World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Features of Party Co Vol:6,ns No:9,tru 2012c tion in the Course of Political Modernization of Kazakhstan Zhankuliyeva S. A.

Abstract—This article considers the main features of party • Adoption of Law on Non-Governmental Organizations construction in the course of political modernization of Kazakhstan. (public association) in the Kazakh SSR on June 27, 1991 Along with consideration of party construction author analyzed how that legalized the activity of political parties and social the transformation of the party system was fulfilled in Kazakhstan. Besides the basic stages in the course of party construction were movements created at that date. Thereby legal conditions explained by the author. The statistical data is cited. were formed for transition of these associations from the status of informal into officially acknowledged public Keywords—elections, multi-party system, party construction, structures; political pluralism, political party, Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) • Convention of XVIII special extraordinary congress of the Kazakhstan Communist Party on September 7, 1991 that I. INTRODUCTION took resolution on reforming the Communist Party into N present-day world political pluralism and multi-party Socialist Party of Kazakhstan. Before that the President of Isystem are viewed upon not only as the basic principles of the Kazakh SSR N.A. Nazarbaev voluntarily resigned the the society social organization, but also as the initial and office of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the compulsory condition of democracy. In this connection having Kazakhstan Communist Party. Thereby a course was set for proclaimed itself as the democratic state Kazakhstan has been de-partisation of government apparatus and distancing it reforming its partisan-political sphere since the first years of from all republic socio-political organizations without its independence, and has considerably boosted up its exception. development in recent years. Kazakhstan has traveled a long Proclamation by the Republic leadership of social and and rather complicated path during the last 22 years of its governmental relations reformation aimed to democracy development first as one of the Republics of the USSR and development, law-governed state and market economy marked then as the sovereign Kazakhstan State starting from the a fundamental event within the framework of further collapse of the totalitarian one-party system through transformation of the party system. The main milestones of «spontaneous» [1] multiplicity of parties towards multi-party this policy were outlined in the publication by the head of the system with predominant party represented by People’s state in the Republic press under the headline “Strategy of Democratic Nur Otan Party ruled by the President of the Kazakhstan Formation and Development as the Sovereign State”. Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbaev. Particularly the President noted: «Various political parties and organizations will play more important role in Kazakhstan II. INITIAL PERIOD OF PARTY CONSTRUCTION domestic policy as integral components of the democratic civil The following six main stages can be conventionally society. Party multiplicity expresses without prejudice real distinguished in the course of the party construction in difference of various social groups depending on material, Kazakhstan. The first stage falls on 1990-1993. The most professional and other stratification of the population. Party important events and tendencies peculiar for this initial period multiplicity will not be artificially formed, but will be formed are as follows: in proportion to creating the real basis for this by means of • Abolition of the USSR Constitution, Clause 6 securing natural demolition of social-economic society homogeneity on absolute rule of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the way to the market and crystallization of various population (CPSU) in the soviet society on March 14, 1990 at the groups’ interests» [3]. This statement of the head of the state second congress of people’s deputies of the USSR. This laid conceptual – ideological foundation for further event signified proclamation of the state permissible policy development of the party construction in the Republic. Thus, collapse of the soviet communist regime, dissolution regarding political pluralism and creation of new political of the CPSU and transformation of the Communist Party of parties and consequently formation of multi-party system • Kazakhstan into Socialist Party, collapse of the USSR and Creation of the first alternative parties in April-May 1990 in actual sovereignty gain and change of reform policy towards the Republic such as Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 liberal-democratic modernization opened the possibilities for and Party of National Freedom «Alash» [2]. The first party creation and activities of new parties and other social and positioned itself as a supporter of the social democracy political organizations. Among other factors one can mention ideas, while the second party strived for gaining new ideological trends that have emerged such as socialistic, independent statehood; liberal-democratic and national-democratic. In its turn they were given proper institutional form as corresponding parties. Thus in autumn 1991 People’s Congress of Kazakhstan came up at political arena as well as Republican Party of Kazakhstan and reconstructed Communist Party of Kazakhstan.

