Multi-temporal Imagery Supporting Earth Studies and Sustainability

Marguerite Madden Director Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science (CRMS)

Department of Geography University of Georgia, USA [email protected] CRMS www.crms.uga.edu ISPRS Hannover Workshop June 14-17, 2011 Drew Parker

Carey Carrie Burda Jensen Sergio Bernardes

Marguerite Madden Allison Eury

Tommy Jordan Byungyun Yang

Andrea Presotto

Shadrock Nick Roberts Kruskamp CRMS-UGA Keynote Address should: Look to the past with a view to the future. Encompass the big picture: universal truths with support of case studies. Inspirational. Touch of humor. Speak to the audience. There should be something for everyone. Set the stage for the conference. Provide a common thread to tie your geospatial research to societal needs, gaps in knowledge and/or new directions .

CRMS-UGA The Scream viewed in stereo…

http://www.jim3dlong.com/modern-29.html CRMS-UGA ISPRS Commission IV Geodatabases and Digital Mapping

WG IV/1: Geospatial Data Infrastructure WG IV/2: Automatic Geospatial Data Acquisition and Image-based Databases WG IV/3: Mapping from High Resolution Data WG IV/4: Virtual Globes and Context-Aware Visualisation/Analysis WG IV/5: Distributed and Web-based Geoinformation Services and Applications WG IV/6: Global DEM Interoperability WG IV/7: Planetary Mapping and Databases WG IV/8: 3D Spatial Data Integration for Disaster Management and Environmental Monitoring ICWG IV/VIII: Updating and Maintenance of Core Spatial Databases ICWG IV/II: Geo-Sensor Networking and GeoGrid ICWG II/IV: Semantic Data Interoperability and Ontology for Geospatial Information

CRMS-UGA Critical need for baseline geodatabases and analytics to be in place for rapid response in our changing world.

Tornado damage in Ringold, Georgia April 27, 2011, Source Wikimedia Commons CRMS-UGA Analytics is the application of computer technology, operational research, and statistics in an information system to solve problems. The science of analytics is concerned with extracting useful properties of large databases using computable functions (see data mining). A practical definition of analytics would be the process of obtaining an optimal or realistic decision based on existing data. Applications include using statistical analysis to discover and understand historical patterns with an eye to predicting and modeling conditions in the future. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics

CRMS-UGA NOAA Model Predictions for 2011 Tornadoes A simple linear regression equation is fit to the 1954-2007 annual tornado totals.

1227

CRMS-UGA Tushka,Oklahoma tornado, an EF3 which struck the town on April 14, 2011.

CRMS-UGA As of June 8, there have been 1,458 tornadoes reported in the US in 2011 (of which at least 1,039 were confirmed).

2011 an exceptionally destructive and deadly year for tornadoes; worldwide, at least 550 people perished due to tornadoes: (an estimated 536 in the United States compared to 564 US deaths in the 10 years prior).[1]

Deadliest year in the United States since 1936, due mostly to the 322 tornadic deaths that occurred during the April 27 outbreak across the Southeastern United States and the 151 tornadic deaths in the 2011 Joplin Tornado.[2]

[1] “Annual Fatal Tornado Summaries". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 31, 2011. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fataltorn.html. [2] US Annual Tornado Death Tolls, 1875-present

CRMS-UGA http://twitpic.com/4qkuko# CRMS-UGA National Weather Service Tornado Tracks 24-29 April, 2011

EF4

EF1EF4

http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/ssd/mapping/ CRMS-UGA CRMS-UGA GRSM 27 April 2011 tornado video CRMS-UGA Digital Vegetation Databases/Maps for National Park Units of the Southeast USGS/NPS National Vegetation Mapping Program

Everglades National Park Big Cypress National Preserve Biscayne National Park National Park Mammoth Cave National Park Natl. Canyon National Preserve Big South Fork Natl. River & Recreation Area Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Obed Wild & Scenic River Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site Guilford Courthouse Natl. Military Park Abraham Lincoln National Historic Site Ninety Six National Historic Park Fort Donaldson National Battlefield Stones River National Battlefield Cowpens National Battlefield Russell Cave National Monument Kings Mountain Shiloh National Military Park Chickamauga National Military Park Chattanooga National Military Park CRMS-UGA Great Smoky Mountains National Park, NPS

Gatlinburg

250 m

2025 m Cherokee

10 km

Largest wilderness area east of the Mississippi River--covers over 500,000 acres of continuous eastern deciduous forest with high diversity, old growth forest and 9 million visitors each year.

CRMS-UGA Manual photo interpretation needed to discriminate over 100 vegetation classes to 80% overall accuracy.

