KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

PLAN

STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN MONITORING & EVALUATION PLAN

PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM FOR THE GREATER KOKSTAD MUNICIPALITY

NOVEMBER 2012 2 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CITY THINK SPACE

Document prepared by the City Think Space team, including:

City Think Space

Meshfield

Lees & Short Associated Architects

Focus Project Management

DPA Project Managers & Associates

Dugan Fraser

Anton Aiello

Palmer Development Group

Jeffares & Green

Emergy

John Spiropolous

David Gardener

Adrian Stone

November 2012

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 3 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 9 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 9

PART I PART II PART III PART IV BACKGROUND 10 STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT THE WAY FORWARD 154 ANNEXURES & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 28 & APPENDICES 162 2. POLICY ALIGNMENT 11 11. MONITORING & EVALUATION 156 9. THE STORIES 29 13. ANNEXURES 164 2.1. ALIGNMENT BETWEEN POLICY 11.1. MONITORING & REPORTING DIRECTIVES AND THE ISDP 11 9.1. INSTITUTIONS 31 APPROACH 156 13.1. ANNEXURE A: SCENARIOS 164 2.2. HIGH-LEVEL POLICY DIRECTIVES 9.2. CROSSROADS 37 11.2. EVALUATION APPROACH 156 13.2. ANNEXURE B: PRECEDENT 168 INFORMING THE ISDP 11 9.3. TOWN 59 11.3. CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS 156 13.3. ANNEXURE C: POPULATION GROWTH ACCOMMODATED IN THE 3. ISDP SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK 12 9.4. INFRASTRUCTURE 95 11.4. THE SUSTAINABILITY SURVEY 156 PLAN 178 9.5. NATURAL RESOURCES 115 11.5. THE GREEN AMBASSADORS 156 4. THE KEY ISSUES ARISING FROM THE 13.4. ANNEXURE D: STREETS 180 STATUS QUO 12 9.6. AGRICULTURE 131 11.6. INDICATORS FOR MONITORING & 13.5. ANNEXURE E: SETTLEMENT REPORTING PURPOSES 158 5. DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES 14 10. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN SYNTHESIS 146 RESPONSE PROGRAMME EXPANDED 5.1. GUIDING DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES 14 12. CONCLUSION 161 INTRODUCTION 182 5.2. SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES 14 13.6. ANNEXURE F: PRIORITY PROJECT SUMMARY SHEETS 186 5.3. URBAN DESIGN & SETTLEMENT PRINCIPLES 16 14. APPENDICES 188

6. GREEN AMBASSADOR PROGRAMME 18 6.1. OVERVIEW 18 6.2. FOUNDATION PHASE PROGRAMME 18 6.3. CONSOLIDATION PHASE 18 6.4. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA CONFERENCE 19

7. DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS 20 7.1. MUNICIPAL SERVICES FINANCIAL MODEL RESULTS 22 7.2. ECO-FUTURES MODEL 24

8. ISDP STRATEGIC OUTCOMES 26 8.1. DESIRED OUTCOME OF THE ISDP 26 8.2. THE 5 MAIN STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 26

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 4 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

FIG 31. TOWN I - KOKSTAD 64 LIST OF FIGURES FIG 66. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / WASTE 97 FIG 32. TOWN I - FRANKLIN 64 FIG 1. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 8 FIG 67. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO/ ENERGY 98 FIG 33. TOWN II - KOKSTAD 70 FIG 2. THE SAFE AND JUST SPACE FOR HUMANITY 13 FIG 68. INFRASTRUCTURE/STATUS QUO/GROWTH PLANS 98 FIG 34. TOWN II - FRANKLIN 70 FIG 3. SOCIAL FOUNDATION 13 FIG 69. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / ENERGY 99 FIG 35. ILLUSTRATIVE STREET SECTIONS 71 FIG 4. “SEEDS OF SUSTAINABILITY” MOVIES 18 FIG 71. INFRASTRUCTURE I - KOKSTAD 100 FIG 36. MAIN STREET EXISTING 72 FIG 5. PREPARATION FOR AWARENESS RAISING SESSIONS FIG 70. INFRASTRUCTURE I - FRANKLIN 100 FIG 37. MAIN STREET [PROPOSED ACTIVITY STREET] 72 18 FIG 73. SUDS: SOURCE CONTROLS 101 FIG 38. NKULULEKO STREET EXISTING 73 FIG 6. GREEN AMBASSADORS’ BLOG 19 FIG 72. SUDS: LOCAL CONTROLS 101 FIG 39. NKULULEKO STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] 73 FIG 7. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA CONFERENCE 19 FIG 74. SUDS: REGIONAL CONTROLS 101 FIG 40. TYPICAL 6M STREET EXISTING 73 FIG 8. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA CONVFERENCE ARTICLE 19 FIG 76. INFRASTRUCTURE II - KOKSTAD 102 FIG 41. TYPICAL 6M STREET PROPOSAL 73 FIG 9. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 22 FIG 75. INFRASTRUCTURE II - FRANKLIN 102 FIG 42. GUIDELINES FOR GREEN STREETS 74 FIG 10. OPERATING RESULT 22 FIG 77. HARNESSING WASTE TO ENERGY POTENTIAL 103 FIG 43. GUIDELINES FOR ACTIVITY STREETS 75 FIG 11. CAPITAL FINANCE SOURCES 22 FIG 79. INFRASTRUCTURE III - KOKSTAD 104 FIG 45. TOWN III - KOKSTAD 76 FIG 12. KOKSTAD’S ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 24 FIG 78. INFRASTRUCTURE III - FRANKLIN 104 FIG 44. TOWN III - FRANKLIN 76 FIG 13. FRANKLIN’S ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY LEVELS FIG 80. WASTE MANAGEMENT DIAGRAM 105 IN THE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 24 FIG 46. SPATIAL DEFINITION GUIDELINES 78 FIG 82. INFRASTRUCTURE IV- KOKSTAD 106 FIG 14. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY LEVELS IN THE FIG 47. SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES 79 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 25 FIG 81. INFRASTRUCTURE IV - FRANKLIN 106 FIG 48. SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES 79 FIG 15. THE STORIES WITH INSTITUTIONS AS FOUNDATION FIG 83. MICRO-UTILITY 107 FIG 49. TOWN IV - KOKSTAD 80 29 FIG 84. DIVERSIFIED ENERGY SOURCES 107 FIG 53. TOWN IV - FRANKLIN 80 FIG 16. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / GOODS 38 FIG 85. NATURAL RESOURCES/STATUS QUO/ECOSYSTEMS FIG 50. SOCIAL COMPONENT 80 FIG 17. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / PEOPLE 38 116 FIG 51. SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPONENTS 80 FIG 18. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / GOODS 39 FIG 86. BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS 116 FIG 52. ALL USES 80 FIG 19. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / PEOPLE 39 FIG 87. NATURAL RESOURCES/STRATEGY/ECOSYSTEMS 116 FIG 54. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE 82 FIG 20. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / TOURISM 40 FIG 88. NATURAL RESOURCES/STATUS QUO/POLLUTION 117 FIG 55. TOWN IV - KOKSTAD 84 FIG 21. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / TOURISM 41 FIG 89. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY / ECOSYSTEMS FIG 56. TOWN IV - FRANKLIN 84 117 FIG 22. TOWN III - KOKSTAD 46 FIG 57. PLOTS: 5 - 20 DU/HA NETT DENSITY 85 FIG 90. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY/ECOSYSTEMS FIG 23. TOWN III - FRANKLIN 46 117 FIG 58. PLOTS: 15 - 25 DU/HA NETT DENSITY 85 FIG 24. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: ECONOMIC & FIG 91. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY/ECOSYSTEMS INFORMATION COMPONENT 48 FIG 59. PLOTS: 35 - 50 DU/HA NETT DENSITY 85 117 FIG 25. TOWN / STATUS QUO / ACCESS 60 FIG 60. INFIL AT 20 - 25 DU/HA NETT DENSITY 85 FIG 93. NATURAL RESOURCES- KOKSTAD 118 FIG 26. TOWN / STATUS QUO / INTEGRATION 60 FIG 61. A DIAGRAM OF Z-SQUARED INFRASTRUCTURE 95 FIG 92. NATURAL RESOURCES - FRANKLIN 118 FIG 27. TOWN / STRATEGY / ACCESS 61 FIG 62. THE Z-SQUARED CONCEPT DRAWING 95 FIG 94. CONSERVATION CORRIDORS AND PROTECTED FIG 28. TOWN / STRATEGY/ INTEGRATION 61 FIG 63. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO / WATER 96 AREAS 119 FIG 29. TOWN / STATUS QUO / DIVERSITY 62 FIG 64. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO / WASTE 96 FIG 96. NATURAL RESOURCES- KOKSTAD 122 FIG 30. TOWN / STRATEGY / DIVERSITY 63 FIG 65. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / WATER 97 FIG 95. NATURAL RESOURCES - FRANKLIN 122

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 5

FIG 97. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PARK LIST OF PHOTOS COMPONENT 124 PHOTO 22. BARIQUI PARK IN CURITIBA 115 FIG 98. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PHOTO 23. GRASSLANDS, KOKSTAD 116 PLAYGROUND COMPONENT 124 PHOTO 25. STORMWATER POLLUTION 117 FIG 99. THE GREEN-HEART PARK 125 PHOTO 24. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE 117 FIG 100. WELL-USED URBAN PARK 125 PHOTO 26. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE 117 FIG 101. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: 3D PERSPECTIVE 126 PHOTO 27. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE 117 FIG 103. BOUNDARY LINE GUIDELINES 127 PHOTO 28. SEA POINT PROMENADE 127 FIG 102. BOUNDARY LINE GUIDELINES 127 PHOTO 29. GRAAFF REINET 127 PHOTO 1. LOCALISE INITIATIVE IN THE USA 37 FIG 104. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / AGRICULTURAL PHOTO 30. BELO HORIZONTE VEGETABLE MARKET 131 PRACTICES 132 PHOTO 2. SHOPRITE CENTRE, HOPE STR, KOKSTAD 38 PHOTO 31. ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS AND AGRICULTURAL FIG 105. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / AGRICULTURE PHOTO 3. DOWER STR TAXI RANK, KOKSTAD 38 INPUTS 132 SUPPLY CHAINS 132 PHOTO 4. LOCAL VEGETABLE MARKET 39 PHOTO 32. CLOVER MILK TRUCK TAKING MILK TO FIG 106. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / AGRICULTURAL PHOTO 5. LOCAL VEGETABLE MARKET 39 PIETERMARITZBURG 132 PRACTICES 133 PHOTO 6. N2, KOKSTAD 40 PHOTO 33. PERMACULTURE AGRICULTURE, THAILAND 133 FIG 107. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / AGRICULTURAL PHOTO 7. ENGEN SERVICE STATEMENT, N2,, KOKSTAD 40 PHOTO 34. LOCAL DAIRY, PRINCE ALBERT 133 SUPPLY CHAINS 133 PHOTO 8. THE ROLLING HIGHWAY - TRANSPORTING TRUCKS PHOTO 36. KWAXOLO CHICKEN ABBATOIR 135 FIG 108. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / INSTITUTIONAL BY RAIL 41 ARRANGEMENTS 134 PHOTO 37. OPORTUNITY AND UPWARD MOBILITY FOR PHOTO 9. GUIDE TO MALOTI-DRAKENSBERG AREA 41 EMERGING FARMERS 135 FIG 109. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 135 PHOTO 10. BOGOTA BEFORE AND AFTER A COMPLETE PHOTO 38. (IMAGE OF KEYLINE DAM AND PLOUGH – I HAVE STREETS/NEIGHBOURHOOD APPROACH WAS TAKEN SENT THROUGH THESE IMAGES BEFORE, WHEN I FIG 111. AGRICULTURE - KOKSTAD 136 59 WAS WORKING ON THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN) 138 FIG 110. AGRICULTURE - FRANKLIN 136 PHOTO 11. SHAYAMOYA AND KOKSTAD CENTRAL - TWO PHOTO 40. ALLOTMENTS FROM THE AIR FIG 114. AGRI-ECOLOGY PILOT FARM WITH SETTLEMENT TOWNS 60 SOURCE: LEVENE, D. HTTP://WWW.GUARDIAN.CO.UK EDGE 138 139 PHOTO 12. SOCIAL INITIATIVES IN ISOLATION 60 FIG 113. SMALL HOLDINGS 138 PHOTO 41. FOOD FOREST 139 PHOTO 13. DENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION AROUND FIG 112. COMMONAGE 138 MOVEMENT CORRIDORS 61 PHOTO 39. ECO-SCHOOL SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.WWF.ORG.ZA 139 FIG 115. URBAN AGRICULTURE 139 PHOTO 14. LACK OF NMT FACILITIES, KOKSTAD 62 PHOTO 42. KWAXOLO CHICKEN ABBATOIR 141 FIG 116. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE : AGRICULTURE PHOTO 15. VPUU ACTIVE BOXES 78 COMPONENT 140 PHOTO 44. LOCALISE INITIATIVE IN THE USA 166 PHOTO 16. VPUU ACTIVE POS 79 FIG 117. KOKSTAD SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM 141 PHOTO 43. LAKSHMAN SAGAR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA. 166 PHOTO 17. MOTOMACHI STREET, YOKOHAMA 79 FIG 118. A NETWORK OF GROWERS 142 PHOTO 45. MOBILE CLINICS AND OTHER MOBILE SERVICES PHOTO 18. LANDFILL SITE, SHAYAMOYA, KOKSTAD 96 REDUCE THE NEED FOR INDIVIDUALS TO TRAVELS FIG 120. DEVELOPMENT PLAN 158 PHOTO 19. WASTE SORTING, CURITIBA 97 167 FIG 119. AGRICULTURE - FRANKLIN 158 PHOTO 20. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT, SHAYAMOYA, PHOTO 46. PHOTO 5. SHAYAMOYA - UNDEFINED STREET FIG 121. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE 158 KOKSTAD 98 EDGES AND VERY LOW DENSITIES. 168 FIG 122. FIG 4. THE TWO COMPONENTS OF GREEN PHOTO 21. POTHOLE ON A PROVINCIAL ROAD 98 PHOTO 47. PHOTO 6. MIXED-DENSITY, MIXED-USE FREIGHT: 167 DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY 168 FIG 124. A DIAGRAM OF THE Z-SQUARED INFRASTRUCTURE FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 THAT WILL INCREASE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION AND DECREASE WASTE. 170 FIG 123. THE Z-SQUARED CONCEPT DRAWING 170 FIG 125. M2 OF GREEN SPACE PER PERSON IN CITIES OF THE WORLD 172 FIG 126. FIG 11. NATURAL CONNECTIVITY SHOULD BE MAINTAINED OR RESTORED 173 6 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

GLOSSARY ACRONYMS IGR – Intergovernmental Relations NCCR – The National Climate Change Response Dwelling unit density (du/ha): Number of dwelling AD – Anaerobic Digesters IGRFA – The Intergovernmental Relations NDP – National Development units per hectare. Framework Act BEC – Bicycle Empowerment Centre NDP – National Development Plan Population density: Number of people per IPP – Independent Power Producers BEN – Bicycle Empowerment Network hectare (usually calculated by multiplying IRDP – Integrated Residential Development NDPG – The National Treasury’s Neighbouhood the number of units by an estimated average CBA – Critical Biodiversity Areas Programme Development Partnership Grant household size). CBD – Central Business District IRP – Integrated Resource Plan NEMA – The National Environmental Nett density (du/ha): Number of dwelling units Management Act CFC – Chlorofluorocarbon per hectare of land calculated on the basis of ISDP – Integrated Sustainable Development Plan NER – National Energy Regulator land used for residential purposes, including the CFL – Compact Fluorescent Lamp garden and any off-street parking. IWF – Integrated Waste Facility NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation CHP – Combined Heat and Power Gross density (du/ha): Number of dwelling units IWFM – Integrated Waste Management Facility OECD – Organisation for Economic Co- CLIQ – Community based Learning ICTs and per hectare of land calculated on the basis of all operation and Development Quality of Life land uses integrated within residential areas - KISDP – Kokstad Integrated Sustainable Development Plan P&DP – Pilot and/or Demonstration Projects including residential, light industrial, commercial, CRDP – The Comprehensive Rural Development education, transport and parks - as well as Programme KISS – Kokstad Integrated Sustainable PDP – Project Development Phase roads. Excluded are land-extensive uses such as Settlements CRU – Community Residential Units agriculture and nature reserves. PES – Payment for Ecosystem Services KPPCL – The KwaXolo Processing Primary CSIR – Council for Scientific and Industrial PGDS – Provincial Growth and Development Gross base density (du/ha): Number of dwelling Cooperative Limited Research units per hectare within the urban edge. Strategy KTO – Kokstad Tourism Organisation DAFF – Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Ecosystem services: Services that are generated PGWC – Provincial Government of the Western Fisheries by the natural environment, which enhance KZN – KwaZulu Natal Cape human well-being, and are directly used by DBSA – The Development Bank of South Africa LED – Local Economic Development PIP – Project Implementation Phase people. DoHS – Department of Human Settlements LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas PM – Particular Matter Smart growth: General term for policies that result in more compact, accessible development. DTI – Department of Trade and Industry LUMS – Land Use Management System POS – Public Open Space DWA – Department of Water Affairs LUPDM – Land Use Planning and Decision PPP – Public-Private Partnership Making ECT – Economic Cooperation Triangle PTP – Public Transport Plan MDG – Millennium Development Goals EPW – Expanded Public Works PV – Photovoltaic MFMA – Municipal Financial Management Act EPWP – Expanded Public Works Programme RDP – Residential Development Plan MIG – Municipal Infrastructure Grant ESA – Ecological Support Areas SANRAL – South African National Roads Agency MM – Municipal Manager Limited FET – Further Education & Training MoT – Ministry of Transport SANS – South African National Standards FLISP – Finance Linked Individual Subsidy Programme MoU – Memorandum of Agreement SDF – Spatial Development Framework

GA – Green Ambassador MRF – Materials Recycling Facility SHI – Social Housing Initiative