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In November 1993 Party of Democratic Progress of III. THE STRENGTHENING OF POLITICAL PARTIES’ ROLE IS ONE Kazakhstan was created [4]. Alongside with that some of these OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION IN parties have stopped their activity by various reasons. RK The second stage of the party construction covers 1994- The third stage of the party construction took place during 1997 period. Its distinctive feature is the creation of conditions 1998-2006. The RK President N.A. Nazarbaev’s Letter read for involvement of Kazakhstani parties in exercising on September 30, 1998 “On situation in the country and main governmental power and public administration processes. trends of domestic and foreign policy: society democratization, That became possible due to involvement of the appropriate economic and political reforms in new century” addressed to parties in parliamentary elections and then depending on their the people of Kazakhstan is to be considered at the beginning results in the legislative body of the state. of this stage. In 1994 Kazakhstani parties got the opportunity for the first In this document the Head of the state specified the growing time to be voted in the elections into representative bodies of role of the political parties among seven fundamental elements power at all levels. On March 7 elections of Deputies to the of democratization and political liberalization policy. RK Supreme Soviet of 13th convocation and to local According to him the parties «…represent the main “structural representative bodies called maslikhats. As a result 75 out 177 material” used for construction of the democracy building, and deputies of the Supreme Soviet were elected from the parties we should do our best both in legal respect and other respects and other public and political organizations [5]. when establishing their place in the society for them to grow In this connection deputy fractions of the Socialist Party and and strengthen» [7]. Thereby the leadership of Kazakhstan confirmed the People’s Congress of Kazakhstan were created in the Supreme adherence to further progressive advance of the institute of Soviet. In this case both parties were in opposition of different political parties and party multiplicity, and also expressed the extent to the Republic Government. Association “People’s loyalty to the existing and future parties of different Unity of Kazakhstan” (UPUK) was created in February 1993 ideological and political orientation. Alongside with that the to counter balance these fractions in the format of socio- appeal was put forward to the corresponding parties to respect political movement. This Association acted as the organization and save the political stability and interethnic concord as one that secured ideological, managerial-political and social of the main conditions of supporting this policy. support of the political policy. UPUK was also represented by The Parliament adopted amendments to the RK constitution its fraction in the legislative body. on October 7, 1998 to develop the basic provisions of the RK Controversial and rather intensive events occurred in the President’s Letter to the people of Kazakhstan. The most social-political life of Kazakhstan in 1995 starting with important one was the introduction of the proportional dissolution of the RK Supreme Soviet of the 13th convocation representation elements into the electoral system of the since the Constitutional Court recognized it as illegitimately Republic. Therefore political parties that received not less than formed, and ending by adoption of new RK Constitution on 7% votes of the electors having gone to the polls were allowed August 30 at the Republican referendum, which cardinally to distribution of the deputy seats in the Majilis Parliament changed the entire structure of political-power system. These based on the party tickets. Number of Majilis deputies was events considerably influenced the party system of increased for this purpose from 67 to 77 persons including Kazakhstan. introduction of capability of 10 deputies to be elected on the Such new parties as a party of Kazakhstan People’s Unity basis of the party rolls in the territory of the single national (PKPU) formed on the basis of the similar association, constituency. Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, People’s Cooperative Party This constitutional reform, early presidential election held of Kazakhstan, Party of Kazakhstan Revival (renewal) and on January 10, 1999 and regular parliamentary election in Republican Political Labor Party were created prior to the autumn of the same year created an incentive for restructuring first elections to the newly introduced parliament of two the party spectrum of the Republic including emergence of houses. Herewith all the parties supported the official political new political parties. The most influential one became line. Thus the party system of Kazakhstan was represented by republican political party Otan created on January 19, 1999 on 9 political parties. the basis of the Campaign Headquarters in support of The majority of the working parties very actively presidential candidate N.A. Nazarbaev at the 1st congress of participated in the parliamentary elections held in December this party held on March 1 of the same year and attended by International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 1995 following exclusively the majoritarian model. Thus 157 the head of the state, the latter was ceremonially admitted into candidates for deputies to the RK Majilis Parliament of the Otan RPP, and was elected its chairman. first convocation were nominated from 30 parties and public Creation of Otan RPP initiated the process of the parties and movements. movements consolidation supporting the official political line. At the result 63 out 67 deputies of the lower chamber Starting from 1999 this party was joined by the Kazakhstan (house) of the legislative body were elected from socio- People’s Unity Party, Democratic Party of Kaazakhstan, political organizations [6]. Deputy fractions of PKPU and Liberal Movement of Kazakhstan, and Movement for 2030 Democratic Party were formed by the results of these elections Kazakhstan, Party of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to the Majilis of the Parliament. Plus two deputies represented People’s Cooperative Party and Republican Political Labor the Communist party of Kazakhstan. Party.

