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Features of Party Construction in the Course of Political Modernization Of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Features of Party Co Vol:6,ns No:9,tru 2012c tion in the Course of Political Modernization of Kazakhstan Zhankuliyeva S. A. Abstract—This article considers the main features of party • Adoption of Law on Non-Governmental Organizations construction in the course of political modernization of Kazakhstan. (public association) in the Kazakh SSR on June 27, 1991 Along with consideration of party construction author analyzed how that legalized the activity of political parties and social the transformation of the party system was fulfilled in Kazakhstan. Besides the basic stages in the course of party construction were movements created at that date. Thereby legal conditions explained by the author. The statistical data is cited. were formed for transition of these associations from the status of informal into officially acknowledged public Keywords—elections, multi-party system, party construction, structures; political pluralism, political party, Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) • Convention of XVIII special extraordinary congress of the Kazakhstan Communist Party on September 7, 1991 that I. INTRODUCTION took resolution on reforming the Communist Party into N present-day world political pluralism and multi-party Socialist Party of Kazakhstan. Before that the President of Isystem are viewed upon not only as the basic principles of the Kazakh SSR N.A. Nazarbaev voluntarily resigned the the society social organization, but also as the initial and office of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the compulsory condition of democracy. In this connection having Kazakhstan Communist Party. Thereby a course was set for proclaimed itself as the democratic state Kazakhstan has been de-partisation of government apparatus and distancing it reforming its partisan-political sphere since the first years of from all republic socio-political organizations without its independence, and has considerably boosted up its exception. development in recent years. Kazakhstan has traveled a long Proclamation by the Republic leadership of social and and rather complicated path during the last 22 years of its governmental relations reformation aimed to democracy development first as one of the Republics of the USSR and development, law-governed state and market economy marked then as the sovereign Kazakhstan State starting from the a fundamental event within the framework of further collapse of the totalitarian one-party system through transformation of the party system. The main milestones of «spontaneous» [1] multiplicity of parties towards multi-party this policy were outlined in the publication by the head of the system with predominant party represented by People’s state in the Republic press under the headline “Strategy of Democratic Nur Otan Party ruled by the President of the Kazakhstan Formation and Development as the Sovereign State”. Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbaev. Particularly the President noted: «Various political parties and organizations will play more important role in Kazakhstan II. INITIAL PERIOD OF PARTY CONSTRUCTION domestic policy as integral components of the democratic civil The following six main stages can be conventionally society. Party multiplicity expresses without prejudice real distinguished in the course of the party construction in difference of various social groups depending on material, Kazakhstan. The first stage falls on 1990-1993. The most professional and other stratification of the population. Party important events and tendencies peculiar for this initial period multiplicity will not be artificially formed, but will be formed are as follows: in proportion to creating the real basis for this by means of • Abolition of the USSR Constitution, Clause 6 securing natural demolition of social-economic society homogeneity on absolute rule of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the way to the market and crystallization of various population (CPSU) in the soviet society on March 14, 1990 at the groups’ interests» [3]. This statement of the head of the state second congress of people’s deputies of the USSR. This laid conceptual – ideological foundation for further event signified proclamation of the state permissible policy development of the party construction in the Republic. Thus, collapse of the soviet communist regime, dissolution regarding political pluralism and creation of new political of the CPSU and transformation of the Communist Party of parties and consequently formation of multi-party system • Kazakhstan into Socialist Party, collapse of the USSR and Creation of the first alternative parties in April-May 1990 in actual sovereignty gain and change of reform policy towards the Republic such as Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 liberal-democratic modernization opened the possibilities for and Party of National Freedom «Alash» [2]. The first party creation and activities of new parties and other social and positioned itself as a supporter of the social democracy political organizations. Among other factors one can mention ideas, while the second party strived for gaining new ideological trends that have emerged such as socialistic, independent statehood; liberal-democratic and national-democratic. In its turn they were given proper institutional form as corresponding parties. Thus in autumn 1991 People’s Congress of Kazakhstan came up at political arena as well as Republican Party of Kazakhstan and reconstructed Communist Party of Kazakhstan. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 6(9) 2012 2412 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/2081 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 In November 1993 Party of Democratic Progress of III. THE STRENGTHENING OF POLITICAL PARTIES’ ROLE IS ONE Kazakhstan was created [4]. Alongside with that some of these OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION IN parties have stopped their activity by various reasons. RK The second stage of the party construction covers 1994- The third stage of the party construction took place during 1997 period. Its distinctive feature is the creation of conditions 1998-2006. The RK President N.A. Nazarbaev’s Letter read for involvement of Kazakhstani parties in exercising on September 30, 1998 “On situation in the country and main governmental power and public administration processes. trends of domestic and foreign policy: society democratization, That became possible due to involvement of the appropriate economic and political reforms in new century” addressed to parties in parliamentary elections and then depending on their the people of Kazakhstan is to be considered at the beginning results in the legislative body of the state. of this stage. In 1994 Kazakhstani parties got the opportunity for the first In this document the Head of the state specified the growing time to be voted in the elections into representative bodies of role of the political parties among seven fundamental elements power at all levels. On March 7 elections of Deputies to the of democratization and political liberalization policy. RK Supreme Soviet of 13th convocation and to local According to him the parties «…represent the main “structural representative bodies called maslikhats. As a result 75 out 177 material” used for construction of the democracy building, and deputies of the Supreme Soviet were elected from the parties we should do our best both in legal respect and other respects and other public and political organizations [5]. when establishing their place in the society for them to grow In this connection deputy fractions of the Socialist Party and and strengthen» [7]. Thereby the leadership of Kazakhstan confirmed the People’s Congress of Kazakhstan were created in the Supreme adherence to further progressive advance of the institute of Soviet. In this case both parties were in opposition of different political parties and party multiplicity, and also expressed the extent to the Republic Government. Association “People’s loyalty to the existing and future parties of different Unity of Kazakhstan” (UPUK) was created in February 1993 ideological and political orientation. Alongside with that the to counter balance these fractions in the format of socio- appeal was put forward to the corresponding parties to respect political movement. This Association acted as the organization and save the political stability and interethnic concord as one that secured ideological, managerial-political and social of the main conditions of supporting this policy. support of the political policy. UPUK was also represented by The Parliament adopted amendments to the RK constitution its fraction in the legislative body. on October 7, 1998 to develop the basic provisions of the RK Controversial and rather intensive events occurred in the President’s Letter to the people of Kazakhstan. The most social-political life of Kazakhstan in 1995 starting with important one was the introduction of the proportional dissolution of the RK Supreme Soviet of the 13th convocation representation elements into the electoral system of the since the Constitutional Court recognized it as illegitimately Republic. Therefore political parties that received not less than formed, and ending by adoption of new RK Constitution on 7% votes of the electors having gone to the polls
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