GAP – Green Ambassador Programme MSFM – Municipal Services Financial Model SHRA – South African Heritage Resource Act

GKM – Greater Kokstad Municipality NAFCOC – National African Federated Chamber SOA – Sustain our Africa of Commerce and Industry IDP – Integrated Development Plan SP – Strategic Planning

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 7

SuDS – Sustainable Drainage Systems

URZ – Urban Re-structuring Zone

VOC – Volatile Organic Compound

WAS – Waste Activated Sludge

WFW – Working for Water

WRC – Water Research Commission of South Africa

WSA – Water Services Authority

WSUD – Water Sensitive Urban Design

WTW – Water Treatment Works

WWTW – Waste Water Treatment Works

ZW – Zero Waste

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 8 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

POLICY ALIGNMENT

SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK

THE KEY ISSUES ARISING FROM THE STARUS QUO PART I

DEVELOPMENT PRNCIPLES

GREEN AMBASSADOR PROGRAMME

DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

ISDP STRATEGIC OUTCOMES

STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

INSTITUTIONS

CROSSROADS

PART II TOWN

INFRASTRUCTURE

NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

PART III MONITORING & EVALUATION

CONCLUSION

ANNEXURES

APPENDICIES (CD)

Fig 1. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 9

1. INTRODUCTION The intended outcome of this process is a set 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT of clearly defined and co-developed strategic objectives that are both meaningful and resonant Part I of the report outlines the various 1.1. PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT to the communities of Kokstad and Franklin, and components that give background to and inform that provide visionary direction, strategic clarity the plan: the policy background and alignment, The Integrated Sustainable Development Plan and a clear pathway to programmes and projects the sustainability policy framework within which (ISDP) is a long-term plan aimed at putting for the next twenty-five years. At the same time this plan operates, the green ambassador the towns of Kokstad and Franklin on to a these strategic objectives, programmes and programme and the key issues identified in the path of sustainability, building resilience to plans should be viewed as living, breathing status quo analysis. The guiding principles and climate change, energy challenges and social objectives that may adapt over time in response the five overarching strategies are set out, and and economic forces. The plan integrates to feedback and learning as Kokstad and various development scenarios are explored. existing plans and strategies (IDPs, SDFs, LED Franklin embark on pathways to sustainable strategies, housing plans and so on) into a In Part II, the strategy, development and development. coherent, integrated plan that will put Kokstad implementation sections are organised around onto a path of sustainability. This report is a synthesis of three separate the ISDP ‘stories’: interim products - the Draft Strategy Report, The foundation of the Integrated Sustainable • INSTITUTIONS the Draft Development Plan Posters, and the Development Plan for Kokstad and Franklin is • CROSSROADS Draft Implementation Plan Report - that were the Development Charter. In the charter the GKM individually presented at workshops with the • TOWN community and development partners commit ISDP Steering Committee, senior Greater • INFRASTRUCTURE to change, working and planning together with Kokstad Municipality (GKM) officials, councilors, organised stakeholders for a new sustainable • NATURAL RESOURCES and stakeholders, as well as representatives trajectory for development, pursuing sustainable from the DBSA (project leaders), between • AGRICULTURE and functionally integrated development June and October 2012. The comments and practices. The charter embraces a new mindset The establishment of the appropriate governance feedback produced by those interactions have to ensure the sustainability of future development preconditions for the successful implementation been incorporated into this final document. For a initiatives and projects, especially where short- of the ISDP is covered in the ‘Institutions’ story. complete record of the stakeholder engagement term expediency may tempt compromise. The that took place please see Annexure A. While the implementation of specific plans, aim is to achieve sustainable service delivery, programmes and projects are discussed as part building on local assets and knowledge and of each story, Part II also considers the overall exploiting the economic potential of the region implementation of the ISDP, looking at how the for the equitable benefit of all people of the GKM. various components of the plan come together. The principles of justice, zero waste, resource resilience and food security, support for the Part III outlines a monitoring and evaluation plan vulnerable, safety, respect for diversity and for seeing the development plan into the future, heritage are central to the ISDP. charts the next steps towards realising the plan, and explains how the products of the ISDP The Charter was developed and signed by the process should be used. GKM under the guidance of the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) as part of the Supporting material that is crucial to DBSA’s Sustainable Communities Programme. understanding this report is included in the annexures of this document. Reference The outcomes of the implementation of this plan information and full versions of the reports should be that Kokstad and Franklin operate prepared by sub-consultants towards the better socially, economically, spatially and preparation of the ISDP are listed here as environmentally. The long-term, 25-year time appendices and are available digititally. horizon for this plan implies that these outcomes should be sustainable into the future.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 10 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

POLICY ALIGNMENT

SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK

THE KEY ISSUES ARISING FROM THE STATUS QUO

DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES

GREEN AMBASSADOR PROGRAMME

DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

ISDP OVERARCHING STRATEGIES

PART I BACKGROUND

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 11

2. POLICY ALIGNMENT The Millennium Development Goals and • To ensure human needs and utilization of the fiscal, institutional and administrative Global Sustainability Targets: natural resources are in harmony means of the Republic; promote the establishment of viable communities; • Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger • To create safe, healthy and sustainable 2.1. ALIGNMENT BETWEEN POLICY living environments • Promote the sustained protection of the • Achieve universal primary education DIRECTIVES AND THE ISDP • To ensure all work-seekers are employed environment; meet the basic needs of all • Ensuring education and training citizens in an affordable way; and, ensure • To develop a more equitable society “The purpose of the IDP is to craft a • Promote gender equality and empower the safe utilization of land by taking into development plan that will truly integrate women • To ensure that all people have access to consideration environmental constraints. basic services and harmonize issues and potential of • Reduce child mortality LED Master Plan strategy goals: human well-being, economic development • To boost investors’ confidence to invest in • Improve Maternal health • Job creation and environmental integrity.” the GKM • Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other • To create options for people on where and • Human Resource Development (GKM 2012 IDP, page 27) diseases how they opt to live, work and play • Human and Community Development The mission statement of Greater Kokstad • Ensure environmental sustainability • To provide strong and decisive leadership • Strategic Infrastructure Municipality echoes this intention: • Develop a global partnership for • To foster social compacts development • Response to Climate Change “Providing sustainable services to SDF policy recommendations: • Governance and Policy communities through optimal and Presidential Strategic Outcomes for professional deployment of resources and Government: • Promote the integration of the social, • Spatial Equity economic, institutional and physical aspects enhancing economic development and a • Improved quality of basic education of land development. Development Charter: safe and healthy environment”, • A long and healthy life for all South Africans • Promote integrated land development in The GKM Development Charter is the foundation In addition to the GKM’s current IDP, the ISDP • All people in South Africa are and feel safe rural and urban areas to support each other. and starting point for the ISDP. In summary, is also working within the following international, • Decent employment through inclusive • Promote the availability of residential and the Development Charter states that the GKM national, KZN Provincial Government and GKM economic growth employment opportunities in close proximity community and development partners commit policy directives, including: • A skilled and capable workforce to support to or integrated with each other. to change, working and planning together with • The Millennium Development Goals and an inclusive economic growth path • Optimise the use of existing resources organized stakeholders for a new sustainable Global Sustainability Targets, trajectory for development, pursuing sustainable • An efficient competitive and responsive including such resources related • The Presidential Strategic Outcomes for economic infrastructure network to agriculture, land, minerals, bulk and functionally integrated development Government, infrastructure, roads, transportation and practices. The signatories embrace a new • Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural social facilities. mindset to ensure the sustainability of future • The development goals for the GKM as communities with food security for all informed by the KZN Provincial Growth and • Promote a diverse combination of land development initiatives and projects... Development Strategy, • Sustainable human settlements and uses, also at the level of individual erven or “especially where short-term expediency improved quality of household life subdivisions of land. • The SDF policy recommendations, may tempt us to compromise. Sustainable • A responsive, accountable, effective and • Discourage the phenomenon of urban • The goals of the GKM LED Masterplan, and service delivery, building on local assets efficient local government system sprawl in urban areas and contribute to the and knowledge and exploiting the economic • The GKM’s Development Charter • Environmental assets and natural resources development of more compact towns. potential of our region for the equitable that are well protected and continually The content of these policies is summarised • Contribute to the correction of historically benefit of our people are the central aims. enhanced distorted spatial patterns of settlement below. The principles of justice, zero waste, • Create a better South Africa and contribute throughout South Africa and the optimum resource resilience and food security, to a better and safer Africa and the world use of existing infrastructure in excess of 2.2. HIGH-LEVEL POLICY current needs. support of the vulnerable, safety, respect • An efficient, effective and development for diversity and our heritages are the main DIRECTIVES INFORMING THE ISDP oriented public service and an empowered, • Encourage environmentally sustainable land guides to this process.” fair and inclusive citizenship development practices and processes. A comprehensive outline of all the policy • Promote sustainable land development informants to the ISDP is provided in the Kokstad The development goals for the GKM were at the required scale in that they should developed based on the provincial goals as and Franklin ISDP Status Quo Report. The promote land development which is within following are key policies informing the strategies outlined in the PGDS and are as follows: towards sustainability adopted in this report.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 12 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

3. ISDP SUSTAINABILITY 4. THE KEY ISSUES ARISING of heritage features and landmarks to ensure inclusion and empowerment of residents and FRAMEWORK FROM THE STATUS QUO build a strong sense of identity with Kokstad. It is important to note that most of our current The ISDP Status Quo report evaluated the modes of planning and delivering services are current situation in Kokstad and Franklin in INFRASTRUCTURE framed within the context of an old paradigm relation to the ISDP Sustainability Framework Kokstad and Franklin experience challenges that does not necessarily recognise the potential and in terms of the stories. The following around lack of basic infrastructure, degrading impacts of the current global financial crisis, statements provide a high level synopsis of the infrastructure, pollution of rivers, institutional or the realities of some of the latest climate main outcomes of the status quo report. alignment and management of service provision, science. The process of the preparation of the inability to pay for basic services and a ISDP has acknowledged that the achievement of INSTITUTIONS perception of high rates. The MSFM indicates desired outcomes is going to require quite radical budget capacity within Kokstad but there needs thinking for an emerging new paradigm. The GKM as a municipality is highly committed and very efficient at achieving their determined to be a focus on rehabilitation of infrastructure. To facilitate this shift in thinking, the ISDP goals. They are also financially sound. There is a need to recycle to minimise space processes has used a visual framework required for landfill sites, augment the fresh (Oxfam GB, 2012) that works with the idea However, some of their goals are misguided in water supply, and reduce pollution of the natural of environmental boundaries and social terms of a long-term sustainability perspective. resources. foundations, each forming an edge to the Many actions are based on standard practices doughnut, with a “safe and just space for that are not sustainable. There is also a lack of NATURAL RESOURCES humanity” situated between the two edges, overall vision within the municipality - plans are “within the doughnut”. A solid social foundation made on a project-to-project basis and are often Kokstad and Franklin have a rich abundance of will only be achieved when basic human needs reactive to outside influences. Local government unique and attractive natural resources, cultural are met for all, globally. The environmental institutions and functions are not sufficiently resources and open space amenities that could ceiling forms the outer edge of the doughnut. collaborative; they do not cooperate or work be used and enhanced to optimise the quality There are nine planetary boundaries that, if cross-functionally. and experience of the towns. However these transgressed, could push the earth system into are under threat from pollution, over extraction a new state that is no longer able to support CROSSROADS of water, erosion, land-use change and climate human and other life. change. Kokstad has an important regional role in terms The aim of the ISDP is to develop strategies of the economy, education, housing and social AGRICULTURE and plans that help to move Kokstad’s stories services making it highly dependant on regional (the essence or lifeblood of Kokstad) towards commuting and freight movement and exposed Kokstad has a very strong agricultural the safe and just space for humanity. To do this to high commuting costs and negative impacts of foundation based on milk, meat and maize requires the development of shared sustainability vehicular traffic. and this base forms a critical part of the local goals that are meaningful to all stakeholders economy. Agriculture is under threat because and contextually relevant. At the core, the TOWN it is heavily reliant on external inputs - high over-arching sustainability goal for Kokstad input, high energy, high carbon. This makes it and Franklin is to foster resilience and agility in Kokstad town has many unique and attractive vulnerable, lacking resilience, and increasingly the face of impending global climate change, qualities, with easy access to social facilities uncompetitive in global markets. energy and financial shocks and that can both and shops, and strong links to nature and meet the social foundation and stay within the surrounding farmland. However it is spatially and Opportunities exist to diversify the crop base, environmental ceiling. socially fragmented with disparities between the experiment with new crops, build small-scale ‘old’ town and the newer areas. There is a high community based projects and investigate agri- For a full explanation of the Sustainability demand for accommodation and growth in the processing. Framework, please see the Status Quo report for town. this plan. There is opportunity for future growth to build on the existing attractive qualities, making use

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 13 SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK

Fig 2. THE SAFE AND JUST SPACE FOR HUMANITY Fig 3. SOCIAL FOUNDATION

The stories for Kokstad within the safe and just space for humanity. An assessment of the ‘social foundation’ of Kokstad using the categories from the Oxfam model; each dimension is described as either critical, inadequate or adequate, according to the findings from the status quo report and feedback from the status quo workshop during May 2012. (adapted from Oxfam categories)

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5. DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES at the expense of the many. Increased equity 5.2. SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES The first industrial revolution obtained its energy results in decreased spending on prisons, predominantly from the reservoirs of the past. This section sets out the overarching guiding security enforcement, welfare, and social Fossil fuels were used that had been created development principles, the sustainability services. It also creates new potential markets. CELEBRATE DIVERSITY millions of years ago. Nuclear energy places principles, and the urban design principles that great strains and very dangerous responsibilities Inequities magnify the challenge of creating Natural systems function and flourish through have informed the strategies and plans of the on many future generations. Systems that are reliable prosperity in several ways. Those complexity. Diverse systems are strong, robust ISDP. driven using solar energy are systems that are who are marginalized may be tempted to eat and resilient. They absorb shocks well and using today’s energy without having to put the into reserves of nature and society to meet enable innovation. Mono-functional systems futures of our children and their children at risk. It 5.1. GUIDING DEVELOPMENT immediate needs, while those with abundant are vulnerable and less able to adapt in times is most certainly within the capabilities of today’s choices may seek conspicuous forms of of stress. Compared to the standard solutions PRINCIPLES technology to profitably incorporate the use of consumption which — unintentionally — have of the industrial revolution and to the uniformity and reliance on solar energy into the design of the same depleting effect. promoted through globalization, nature supports production systems. The direct capture of solar, RESILIENCE & AGILITY an almost unending abundance of variety and wind and hydro energy are possibilities. diversity. How we go about manufacturing Resilience is about the capacity to withstand INTEGRATION products and finding solutions to problems shocks and disturbances such as climate change These sustainability principles have been Integration – whether spatial, sectoral or socio- must be similarly tackled with the same flair or economic crises, and to use such events to adapted from Cradle to Cradle (http://wisle.org/ economic - is fundamental to sustainable for diversity and variety? To concentrate on catalyse renewal, novelty and innovation. It is theme). development. Segregated societies – whether only the one criterion is to create instability and about taking stock in diversity and spreading segregated by income or ethnicity - are imbalance in a wider context. the risks. Resilience thinking helps us avoid not and cannot be sustainable. At a project the trap of simply rebuilding and repairing level, sustainable projects need to ensure flawed structures of the past – be it around WASTE = FOOD integration of all development issues including economic strategies, city development plans transport, planning, economic development, The processes of every single organism in a or infrastructure management. Resilience etc. Vertical integration among the various living system contribute to the health and well- encourages us to anticipate, adapt, learn and levels of government and bodies involved in being of the system as a whole. The leaves of a transform human actions according to changes territorial governance (local, regional, national, tree, for example, its “waste”, fall to the ground that take place. private sector, civil society, etc.), and horizontal where they are broken down and become integration, among the various sectors of public nutrients for other organisms. Microbes feed off JUSTICE & EQUITY action, are also key to achieving sustainable this organic “waste” and, as a result, return many valuable nutrients to the soil that the tree can A socially just society is based on the principles development. profit from. The “waste” of one organism is thus of equality and solidarity, understands and values nutrients for another – a cyclical system. human rights, and recognizes the dignity of every human being. Social justice means that the rights By contrast, almost all of our current human- of all people in a community are considered made systems and processes are linear. They in a fair and equitable manner. While equal are throughput systems with a beginning and opportunity targets everyone in the community, an end, with resources being transformed into social justice targets the marginalised and waste at a rapid rate. To be sustainable, we disadvantaged groups of people in our society. need to work towards emulating nature’s cyclical Public policies should ensure that all people systems - to ensure that the waste produced by have equal access to education, health care, every industrial process is a resource (‘food’) for employment, and basic services. another industry. Social equity implies fair access to livelihood, education, and resources; full participation in USE RENEWABLE ENERGY the political and cultural life of the community; Our global economy runs on fossil fuels (coal, and self-determination in meeting fundamental oil, gas). These release large and unsustainable needs. Social equity is the cornerstone of quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. society, which cannot be maintained for a few

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 15 DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES | SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES GUIDING PRINCIPLES CELEBRATE DIVERSITY WASTE = FOOD USE RENEWABLE ENERGY

RESILIENCE & AGILITY Diverse systems are strong, All of our current human-made In order to keep below 2 JUSTICE & EQUITY robust and resilient. They systems and processes are degrees of global warming, we absorb shocks well and enable linear. need to urgently both increase INTEGRATION innovation. Mono-functional our energy efficiency as well systems are vulnerable and less Extract as shift to renewable energy able to adapt in times of stress. sources.

Process SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES Distribute CELEBRATE DIVERSITY

WASTE = FOOD Consume USE RENEWABLE ENERGY

Dump URBAN DESIGN & SETTLEMENT PRINCIPLES We need to promote cyclical systems where one processes’ STRUCTURE & CONNECTIVITY waste is another’s resource.