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By May 1999 were created 16 regional party organizations However subject to the Law on Political Parties 12 parties (in 14 regions and cities of Astana and Almaty), 204 territorial were dissolved in 2003. Many of them failed to induct the (in all towns and districts of regional subordination) and about required quantity of potential partisans in the conditions of 6600 primary party organizations uniting more than 150 high political apathy of the population. thousand Otan RPP members [8]. On the other hand the requirement under consideration did In 1998-1999 in addition to Otan RPP Agrarian Party of not become impassable barrier for creation of new political Kazakhstan, Civil Party of Kazakhstan, Party of Justice of the parties in the country. On the threshold of the election RK, political alliance of female organizations of Kazakhstan, appointed on autumn 2004 new parties were created at Republican People’s Party of Kazakhstan and Democratic political arena of Kazakhstan such as Rukhaniyat Party (on the Party of Kazakhstan Azamat came up at political arena of the basis of former party of Kazakhstan Revival), Republican country. The latter two parties acted as the opposition to the Party Asar, Democratic Party of Kazakhstan later on renamed policy pursued by the state leadership. into Democratic Party Adilet, Communist People’s Party of The majority of the earlier acting and newly created parties Kazakhstan created because of the split of the Communist took an active part in the parliamentary election held in Party and Party “Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan”. September-October 1999. So on evidence of Central Election All twelve parties acting on that date were competing for Commission as of September 23, 1999 563 citizens of the deputy seats in parliamentary election that took place in republic were registered as candidates for deputies of Majilis Parliament; out of this quantity 117 persons were nominated September-October 2004. In this case some of parties for the by political parties, and 80 persons were nominated by public first time legally implemented the strategy of creating electoral associations. Ten party rolls were also registered including 70 blocks. Particularly Agrarian and Civil parties united into persons [9]. Agrarian-Industrial Coalition of working class (AICW), and Following the results of Majilis deputies election to the RK Communist Party of Kazakhstan and the Party “Democratic Parliament of the 2nd convocation within the framework of the choice of Kazakhstan” have united into “Oppositional proportional representation, the distribution of 10 deputy seats People’s coalition of communists and DCK”. was done according to the votes cast in support of one or By the results of the parliamentary election the below another party as follows: RPP Otan (30.89% votes) - 4 mentioned parties entered the RK Majilis Parliament of the 3d deputies, Communist Party of Kazakhstan (17.75%), Agrarian convocation: Otan RPP – 60.61% votes of electors (7 seats out Oarty of Kazakhstan (12.63%) and Civil Party (11.23%) – by of 10); DPK «Ak Zhol» - 12.04% (1 seat); «Asar» - 11.38% (1 2 deputies [10]. Then in 2000 in conditions of intra- seat) and AIST Block – 7.07% (1 seat) [13]. At the same time parliamentary ideological and political heterogeneity and Otan Party and AIST Block managed to increase the number relative competition the party of Kazakhstan Patriots and of their representatives in the Lower House at the cost of the Social Democratic Party Auyal were formed. The latter of candidates that won in one-candidate constituencies by them formed its own deputy fraction in the legislative body. correspondingly 53 and 14 seats. These associations were able The fourth stage of the party construction covers 2002-2006 to create their own fractions in the Majilis Parliament. period. This stage is essentially linked with serious changes of The fifth stage of the party construction falls on 2007-2011 legal foundation of the party construction process, which period. Its beginning should be linked with adopting by the followed after adoption of new law on political parties on July 15, 2002. Parliament the Law “On Inserting Amendments into the This Law primarily modified the procedure of formation Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan” on May 21, 2007. and state registration of political parties towards its tightening, The carried out constitutional reform introduced considerable and also methods of the state control over their activities. This changes in electoral and party system of the Republic. modification is expressed in the requirement that membership First and foremost, the introduced innovations concern the of the parties should include not less than 50 thousand citizens following: deputy corps of the RK Majilis was increased from representing the branches or party offices in all the regions of 77 up to 107 members; 98 members are elected on the the republic and cities of Astana and Almaty. In its turn the proportional basis, and the remained 9 parliamentarians were number of party members should be not less than 700 party elected by the People’s Assembly of Kazakhstan. members in each of its regional subdivision [11]. Procedure of the Republic Government was also changed. With introduction of such procedure the state demanded to According to the new procedure the Government has to be

