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Information Technology for Peace and Security Christian Reuter Editor Information Technology for Peace and Security Christian Reuter Editor Information Technology for Peace and Security IT Applications and Infrastructures in Conflicts, Crises, War, and Peace Editor Christian Reuter Science and Technology for Peace and Security (PEASEC) Department of Computer Science Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany ISBN 978-3-658-25651-7 ISBN 978-3-658-25652-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25652-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019936168 Springer Vieweg © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer Vieweg imprint is published by the registered company Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Abraham-Lincoln-Str. 46, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany Foreword Johannes Buchmann Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics Technische Universität Darmstadt My generation was lucky. For over seventy years there has been peace in Germany. In other parts of the world, wars remain reality. Technological advances, especially in com- puter science, help to make weapons more brutal and effective and wars more terrible. Peace remains one of the great challenges of humanity. The authors of this book take this challenge seriously. They have established a new research direction: information technol- ogy for peace and security, exploring the dangers of misuse of information technology. Examples are the destruction of the IT backbone of energy, transport and communication infrastructures by hackers, as well as threats to political and social peace posed by fake news and social bots. At the same time, they are making suggestions on how information technology can stabilise peace, for example through efficient disarmament control. This is so far unique: high technology serves peace. TU Darmstadt has acknowledged the enormous importance of such research and has hired Christian Reuter on Germany's first professorship in the field of Information Technology for Peace and Security (“Science and Technology for Peace and Security”). In a very short time he brought this new topic to life at TU Darmstadt and initiated this textbook as a logical next step. He and his colleagues make the topic and their research results accessible to students and at the same time provide an introduction for interested scientists, IT devel- opers and policy advisors. This book is very important because their work can only be fully effective if it is received and carried forward by many. I wish Christian Reuter and all the authors of this book that their effort falls on fertile ground, has great impact, and contributes to the further devel- opment of the research area and to peace in the world. Darmstadt Johannes Buchmann Editor’s Preface Christian Reuter Professor of Science and Technology for Peace and Security (PEASEC) Technische Universität Darmstadt Information technology (IT) is becoming more and more important in many facets of our daily life. Not only so in ordinary situations, but also in critical ones. This includes an increased importance in contexts of peace and security. Besides classical cyber security issues, other challenges concerning information warfare, cyber espionage and defence, cyber arms control, dual-use, or the role of social media in conflicts are of high importance. However, these aspects are not yet as established both in research and education. There are not as many textbooks on the interception of computer science on the one side and peace and security research on the other side compared to other, more common areas of research. However, this could change, especially considering the importance of the field. After joining Technische Universität Darmstadt and founding the group Science and Tech- nology for Peace and Security (PEASEC), embedded in both CYSEC (profile area Cyber Security) and IANUS (interdisciplinary research group Science Technology Peace), we felt the mission to address this gap. Based on the experiences from our edited textbook on “Safety-Critical Human-Computer-Interaction: Interactive Technologies and Social Me- dia in Crisis- and Security Management” (2018, Springer Vieweg, 645p., currently avail- able in German only), the idea for a complementary textbook was born: I drafted a content, asked potential authors, received very positive feedback and the willingness to contribute and finally am very honoured to edit the first edition of this textbook. Technological and scientific progress, especially the rapid development in information technology (IT), plays a crucial role regarding questions of peace and security. This text- book addresses the significance, potentials and challenges of IT for peace and security. For this purpose, the book offers an introduction to peace, conflict, and security research, thereby focusing on natural science, technical and computer science perspectives. In the following, it sheds light on cyber conflicts, war and peace, cyber arms control, cyber at- tribution and infrastructures as well as culture and interaction before an outlook is given. viii Editor’s Preface The book is written for readers who are interested in this interdisciplinary topic, especially from computer science and IT security as well as peace and conflict research but also in general from engineering and natural sciences on the one side and humanities and social sciences on the other. This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as well as by the Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts (HMWK) within CRISP and by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the Collaborative Research Centres 1119 CROSSING and 1053 MAKI. Many authors contributed to this textbook – and I would like to thank them a lot. I would also like to thank all people (authors, assistants, students) who worked in the background, i.e. found and corrected mistakes and reviewed book chapters (I am still grateful for further hints and suggestions for improvement; the aim is to implement these in future editions). I especially would like to thank my whole PEASEC team for their dedication, not only in the context of this book. Particularly I thank my family for their patience and support. On behalf of all authors: We wish the readers a pleasant and insightful read; we hope to contribute a little to peace and security. Darmstadt Christian Reuter Table of Contents Fore'\'Ord (Johannes Buchmann) ...................................................................................... v Editor's Preface (Christian Reuter) ............................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ix The Editor ..................................................................................................................... xiii Tbe Autbors .................................................................................................................... xv Part I: lntroduction and Fundamentals ......................................................................... l Information Technology for Peace and Security - Introduction and Overview (Christian Reuter) ....................................................................................................... 3 2 TT in Peace, Contlict, and Security Research (Christian Reuter • Larissa Aidehoff • Thea Riebe • Mare-Andre Kauthold) .......... II 3 Natural-Science/Technical Peace Research (Jürgen Altmann) ...................................................................................................... 39 Part TI: Cyber Conflicts and War ................................................................................. 61 4 Information Warfare - From Doctrine to Permanent Conflict (Tn go Ruhmann • Ute Bemhardt) .............................................................................. 63 5 Cyber Espionage and Cyber Defence (Donunik Herrmann) ................................................................................................ 83 6 Darknets as Tools for Cyber Warfare (Kai Denker • Marcel Schäfer • Martin Steinebach) ............................................... 107 x Table of Contents Part ill: Cyber Peace ..................................................................................................
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