ACCESSIBILITY

SAFETY

CONSISTENCY & VARIETY

ANIMATION & LIVENESS

INCLUSIVENESS & INTEGRATION

LEGIBILITY AND SENSE OF PLACE

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5.3. URBAN DESIGN & services, facilities, employment, training and some people suffer from impaired eyesight or when they are being used. Active, safe, well- recreation, including through a choice of safe other abilities, and so require other cues to help used public spaces don’t happen by chance. SETTLEMENT PRINCIPLES and efficient transport modes (e.g. public them understand their environment. Good urban design introduces, maintains and transport, private vehicle, bicycle, walking and intensifies human activity within the public A number of key principles underpin the Safety is supported when people can see wheelchair). Accessibility also comprises of realm. Active building frontages are created by approach to the urban design and settlement potential threats, judge risks, escape if a threat convenient and dignified access to private and orienting public aspects of private land uses planning aspects of the ISDP. is perceived, seek assistance and give aid if public spaces for people with impaired mobility. toward streets and other spaces. Activities in and needed. This is supported by views into and overlooking public spaces contribute to passive STRUCTURE & CONNECTIVITY If a public environment is valued, attractive through spaces; by multiple access routes into surveillance, providing eyes on the street that and well used, then people must be able to and out of spaces; by mixed land uses that increase personal safety and help prevent crime. ‘Structure’ refers to the way an urban area is get to it and move around in it with ease. mean other people are around all the time; and Activation also extends to people on the move; physically put together – its layout, shapes Physical access combined with the ability to by windows and activities in buildings located the simple presence of people walking through of land parcels, routes of movement, street see into and understand places that cannot to overlook streets and other public spaces. urban spaces is one of the principal – if often patterns and networks of public spaces. A town be physically reached are crucial qualities of a Without denying the value of a charming surprise unacknowledged – engines of public life. is more than the sum of these parts; connections public environment. Support for different modes or vistas that unfold dramatically, logic and between the parts make a coherent, functioning of travel and communication is essential. Good predictability in design are important to support Animation involves more subtle processes. It whole. These connections are supported by access depends above all on walking, but routes our ability to interpret what we hear and see, too is concerned with the activity of a place interlinked streets, which are accessible to for bikes, prams, wheelchairs, cars and public and to reasonably anticipate what is around the and its evident social life, but intervenes in the everyone and so unite the entire town or city, transport are also important, as are connections corner. management and use of spaces rather than giving them a fundamental influence. The between them. A choice of routes is important, to only considering their built form. Comfortable Design spaces that minimise risks of personal structure of streets and other spaces and their support different modes of travel, to link different and interesting spaces support public use and – harm and support safe. interaction with local topography affect almost all destinations, to provide different experiences, sometimes – the life of a public space happens other qualities of an urban area. and to ensure the capacity to avoid lonely places of its own accord when people simply move CONSISTENCY & VARIETY A good urban structure provides a unifying at night or other temporary impediments. in and use it without waiting for an invitation. However, staged activities or other inducements setting for diverse activities and buildings and Physical access needs to be supported by Variety in an urban environment is valued, for are often necessary catalysts to prompt people allows easy access between them. It can assist confident belief that a place can be reached. intellectual and aesthetic stimulation and as an to discover and use the public realm to its fullest contact and engagement between people and People do not go where they think they cannot expression of diversity in our society. But too potential. Careful attention to the processes of this is important for a good public environment. go. Good public spaces invite freedom of access much variety is chaotic. Rigid uniformity is rarely activation and animation creates opportunities More extensive and integrated street networks and avoid implicit limits, exclusivity or coercion. tolerated but neither is anarchy. Towns need a for civic interaction and community development, provide greater connectivity, increasing potential Visual access implies direct sightlines or balance of individuality and community, of logic and contributes to the visibility and sharing of interaction, exchange and choice among cities’ unfolding views, signs or other visual cues, and and feeling, of order and random incident. In culture. inhabitants. This usually varies with the intensity being able to see other people, all of which help many cases, a town’s public realm provides of development. us to negotiate a place. Without these invitations coherence and order while countless private Stimulate activity and a sense of vitality in public Activities, traffic and buildings come and go, and reassurances, even the most comprehensive ventures introduce variety and interest. One places. but the organisation of streets and other public street system can remain uninviting. condition benefits from the other. A simple grid infrastructure is difficult to change. A good of streets could seem dull and repetitive without INCLUSIVENESS & INTERACTION Provide ease, safety and choice of access for all the accents and originality of individual buildings structure supports current activities and also people. provides the potential for changes in use and and visual cues to the activity they contain; but Provided they respect others, everyone has the a town could be hopelessly confusing without right to use and enjoy public space, regardless redevelopment. A good structure allows for SAFETY change while it itself remains stable. the unifying influence of a pattern of streets and of mobility, gender or socio-economic status. public spaces. People meet there as fellow citizens. Interaction, Design for safety is not merely about installing Organise places so their parts relate well to each even among strangers, exposes people to handrails and warning signs. A more basic Balance order and diversity in the interests of other. cultural diversity. People are entertained by concern is to create places where people appreciating both. other people. They learn from one another, can use their own natural aptitudes to keep ACCESSIBILITY increase their sophistication and tolerance, and themselves and others safe from harm. ANIMATION & LIVELINESS explore shared values. They are confronted by This requires support for human abilities of Accessibility is based on the systematic and differences, inequities and weaknesses in our perception, as well as acknowledgement that Cities and towns are intended for human use, principled enabling of equitable access to society and, while this may seem threatening, it and urban spaces are safer and more attractive

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 17 can lead to some greater understanding of their responsibilities towards fellow citizens. Meeting acquaintances gives opportunities for sharing information and other kinds of support, and it promotes community cohesion and social health. Good urban design supports this civic interaction. It ensures equity of access throughout the public environment for all people. It encourages the orientation of activities towards the public realm rather than into private enclaves. It treats citizens as the collective owners of public space, and encourages them to use it in comfort and without sanction.

Create places where all people are free to encounter each other as equals.

LEGIBILITY AND SENSE OF PLACE

‘Legibility’ concerns people’s ability to read the urban environment – to interpret what they see, to get useful information. Which streets lead through an area rather than running into a barrier? Where is it dangerous to walk? Reading is affected by legibility. As with prose, city spaces can be poorly organised or cluttered so that important information is hidden. Features with particular meanings may be used in confusing ways. A well-designed city, like good writing, needs to be intelligible to its audience, the public.

Places are valued because of the individual qualities that make them distinctive from other places – because of their character. The form and character of urban areas is an expression of our needs and aspirations. In addition to our own will, it can express our respect for nature, heritage and other people. Sense of place or the identity of a city can be closely linked to our own sense of identity; both shape each other. Urban design should understand, protect, develop and celebrate local character.

Recognise and enhance the qualities that give places legibility and a valued identity.

These urban design and settlement principles have been adapted from the Urban Design Charter for Victoria (www.dpcd.vic.gov.au).

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6. GREEN AMBASSADOR • Regular contribution to a blog communicating sustainability issues that PROGRAMME affect the Kokstad and Franklin communities – citizen journalism (www.gkm-ga.blogspot. 6.1. OVERVIEW com) As has been described in the Status Quo report, 6.3. CONSOLIDATION PHASE the Green Ambassador Programme (GAP) is an innovative initiative that forms a key part of the 6.3.1. “SEEDS OF SUSTAINABILITY” ISDP process. The purpose of the programme is to provide skills transfer and development in the MOVIES arena of sustainable development and citizen One of the main foci of the consolidation phase journalism to local youth, whilst at the same time of the Green Ambassador training was for generating information and feedback about local each green ambassador to make a minimum conditions, aspirations and culture for use by of 2 movies showcasing inspirational projects the ISDP project team and the Greater Kokstad in Kokstad, Franklin and environs that are Municipality (GKM). already examples of local sustainability. During The training programme has two parts to it: the month of July, the Green Ambassadors researched their topics and identified a range 1) The Foundation Phase training. This took of possibilities. Each idea was discussed and place over the Status Quo phase of the ISDP, as explored during the two-day Meshfield training well as at the beginning of the Strategy phase. session that took place on the 30th and 31st July 2) The Consolidation Phase training: this took 2012, with the Green Ambassadors motivating place over the Strategy Development Phase, why they thought their choices were examples Fig 4. “SEEDS OF SUSTAINABILITY” MOVIES the Development Plan phase as well as the of sustainable development. In this way, their Implementation Plan phase. knowledge of sustainability was tested. The final topics were agreed to and then the GAs went on to film and edit their movies over the months of 6.2. FOUNDATION PHASE August and September, with some fine-tuning PROGRAMME (particularly sub-titling) taking place in October. Dominique Vandenhout from the Media Academy The 3 month long foundation phase of the GA continued to provide mentoring support to the program, which was funded by the ISDP budget, GAs. commenced in April 2012 and was concluded on 21 June 2012. One of the main intentions behind the movies was to provide an entry point for Kokstad The final outputs by the Green Ambassadors for community members around the ISDP by this phase included: showing that the plan is not being produced in a • 4 household surveys about water, energy, vacuum and that there are in fact many existing food, social capital, employment and other examples of “seeds of sustainability”. The movies relevant issues were then embedded into a Google Earth image • 16 short movies about community life and of Kokstad and uploaded onto their blog site sustainability issues in Kokstad and Franklin under a tab marked “Seeds of Sustainability”. • A series of photo essays on Food Security

Fig 5. PREPARATION FOR AWARENESS RAISING SESSIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 19

6.3.2. SUSTAINABILITY TRAINING 6.3.3. GREEN AMBASSADOR BLOG

SESSIONS AND MENTORING The GAs continued to blog regularly during this Five days of Meshfield sustainability training phase, reporting on life in their town. took place during the consolidation phase. The first training session took place over two days on 6.4. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA 30th/31st July. In addition to defining and refining CONFERENCE the subject matter for the “seeds of sustainability” Fig 6. GREEN AMBASSADORS’ BLOG movies, the GAs also explored and tested their The GAs, along Mr Abongile Zimu, the IDP co- knowledge of the ISDP content that was being ordinator at the GKM, were given complimentary generated by the ISDP professional team, as tickets to attend the inaugural Sustain our Africa well as attending all the ISDP sessions that took Summit at the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town. place in Kokstad over this period. Links between The GKM covered the costs of the transport, and movie ideas, the stories that were identified in one the GAs, Lindiwe Ntaka kindly provided the the STATUS QUO report, as well as the key GAs with accommodation with her Cape Town STRATEGIES were made, and in this way, the based family. For most of the GAs, this was GA understanding of key sustainability concepts their first trip to Cape Town, and for all of them, was deepened. their first exposure to the levels of sustainability thinking offered at the SOA summit. Anna Cowen The second training session took place over of Meshfield gave a fifteen-minute presentation three days – 17-19th September 2012. Here the about the Green Ambassador Programmed focus was on revision of key concepts, as well and the ISDP. This talk can be listened to at as an in-depth reflection into “What is the Green this link: http://new.livestream.com/co-opT/ Ambassador Programme”? The GAs spent a full SustainourAfrica/videos/5266645. The GAs day exploring this question, developing a series and Mr Zimu all came up on stage at the end of of responses and translating their responses the talk, along with Mr Piet Bosman, a Kokstad into isiXhosa. They then filmed themselves based farmer and sustainability practitioner who responding to this question, and their finished has been providing essential on-the-ground movie has been posted up on their blog (on the advice and support to the GAs, during the “seeds of sustainability” map). consolidation phase. The GAs also all watched each others’ Fig 7. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA CONFERENCE movies and used these as training material in preparation for the awareness raising sessions that they will be doing with Kokstad citizens in the months of November, December and January.

Fig 8. SUSTAIN OUR AFRICA CONVFERENCE ARTICLE

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7. DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER • regulating services (ecological processes that contribute to economic production or It is important that decisions about where and THE IMPACT OF GROWTH ON savings, such as flood attenuation), STATUS QUO how Kokstad and Franklin grow is informed by MUNICIPAL FINANCES? • cultural services (value derived from use a clear understanding of the impacts of growth or appreciation of biodiversity, including Franklin The notion that development and growth will on the municipal finances and the ecosystem spiritual and educational value), increase the rates base and therefore improve 977 p services upon which Kokstad and Franklin • and supporting services (ecological the financial situation of the municipality seems depend. processes that underlie or support the 6.5du/ha to be widespread within the GKM, coupled previous services (soil fertility, pollination A set of growth scenarios has been developed with the popular belief that growth and new etc.). 47ha as a basis for comparison and to test the development is a sure way to avoid the ‘dying affordability and viability of urban expansion. town’ syndrome whereby small towns servicing Development decisions are often primarily based Three future scenarios, plus the footprint rural communities decline compared to large on financial and social criteria, despite the fact proposed in the current 2012 GKM SDF, have cities. that development often removes or transforms been tested against two sets of measurements: existing land types, thereby altering the ability However, the real costs of providing new of the landscape to provide ecosystem services. • Impacts on municipal finances infrastructure and rehabilitating existing As the natural environment and associated Kokstad • Impacts on the local eco-system services infrastructure in a scenario of high growth ecosystem services are provided for free and not 30 524 p is often not fully understood. It is possible traded, they are perceived not to have financial 7.5du/ha BACKGROUND that high levels of growth in Kokstad, when value. Consequently, trade-offs around financial unaccompanied by high levels of economic returns, jobs, and the environment are made 1 296ha During the course of the status quo analysis growth and/or the means to improve the financial with incomplete information in respect of the and stakeholder engagements conducted for operating account, may result in reduced ability real value of ecosystem services that may be the Kokstad and Franklin ISDP, it became clear to provide and rehabilitate infrastructure, and the affected or lost. So, while developments may be that there is a strong (although not unanimous) subsequent decline of the town. financially and socially feasible, the economic aspiration for Kokstad to expand and for new costs of the loss or reduction of ecosystem developments outside the urban edge to be In order to determine the potential financial services are left to the users of the services to realised. This aspiration is manifested in two implications of various growth scenarios, PDG bear. existin planning documents: was appointed in April 2012 to complete a Municipal Services Financial Model (MSFM) for • The latest SDF, which delineates an urban In order to determine the potential implications the GKM. The MSFM is a modelling tool that edge that is 11 times bigger than the for ecosystem services of various growth projects the full operating and capital accounts existing urban footprint. scenarios, Futureworks! was appointed to associated with infrastructure provision in a undertake an Eco-Futures: Ecosystem Services • The SANRAL plan (2010) for a new road municipal area over 10 years, based on a user- network south of the existing town, the Supply And Demand Assessment. The eco- defined service delivery programme. enactment of which will open up an area futures process uses a systems model to assess bigger than the entire existing urban the supply of ecosystem services (the ecological WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER component) and then assesses the demand footprint for new development on greenfield In a recent study, it was estimated sites. for these services (the social component). The THE IMPACT OF GROWTH ON that the total value of natural-products, assessment itself is a social learning process This particular aspiration for growth and ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? such as fish, water lilies, figs, umhlanga whereby a group of stakeholders populate development has prompted an exploration (reeds), thatching grass, and ibhuma the model using their own knowledge; model around whether physical growth – expansion Ecosystem services can be defined as services (craft sedge), harvested from the Pongola inputs therefore include local wisdom, expert of the urban footprint – really contributes to that are generated by the natural environment, River floodplain was worth an estimated wisdom and basic available data. The workshop economic and social development and the long- which enhance human well-being, and are R 69 million per annum. This is equivalent component of the ECO-FUTURES process was term sustainability of the town. directly used by people. In terms of the to approximately R 5,300 per annum for undertaken in a two-day workshop in Durban on Millennium Assessment, ecosystem services each of the 12,987, largely lowincome, 2 and 3 October 2012. include: households on floodplain (Lankford et al. • provisioning services (provision of goods A summary of the results of these models is 2010). such as water, food, and raw materials), provided here, and the full reports are included an appendix to this report.