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 go through the procedure of re-registration in judicial formed after consultations of the RK President with fractions authorities from the earlier working and newly formed parties of the parties represented in the Parliament as for the candidate as of the date of this law adoption in order to bring their of the Prime Minister and later on submitted before the entire membership and charter documents in compliance with the lower chamber of the legislative body. Moreover the provision law. It ought to be noted that as of September 1, 2002 prohibiting the party membership by the RK President was nineteen officially registered political parties were working in removed from the Constitution [14]. the Republic [12] including those created in 2001-2002: Party It is important to note that this constitutional reform was of the National Unity Kaz Eli, Democratic Party of preceded by merging of Otan RPP, Republic Party Asar, Civil Kazakhstan Ak Zhol and the Russian Party of Kazakhstan later Party of Kazkahstan and Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan in on renamed into political party “Compatriot”. 2006.

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As the result of this process “the party of power” was renamed into People’s Democratic Party “Nur Otan”

IV. SOME DATA OF SOCIAL RESEARCHES In general the corresponding consolidation of the parties of pro-power political spectrum and the above mentioned results of 2007 constitutional reform created serious preconditions for multi-party system formation with one party being predominant. This tendency particularly revealed itself with holding an extraordinary parliamentary election on August 18 the same year, which ended up by a clear victory of Nur Otan PDP. According to Central Election Committee 88.41% electors cast their votes for this party [15]. The remained 6 parties failed to overcome 7% vote threshold. Thus Nur Otan took 98 seats in the RK Majilis Parliament intended for party tickets voting. Thereby this party came up to the level of the ruling party. The start of the sixth stage of the party construction was marked by dissolution of the Majilis Parliament of the 4th convocation on November 16, 2011, and calling an election to the Parliament of new composition for January 15, 2012. Election requests were given by 8 parties out of 9 officially

acting political parties of Kazakhstan. According to voting Fig. 1 electoral preferences of the rk citizens what political parties returns the following parties entered the Majilis Parliament of would you like to see in the parliament? (% of the number of the 5th convocation: Nur Otan PDP (80.99%), Democratic respondents) Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol (7.47%) and Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan (7.19%). In this connection Accordingly this party lacks legal opportunities to deputy seats were distributed between these parties as follows: participate in the parliamentary elections. Therefore its 83, 8 and 7 correspondingly [16]. electoral niche was occupied by the CPPK. At the same time results of the last election in Kazakhstan On the other hand the above mentioned two parties that can be evaluated as controversial and multivalued. On the one entered the Majilis Parliament along with Nur Otan PDP take hand the election resulted in departure of the Republic political maximum loyal position towards the official political policy. system from one-party system in the process of formation and In this respect because of the inconsiderable number of their activity of the Parliament. This is a big step forward from the fractions Ak zhol DPK and CPPK are unable to the fully viewpoint of further development of the party system. oppose “the party of power”, and also implement their pre- Moreover the voting results reflect electoral preferences of election promises to electors. Kazakhstani citizens that were revealed by means of the public To date the party system of Kazakhstan officially includes opinion polls conducted by various research and information the following 9 political parties officially registered in the RK organizations. Ministry of Justice. Therewith as regards to their relation to For example, according to social studies «Public sentiments the country leadership and the official political policy they can in large cities of Kazakhstan» conducted in July 2011 by the be divided into the following groups: Institute of Political Decisions (IPD) electoral preferences of • People’s Democratic Party Nur Otan claiming to be the Kazakhstani citizens looked like this [17].” governing party since it is ruled by the RK President N.A. In this way as per the IPD respondents’ preferences the first Nazarbaev and possessing so far the stable status of the quartet of contenders for taking the seats in the Majilis party of parliamentary majority. Parliament of the 5th convocation included Nur Otan PDP, Ak • Parties though showing maximum loyalty to the official International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 zhol DPK, Alga People’s Party and Communist People’s Party political policy but at the same time not representing of Kazakhstan (CPPK). Though Alga Party created in 2006 potential political allies for Nur Otan PDP in order to still fails to undergo state registration caused by apparent probably form political (parliamentary) coalitions. impeding on the part of the corresponding state bodies because Democratic party Adilet, Kazakhstan Social Democratic of radical character of Alga party opposition to official Party Auyal, Party of Kazakhstan Patriots and Rukhaniyat political policy. Party can be referred hereto. • Parties being forced to act as parliamentary opposition, but unable to approve themselves in this capacity. In this case reference is made to Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak

