MDMX Contains an Autoinhibitory Sequence Element
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MDMX contains an autoinhibitory sequence element Michal Bista, Miriana Petrovich, and Alan R. Fersht1 Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom Contributed by Alan R. Fersht, September 14, 2013 (sent for review August 28, 2013) MDM2 and MDMX are homologous proteins that bind to p53 and Results regulate its activity. Both contain three folded domains and ∼70% MDMX Reversibly Dimerizes. MDMX was expressed in Escherichia intrinsically disordered regions. Previous detailed structural and coli and purified to homogeneity using standard methods (12, biophysical studies have concentrated on the isolated folded 21). We found by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) that fi domains. The N-terminal domains of both exhibit high af nity the protein eluted at volumes typical for ∼400-kDa globular for the disordered N-terminal of p53 (p53TAD) and inhibit its trans- proteins, much earlier than expected from a monomeric 55- activation function. Here, we have studied full-length MDMX and kDa molecule (Fig. 1A). The elution volume was concentration ∼ fi found a 100-fold weaker af nity for p53TAD than does its iso- dependent, suggesting that the protein was undergoing a re- lated N-terminal domain. We found from NMR spectroscopy and versible oligomerization. Multiangle light scattering (MALS) binding studies that MDMX (but not MDM2) contains a conserved, analysis yielded molecular weight of the eluted protein fraction disordered self-inhibitory element that competes intramolecularly to be ∼100–110 kDa, in agreement with a dimer (110 kDa)– for binding with p53TAD. This motif, which we call the WWW monomer (55 kDa) equilibrium. We used analytical ultracen- element, is centered around residues Trp200 and Trp201. Deletion trifugation to find the dimerization K to be 1.12 ± 0.18 μM or mutation of the element increased binding affinity of MDMX to d that of the isolated N-terminal domain level. The self-inhibition of (Fig. S2). C-terminally truncated mutants of MDMX were ex- MDMX implies a regulatory, allosteric mechanism of its activity. clusively monomeric, showing that the RING domain was es- MDMX rests in a latent state in which its binding activity with sential for dimerization. p53TAD is masked by autoinhibition. Activation of MDMX would MDMX Binds to p53. We mixed MDMX with tetrameric p53 and require binding to a regulatory protein. The inhibitory function of the WWW element may explain the oncogenic effects of an alter- subjected the complexes to SEC-MALS analysis. Their sizes were dependent on the stoichiometry, reaching maximal values native splicing variant of MDMX that does not contain the WWW ∼ element and is found in some aggressive cancers. of 400 kDa for equimolar mixtures, which corresponded to octamers built of four MDMX and four p53 subunits (Fig. 1A). fl MDM4 | HDMX | MDMX-S | IDP | TROSY Interestingly, even though interaction of exible, multivalent receptor–ligand pairs (like MDMX and p53) could potentially lead to formation of high–molecular-weight polymers (22), we he homologous proteins MDMX and MDM2 are major found a size cap of 400 kDa that was preserved even at high negative regulators of the level of p53 and its activity in T ratios of MDMX to p53 and vice versa. normal cells. They are frequently up-regulated in many types of – cancers, becoming oncogenes (1 3). Both proteins bind to the MDMX Stimulates Ubiquitination. SEC-MALS analysis confirmed transactivation domain of p53 (p53TAD) and inhibit its in- that the recombinant MDMX contained functional NTD (re- teraction with transcriptional cofactors. In addition, MDM2 is an sponsible for p53 binding) and C-terminal RING domain capa- E3 ubiquitin ligase with a catalytically active RING domain and ble of homodimerization. To confirm the biochemical activity of can target p53 for proteosomal degradation (4). MDMX has an recombinant proteins, we performed an in vitro ubiquitination inactive RING domain but can efficiently inhibit the p53 activity, assay. MDMX did not exhibit intrinsic E3 ligase activity, and either independently [e.g., in the vast majority of primary mel- MDM2 was only weakly active. Mixing the two recombinant anomas (5)] or in association with MDM2 by boosting its E3 proteins yielded a highly active complex capable of performing ligase activity (6). Both proteins are vital for homeostasis, and knockout of either of them in mice models results in p53-dependent Significance lethality, with survival times longer for MDMX deficiency (3). MDM2 and MDMX are intrinsically disordered proteins, each The protein MDMX is an important negative regulator of the with three folded domains (Fig. S1A). The structures of the tumor suppressor p53 in normal cells and can become a pow- isolated domains have been elucidated at atomic resolution (Fig. erful oncogene. Previous studies on isolated protein fragments S1 B–D): the N-terminal, globular SWIB-like domain (NTD) established that the N-terminal domain of MDMX binds tightly binds to the p53 transactivation domain