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 21 DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... [0] PROPOSED SDF [1] BUSINESS AS USUAL [2] SMART GROWTH [3] SMART & SUSTAINABLE Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin 2 000 p 2 000 p 2 000 p 2 000 p 6.5du/ha 6.5du/ha 14du/ha 14du/ha

Household growth 89ha Household growth Household growth 47ha Household growth = 5.4% = 2.0% = 2.0% = 2.0%

Economic growth = Economic growth - Economic growth - Economic growth - 3.0% p.a. 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%

Kokstad Kokstad Kokstad Kokstad 110 000 p 55 000 p 55 000 p 55 000 p 7.5du/ha 7.5du/ha 14du/ha 14du/ha 4 772ha 2 367ha 1 296ha 1 296ha Conventional density & land use Conventional density & land use Compact development & Compact development & Conventional infrastructure Conventional infrastructure complementary mixed uses complementary mixed uses & technology & technology Conventional infrastructure & Sustainable infrastructure & technology technology

Scenario 1 is a model of the 2011/2012 SDF, Scenario 1 assumes a moderate population Similarly to Scenario 1, Scenario 2 assumes a Similarly to Scenario 1 and 2, Scenario 3 which, if the development parcels that are growth rate (2%), which would result in a moderate population growth rate (2%), which assumes a moderate population growth rate indicated are to be realised, assumes a very population of approximately 55’000 in 25 would result in a population of approximately (2%), which would result in a population of high household growth rate (5.4%), which years. This model assumes an economic 55’000 in 25 years, and an economic growth approximately 55’000 in 25 years, and an rate of 3%. However, instead of business-as- economic growth rate of 3%. Similarly to would result in a population of approximately growth rate of 3%, conventional land use and usual growth outside the urban edge as the Scenario 2, this model assumes ‘smart growth’, 110’000 in 25 years. This model assumes an densities, and conventional infrastructure population increases, this model tests the whereby the increase in population can be economic growth rate of 3%, conventional and technologies. It is assumed that new implications of ‘smart growth’, including higher accommodated through densification within the land use and densities, and conventional development occurs within the land parcels than usual densities and complementary urban edge, so the urban areas of Kokstad and infrastructure and technologies. In this scenario identified in the 2011/2012 SDF, and although mixed-use development. In this scenario it is Franklin remain unchanged (1,296ha and 47ha there would be a substantial increase in the less extreme than in Scenario 0, there would not necessary to develop outside the existing respectively). urban edge at all, the increase in population urban areas of Kokstad (from 1,296ha to still be a considerable increase in the urban In addition, this scenario assumes the use of can be accommodated through densification 4,979ha) and Franklin (from 47ha to 89ha). areas of Kokstad (1,296ha to 2,367ha) and sustainable infrastructure and technologies within the urban edge, so the urban areas Franklin (47ha to 89ha). at household and municipal scales of of Kokstad and Franklin remain unchanged development. The sustainable technology (1,296ha and 47ha respectively). mix considered in this final scenario includes The characteristics of smart growth include green technologies for new households and higher density, clustered activities, infill rather retrofitting of existing households (solar water than greenfield development, mixed land use, heaters, grey water recycling), small scale human scaled blocks and buildings, multi- anaerobic digestion, institutional anaerobic modal transport and land use patterns that digestion, a constructed wetland, treated support walking, cycling and public transit, and effluent used to water the golf course, PRVs emphasis on the public realm. in Shayamoya and leak repair programmes in Shayamoya.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 22 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

7.1. MUNICIPAL SERVICES green technologies on the operating account and FINANCIAL MODEL RESULTS thus uncertainties about access to internal funds. CONCLUSIONS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE REQUIRED The results of the various scenarios run using For the high growth scenarios, expenditure the MSFM for GKM demonstrate that the way in of about R1 billion over 10 years is required, which growth takes place over the next 10 years around R480 million of which will be for GKM. will have significant implications for the financial Under the more moderate growth path of performance of the municipality and its ability to Scenario 1, capital expenditure of about R750 finance capital expenditures required. million is required over 10 years, R320 million of The capital expenditure required under a high which is for GKM. growth scenario, as anticipated in the SDF, will Fig 9. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE Compact development (Scenario 2) leads only be affordable if high household growth to further capital cost savings while green is accompanied by high economic growth. technology (Scenario 3) requires capital Economic growth in excess of 5.0% p.a. is investment in the early years. required to sustain the growth anticipated in the SDF, and growth of this magnitude is OPERATING ACCOUNT PROJECTIONS very unlikely to be achievable. Under a more moderate growth path, current rates of economic The SDF scenario shows declining operating growth will result in an improvement in operating performance over the model run. This is due performance over time and capital expenditure to the fact that economic growth is insufficient should be affordable without any external to support high levels of household growth funding. under this scenario. A large proportion of capital expenditure must be used to support low income Compact development will lead to further capital households, who are typically not able to pay cost savings and also to improved operating the full cost of providing them with services. The viability. Introducing green technologies requires result is declining operating performance. capital expenditure. The impact on operating performance is uncertain: there are operating All of the other scenarios show improving cost savings, but also potentially lost revenue. Fig 10. OPERATING RESULT operating performance over time. Note that As a result, the implications for capital finance Scenario 3 is not shown, due to the uncertain are unknown. However, total capital expenditure impacts of green technologies on the operating required over 10 years is lower than that under account. a moderate growth scenario without compact development and green technologies, and so it is CAPITAL FINANCE SOURCES likely that GKM will be able to afford this capital expenditure comfortably and that no external Under the SDF scenario, significant external funding will be required. funding is required (R107 million over the 10 years). Given the poor operating performance Sound financial management is critical to GKM under this scenario, it is unlikely that it will be no matter what the growth path. All growth possible to borrow this amount, and so the scenarios run have assumes an operating surplus of 10% of revenue in the base year external funding requirement is effectively a (2011/12). If this is not realised, then some funding gap. external funding will be necessary under the Under both of the moderate growth scenarios, no moderate growth options. external funding is required. Note that Scenario Fig 11. CAPITAL FINANCE SOURCES 3 is not shown, due to the uncertain impacts of

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 23 DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS | FINANCIAL MODEL RESULTS WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... [0] PROPOSED SDF [1] BUSINESS AS USUAL [2] SMART GROWTH [3] SMART & SUSTAINABLE Capital expenditure required Capital expenditure required Capital expenditure required Capital expenditure required • Current GKM requirement approximately • Capex required is 26% lower than under • Capex required is 17% lower than • Total capex required over 10 years is equal to moderated capex budget but 10 SDF scenario and is affordable. Scenario 1 and 39% lower than SDF lower than that under Scenario 1 but x Sisonke’s current allocation to GKM. scenario. slightly higher in early years. Long term capital costs not affordable • Compact development results in capital (especially to Sisonke). cost savings (on new infrastructure).

Operating result Operating result Operating result Operating result • Declining operating performance over time • Operating position improves over time – • Operating result is fractionally better than • Financial impacts of many green tech from surplus of R20million to deficit of over surplus position is sustained. Scenario 1, but difference over 10 years options are uncertain but savings in R15million. is barely observable - some operating operating costs result (but may also result • Economic growth is able to sustain the cost savings which will increase over time in some lost revenue - very difficult to • Economic growth cannot support the household growth. period beyond 10 years. model. high level of household growth - Result is a slight downward drag on income • Increases affordability / cost savings for • Green tech results in significant cost distribution. households that are not captured in the savings to households. MSFM.

Funding mix Funding mix Funding mix Funding mix • Declining operating performance means • No external funding required. • No external funding required. • Likely that GKM will be able to afford this declining ability to generate internal funds, capex comfortably and that no external and growing need for external funding, funding will be required. borrowing unlikely thus = FUNDING GAP.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 24 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

7.2. ECO-FUTURES MODEL The reduction in the supply of Water supply and remaining natural assets with the business- rivers and wetlands, with the implementation of Waste dilution services in the SDF, Business-As- as-usual approach to development and the proposed rehabilitation programmes. The RESULTS Usual, and Smart Growth scenarios is an area management of built-up areas. implication is that it is possible to offset the loss of concern. In contrast, there is an increase in of ecosystem services resulting from a change The reduction in the supply of the Water supply CHANGES IN SUPPLY OF ECO- the supply of these services in the Sustainable in land use by improving the condition of the and Waste dilution services in the SDF and Growth scenario due to rainwater / greywater remaining natural areas, and that supply of SYSTEM SERVICES IN FUTURE Business-As-Usual scenarios is an area of harvesting. The implication is that in order to selected services can be increased through the concern. SCENARIOS FOR KOKSTAD avoid losses in welfare, the capability of the rehabilitation of the land cover types which have Kokstad has a very high capability to provide settlement areas to provide these services, There is an increase in supply of all ecosystem the highest capability to provide those particular Flood attenuation, Conservation targets, and should be increased through the use of rainwater services in the Smart Growth (9% increase) services. Carbon storage services. While there are a / greywater harvesting technologies. and Sustainable Growth (12% increase) relatively large number of beneficiaries that scenarios, including the vulnerable services of benefit from the provision of these services, their CHANGES IN SUPPLY OF ECO- water supply and waste dilution. This increase dependence on the supply of these services is SYSTEM SERVICES IN FUTURE is driven by an improvement in the condition of the remaining natural assets, particularly the relatively moderate. SCENARIOS FOR FRANKLIN Kokstad has a high capability to provide Water supply regulation, Waste assimilation, and Soil Franklin has a very high capability to provide stability services. While there are a relatively Knowledge generation, Refuge (plants & moderate number of beneficiaries that benefit animals), and Food (plants & animals) services. from the provision of these services, their There is however a relatively low number of dependence on the supply of these services is users and low levels of dependence of the relatively high. Kokstad has a very low capability provision of these services. to provide Water supply and Waste dilution Franklin has a high capability to provide Flood services. While there are a relatively moderate attenuation, Water supply regulation, and number of users that benefit from the provision Waste assimilation services. While there are a of these services, their dependence on the relatively moderate number of beneficiaries that supply of these services is relatively high. The benefit from the provision of these services, their implication is that any losses in the supply of dependence on the supply of these services is these services can result in significant impacts relatively high. Franklin has a very low capability on the welfare of users of these services. to provide Water supply and Waste dilution There is a decrease in the supply of services services. While there are a relatively moderate Fig 12. KOKSTAD’S ECOSYSTEM SERVICES number of beneficiaries that benefit from the from current levels in all the scenarios. These Supply levels in the different scenarios decreases are largely driven by the change provision of these services, their dependence in land use from natural areas, which have a on the supply of these services is relatively high. high capability to supply ecosystem services, The implication is that any losses in the supply to urban areas, which have a low capability to of these services can result in significant impacts supply ecosystem services. The decrease in the on the welfare of users of these services. average service supply levels is the greatest in There is a decrease in supply of all ecosystem the SDF scenario (43% decrease), followed by services in the SDF scenario (43% decrease) the Business-As-Usual scenario (34% decrease), and the Business-As-Usual scenario (34% and the Smart Growth scenario (24% decrease). decrease). The reduction in the supply of The implication is that built infrastructure will services is the result of a change in land use be required to provide the services that were from natural areas, which have a high capability previously generated by the ‘green infrastructure’ to supply ecosystem services, to urban areas, of nature, which has cost implications. which have a low capability to supply ecosystem Fig 13. FRANKLIN’S ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY LEVELS IN THE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS services, and the decrease in condition of the Supply levels in the different scenarios

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 25 DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS | ECO-FUTURES MODEL RESULTS WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... WHAT IF... [0] PROPOSED SDF [1] BUSINESS AS USUAL [2] SMART GROWTH [3] SMART & SUSTAINABLE

Kokstad: Kokstad: Kokstad: Kokstad: • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem services of 43% services of 34% services of 24% services • Built infrastructure will be required to • Built infrastructure will be required to • Built infrastructure will be required to • Built infrastructure will be required to replace the decrease in ecosystem replace the decrease in ecosystem replace the decrease in ecosystem replace the decrease in ecosystem services services services services • Reduction in supply of water supply and • Reduction in supply of water supply and • Reduction in supply of water and waste • Increase in supply of water and waste waste dilution services a concern for waste dilution services a concern for dilution services a concern for welfare of dilution services compared to other welfare of users welfare of users users scenarios due to rainwater / greywater harvesting, thereby avoiding losses in Franklin: Franklin: Franklin: welfare of users • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem • Decrease in average supply of ecosystem • Increase in average supply of ecosystem Franklin: services of 43% services of 34% services of 9% • Increase in average supply of ecosystem • Reduction in supply of water supply and • Reduction in supply of water supply and • Increase in supply of water and waste services of 12% waste dilution services a concern for waste dilution services a concern for dilution services driven by improvement welfare of users welfare of users in the condition of remaining natural • Increase in supply of water and waste assets, particularly rivers and wetlands, dilution services driven by improvement with the implementation of rehabilitation in the condition of remaining natural programmes

The radargraphs present the changes in the supply of ecosystem services generated by the natural assets within the urban edges of Kokstad and Franklin in the different scenarios. In these figures, the changes in level of service supplied are presented as a factor of the status-quo (i.e. in relation to the current situation). The following are important points to note: • The current level of supply of ecosystem services is represented by the red line. Its value is 1. • If the supply level of a particular service is on the inside of the red line, then that service is supplied at levels lower than it is today (i.e. <1). • If the supply level of a particular service is on the outside of the red line, then that service is supplied at levels greater than it is today (i.e. >1). • The further from the red line, the greater or smaller the levels of service supply in Fig 14. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY LEVELS IN THE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS comparison to today’s levels. In relation to the current situation (Kokstad - left - and Franklin - right).

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 26 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

8. ISDP STRATEGIC OUTCOMES & 8.2. THE 5 MAIN STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES This report proposes 5 strategies twoards the It is essential that the strategies for the ISDP are achievement of the overall outcome statement. focused and directed by a clear goal rather than Each of the proposed strategies draw on leading a long shopping list of everyone’s pet projects. edge sustainability theory and successful An outcomes-based approach has been used to practical application in many different, yet ensure that the selected strategies will contribute relevant contexts. They are viewed as part of an to achieving results that are in everyone’s integrated whole, gaining strength and durability interests. through their complementary interactions. Working together, they provide a focus for plans and project that can create a SAFE and JUST 8.1. DESIRED OUTCOME FOR Kokstad and Franklin that is: KOKSTAD AND FRANKLIN • living within the environmental limits of a finite planet A working statement of the desired outcome of the ISDP has been developed. This tries to • underpinned by a strong social foundation distil the key policy and stakeholder sentiments • where human needs are being met in an encountered in the project. It reads as follows: equitable way.

Future Kokstad and Franklin are safe and The 5 main strategies identified for Kokstad and just with a strong social foundation where Franklin are: poverty and inequality is eradicated and all 1. Localise human needs are met, in dynamic balance with the finite environmental resource base 2. Develop, Contain and Safeguard that supports all life. 3. Develop Skills and Promote Innovation 4. Diversify and Intensify 5. Promote Access, Identity and Integration

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 27 STRATEGIC OUTCOMES & STRATEGIES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

Future Kokstad & Appropriate skills development for Franklin are all the people safe and just of Kokstad Kokstad and and Franklin is The people of with a strong social Franklin grow prioritised. Access Kokstad and Kokstad and STRATEGIC OUTCOMES within their to information Franklin are lively Franklin are foundation where Kokstad and resource limits and technology and interesting proud to belong Franklin’s and the negative for sustainable with a wide range and there is poverty and inequality economies are consequences of development of economic and equitable and resilient and development are is easy and social choices and affordable access is eradicated and localised. contained. affordable. opportunities. to opportunity.

all human needs STRATEGIES are met, in dynamic 1. LOCALISE 2. DEVELOP, 3. DEVELOP 4. DIVERSIFY 5. PROMOTE balance with the CONTAIN AND SKILLS AND AND INTENSIFY ACCESS, Localise markets, SAFEGUARD PROMOTE IDENTITY AND finite environmental businesses, INNOVATION Increase the INTEGRATION building, range, mix and resource base that agriculture, Grow within available resource intensity of industries and Make Kokstad a opportunity, Promote Kokstad supports all life. technologies and limits, and centre of skills and Franklin as ensure access to accommodation, skills to build development services and places with a a strong and resources for the and innovation strong, united poor. Contain the amenities, and equitable local in sustainable entertainment in sense of identity. economy that negative impacts development, Build a new heart of development Kokstad, making reduces poverty, is sustainable Kokstad a livelier for “one Kokstad” resilient to energy and settlement agriculture, to promote a to protect the place with and price shocks, and the green increased choice sense of belonging diminishing natural resource economy, with and to integrate and agricultural and diversity for resources and high quality everyone. the town. climate change. base of Kokstad affordable access Ensure equitable and Franklin to information, access to and optimise training and opportunities and ecosystem technology. services. Inspire services potential involvement in for all. civic ‘projects’ by all segments of the population.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 28 KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

INSTITUTIONS

PART II CROSSROADS STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT TOWN & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 29

and an outline of critical project/programme part of a larger initiative to set up a new space 9. THE STORIES CROSSROADS alignments. The programme matrix or table is of communication and cooperation between This chapter outlines the strategies, development made up of the constituent projects that would the municipality and citizens, and to overhaul plan component and implementation TOWN support the overall programme (a number of municipal policies, bylaws, and other regulatory programmes for each of the stories. As in the projects are cross-cutting, but they have been mechanisms (like the zoning scheme) to align with the principles and goals of the ISDP, and Status Quo report, the ‘Institutions’ story is INFRASTRUCTURE located within the programme/story that accords considered as the foundation of the other stories. most closely with their purpose). The table as such are summarised in the Institutions provides a high level project description and “at Programme. Each story is introduced by the following: INSTITUTIONS NATURAL RESOURCES a glance” summaries of the proposed projects Key catalytic projects driving individual • A status quo statement briefly summarising including: the findings from the Status Quo report programmes and the plan as a whole are AGRICULTURE • the stage that the project is at (some indicated on the Programme Matrix as Priority • An outcome statement, providing an over- projects are current projects that have been Projects. Since the full range of projects within arching vision for the story to work towards brought into the implementation plan); each programme cannot be fully implemented • Indicators by which the successes of each • the agency responsible for implementation over the short term, Priority Projects are those story can be measured (in this way a Programme Manager will that are suitable for immediate implementation • Policy directives informing the story have easy reference to all project managers and/or critical for driving the success of others. strategies both within and outside the GKM and the These are also the projects that will serve as Implementation Programme then becomes learning experiences for multi-disciplinary, multi- The strategies for the story are then stated and a tool for inter-governmental cooperation, agency and integrated facilities planning and illustrated, leading to the Development Plan, programme coordination and so on); delivery, and will benefit the largest number of which is again broken down into sub-stories • related projects (highlighting linkages people. that match specific spheres of action. Each sub- between projects); story is expanded on according to the following • project duration indicating how long the headings: various steps in project implementation • Rationale, Principles and Approach could be expected to take once the project Explains what challenges it aims to address is initiated (enabling proper budgeting, and what the proposals set out to achieve. to support funding applications as well It outlines the approach (the underlying as manage unrealistic expectations with professional philosophy) that has been respect to achievable timeframes); taken to achieve these aims. • a project owner; • The Plan and Key Proposals • the estimated project budget; This section describes the plan itself and • potential funding sources. unpacks and highlights particular proposals within the plan to contextualise and provide Supporting institutional, policy and legislative background to the projects. initiatives are listed for each programme on the left-hand table. These are generally cross-cutting • Development and Urban Design Guidelines subsets of overall initiatives that have to happen Guidelines indicating how to achieve aims at an organisational level to promote the goals of the plan. of the ISDP and integrate its logic into the basic At the end of each set of substories, the operations of the municipality. These include: implementation plan is presented for the • Communication, Partnership and story as a whole, in the form of a Programme Engagement Matrix (each story has between one and three • Policy, Incentives and Guidelines programmes). • Bylaws and Zoning Scheme Amendments Each programme is introduced by an overall description and a statement of its aims, the While they are unpacked in the matrix at the Fig 15. THE STORIES WITH INSTITUTIONS AS background policy context and/or framework, level of each programme, together they will form FOUNDATION

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 30 INSTITUTIONS ENABLING ENABLING INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS CROSSROADS

INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Number of personnel with key result areas in their performance Local government institutions KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? agreements that relate to the ISDP and the proportion of their

TOWN time dedicated to its implementation. and functions are not sufficiently • A specialist capacity is created within • Number of meetings held each quarter by the cross-functional collaborative and need to cooperate and the GKM tasked with promoting and ISDP implementation structure. work cross-functionally to achieve the • The number of conflicts within and between the various supporting the implementation of the planning frameworks. complex and challenging results required ISDP. • The number of formal agreements (contracts, MoUs etc) for the implementation of the ISDP. between the GKM and others facilitated by the specialist • The GKM has the authentic ability to facilitating entity. implement participatory, transversal