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zhol and Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan. (sovereignty). • Parties being in principal opposition to the official political Nur Otan PDP Implementation of economic and policy. These are Nationwide Social Democratic Party and political reforms aimed to further Communist Party of Kazakhstan. society democratization, advance in living standards of the citizens, The only factor unifying these parties is that they all assertion social equality and stability practically determine democratic development of Kazakhstan preservation, strengthening interethnic as their main programmed aim. The below indicated value and inter-confession concord, education of patriotism and markers give more or less clear idea about each of these responsibility for universal and parties. harmonious development of TABLE I Kazakhstan. COMPARATIVE DATA ON VALUE MARKERS OF KAZAKHSTAN POLITICAL NSDP Consistent effort of implementing the PARTIES [18] values of the world social-democratic movement, principles of freedom, equality, solidarity, construction of Political Parties Value Guidelines democratic, legal and social state, innovative economy and pursuing new humanitarian policy. PPC Mental and cultural rebirth of the Adilet» DP Strengthening legal statehood based society and creation of conditions for on the principles of true democracy, economy growth, wellbeing increase interethnic concord and political and national wealth in order to solve stability, free market economy and social problems (unemployment supremacy of the statute law elimination, ensure subsistence minimum for people on pension, handicapped persons, free education and medical care). «Ak zhol»DPK Independent, prosperous, democratic «Rukhaniyat» SDP Based on interethnic concord make and free Kazakhstan; dignified life for contribution to construction of each Kazakhstan citizen. Our democratic and legal state with fundamental values are independence, socially oriented market economy via democracy, freedom and equality. moral and mental people revival.

V. CONCLUSION However, regardless of quantitative and value-oriented «Auyl»KSDP Strengthening governmental control variety practically all Kazakhstani parties lack access to full and support of agricultural sector; defense of agricultural workers’ participation in exercising governmental power and interests; efficient promotion of administration processes owing to specific structure of economic and political reforms aimed political and power system and «game rules» inside the ruling to further democratization of the elite of Kazakhstan. Among them is Nur Otan Party, whose society; implementation of the reasonable forms of market relations provisions and activity with regard to political and power in all branches of economy; advance system bear rather supportive than decisive character. In in living standards of the citizens; addition the Republican Party system is formed and developed social equality and stability preservation; strengthening interethnic by the Government, whereas the role of the civil society is confessional concord. inconsiderable in this process. In general the variety of assessments and discussions among Kazakhstani public regarding the current situation and prospects for further development of the domestic parties in political system of the Republic obviously reflect those Communist People’s Party of Striving for social and political complicated and multiple-valued processes, which take place Kazakhstan equality, government by the people, in the society and the state. Incompletion of modernization solidarity and brotherhood, respect of processes capable of approaching Kazakhstan to universally