CRMS-UGA Acquisition of Airborne Lidar and Orthoimagery for National Parks, Forests and Parkways in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Marguerite Madden Thomas Jordan Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science (CRMS) Department of Geography University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

Sudanshu Panda J.B. Sharma Institute for Environmental Spatial Analysis (IESA) Gainesville State College Gainesville, Georgia

Funded by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 2010-2011: 1)Improve LiDAR/orthoimagery of the National Map; and 2)Create/save jobs and train students for high skill positions in geospatial technology. CRMS-UGA Study Area for LiDAR and Orthoimagery 2059 km2 (795 mi2) Orthoimagery for Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GRSM) and adjacent Foothills Parkway, Foothills Parkway managed by the (NPS)

1399 km2 (540 mi2) LiDAR for portion of GRSM and Foothills Parkway 2903 km2 (1121 mi2) LiDAR and Orthos of Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF) in north Georgia managed by the USDA Forest Service

CRMS-UGA Image data were collected by Photo Science, Norcross, Georgia using a Zeiss/Intergraph Digital Mapping Camera (Z/I DMC) •4 bands @ 30-cm resolution (6096 x 6500 pixel frame) •Leaf-off and snow-free conditions: •CNF – March/April 2010 (5448 frames or 1946 tiles of 1500 x 1500 m) •GRSM – April 2010 (2963 frames or 1034 tiles)

CRMS-UGA CRMS-UGA LiDAR data were collected by Photo Science, Lexington, Kentucky using an Optech Gemini ALTM LiDAR sensor.

Leaf-off and snow free conditions: Tennessee portion of GRSM and Foothills Parkway February, March and April 2011 CRMS-UGA LiDAR Data Collection

• Conditions: Leaf off, no snow • Spring, 2010 – First Attempt – Heavy snow, Very late snow melt – Leaf out occurred as snow finally melted • Fall, 2010 – Second Attempt – Targeted Thanksgiving week – Wind event – 90mph wind waves in mountains – Knocked all leaves down – Heavy snowfall immediately following • Winter/Spring, 2011 – Third Attempt – Unusually warm February melted much of the snow, never really returned

– Acquired good data in Feb, March and April. CRMS-UGA 113 Flight lines

CRMS-UGA Students perform seamline editing; return shapefile to PSI via email. CRMS-UGA CRMS-UGA SeamlessTiled Orthophoto Orthophoto Mosaic Mosaic

UGA/GSC •QA/QC Ortho tiles •create metadata PSI •Final signoff and package for delivery

CRMS-UGA Photo Science Surveyors and UGA students conducted field surveys to collect LiDAR/orthoimage ground control points .

Additional X,Y,Z control in 5 land cover classes will be used for LiDAR accuracy verification.

CRMS-UGA Impervious

Tall Grass

Shrubs

Short Grass Forest CRMS-UGA LiDAR Deliverables 3-m DEM

Classified Point Cloud

CRMS-UGA Additional Custom Products for Projects: DSM of Canopy

CRMS-UGA 3D Visualizations

Atmospheric Effects

CRMS-UGA Before Landsat 5 TM

Image acquisition: May 27, 2010

CRMS-UGA After Landsat 5 TM

Image acquisition: May 30, 2011

CRMS-UGA Overlay of NPS April 27, 2011 tornado track on Landsat TM image.

CRMS-UGA • ENVI’s Quick Landsat TM Geocover Atmospheric Correction (QUAC) – In-scene approach Geometric rectification (empirical method - uses observed pixel spectra) Atmospheric correction – Fast and fairly accurate (+/-15% of a physics- VI based approach) GDEM calculation – Conditions: • At least 10 diverse materials Topography normalization in the scene • Sufficiently dark pixels in the Spectral Mixing Analysis scene (baseline spectrum estimation) – Input: radiance Segmentation Segmentation – Output: atmospherically corrected reflectance

CRMS-UGA • Vegetation Indices

Landsat TM Geocover Calculation – Evaluate the performance of NDVI and EVI to characterize Geometric rectification vegetation damage

Atmospheric correction – We used EVI considering: VI GDEM • Improved sensitivity of EVI calculation under high biomass

Topography normalization • Correction for residual aerosol • Adjusted for canopy background signal Spectral Mixing Analysis − REDNIR EVI = 5.2 Segmentation NIR RED −+ BLUE +15.76

− REDNIR NDVI = + REDNIR CRMS-UGA Before EVI

CRMS-UGA After EVI

CRMS-UGA Delta EVI Landsat TM EVI2011- EVI2010

-0.40

-0.34

-0.28

-0.22

-0.16

-0.10

CRMS-UGA Delta EVI MODIS EVI2011- EVI2010

Julian Day: 129 (May 09) Based on MODIS data: Product: MOD13Q1

-0.40 Resolution: 250 m 16 d Max Value -0.34 Composite -0.28 algorithm

-0.22

-0.16

-0.10 CRMS-UGA White Nose Syndrome (WNS) is named for the white fungus that forms on the faces of many infected bats. WNS was first identified in 2007, and has killed over 90% of the bats in many of the caves and mines in the Northeast.

CRMS-UGA Conclusions

• Our work on sensors, data acquisition, integration, access, visualization and analysis is critical to decision making and communication to inform, react and recover from rapid change disasters to gradual climate change. • Our community should promote geospatial education, training and work experience for students in preparation for expected natural and human caused disasters.

CRMS-UGA