INFRASTRUCTURE and collaborative projects across its internal functional areas. • There is a visible, clear and direct correlation or alignment between the ISDP and other planning frameworks NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES including the IDP in particular. • A specialist entity dedicated to facilitating and entering into sustainability oriented partnerships is created. AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 31

9.1. INSTITUTIONS The legislation promotes a more strategic establishment of IG forums and provides possibilities presented by technology or social approach to financial management, a basic framework for the settlement of IG networking. This story is primarily concerned with the linking the municipal budget, the IDP and disputes. With the increased formalisation in relationship between the GKM and other spheres resources. It also advocates a separation of the regulatory environment, there is a shift Efforts to reach out to stakeholders and of government, as well as the relationships oversight, fiduciary, operational and other of emphasis to IG instruments facilitating the communities are not adequate and do not between the GKM, business, civil society and responsibilities of the various stakeholders effective practice of IGR. create the necessary sense of inclusion or individual citizens. The current situation, in which in order to develop more operational responsiveness. Advocacy efforts are muted and accountability. Operational efficiency is there is limited interaction and little collaborative STATUS QUO CONTEXT: delayed, with local and provincial government improved as managers have the authority work, should change into one characterised by speaking to communities without authentically to run their operations, subject to clear GKM at present has a limited strategic and listening or incorporating what is said in plans partnerships and cooperation. statements of policy and strategy. operational policy making capacity. Its plans and programmes. 9.1.1. POLICY DIRECTION • The Municipal Structures Act of 1998 (as have a very limited transversal or integrated amended in 2000) set out a standard component and tend to be overly financially STRATEGIC FOCUS: INFORMING INSTITUTIONAL AND division of powers which allocated to district oriented without enough attention to the GOVERNANCE SUPPORT municipalities key areas such as water, performance dimension. GKM’s approach The focus is to build the GKM’s ability to enter sanitation, bulk electricity, municipal health to local regulations focuses on enforcement into and deliver on partnerships, which will be Key policies and acts that inform this plan are: services and other functions servicing and regulation that stifles local innovation a very challenging task, given the prevailing the entire district (such as fire-fighting, • The Constitution binds all spheres of practices and its constraining policy framework. passenger transport, markets, promotion of and creativity. While the GKM is in a relatively government and organs of state in each tourism etc). The remaining functions were good position from a financial perspective, it An important requirement is to create specialist sphere of government to three basic assigned to local municipalities. urgently needs to be directing resources at the capacities that will firstly take responsibility for principles: maintenance of its infrastructure. driving the implementation of the ISDP and • In compliance with the basic constitutional -- A common loyalty to the Republic as a secondly to act as a facilitator of partnerships provisions and requirements in respect whole. This mean that all spheres are The GKM’s tendency to separate work functions of municipal service provision, the with external stakeholders. As part of this overall committed to secure the well-being of into separate and distinct units that communicate Local Government: Municipal Systems approach, GKM needs to be identifying ways the people of the Republic and, to that and collaborate across functions inadequately is Act determines specific duties and in which it can reduce its dependence on other end, must provide effective, transparent, a major concern. Also, it does not successfully requirements for all municipalities, which spheres of government, especially with regard accountable and coherent government for collaborate with its local stakeholders effectively, must be complied with. As a general duty, to its relationship to the Sisonke District Council the Republic as a whole. leading to charges that it is aloof and distant. The a municipality must give effect to the regarding water and sanitation and the provincial - Sisonke District Council’s poor performance in - The distinctiveness of the spheres should provisions of the Constitution and must: government regarding roads. be respected. A sphere must remain the management of Kokstad’s water supply and -- give priority to the basic needs of the local within its constitutional mandate, and the Province’s equally problematic performance community 9.1.2. INSTITUTIONS AND when exercising those powers, must not in the management of its roads are major - do so in a manner that encroaches on the - promote the development of the local stumbling blocks. The GKM invests resources in GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT PLAN community geographical, functional or institutional the development of its human capital but it is not integrity of another sphere, except where -- ensure that all members of the local clear that enough of a return is being achieved RATIONALE AND APPROACH specifically directed otherwise. community have access to at least the on this significant investment. -- The spheres of government must take minimum level of basic services Kokstad’s currently has a major advantage in From a performance measurement and concrete steps to realise cooperative • It requires that municipal services are that it serves as an important service centre, management perspective the GKM has government by fostering friendly relations; equitable and accessible; provided in providing government and private services to assisting and supporting one another; a manner that is conducive to prudent, significant room for improvement: the indicators a range of service users. It has successfully informing one another of, and consulting economic, efficient and effective use of used to assess performance are largely generic managed to retain its effective character and it is one another on, matters of common available resources and the improvement of and insufficiently customised to the specific widely regarded as a functional, well-performing interest; coordinating their actions and standards and quality over time; financially local context and management responses to community. legislation with one another; and adhering sustainable; environmentally sustainable; reports are muted and often altogether silent. to agreed procedures. regularly reviewed with a view to upgrading, Information is not managed well within the However, there are limits to its control and • The Municipal Financial Management extension and improvement. municipality itself and the silo-based approach autonomy in important areas that affect its ability to ensure its sustainability. The aim is to build Act (MFMA) emphasises accountability, • The Intergovernmental Relations to its dissemination exacerbates the problem. oversight and transparency, and there Framework Act (IGRFA) of 2005 sketches Kokstad’s ability to generate, manage and strong, purposeful partnerships and collaborate will be more clarity over roles and out a broad statutory framework for disseminate knowledge does not harness the with other towns in order to build on competitive responsibilities of municipal councils. the practice of IGR, provides for the regional advantages. This has been shown to

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be at the heart of global success stories for stakeholders, since overcoming the silo- • Work plans need to be integrated around implementation which should have both sustainable human settlements of all sizes. nature of so many development institutions clearly defined outcomes and coordination statistical or quantitative and qualitative or Kokstad should be making the most of its own has proved such a major challenge. and integration needs to be a standard case-based components. Such capacity operating practice. Clear, distinct and should have a central dimension – likely to particular advantages while working closely • Implementing the ISDP requires that dedicated capacity to make cross functional be best placed within the GKM – but should with its neighbouring communities, towns and the GKM be able to make the kinds of ENABLING ENABLING operations a standard practice must be also have decentralised components, in INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS cities on the basis of cooperative relationships of by-laws and regulations that will drive in place, and should have the necessary order to ensure that the social periphery is mutual benefit. change, support innovation and promote political and senior support. properly represented. dynamism. In practice, this will really mean Kokstad should be undertaking cross cutting knowing which current practices need • Collaboration and cooperation should • The ability to communicate both ways (i.e. interventions in partnership with nearby towns to be eased up on and which should be be standard and integrated not only to and from government) and between other such as Port Shepstone and Mthatha (more on driven rigorously. Finding the right balance into operations within local government, stakeholders will be essential for effective this in Crossroads 1: Developing the Region). between rigour and accommodation is a but should also be characteristic of its sustainable development. Communication In practice, developing such partnerships difficult challenge which will require that the relationships with other local stakeholders. needs to be in real-time and what is heard will be very challenging, since they need to parties responsible be finely attuned to local Non-government actors should also have needs to be seen to be systematically and

CROSSROADS dynamics and responsive to feedback. a general practice of open networked deliberately incorporated into development cross provincial boundaries, in the case of relationships that support the formation of processes. Mthatha, while a number of political and cultural • Responsiveness to feedback requires ongoing, results oriented partnerships and the conscious and deliberate building challenges will also need to be overcome. projects. of feedback loops within regulatory and PRINCIPLES Specifically, GKM should: management systems, a key characteristic • The key to developing responsive, flexible, • Alignment between all the planning of the ability to manage complexity. learning organisations is effective human • Build its internal ability to conceptualise frameworks adopted by the GKM must be resource development and of all possible high-level policy (within the specific • It is not necessarily desirable for the ensured, both at the level of values and options Kokstad really needs to prioritise TOWN terrains for which it is responsible) as implementation of the ISDP that the GKM be principles as well as in more practical ways. this area of activity. well as improve its implementation policy, able to generate new forms of income, but • Explicit efforts should be made to encourage meaning developing clear ideas on how to it is essential that it become better at taking • Kokstad needs to be in a position where transversal, collaborative service delivery set about implementing the complex and a long term perspective and approach to it has improved its own management that overcomes the institutional divisions challenging tasks that need to be completed its decision making, in particular around performance, particularly with regards to created by the GKM’s institutional set up. if sustainability is to be addressed. An the allocation of its existing income. The planning and reporting and has ensured that important component of this policy making priority here is for GKM to be more flexible an acceptable rate of return is achieved on • All development planning undertaken capacity that needs to be built is the ability and thoughtful with regard to apportioning every capacity development initiative that by GKM must explicitly seek to build to identify what trade-offs need to be made funds between capital and maintenance line gets implemented. partnerships with other government bodies, and to provide spaces or arenas in which items. GKM should also have creative and civil society groups and the private sector. • Kokstad also wants to be in a position affected parties can meet to negotiate and effective approaches to incentivising desired where all information and knowledge • GKM should seek to build a culture of

INFRASTRUCTURE reach agreement on how to mitigate losses behaviours and to penalising those that it is generated by monitoring and evaluation cooperation and collaboration in order to and manage the negative consequences of agreed are unwanted. processes has clear management increase institutional resilience necessary but potentially painful choices. • Successful implementation of the ISDP responses and that performance failures • Management systems should have a long- • The implementation of the ISDP requires will require that GKM’s budgeting become are addressed appropriately and speedily term orientation that is more concerned with that the GKM and its partners develop a more authentically participatory and so that remedial actions are successful effectiveness than the current efficiency- clear sense of the physical space in which inclusive and that the entire process and effective. The current approach in based perspective. it works and of the whole complex range of provide more opportunities for public which information gathered from quarterly

NATURAL NATURAL dynamics that affect and shape it, including participation. The GKM also needs to reporting processes is not acted upon RESOURCES how the system interacts to accommodate become more comfortable in allocating should be addressed. THE PLAN AND KEY PROPOSALS or repel change. Ideas of how push- resources to making its local democracy • For successful implementation of the • Build policy analysis capacity within the back against certain interventions can be thrive: this means allocating resources to ISDP, Kokstad’s development partners MM’s Office. This capacity could either managed need to be debated and solutions innovative interventions such as the Green need a clear, shared sense of what they take the form of a dedicated post (or agreed upon. It is particularly important Ambassadors, since they enhance the need to learn, how that knowledge should posts) or could (more creatively) involve that plan making capacity have the ability local democratic machinery and strengthen be collected and how to share and apply the in- or out-sourcing of capacity through to conceive of and implement integrated the voice of marginalised people and it. This consensus on the overarching a partnership arrangement with another solutions that involve a number of different communities. approach to knowledge and information institution, academic or non-profit. functional components within different management should be supported by AGRICULTURE a clear and dedicated capacity to its

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• Enhance and increase the capacity of the -- Culture change, which will involve Town and Regional Planning component undertaking research to understand of the GKM and encourage other key the current culture of the GKM and to stakeholders, particularly the Chamber of identify processes and structures that can Business to commission and fund research assist in making it more developmental, and related projects that contribute to progressive and inclusive. (All four change improvements in this regard. Include this management components would need to area of work within the scope of the Policy interact with one another for maximum Analysis component in the MM’s Office effectiveness and could be an initiative proposed above. undertaken over a number of years.) • Investigate the possibility of having some • The creation of a knowledge or information policy related work outsourced to local centre that would both facilitate learning organisations and representative bodes to and house evidence collected through ensure their voice is also heard and their research, analysis and monitoring and interests represented. evaluation processes. Such a facility should have both a knowledge generation • A systematic and thorough review and a dissemination function, and its of all existing regulations should be communication strategies should be geared commissioned from an independent, towards the provision of feedback loops and unaffiliated specialist and recommendations ensuring that Voice is provided to sectors made on what needs to be added, removed that are traditionally marginalised and and changed. A long-term agenda in this excluded. regard should form part of the IDP and the ISDP. • Capacity to engage with and consult communities needs to be built. This should • GKM should have a public process to draw on the Green Ambassador experience assist with the development of its own and could, for example, involve scaling the fiscal and financial model in which the programme up so that it better represents source of resources and the proportion of the full diversity present in Kokstad. Other resources to be allocated to specific issues sectors of the Kokstad community should is clearly stated. The performance of this also be prevailed upon to find advocacy model should be reviewed and it should be mechanisms and systems. adjusted every five years. • The GKM should consider the possibility of undertaking a comprehensive change management or transformation programme that has four distinct components: -- Re-engineering of all appropriate products and their underlying business processes -- Re-organisation, involving the reconfiguration of the GKM to meet the revised developmental needs of the Council in order to achieve its IDP and ISDP goals -- Performance management, involving the implementation of a number of interventions that seek to understand the reasons for performance levels and to improve the current situation and

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 34 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN 9.1.3. PROGRAMME 0: ENABLING A key element of this programme is also to ensure that the ‘rules’ by which the municipality INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS operates are changed to promote and enforce PROGRAMME compliance with the ISDP and the ISDP programme. To this end, the following areas will ENABLING ENABLING This programme is cross cutting. There are INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS be addressed in each programme: overarching Institutional amd Governance interventions as well as enabling institutional • policies, incentives and guidelines, interventions for each of the other programmes, • bylaws and zoning scheme, bylaws, and other regulatory mechanisms (like • communication, partnership and ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS the zoning scheme) to align with the principles engagement. and goals of the ISDP. Supporting institutional, COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS These culminate as three single interventions PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME policy and legislative initiatives are listed for each & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS programme. These are generally cross-cutting under the Enabling Institutional Interventions CROSSROADS subsets of overall initiatives that have to happen Programme. DESCRIPTION 1. Establish an ISDP 1. Develop guidelines 1. Institute a wall-to- at an organisational level to promote the goals Stakeholder Forum and incentive wall zoning scheme of the ISDP and integrate its logic into the basic where Development schemes across that is up-to-date with operations of the municipality. These include: Charter signatories (civil GKM Departments to the latest legislation society, local business encourage development and ensure that zoning • Communication, Partnership and and government) that is in line with the scheme aligns with the Engagement can network, share ISDP. intents of the ISDP. ideas, and hold each (Specific zoning scheme 2. Review policies TOWN • Policy, Incentives and Guidelines other accountable for amendments are the progress of the that conflict with ISDP unpacked in subsidiary • Bylaws and Zoning Scheme Amendments ISDP and subsidiary aims. (For example programmes of the programmes. regulations, laws and ISDP.) While they are unpacked in the matrix at the policies that favour the 2. Partner with NGO’s formal economy and level of each programme, together they will form e.g. Yondlabantu through disadvantage informal part of a larger initiative to set up a new space co-funding projects to builders and workers.) optimise benefits and of communication and cooperation between stakeholder involvement the municipality and citizens, and to overhaul municipal policies

The aim of this programme is to make sure that

INFRASTRUCTURE the essential institutional changes are made to ensure that the preconditions for success for the ISDP programmes are met. Key measures in this regard are the establishment of a Management Unit to implement and monitor the ISDP, to ensure that all sectors and spheres of government comply with and propagate the NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES principles and proposals of the ISDP, and to build capacity around climate change mitigation and adaptation, maintenance of municipal infrastructure, and building a low carbon DURATION Short term economy. In addition, it is proposed that the Green Ambassador programme is continued into APPROX. BUDGET the future to serve as a key interface between the municipality and civil society, especially in FUNDING SOURCE educating the next generation. AGRICULTURE

Matrix.1. PROGRAMME 0: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

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PRIORITY PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS A) ISDP: B) CLOSE THE C) GKM D) MUNICIPAL E) CLIMATE F) GREEN G) NAME PARTNERSHIP & INCENTIVES & AND ZONING PROGRAMME INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE CHANGE AMBASSADOR PARTNERSHIPS ENGAGEMENT GUIDELINES SCHEME MANAGEMENT LOOPS BUILDING MAINTENANCE MITIGATION & PROGRAMME FOR AMENDMENTS UNIT AND MANAGEMENT ADAPTATION SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVE STRATEGIES & LOW CARBON ECONOMY INITIATIVE

PROJECT 1. Establish an 1. Develop 1. Institute a 1. Set up a 1. Build on the 1. Develop and 1. Pilot innovative 1. Commission 1. Develop the 1. Identify DESCRIPTION ISDP Stakeholder guidelines wall-to-wall cross-sectoral Sustainability commit to an sustainable Climate Change skills of the potential strategic Forum where and incentive zoning scheme programme Charter and ongoing capacity- management Mitigation and current Green partners from Development schemes that is up-to- management develop ISDP building project and maintenance Adaptation Ambassadors business, civil Charter signatories across GKM date with the unit to champion performance for municipal programmes strategies for as well as train society or (civil society, Departments latest legislation and co-ordinate objectives for staff as well for municipal Kokstad and new Green NGO sector to local business to encourage and ensure that the ISDP all relevant as civil society infrastructure: Franklin. Use Ambassadors on work towards and government) development that zoning scheme Implementation: departments. organisations, the Climate a regular basis to sustainability can network, is in line with the aligns with the especially ISDP a. Explore Change Toolkit, raise awareness goals and a low share ideas, and ISDP. intents of the a. Assign 2. Integrate the programme and opportunities for and the Risk and in communities carbon economy. hold each other ISDP. (Specific programme ISDP with the next project managers, community-based Vulnerability Atlas around accountable for 2. Review policies zoning scheme managers IDP review. and community management as tools. Sustainable 2. Set up a the progress of the that conflict amendments to ISDP leaders. initiatives Development, Corporate Social with ISDP aims. programmes, who 3. Set up Investment ISDP and subsidiary are unpacked mechanisms for b. Build partnerships to provide programmes. (For example in subsidiary in turn assign 2. Allocate annual monitoring Network to link regulations, laws project managers co-ordination with ISDP capacity- with District businesses programmes of other relevant and Parastatals and evaluation 2. Partner with and policies that the ISDP.) to ISDP projects. building budget of the ISDP, (especially NGO’s e.g. favour the formal spheres of for training and to coordinate national chains) b. Allocate government. management and to document Yondlabantu economy and awareness- existing and new with local through co- disadvantage dedicated annual raising on the maintenance enterprises ISDP capital 4. Lobby for sustainability funding projects to informal builders commitment green economy, initiatives and to which meet ISDP optimise benefits and workers.) and operating climate change sustainability budgets for cross- to supporting mentor youth in and stakeholder ISDP initiatives and sustainable the region. goals to retain involvement cutting project development. money in the local implementation. at every level of government. economy E.g. allocation of EPWP funding, buying ‘Farming for the Future ‘ produce for hospital kitchens.