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081 national dignity, language, traditions and history of the peoples of the acknowledged standards of political democracy means that the multinational Kazakhstan and all process of party multiplicity formation still continues in the peoples of the world. Republic. CPK The aim of Communist party of Kazakhstan is to create conditions for construction of free society and social REFERENCES equality based on scientific socialism [1] Abazov R. Mnogopartiynost I islamskie organizacii v Centralnoy Azii // principles. New Program of the Centralnaya Aziya I Kavkaz. - 1999. - № 5 (6). - p. 149 Communist party is based on the [2] Ayagan B.G. Mnogopartiynost: istoricheskie paralleli // Mysl. – 1994. – following concepts: a person and № 3. – P. 8 collectivism (team spirit), socialism [3] Nazarbaev N.A.Strategiya stanovleniya I razvitiya Kazakhstana kak and government by the people suverennogo gosudarstva // Nazarbaev N.A Pyat let nezavisimosti. Iz

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doklada, vustupleniy i statei Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan. – Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1996. – P. 103 [4] Babakumarov E.Zh. Dinamika partiynoi sistemi Kazakhstana v 1985- 1994. – Almaty: Institute of Kazakhstan Development, 1994. - P. 27. [5] Seidumanov S.N. Phenomen mnogopartiynosti v Kazakhstane. – Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1997. – P. 58 [6] Karmazina L.I. Problemi razvitiya partiynogo pluralizma kazakhstanskogo obshestva na etape ego demokratichestogo tranzita // Republic of Kazakhstan: perspektivi demokraticheskih reform: data of republic scientific and applicative conference, Almaty, December 22, 1998. – Almaty: KISI, 1998. –P. 90 [7] O polozhenii v strane i osnovnih napravleniyah vnutrennei i vneshnei politiki: demokratizaciya, ekonomicheskaya i politicheskaya reforma v novom stoletii. The RK president letter to the People of Kazakhstan // Kazakhstanskya Pravda. – 1998.- 1st October. [8] Dyachenko S, Karmazina L,Seidumanov S. Politicheskie partii Kazakhstana. 2000. Reference book. – Almaty, 2000. - P. 87 [9] Ibid, p. 109 [10] Burkhanov K.N., Sultanov B.K., Ayagan B.G. Sovremennaya politicheskaya istoriya Kazakhstana (1985-2006). – Almaty: Pub. Center of History and Ethnology named after Ch. Valikhanov, 2006. – P. 179 [11] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 15, 2002 N 344-2 «On political parties» // Legal reference book «Legislation» [12] Skolko v Kazakhstane partiy? // Internet newspaper «Zona.kz». – 2003. – 10 April [13] CIK oglasil sostav Majilisa Parlamenta RK // «Kazinform». – 2004. – 7 October [14] The RK Law on Inserting amendments into the constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 21, 2007 № 254-III // Legal reference Book “Legislation”. [15] Rukovodyashiy organ NDP “Nur Otan” opredelil ocherednost deputatskih mandatov I napravil spiski deputatov v CIK RK// «Kazinform». – 2007. – 24 August [16] Chebotarev А. Parlamentskie vibori -2012: osobennosti i itogi // pravila igri. – 2012. – February. – P. 15 [17] Socialnie nastroeniya v krupnih gorodah Kazakhstana // Website of the Institute of the Political Decisions (http://www.ipr.kz) [18] This table is made up on the basis of results of content-analysis of the program texts of the above indicated political parties of Kazakhstan submitted by the Kazakhstan Institute of social-economic information and forecast

Saule Zhankuliyeva was born on 18 of June 1977, in Almaty city, Kazakhstan.She was graduated from Kazakh National State University named by Al-Farabi in 1999 as a lawyer with two foreign languages (English and Turkish). In January 2005 I defended the dissertation paper for candidate’s thesis in jurisprudence on the theme: “Civil - law regulation of foreign economic banking activities in Republic of Kazakhstan”.At present time She is PhD student of 2d course Political science and socio-philosophical disciplines’ Department Of Magistrates PhD Institute of Kazakh National Pedagogic University named by Abaya.The theme of doctoral dissertation paper is “Political problems of modernization in transition societies (by example of Kazakhstan and Hungary)” International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:6, No:9, 2012 waset.org/Publication/2081

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