 31.28 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 138 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 25.79 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.5 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 63.84 0.83 0.17 107.060701884441 | |Surface 2 Foliage 87 0.97 0.06 148.757339531806 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 82 0.94 0.024 138.957618593853 | |Surface 5 Brick 85 0.9 0.44 136.014710508563 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 130 0.95 0.015 197.1918742335 | |Surface 8 Wood 85 0.93 0.11 140.548534192181 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11 Grass-wooden area 85 0.93 0.181 140.548534192181 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:68.72°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 66 145.23 134.03 107.78 5 100.0| | 0.1 59 138.42 128.31 105.44 5 100.0| | 0.2 53 132.38 123.29 103.34 4.86 100.0| | 0.3 46 125.10 117.31 100.79 4.35 100.0| | 0.4 40 118.64 112.08 98.52 3.91 100.0| | 0.5 33 110.81 105.81 96.21 3.46 99.9| | 0.6 26 102.65 99.38 93.67 2.98 99.0| | 0.7 20 95.36 93.74 90.98 2.49 93.2| | 0.8 13 86.47 86.97 87.08 1.78 66.0| | 0.9 07 78.50 81.03 82.91 1.04 27.8| | Full 1.0 00 68.72 73.90 76.83 -0.02 5.0| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.

160

******************************************** OutDoor Program V1.1 2002 The University of Arizona The College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (CALA) Author: Dr. Nader Chalfoun Tucson Arizona 85721-6985, U.S.A. Consultant: T. L. Thomson Ph. (520)621-6751 FAX (520)621-8700 ______Results for location: 5 User: Poonam Anaokar Date:Dec,21 Hour:22 Run Date:5/9/2005 5:45:17 PM 1. City/Country...... : Panjim, India 2. Latitude [Deg]...... : 15.46 3. Longitude [Deg]...... : 73.81 4. Elevation [ft]...... : 196.85 5. Atmospheric Press [in Hg]: 29.7 6. Dry-bulb [°F]...... : 77.36 7. Relative Humidity [%]....: 74 8. Wet-Bulb [°F]...... : 71.07 9.User Globe Temp [°F].....: 100 10.Solar Altitude Angle....: 0 11.Tot Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 12.Total Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 13.Diff. Rad on Hz [BTU/hr]: 0 14.Wind Speed [mph]...... : 4.25 15.Ground Reflectance...... : 0.4 16.Person Clothing [CLO]...: 0.75 17.Person Metabolic [MET]....: 1 ______|Surface # Name/Description STemp Emiss VF Rad Energy | | °F % BTU/hr.sqft | |______| |Surface 1 Sky 54.88 0.84 0.17 101.125513219598 | |Surface 2 Foliage 56 0.97 0.06 117.795284044393 | |Surface 3 | |Surface 4 Grasscrete 57 0.94 0.024 115.039606878905 | |Surface 5 Brick 78 0.9 0.44 129.160279178971 | |Surface 6 | |Surface 7 Concrete 87 0.95 0.015 145.690177891975 | |Surface 8 Wood 76 0.93 0.11 131.492042153533 | |Surface 9 | |Surface 10 | |Surface 11Grass- wooden area 76 0.93 0.181 131.492042153533 | |Surface 12 | |______| The Longwave MRT (without the sun) at this location is:58.71°F ______| Shading Qp MRT Tg ET PMV PPD | | BTU °F °F °F 1-5 % | |______| | None 0.0 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.1 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.2 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.3 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.4 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.5 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.6 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.7 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.8 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | 0.9 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| | Full 1.0 00 58.71 63.79 67.04 -1.05 28.3| ______Disclaimer:"OUTDOOR" is the property of Dr. Chalfoun. Correct use of the program is the responsiblity of the user. Actual data may deviate from that predicted due to values approximation.