PROJECT Initiation and PIP: Project STAGE: set up Implementation Phase

AGENCY ISDP PMU GKM Spatial GKM Spatial ISDP Steering ISDP PMU ISDP PMU Municipal Mananger ISDP PMU ISDP PMU (PROVISIONAL) Planning and Planning Dept. Committee LUMS Dept.

PROJECT Abongile Zimu Kobus Marais Kobus Marais Abongile Zimu Abongile Zimu Abongile Zimu Abongile Zimu Abongile Zimu CONTACT / Samora / Samora Madikizela Madikizela

PROJECT Short term Ongoing DURATION

Matrix.2. PROGRAMME 0: ENABLING INSTITUTIONS PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 36 CROSSROADS ENABLING INSTITUTIONS CROSSROADS CROSSROADS

INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Value of locally produced building materials in Rand Kokstad has KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? • Percentage of people who take pride in their town in survey TOWN area an important regional role in terms of Kokstad has a vibrant and resilient, • Percentage of household expenditure spent on transport the economy, education, housing and low carbon economy that has built • Percentage of ‘cost of business’ spent on transport and freight. social services. However, it is dependent independence from expensive fossil • Number of people in survey area with a tertiary education on regional commuting and freight fuel based energy. It is an attractive, qualification • Average monthly rental / average house prices as a proportion movement, making it highly vulnerable affordable place to live and work, with of household income to predicted future energy shocks (fuel a skilled population and efficient public • Reduction in proportion of households dependent on social price increases and breaks in supply). transport connections to and from the grants INFRASTRUCTURE • Number of business owners or people in full time employment broader region. who permanently reside in the area NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

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9.2. CROSSROADS • The Strategic Plan for South African have safer public transport services for Agriculture acknowledges the diversity passengers , and to formalise and regulate Economic localisation means 9.2.1. POLICY ALIGNMENT of the sector and aims to ensure a place the taxi industry, and recapitalise the bringing economic activity closer to and role for all farmers in a united sector, minibus-taxi fleet. home – supporting local economies and Key policies and acts that inform this plan are: including small, medium and large communities rather than huge, distant • The National LED Framework (2006 - enterprises and historically disadvantaged corporations. It means a smaller gap 2011) takes a strategic approach to the • The Energy White Paper (1998) aims groups. Its key strategies are to ensure between rich and poor and closer contact development of local economies with a to address energy requirements of the equitable access and participation, to between producers and consumers. This shift away from narrow municipal interests poor; enhance the competitiveness of remain globally competitive, and to manage translates into greater social cohesion: focussed only on government inputs into the economy by provision of low cost, resources sustainably. a recent study found that shoppers at high quality energy inputs to industrial, ad-hoc projects. It also re-emphasises the farmers’ markets had ten times more mining and other sectors; and achieve • The National Climate Change Response importance of innovation, collaboration, conversations than people in supermarkets. environmental sustainability of natural white paper (NCCR) (October 2011) knowledge transfer and networking within resources. “presents the SA Government’s vision for economic clustering. an effective climate change response and • The Integrated Resource Plan for South the long-term, just transition to a climate- Africa (2010) directs the expansion of the resilient and lower carbon economy and electricity supply over the given period and society”. The strategic intentions of a “Economic development in aims to ensure sustainable development, localised economy – consumer goods, the green economy through taking into account technical, economic and food, energy, manufacturing, building - social constraints as well as externalities. promotion of localisation, coupled with innovation around improved youth employment, transportation options contribute to a more • The New Growth Path (2010) is a broad cooperatives and skills policy framework to guide economic climate resilient and low carbon growth reconstruction and development by path. development” Green Economy Accord identifying key economic sectors for special • The National Transport Vision requires programs of interventions to promote the government to “provide safe, reliable, Green Economy. effective, efficient and fully integrated “A long-term, just transition • The Green Economy Accord (2011) transport operations and infrastructure to a climate-resilient and identifies nine key focus areas in the which will best meet the needs of freight lower carbon economy and Photo 1. LOCALISE INITIATIVE IN THE USA green economy that could create jobs and passenger customers at improving society” and additionally address climate change levels of service and cost, in a fashion Climate Change Response concerns helping to meet South Africa’s which supports government strategies for commitments to mitigation. It was signed economic and social development whilst Paper by government, labour and business and being environmentally and economically makes twelve commitments to developing sustainable” “Targeting investment in rural the green economy. • The Sisonke District Municipality Public development nodes to provide • The 2011 KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth Transport Plan (PTP) Review recognises livelihoods, infrastructure, and Development Strategy (KZN PGDS) the significant change in transport policy, irrigation, electricity, focuses on increased use of productive and shifts in focus from infrastructure telecommunications, land, alternative energy generation, development to public transport. In addition, transportation, training and management of pressures on biodiversity there has also been a move from a supply- and disaster management. It recognises driven transport system to a demand-driven skills development” the intensifying competition for limited water transport system, based on plans/ forward Strategic Plan for South resources and requires that catchment and planning. African Agriculture river management form part of all land use • The National Land Transport Strategic Note: See Annexure B for more precedent. management schemes, and promotes local Framework (2002) aims to promote water harvesting. public transport over private transport , to

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 38 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.2.2. STRATEGY STATUS QUO 1 Goods come in, The following four pages define and illustrate the money goes out. strategies that have informed the formulation of the ISDP in terms of this story. These strategies ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS should also guide the decision-making process in terms of other statutory plans (like the IDP and SDF) and should guide decision-making in the execution of the ISDP. CROSSROADS CROSSROADS TOWN Photo 2. SHOPRITE CENTRE, HOPE STR, Fig 16. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / GOODS KOKSTAD

STATUS QUO 2 Surrounding villages come to shop, school, services and have fun in Kokstad; Kokstad people go

INFRASTRUCTURE to Durban, Pietermaritzburg and Johannesburg to do this. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Photo 3. DOWER STR TAXI RANK, KOKSTAD Fig 17. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / PEOPLE

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STRATEGY 1 Localise Kokstad – promote local produce, processing, manufacturing, brands, local markets, and celebrate local building materials and construction methods.

Photo 4. LOCAL VEGETABLE MARKET Fig 18. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / GOODS

STRATEGY 2 Promote Kokstad as a vibrant regional service centre, premium tertiary education hub and affordable place to live.

Photo 5. LOCAL VEGETABLE MARKET Fig 19. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / PEOPLE

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 40 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STATUS QUO 3 Large amounts of money, energy and resources are spent on transporting both people ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS and goods. CROSSROADS CROSSROADS TOWN Photo 6. N2, KOKSTAD

STATUS QUO 4 Tourists bypass Kokstad on their way to the Wild Coast, the Maloti Drakensberg, the KZN coast and

INFRASTRUCTURE the Midlands. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Photo 7. ENGEN SERVICE STATEMENT, N2,, Fig 20. CROSSROADS / STATUS QUO / TOURISM KOKSTAD

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STRATEGY 3 Reduce dependencies and the need to travel, improve the efficiency and affordability of transport options, and develop resilient supply systems and more efficient information and transport logistics.

Photo 8. THE ROLLING HIGHWAY - TRANSPORTING TRUCKS BY RAIL

STRATEGY 4 Promote local identity with regards to cultural and natural assets to transform Kokstad into an attractive tourist destination.

Photo 9. GUIDE TO MALOTI-DRAKENSBERG Fig 21. CROSSROADS / STRATEGY / TOURISM AREA

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 42 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN CROSSROADS I : REGIONAL RESILIENCE

Rail-Trail: Put Kokstad In 2040, Kokstad has a vibrant on the map for adventure ENABLING and sports tourists with INSTITUTIONS and resilient low-carbon the Kokstad Triathlon - R617 Franklin eco-tourism swim Crystal Pools dam, centre: Build on Franklin’s ycle to Franklin and run unique location at the economy that has built back to Kokstad. heart of a precious wetland system by providing independence from expensive FRANKLIN eco-tourism and local homestay facilities within fossil fuel based energy. the town. This will also serve as the start/end point of the Mount Currie ECOTOURISM INITIATIVE Hiking Trail and the Rail Trail. Develop the Kokstad-Franklin “Rail Trail” as a FRANKLIN CROSSROADS CROSSROADS WETLANDS major new integrated eco-tourism project along the defunct Kokstad-Franklin rail line. The trail PROPOSED HIKING TRAIL can include mountain biking, hiking, flyfishing and birdwatching, and link restored wetlands, guest farms and agri-tourism enterprises between Kokstad and Franklin. This would PROPOSED RAIL-TRAIL establish the region as a unique new tourist Franklin-Mount Currie Hiking Trail: TOWN Create a three-day hiking trail between Franklin and Kokstad, taking destination, and form the base for major new Overnight Hut/Farmstay on in the Franklin wetlands, the top the Rail Trail: An integrated annual events (e.g. the Kokstad triathlon). of Mount Currie and ending at the eco-tourism project along Crystal Pools campsite. the defunct Kokstad– REGIONAL SERVICE CENTRE Franklin rail line, including a mountain biking, hiking, Kokstad should protect and enhance its role as Initiate a supply chain development project flyfishing and birdwatching a regional service centre by developing itself to map the farming/agricultural cluster trail linking restored (across all farming activity). wetlands. as a regional centre of excellence in education R617 and skills development. Supporting the Digital MOUNT CURRIE Hub idea, Kokstad could tap into new free, NATURE RESERVE world-class online access to tertiary degree INFRASTRUCTURE programmes.

N2 TO PORT SHEPSTONE

KOKSTAD FREIGHT LOGISTICS Kokstad Triathlon Swim event at Crystal Springs Dam. NATURAL NATURAL Minimise road-based transport of goods. Reduce R56

RESOURCES Proudly Kokstad transport costs and other related environmental campaign.

impacts by developing a transport, freight Launch a transport, freight and and logistics programme, and promote the The Rail Trail logistics programme. Launch a sector supply chain development programme,. wholesale, trade and distribution sectors within Ecotourism Initiative the GKM spatial economy. Establish a local Regional Service Centre N2 TO MTHATHA GKM logistics info centre to help prevent trucks Freight Logistics travelling empty, and launch a small vehicle/taxi emissions reduction and safety initiative. AGRICULTURE

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9.2.3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN as an important part of balancing national growth a strong vision and plan that can pull together and development and taking pressure off the the many current and potential initiatives and This section sets out the development plan for metropolitan areas. International sustainability establish the area as a tourist destination in its the Crossroads story, as informed by national, debates have highlighted the need to strengthen own right. This in turn requires commitment to provincial and regional policies, and the story local rural economies to address poverty and long-term investment in the enhancement and strategies. exclusion. protection of the natural, cultural and heritage assets that are the foundation of this tourism The main sub-stories of the Crossroads story For all of these reasons it is important that potential. are: the regional economy of Kokstad and its rural • Crossroads I: Regional Resilience neighbours is strengthened. The second driver is to optimise and protect the service centre role of Kokstad while managing • Crossroads II: Localise PRINCIPLES the impacts of and dependencies on fossil fuel based transport that supports this role. Kokstad 9.2.3.1 CROSSROADS I: The following development and sustainability needs to offer a range of goods, services, principles have informed the plan for the amenities, and opportunities to residents, REGIONAL RESILIENCE Crossroads Story: businesses, and visitors, in order to be attractive in its own right rather than relying solely on its The Regional Resilience story is primarily • Build resilience and promote of self – reliance, and reduce dependence of the crossroads location. Strengthening partnerships concerned with the relationship between Kokstad towns on external factors that impact on and collaboration with other towns in order and Franklin and the broader region. As a local social and economic conditions, for to effectively leverage competitive regional service centre, regional retail hub, centre for example, fuel, power, staple food prices, advantages is at the heart of global success education and training (although there is much etc; stories for contemporary sustainable cities. This room for improvement in this area), and as an • Maximize skills and improve flows of implies making the most of Kokstad’s strengths area with undeveloped tourism assets, there information and knowledge. Coordinate, while partnering with its regional neighbours to is huge potential for enhancement of existing optimise and improve local skills- form cooperative relationships of mutual benefit. regional roles. development centres, linking with other centres in the regional economy to share RATIONALE and develop resources and learning. • Develop a culture of cooperation and Kokstad and Franklin have a number of collaboration to increase the resilience of significant locational and development the town in its role as a regional service advantages. Kokstad is an important regional centre, and ensure its agility under centre on a national route and linking several Set Up an Economic Cooperation pressure. Triangle (ECT) with Mthatha and smaller towns and destinations within the local Port Shepstone to increase the • Protect and enhance tourism assets and region. The area is also a tourism gateway with collective regional strength of the optimise their potential to contribute to the towns through cooperation and underexploited tourism assets of its own, and area’s social, economic and environmental coordination. Areas of cooperation to include freight logistics, is in an area with high agricultural potential. In sustainability and attractiveness as a education, skills development, terms of this story, all of these elements must be destination rather than a way station. agricultural supply chains, optimised.

However, Kokstad and Franklin are relatively APPROACH remote from the economic engines of the The approach taken in the Crossroads Plan metropolitan areas and highly reliant on the is to develop two complementary drivers for transportation of goods and people too and from strengthening the regional role and potential of these economies. This makes them vulnerable Kokstad and Franklin. to economic and population decline. The GKM does not want Kokstad to be a dying town. At The first driver is to build on the significant eco- the same time national policies including the tourism potential within the towns of Kokstad and NDP and CRDP recognise the importance of Franklin, and more significantly in the natural strengthening local economies within rural areas assets of the surrounding areas by developing

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 44 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

KEY PROPOSALS Kokstad including its landscape, views, local REGIONAL SERVICE CENTRE & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES produce, heritage buildings and cultural diversity. FREIGHT LOGISTICS The following guidelines should be followed to A specific project proposal is the development of BUILD REGIONAL STRENGTH • Launch a transport, freight and logistics ensure that the intentions of the Crossroads Plan the “Rail Trail” between the towns of Kokstad and programme, including promotion of

ENABLING are achieved: The crossroads plan proposes the following key Franklin. This project brings together a range INSTITUTIONS the wholesale, trade and distribution interventions to build Kokstad’s regional strength: GG Build the urban management capacity of of emerging or potential eco-tourism, heritage, sector. In this instance the strategic the municipality, condition of infrastructure, • Building regional partnerships by developing cultural, agri-tourism, event and sport related sustainability objective is to minimize road efficiency of services provision, cross-cutting interventions with partner initiatives and projects under a single catalytic based transport of good and to reduce attractiveness of the town. towns such a Port Shepstone and Mthatha, project banner that could have far-reaching transport costs, and emissions and related including shared research, development; impacts on the local tourist economy. It proposes environmental costs. GG Ensure that LED initiatives are informed networking and information sharing; by a clear understanding of the economic to utilise the disused rail line that runs between • Launch a sector supply chain development and shared training programmes with capacity and potential of the area. Start with Kokstad and Franklin (41km) as a ‘rail trail’ – a programme, which includes agriculture joint supplier, developer and enterprise mapping out and fully understanding of the cycling and hiking trail that runs along the railway and downstream industries, such as agro- CROSSROADS CROSSROADS development projects local product supply chains and services track. One of the key attractions of the rail trail is processing and food processing; forestry and relevant regional ones. • Developing sector supply chain support, the beautiful natural environment that the route industry and downstream industries, which includes the agriculture, agro- travels through. The Franklin wetland is one of including building materials and furniture, GG Ensure that new development and investment projects maximise local processing and food processing, forestry the most significant natural assets in the region, and local manufacturing. and building industries, as well as all their opportunities for production, enterprise and the rail line travels right through it. Investing downstream industries. development, job creation and the in the health of this ecosystem will ensure the concomitant circulation of income, value • Launching a transport, freight and logistics overall attraction of the route while at the same and social benefit in local economy, while TOWN programme, including promotion of the time appealing to niche markets such as birders ensuring that mutually beneficial exchange wholesale, trade and distribution sectors to and other nature-enthusiasts. potentials are optimised. minimize road-based transport. GG Promote and support investments that build • Halting the decline in the agricultural The hiking trail could go through Mount Currie capacity, skills and livelihoods in meaningful, sector through a business retention and Nature Reserve (past the Adam Kok monument) dignified green economy sectors improvement strategy, as well as relevant and could include overnight stops at local farms. skills development and education. It would also coincide with the roll-out of the • Attracting investment and make business Bicycle Empowerment Centres by the Bicycle more sustainable by transitioning to green Empowerment Network (see under Town); energy, waste, and water systems. which would promote cycling amongst Kokstad inhabitants as well, thereby ensuring it is not a INFRASTRUCTURE ECO-TOURISM CATALYTIC PROJECT project exclusively aimed at tourists but can be used and enjoyed by locals too. To attract visitors, tourists and retail the plan To promote the new trail, it is proposed to recommends protecting and enhancing the develop, pilot and implement an annual triathlon immense natural and heritage assets of the town event that includes swimming across Mount to build a strong new eco-tourism sector. The Currie Dam, cycling on the rail-trail and running

NATURAL NATURAL plan proposes that Kokstad and Franklin are

RESOURCES on the hiking trail between Kokstad and Franklin developed and marketed as a major regional eco-tourism gateway linking the coast with the Drakensberg and KwaZulu Natal with the Eastern Cape by integrating and coordinating current and planned initiatives spatially and institutionally.