p53TAD (7, 8) [with to the N-terminal domain of p53 and inhibits it. We now find W23p53 contributing the most interaction energy (9, 10)]; the that full-length MDMX contains a regulatory element (the central part of the protein contains a RanBP2 type zinc finger “WWW element”) that binds to its own N-terminal domain and (ref. 11 and PDB ID code 2CR8) and the C terminus is a RING- prevents MDMX from binding to p53. This autoinhibition type ubiquitin ligase domain, which tends to associate and form introduces a new level of regulation of MDMX, whereby ac- homodimers and heterodimers and higher-order oligomers (12, cessory proteins may sequester the WWW sequence and 13). There are specific MDM2 inhibitors that bind to the NTD reactivate MDMX, and may explain why a variant of MDMX [e.g., nutlin-3 (14)], which usually have lower potency against that lacks the WWW sequence, which is found in some cancer cells, might be oncogenic. MDMX (8). The most oncogenic form of these proteins is the – – MDM2 MDMX heterodimer (3, 15 17). Author contributions: M.B., M.P., and A.R.F. designed research; M.B. and M.P. performed There are few detailed biophysical and structural studies on research; M.B. and M.P. analyzed data; and M.B. and A.R.F. wrote the paper. the full-length proteins and how the individual domains interact The authors declare no conflict of interest. – fi (18 21). Here, we analyze MDMX and nd that there is a reg- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. ulatory autoinhibitory sequence within MDMX that regulates its This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. binding characteristics with p53, with biological implications. 1073/pnas.1317398110/-/DCSupplemental. 17814–17819 | PNAS | October 29, 2013 | vol. 110 | no. 44 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1317398110 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 +MDMX MDM2 MDMX MDM2 A B Molecular weight [kDa] μ μ 160 kDa μ μμ 110 kDa 80 kDa A280 (relative) 60 kDa 50 kDa Elution time [min] Fig. 1. MDMX is dimer capable of stimulating E3 activity of MDM2. (A) SEC-MALS analysis of MDMX and p53; A280 chromatograms were scaled to give the same peak heights. Masses calculated from the static light scattering are shown as thick lines. Composition of samples subjected to the analysis described in the legend. (B) Enzymatic activity of recombinant proteins; in vitro ubiquitination reactions were resolved by denaturing electrophoresis and immunoblotted with anti-ubiquitin antibodies, which recognize polyubiquitinated forms more strongly than monoubiquitinated (see Fig. S3 for detection using other antibodies). polyubiquitination (Fig. 1B). The results of the in vitro assay NTD Interacts Intramolecularly with a Conserved “WWW Element.” performed with recombinant proteins were in good agreement The spectral changes in the NTD and flexible linkers sug- with the previously reported activities of endogenous proteins in gested that the p53TAD displaces an intramolecular interaction cellular context (6); we found that MDMX stimulated both of the NTD with a segment of MDMX, releasing Trp residues. autoubiquitination of MDM2–MDMX complex and p53 ubiq- Basing on observing that three tryptophans were involved and uitination (Fig. S3) (23). primary sequence analysis, we hypothesized that the interaction might involve a tryptophan-rich segment within residues 190– NMR Spectra of MDMX. We labeled the full-length MDMX with 210 (190FEEWDVAGLPWWFLGNLRSNY210, which we call 15N and recorded a transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy the WWW element). Notably, the element is specifictoMDMX, (TROSY) spectrum. The spectrum shown in Fig. 2A was domi- as the corresponding region of MDM2 contains an unrelated nated by signals from highly flexible, intrinsically disordered sequence (Fig. 3A). 15 linkers. Such appearance, with majority of resonances occupying To verify binding of the segment experimentally, we N-labeled the central part of the spectrum is typical of intrinsically dis- the WWW-containing peptide (181–209) and titrated it with – ordered proteins. In addition to these signals from disordered the isolated NTD. The NTD WWW interaction was strong linkers, we could also identify a range of broader and more dis- enough to occur between isolated domains that were not perse resonances originating from the folded NTD and RanBP2 covalently linked. Numerous resonances of the WWW were domains. The absence of RING signals from the spectrum was broadened on binding. We assigned the heteronuclear single- anticipated because in multidomain proteins with intrinsically quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum of the WWW construct andmappedtheinteractionsitetoaminoacids194–206 (Fig. disordered linkers, central domains are frequently more con- B C strained rotationally than structures located distally (24, 25). 3 and ). Interestingly, the WWW element remained in the fi intermediate timescale of chemical exchange in excess of There were unexpected signi cant differences between the – spectra of the NTD in full-length protein and the isolated MDMX NTD.