At all levels of the ISDP it is essential that investments, institutions and civic society AGRICULTURE celebrate what is unique and special about

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FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 46 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN CROSSROADS II : LOCALISE SUPPORT FOR LOCAL ECONOMY Proactively include informal and micro business Future Kokstad is an as a key part of the economy. Focus on R617 promoting local businesses - ones that are

ENABLING attractive, affordable place to locally owned and carry locally-produced stock INSTITUTIONS live and work, with a skilled or offer locally-sourced services - and make A strong local food productionFRANKLIN allowance for mixed-use live-work units that can population and efficient economy addresses food security and reduces pressure encourage people to start and run their own public transport connections on local household costs. businesses from their living places. to and from the broader Free WIFI for the NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: ECONOMICNEIGHBOURHOOD & INFORMATION ACTIVITY COMPONENT NODE Fig 23. TOWN III - FRANKLIN whole town – starting region. with “knowledge hubs” Establish appropriate new economic activity at activity nodes. centres at high access points in existing and CROSSROADS CROSSROADS new settlement areas. Set up digital hubs at all

Map local supply chains “I was always at home community activity centres to stimulate local and services to uncover R617 doing nothing - didn’t business investment and entrepreneurialism and opportunities for diversification Park maintenance know much about life in of demand and supply, leading (restoring the general, but when CLIQ connect residents and businesses to regional to greater economic resilience, commons) in (Community based and global knowledge, skills development and local economic self-reliance, exchange for ‘civics’. SHAYAMOYAMicro utilities provide Learning ICTs and greater circulation of money, and and maintain household Quality of Life) came economic opportunities. balancing of flows of goods and services. along it opened another services into and out of the local world in my life and I NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: LOCAL AGRI-PROCESSING

TOWN economy. gained more knowledge about things that I never Support value-adding beneficiation of agricultural thought I would know, products and processes (such as milk processing EXTENSION 7 in the computer. Khetha MZINTLAVA RIVERFY (2010) and cheese manufacturing, timber (low grade) processing and manufacturing, maize GCADINJA ROAD processing, poultry processing and vegetables BAMBAYI

MAIN STREET and fruit processing) within neighbourhood activity nodes. HOPE STREET

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE MICRO-UTILITY R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE Promote sustainable economic Establishment of micro-utilities to supply, development by establishing Local appropriate new economic BHONGWENI manage and maintain sustainable hot water, brickyard. activity centres at high access energy and other services to household clusters points in existing and new DOWER STREET (15-20 hh). settlement areas. KOKSTAD CENTRAL Wetland rehabilitation Processing of local natural material (restoring the commons) in (e.g. hemp). Establish an Industrial exchange for Ecology Precinct in the

NATURAL NATURAL ‘civics’. Kokstad industrial area RESOURCES to reduce production and service costs/ inputs and INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY PRECINCT Processing recycled material attract new, sustainable into new products. Bio-fuel industries. Establish the Kokstad Industrial Area as an production. R56 Industrial Ecology Precinct to attract new green Micro-utility Timber processing. Water tank N2 industry that can benefit from reduced service Neighbourhood Activity Node: Agri-Processing Node construction. costs derived from optimised “waste to energy” Neighbourhood Activity Node: Local Economy & Digital Hubs flows between industries (one business’ waste Complementary Mixed Use + Local Economy Support becomes another’s resource). The park should Industrial Ecology Precinct Packaging of local agricultural also reduce stormwater pollution to zero using AGRICULTURE produce. Fig 22. TOWN III - KOKSTAD swales, bioswales, soakaways, wetlands, etc.

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9.2.3.2 CROSSROADS II: LOCALISE • Promote green technologies, especially is particularly relevant here. This suggests significant potential to build the economy those that build a local skills and reconfiguring Kokstad and Franklin to operate as and many home based, micro and informal The Localise Crossroads story is about building manufacturing base integrated economic, social and environmental businesses are the foundation of local entrepreneurial development. resilience from within, and includes developing a • Promote eco-efficiency, creating more value systems and to ensure that new development robust local economy, civic pride, and practices with less impact to reduce the consumption and investment is thought of as integrated “eco- DEVELOP AN INDUSTRIAL that optimise the value of local resources in of resources, reduce environmental costs of urbansim” rather than a series of unrelated parts. ECOLOGY PARK a carefully managed way. It focuses on local doing business and increase service value With respect to the economy a whole system • Facilitate green industry through initiating economic, social and environmental initiatives • Improve the character and quality of the thinking approach needs to understand local and supporting an industrial ecology that have the potential to create meaningful towns to build citizen pride and investor supply chain and services as these will reveal approach and precinct; a national exemplar livelihoods, provide entertainment and activities confidence opportunities for diversification of demand and of a zero waste, resource efficient “industrial for the youth of Kokstad and Franklin and attract • Cascading resource use supply which could underpin greater economic ecology”, where one industry’s waste and retain investment and businesses, especially becomes another’s resource. • Build resilience by promoting resilience, local economic self-reliance, greater those related to the green economy. These decentralization and semi-decentralisation circulation of money, and balancing of flows • Do a materials flows audit to see how include significant spatial, including approaches of economies, technologies and systems of goods and services into and out of the local different industries’ outputs and inputs can to the spatial structure, land use management and economy. Diversification of demand is a function be aligned. and public investment in facilities, space and • Increase service value taking into account of more people with buying power in the local infrastructure. The proposals contained in the user and community needs and providing economy and an increase in demand in a wider stories that follow have all been informed by the PROMOTE LOCAL ECONOMIES more appropriate solutions (that often cost range of products services. It is also related to aims of this story so these are not repeated here. • Promote business and community less and have greater benefits, such as an increase in the variety of suppliers of good transactions that keep money, skills and This story will deal with some of the spatial using wetlands instead of concrete channels and services. The ideas presented in the plan for to deal with stormwater and at the same goods in the local economy issues that are unique to the Crossroads story crossroads are intended to build on this thinking time creating a great recreational amenity) • Build a strong local food production but will also touch on associated institutional and but further detailed analysis of the supply economy to address food security, to sector aspects. • Promote resource efficiency through green chains and demand should inform the next LED reduce pressure on local household building and sustainable infrastructure strategy. options including passive design costs (food currently accounts for 26% of RATIONALE household expenditure), and to boost the • Build a circular economy through food KEY PROPOSALS local economy through developing the food The challenge is to make Kokstad a viable and infrastructure that closes waste and nutrient sector. attractive place for people to live and work in the cycles promoting local food production and • Map local supply chain and services within long term, reversing the trend of skills and youth consumption ENSURE THAT THE SPATIAL the local economy to identify opportunities leaving if they have the opportunity. Sustainable STRUCTURE OF THE TOWN ENABLES for diversification of demand and supply and growth of the population and the local economy, APPROACH SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ECONOMIC use this understanding to develop new LED within the limits of the local resource base, is strategies and projects that build the local The plan is built around the primary strategies DEVELOPMENT AND LIVELIHOOD important for the long-term sustainability of the economy town. There are many ways in which Kokstad of localisation, intensification and diversification. OPPORTUNITIES It proposes that the economy is developed to • Introduce a local currency (see ‘civics’ and Franklin can innovate to improve and create • Promote sustainable local economic precedent) and use to support local job be locally appropriate and responsive, to use new local opportunities that also improve the development by establishing appropriate creation linked to urban management such resources efficiently and effectively; to conserve sustainability of the town. Localising is key to new economic activity centres at high as open space maintenance, wetland building a green economy, the construction, and replenish the natural environment; to access points in existing and new rehabilitation, street cleansing etc agricultural and retail sectors all provide many implement sustainable procurement; and to settlement areas. This is more sustainable • Establishment a micro-utilities enterprise to obvious opportunities to do so. utilise locally sourced materials and skills. than malls, especially out-of-town malls as supply, manage and maintain sustainable these optimize existing infrastructure. The Crossroads Local Economy story is hot water, energy, waste and stormwater PRINCIPLES based on a “whole systems thinking” approach • Proactively include informal and micro management to household clusters (15-20 business as a key part of the economy. to sustainably development, where “the households). This is a private business • Promote local economies to keep money, Survivalist businesses are often marginal interconnections between systems are actively promotion with local community micro- skills and goods circulating in the local and vulnerable, and need support, considered, and solutions are sought that economy especially given their significant role in enterprises; local established contractors, address multiple problems at the same time” reducing poverty and dependence on plumbers and electricians, and suppliers While this is the ethos of the entire ISDP, it grants. Equally, these businesses have of technology, finance and management

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 48 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

support take responsibility for multiple NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: ECONOMIC & INFORMATION COMPONENT management tasks, such as: installation and/or replacement of solar water heating Communal woodlots and heat exchangers, including on-going for construction repair and maintenance, electricity savings timber at institutions. ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS measures, household metering, meter reading and collection, and water leakage Food market prevention. Their fees are generated directly Public transport hub from the savings residents get from more efficient infrastructure, and in return the residents get more reliable and better- maintained services. CROSSROADS CROSSROADS LEAPFROG INTO THE NEW DIGITAL Internet café. ERA • Invest in economic activity centres (aligned Retail with proposed public space and service nodes in Town story) including free Parking knowledge hubs. Sale of Fresh food TOWN • Invest in free wi-fi access for the whole town medicinal Seedling nursery to enhance business development as well restaurant as education and skills development.

DEVELOP A GREEN CONSTRUCTION ECONOMY Bicycle Business & Skills • Develop and support green technology repair development centre construction methods, materials centre & storage Micro-processing manufacturing and skills development as (drying, pickling, this sector offers many green economy brewing, freezing, Corner shop INFRASTRUCTURE opportunities that can be the focus of green packing) economy initiatives Recycling drop off point • Green buildings use fewer resources in both their construction and operation. The plan Green building support & advice centre Recycling businesses Recycling collection centre proposes that green building technologies and principles are used in the construction DEVELOP LOCAL AGRI-PROCESSING of all new municipal buildings so that these

NATURAL NATURAL can serve as demonstration projects for new CAPACITY RESOURCES development. Facilitate and support local beneficiation of local • Develop local green construction skills and agricultural produce, at small and industrial establish Kokstad as a regional leader in scales, such as: sustainable development. • Milk processing and cheese manufacturing • Promote use of local building materials • Timber (low grade) processing and (regulate quotas for public works) manufacturing for building material • Maize processing Fig 24. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: ECONOMIC & INFORMATION COMPONENT • Poultry processing AGRICULTURE • Vegetables and fruit processing

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DEVELOPMENT GG Ensure that artificial lighting is designed However, ensure that the local ecological RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND so that light is focused where necessary, system is not polluted and that it is COMFORT & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES such as on areas where tasks are being managed correctly. performed, with more ambient light GG Reduce the risk of Sick Building Syndrome GG Encourage investment in, and upgrade GG Make use of indigenous planting and elsewhere. Avoid the use of ‘up-lighting’ to through natural ventilation, natural light, of, the existing town rather than support efficient irrigation methods, such as drip reduce light pollution. good acoustics and ergonomics. or allow new developments on the fringes irrigation. that potentially undermine and discourage GG Ensure that energy-efficient light bulbs, such GG Ensure that microbial growth is prevented GG Use a pool blanket to reduce water loss this through spreading resources too thinly as CFLs or LEDs, are used where possible. by regularly cleaning and servicing air- through evaporation. as well as entrenching socio-economic conditioning equipment and ducts. GG Consider the installation of independent segregation. GG In consultation with the local authority, renewable electricity generators, such as GG Prevent damp conditions that lead to introduce waterless sanitation and GG Where such new developments have been PV panels or wind turbines. microbial and bacterial growth, by ensuring alternative grey-water systems that clean approved, mitigation measures, and off- exteriors are properly sealed and drained. GG Further reduce the electrical energy used black and grey water, while providing useful sets, to protect the existing town must be Rising damp and associated fungal and to heat water by installing geyser blankets, by-products such as fertiliser and biogas. considered. New greenfield developments bacterial growth should also be prevented pipe insulation and a geyser timer. must comply with green building principles RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION by using breathable paints, so that water and must be as self-reliant as possible in GG Install low-flow shower heads. cannot accumulate under the paint surface. GG Aim for and promote zero waste in terms of infrastructure requirements. GG Recommendations for water efficiency: the planning, operation, management, GG Avoid building and decorating materials (such as paint, varnished wood and carpets) GG Assess interventions and investments for GG Ensure that only water-efficient devices, maintenance and demolition of a building. which may emit high levels of VOCs. Rather their potential to facilitate local business such as low-flow taps, low-flow shower Zero waste emulates the closed-loop use natural wood finishes or paints (which opportunities, including home-based, heads, washing machines and dishwashers, processes found in nature, taking a ‘cradle- are commercially available) and limit the use informal, micro businesses and formal large- are used. to-cradle’ approach to designing products scale businesses, that use local resources and buildings. of particleboards. and local labour, and facilitating growing GG Ensure that all toilets are low-volume (9,5 GG Incorporate waste avoidance into the GG Ensure that no CFC-based air conditioners local markets, should drive interventions. litres or less), with dual-flush or multi-flush process at the design phase already, by are used. Investigate carefully designed incentives systems. specifying products and materials that have GG Encourage the use of organic cleaning programmes. GG Ensure that public buildings and outside less wasteful production processes and products, which do not contain harmful taps and showers are fitted with metering- do not create wasteful emissions during chemicals. GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES tap buttons, which have set timers to construction, maintenance and demolition of prevent taps from being left on or dripping. a building. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY GG Design the layout of the plumbing system GG Ensure that all buildings that are to be GG Install solar hot-water systems or heat so as to avoid long pipe runs between the demolished compile a demolition plan, pumps. geyser and supply points. outlining how the building material and GG Install properly insulated ceilings. GG Reduce hard surfacing to encourage rubble will be used to avoid waste sent to rainwater to seep back into the ground landfill. GG Place and size windows to make optimal rather than being carried away into the sea use of natural light, winter heating and GG If waste is created, consider how this by piped drainage systems. ventilation without creating draughts, can firstly be reused and then recycled gaining too much heat in summer or losing GG Design paved areas so that water run-off is to recover the value invested in these heat in winter. slowed down, and use soak-aways or “rain materials, rather than losing this value when gardens” and permeable paving wherever the resource is simply dumped in a landfill GG Avoid the use of air conditioning, or at least possible to allow water to filter into the or incinerated. ensure that the correct size air conditioner ground. is installed and that use of the unit is GG Provide waste compactors in buildings minimised. GG Ensure that the optimum pipe size and where large amounts of waste are created, water pressure are used. A pressure- to save landfill air space and the transport GG Ensure that the building is constructed so reducing valve can be installed at a point costs associated with waste removal. as to be tightly sealed to prevent unwanted nearest to where the supply enters the air flows. Doors and windows must be GG Facilitate the separation of waste at source building, to ensure that all water supplies in appropriately sized and fitted with seals. for composting, reuse and recycling when the building are balanced. designing waste management systems. GG Energy-efficient electrical installations GG Install systems for rainwater harvesting and The building management plan should should be used. the reuse of grey water where appropriate. encourage people to recycle their waste.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 50 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.2.4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The National Environmental Management Act - NEMA (1998), The National Environmental The implementation plan for this story has three Management: Biodiversity Act (2004), and the programmes: National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (2003) all validate government’s ability ENABLING • Watershed Investment Programme

INSTITUTIONS and duty to protect and rehabilitate the region’s • Localised Economy Programme unique resources. • Green Building Programme There are two key subsets of this programme – developing the tourist potential, and rehabilitating PROGRAMME 1: WATERSHED and protecting ecosystems and ecosystem services within the watershed: INVESTMENT PROGRAMME • The Kokstad-Franklin Rail Trail:

CROSSROADS - CROSSROADS The Watershed Investment Programme is aimed - Declaration and upgrading of ‘Heritage at developing the Kokstad-Franklin region (as Precincts’ around the Kokstad and defined by its watershed boundaries) as a Franklin railway stations. significant attractor of investment and tourism. -- Expansion of the project scope to A dual strategy of investing in its natural capital include a hiking and biking path and in the heritage and recreation assets of -- Wetland upgrade the region aim to combine the payoff of both -- Promotion of the route through special

TOWN to transform Kokstad/Franklin into a resilient and attractive place to live and a destination events worthy of travelling to. The successful outcome • The Franklin Wetlands Programme: of this programme would see Kokstad and -- Create sustainable rural livelihoods Franklin capitalizing on their natural assets to a) based on the ongoing management ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS earn through protecting them in a Payment for and sustainable use of natural assets COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme, and b) use PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME -- Build a supply chain for trade of & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS their protected status to attract visitors to the increased baseflow and sediment area. reduction services - DESCRIPTION 1. Support active 1. Integrate wetland 1. Ensure that coverage A key driver for an ecosystem service- - Implement appropriate a suite of participation of conservation and limits indicted in the

INFRASTRUCTURE based approach to water resources is the watershed management activities local residents in sustainable use Zoning scheme take tourism decision approaches into tourism account of the need to National Water Act, with its emphasis on -- Generate a model for PES making, planning and policies and planning. recharge wetlands and equity, sustainability and maintaining the implementation by DWA, WFW and management through limit pollution 2. Ensure that integrity of the ecosystems that supply South South Africa as a whole the establishment of a community “Wetland wetland areas are Africa’s water resources. It requires water to clearly excluded from This programme is aligned with that of the Management Forum”. be set aside for both human and ecological development in the SDF.. Localised Economy Programme, the Public 2. Initiate collaboration consumption, recognizing the need to balance between the tourism NATURAL NATURAL Space, Street and Facility Investment

RESOURCES the maintenance of ecosystem service delivery sector and the wetland Programme and the Open Space Services and human welfare. An understanding of the conservation sector Programme. All aim to make Kokstad/Franklin a interdependence of biodiversity, ecosystem more attractive place for inhabitants, visitors and services and human well-being offers an DURATION Short term investment, and to protect the environment with alternative, and fruitful approach which can ask its vital resources and services,and align closely what levels of eco system functioning are needed APPROX. BUDGET with the aims and goals of the ISDP. for rivers to provide a full range of regulatory, production and life-enhancing services. This is FUNDING SOURCE in line with the intent of the Water Act and with AGRICULTURE the environmental clause of the Constitution. Matrix.3. PROGRAMME 1: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

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PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT A) KOKSTAD TOURISM B1) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN B2) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN B3) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN C1) FRANKLIN WETLANDS: C2) FRANKLIN WETLANDS: NAME PROMOTION & CAPACITY RAIL-TRAIL: RAIL-TRAIL / RAIL-TRAIL: BIATHLON / RAIL-TRAIL: RAILWAY RESTORING THE NATURAL OPTIMISATION OF BUILDING RAIL-BIKE TOURISM TRIATHLON STATION HERITAGE CAPITAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PRECINCTS UPGRADING

PROJECT 1. Consolidate and expand the 1. Create, signpost and 1. Develop and implement 1. Conserve and upgrade the 1. Develop and implement 1. Environmental Evaluation DESCRIPTION capacity and reach of Kokstad advertise a hiking and rail-trail / an annual triathlon event that existing disused railway station a plan to enhance the and Framework for the Franklin Tourism Organisation: rail-bike tourism route between includes swimming across precincts in Kokstad and Franklin wetlands, which are Wetlands to: Kokstad and Franklin: Mount Currie Dam, cycling on Franklin as heritage-tourism considered of international a. Evaluate capacity needs the rail-trail and running on the destinations and start/end significance (and are officially • Assess potential • Cycling trail along disused hiking trail between Kokstad points of the Rail-Trail. recognised by Ramsar), ecosystem services, b. Develop Management & rail line that runs between including tourism. Organisational plan and Franklin. through interventions to Kokstad and Franklin . a. Work with stakeholders protect, rehabilitate and, • Prepare a management c. Develop, vision, mandate • Hiking trail through Mount 2. Align with Community Co- to develop a sustainable where appropriate, expand the plan for rehabilitation and and capacity Currie Nature Reserve ordination and Participation management and financing existing wetlands. maintenance. (past the Adam Kok Sports Agency initiative. model for the Kokstad and d. Develop marketing plan, monument Franklin Station Precincts. 2. Establish a payments system for watershed identifying potential platforms • Overnight stops at local (website / brochure etc.) b. Prepare Heritage and Urban management services in the farms. Design Frameworks for both short term, which will form a e. Develop, with stakeholders, precincts. foundation for the development a programme of sustainable of a PES (Payment for public events, such as festivals Ecosystem Services) market in and sports events, and publish the long term. for public comment

RELATED • Kokstad Marketing Board, • Sisonke Stimela • Kokstad Community Sports • GKM Biodiversity Sector PROJECTS Kokstad & Franklin Rail- Agency Plan Trail: Biathlon / Triathlon PROJECT STAGE • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project Implementation Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Phase IMPLEMENTING Kokstad Tourism Organisation Kokstad Tourism Organisation / Kokstad Tourism Organisation AMAFA / KZN Heritage Working for Wetlands / KZN Working for Wetlands / KZN AGENT Sisonke Stimela Wildlife Wildlife PROJECT OWNER Margi Fleming: Acting Margi Fleming: Acting Margi Fleming: Acting Mbali Kubheka: KZN Mbali Kubheka: KZN Chairperson (KTO) Chairperson (KTO) Chairperson (KTO) Provincial Coordinator Provincial Coordinator Cell: 084 831 3352 Cell: 084 831 3352 Cell: 084 831 3352 Working for Wetlands Working for Wetlands Email: margifleming@gmail. Email: margifleming@gmail. Email: margifleming@gmail. Programme Programme com com com Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

PROJECT Phase 1: Capacity baseline 1 – 5 years Pilot: event set up 1- year Planning and Design: 1-2 Environmental Evaluation DURATION needs assessment: 3 mo. years Phase 2: Management and Implementation: 2 years organizational plan: 4 mo. PRECONDITIONS • Secure support and buy in from EG Encounters APPROX. BUDGET R250 000 R500 000 R1 million for P&PD FUNDING R300’000 has been secured Working for Wetlands SOURCE from DTI for the Development Phase. DAFF

Matrix.4. PROGRAMME 1: WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 52 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAMME 2: environmental management and eco tourism.” • Open Collaborative Manufacturing - skills This programme is cross cutting, but is closely development and partnerships LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME The accord places a strong emphasis on a aligned with the infrastructure programmes in localisation strategy - fostering local industrial • Skills Development - shared learning and particular the energy and waste management This programme is built around the primary capacity, local jobs and local technological local education development programmes, the Green Building Programme innovation. The accord creates a supportive which presents many green economy ENABLING sustainability strategies of localisation, • Job Linkage Centre – employment seeker INSTITUTIONS intensification and diversification. It proposes policy environment within which to meet support, match jobs to job seekers opportunities, the Settlement programme, which Kokstad’s urgent need for decent work for all, in through promoting a more compact and intense that the local economy is developed so that • Small Business Support Programme – an ecologically sound manner. footprint increases local economic thresholds, it is locally appropriate and responsive, uses support and incubation, including for micro and the farming for the future programme, which resources efficiently and effectively, implements This programme includes interventions that and informal businesses includes localising agricultural production and sustainable procurement; and utilises locally are essentially about positioning Kokstad food security projects. sourced materials and skills. for sustainable, inclusive economic growth. The projects are a combination of local economic The range of projects addresses planning, production (such as an open collaborative institutional and management aspects, social CROSSROADS CROSSROADS manufacturing centre, a light industrial park, support, skills development and capacity a micro-utility project, etc.) and the measures building, as well as highlighting specific new required to help this new kind of production economic development opportunities. An succeed – such as a local complementary integrated approach to implementation of this currency, a ‘Kokstad Brand’ marketing board programme is paramount. and a youth development (Youth for the Future) The programme components are as follows: programme. TOWN • Review Existing LED Plan - to align closely ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS One of the National Development Plan (2011) with the opportunities identified in the ISDP COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME scenarios to create approximately 11 million • Support for Green Economy - to identify and & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS jobs by 2030, and reduce unemployment to support green economy opportunities about 6% by 2030, aims to create a diversified • Local Currency – to stimulate trade in local DESCRIPTION 1. Set up a regional 1. Develop an incentive 1. Amend ByLaws and dynamic economythrough attracting more goods and services cooperation and scheme to reduce local Zoning Scheme to substantial investments, strengthening municipal partnership with Mthatha transport emissions and accommodate private • Kokstad Marketing Board – to establish and infrastructure and services, education systems, and Port Shepstonte to promote road safety. second dwelling or market a local brand strengthen these towns lodgers’ rooms, as and generate better access to capital for new within the region well as home-based and expanding firms. • Community Based Micro-Utilities Services businesses. Enterprises-Feasibility Study to reduce 2. Conduct a feasibility INFRASTRUCTURE The Vision set out in the LED Masterplan study of developing external dependencies an online matching developed by all key stakeholders says that: • Eco-Industrial Park – to shift to more and linkage platform ‘By 2030 Greater Kokstad will have emerged to encourage efficient efficient closed loop systems logistics and closed as an internationally acclaimed best practice of • Agro-Processing Plant - to material loops. sustainable development and living’. localise agricultural beneficiation 3. Set up information Integration of the imperatives of economic opportunities sharing platform to

NATURAL NATURAL encourage information growth and environmental sustainability captured RESOURCES • Bhongweni Light Industrial Park - to provide and experience in South Africa’s Green Economy Accord, local entrepreneurial support sharing between small described by the South African government as businesses • Community Development Centres - free wi-fi being “one of the most comprehensive social and entrepreneurial support DURATION pacts on green jobs in the world, that builds • Kokstad Community Sports Agency – co- partnerships to create 300 000 new jobs by APPROX. BUDGET ordination and promotion of local sporting 2020, in economic activities as diverse as opportunities energy generation, manufacturing of products FUNDING SOURCE that reduce carbon emissions, farming activities • Youth for the Future - entrepreneurial

AGRICULTURE training, mentorship, and awareness to provide feedstock for biofuels, soil and raising Matrix.5. PROGRAMME 2: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS (1)

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 53 PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT NAME A) REVIEW EXISTING B) SUPPORT FOR C) KOKSTAD D) COMMUNITY E) AGRO- F) KOKSTAD G) OPEN H) SKILLS LED PLAN GREEN ECONOMY MARKETING BOARD BASED MICRO- PROCESSING PLANT COMMUNITY COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT UTILITIES SERVICES SPORTS AGENCY MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES- FEASIBILITY STUDY PROJECT 1. Review LED Plan 1. Develop a Green 1. Establish a Kokstad 1. Investigate feasibility The establishment 1. Establish a Kokstad Establish Manufacture 1. Establish Kokstad DESCRIPTION to take into account Economy Plan Marketing & Branding of establishing a of small Poultry Sport Coordination Capability for skill Learning forum opportunities to localise including: Agency: network of micro-utility Producers supplying Agency: development and to encourage the Kokstad economy • Bicycle-related • Coordinate and enterprises that: broilers to a central • Increase self-empowerment engagement and by managing supply business support local • Provide household processing facility opportunities by proving how collaboration between chains, identifying would provide long- open collaborative education practitioners • Nurseries businesses through level water and for Kokstad opportunities for collective research, electricity demand term employment and Franklin manufacturing in Kokstad, Mthatha local value-adding • Solar heater marketing, management opportunities, residents to systems supported by and Port Shepstone: operations and manufacturing, branding and services to GKM. entrepreneurial participate in sport engineering sciences, • Education support strengthening the installation and development and innovation platforms advertising. • Install and maintain and recreation for marginalised wholesale, trade and maintenance. upliftment for those activities. and co-creative groups to access distribution role of • Develop regionally photo-voltaic persons who are designs can contribute • WaterTank and nationally power generation, • Co-ordinate and skills and critical Kokstad. manufacturing. interested in chicken to the development thinking abilities recognised solar water production in this area. manage all existing and empowerment of • Greening and “Kokstad Brand” for heating and waste Could also include sporting resources rural communities. s. • Homework support maintenance of locally produced recycling for low vegetable packaging and projects / mentorship for landscaping food and goods. and middle income and value-adding (private and scholars • Insulation homesteads in under the Kokstad public), • New and improved manufacturing & Kokstad and Brand. • Increase access tertiary education installation environs. for previously opportunities • Compliant building marginalised products e.g. groups, and to window &wall diversify sport solutions. activities. RELATED • Local Produce • Triathlon, Multi- PROJECTS Market Purpose Sports Complex PROJECT STAGE • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project Development Development Development Development Development Development Phase Phase Phase (Feasibility Phase Phase Phase Study required for • PIP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ local scope) Implementation or Demonstration Phase Projects IMPLEMENTING GKM LED GKM LED GKM Scientific Roets Manufacturing AGENT Research Centre at the Dept of Mech Eng Science, UJ) PROJECT John Spiropolous Dr Merida Roets Mr Piet Bosman OWNER (083 260 6687) (039 727 1515) 0710361408 PROJECT PDP: 3 months for Planning phase: 5 Phase 1: 1 year DURATION feasibility months Phase 2: 3 years Implementation and training phase: 3 years PRECONDITIONS Feasibility Study Community support required and involvement. MOU with established networks. Partnering with local organizations. APPROX. R469,500 excl VAT R 47 million PDP: 250 k, P&DP: BUDGET 300k, PIP: 850 k FUNDING Unknown at this time SOURCE

Matrix.6. PROGRAMME 2: LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (1)

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 54 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAMME 2: LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (II) ENABLING INSTITUTIONS CROSSROADS CROSSROADS TOWN

ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME

INFRASTRUCTURE & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS

DESCRIPTION 1. Initiate ‘Proudly 1. Develop strategies 1. Amend zoning Kokstad Campaign’: and guidelines for scheme to allow management and complementary mixed a. Support for local support for private uses around proposed products & initiatives. rental accommodation neighbourhood centres b. Mobilise public at individual household and along activity NATURAL NATURAL involvement. scale as well as for streets, as identified in RESOURCES home-based businesses. the ISDP.

DURATION

APPROX. BUDGET

FUNDING SOURCE AGRICULTURE

Matrix.7. PROGRAMME 2: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS (2)

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 55 PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT I) COMMUNITY J) BHONGWENI LIGHT K) YOUTH FOR THE L) ECO-INDUSTRIAL M) SMALL BUSINESS N) LOCAL CURRENCY O) JOB LINKAGE NAME DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL PARK FUTURE PARK SUPPORT PROGRAMME CENTRE CENTRES (PILOT AT MOUNT CURRIE COMMUNITY CENTRE)

PROJECT Develop a plan to provide To implement the Initiate a “Youth for the 1. Commission a materials 1. Develop Micro-business Pilot prototype versions of Re-invigorate job linkage DESCRIPTION community-based construction and Futuere Programme: flow analysis to identify and start up support local currency modeled on centre and online job learning hubs at ISDP operation of a Light a. Entrepreneurial training existing flows and stocks strategy Small business examples like the Civic, linkage platform: neighbourhood centres, Industrial Park Incubator and mentorship of a of materials and energy in support and incubation the Torekes, the Eco-Pesa a. Match work seekers including: in Bhongweni, so as to group of approximately the Kokstad and Franklin especially for green and the Brixton Pound to: with employment a. Free Wi-Fi spots with provide entrepreneurial 110 Green, Gardening, industrial zones. economy Facilitate access a. Stimulate trade in local opportunities and vice access to computers with training, infrastructure Tourism, Re-cycling and to markets, finance, goods and services and versa. and mentorship support 2. Use the baseline data technical support, and assistance and homework Artisanal “Ambassadors” to identify opportunities to support / mentorship. to artisanal entrepreneurs to support and serve the infrastructure (such b. Maintain and rehabilitate b. Partner with NGO sector that will provide technical shift industrial processes as storage and public essential eco-system to facilitate job seekers development of the ISDP from open loop (linear) b. Centres and mini- services to the Green initiative of Kokstad. ablutions). services. access to assistance with exhibition spaces for Economy (technical skills systems to closed loop cv preparation, interview ISDP programmes and required for solar power, b. Awareness raising systems where waste from 2. Include micro skills, and general job projects, participatory recycling, water use, initiatives and education one process becomes businesses and the readiness. action research initiatives agriculture, manufacturing, around ISDP stories and inputs for another. informal economy.Support and Green Ambassador etc.) in order to contribute programmes for children and facilitate diversification projects. to the wider economic and youth. of informal economy growth of the region. 2. Pilot the Community c. Link to eco-schools Development Centre school food gardens. concept at the Mount Currie Community d. Partner with schools, Development Centre. churches, sports clubs etc.

RELATED PROJECTS PROJECT STAGE • PDP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PDP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ Development Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Development Phase or Demonstration • P&DP: Pilot & (If funding is obtained Phase Projects Demonstration - Feasibility Study Phase complete). IMPLEMENTING Piet Bosman Scientific Roets Scientific Roets GKM LED / Durban NAFCOC & Kokstad AGENT University Chamber of Business PROJECT OWNER Community Dr Merida Roets (039 727 Dr Merida Roets 1515) (039 727 1515)

PROJECT Planning phase: 5 months 1 year to set up and start DURATION running Implementation and training phase: 3 years PRECONDITIONS Complement rather Funding required than duplicate existing computer literacy courses offered at the FET college. APPROX. BUDGET R23 million

FUNDING Unknown at this time SOURCE

Matrix.8. PROGRAMME 2: LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (2)

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 56 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAMME 3: • Ensuring that all new builds on GKM owned property are green, as well as supporting GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME catalytic node development where all built works are exemplars of green materials and The Green Building Programme focuses on technologies.

ENABLING mainstreaming sustainable building across

INSTITUTIONS • Supporting an energy efficiency retro-fit Kokstad and Franklin. The aim of the programme programme that is piloted in GKM owned is to support a new culture of design and buildings construction where ‘green’ is not an added extra, but is the natural and logical starting point for This programme aligns with the Local Economic any intervention in the built environment. The Development Programme as it intends to programme proposes a series of interconnected develop a resilient green building economy projects that if implemented collectively, will through the Green Building Materials Business support the realisation of this aim. It includes Network and the Green Building Skills CROSSROADS CROSSROADS proposals around the creation of an enabling Development Initiative. It also works closely with legislative environment, through the development the Settlement Response Programme as well of Green Building Guidelines as well as as the Sustainable Urban Drainage Project in suggesting two projects aimed at stimulating the Water Cycle Management Programme. They the local economy and building local skills. It are further supported by the GKM driven Energy is suggested that these projects are enabled Efficiency Retrofit Programme. through 2 capital investment projects - GKM led

TOWN public works building projects and an energy retrofit initiative.

Both the Green Economy Accord and the National Climate Change Response White Paper advocate the necessity of Green Building to grow South Africa’s economy responsibly, as well as to mitigate and adapt around climate change. Also, a number of municipalities around the country ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS have developed a set of regionally appropriate COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS Green Building Guidelines. Further, SANS 204 PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME

INFRASTRUCTURE & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS introduces a rigorous suite of energy efficiency measures that are now mandatory in new builds nationally. DESCRIPTION 1. Support active 1. Develop regionally participation and appropriate Green The programme proposes that the GKM commits education of all Building Guidelines. stakeholders in Green to: Building. 2. See Green Building Guidelines from City of • Developing a set of regionally appropriate

NATURAL NATURAL 2. Provide Green Cape Town (July 2012)

RESOURCES Green Building Guidelines Building Council of South as precedent. Africa training to key • Supporting the development of a Green officials. Building Materials Business Network that will support local micro-enterprise DURATION 1 year 2 years development coupled with a Green Building Skills Development Initiative that APPROX. BUDGET will develop skill and excellence through courses and apprenticeships in Green FUNDING SOURCE Building related services and trades. AGRICULTURE

Matrix.9. PROGRAMME 3: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 57

PROJECT A1) KOKSTAD GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS: A2) KOKSTAD GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS: B) PUBLIC SPACES & NEW SETTLEMENT NAME BUSINESS NETWORK SKILLS DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE GREEN BUILDING PROJECT

PROJECT 1. Develop and support the establishment of a vibrant network 1. Develop and implement a Green Building Skills Development 1. Ensure that all buildings in public spaces (e.g.: Shayamoya DESCRIPTION of local businesses producing green building materials and programme focusing on locally appropriate building technologies neighbourhood node at iThembalabantu) as well as in GKM components. and locally produced materials. initiated housing projects (R56) provide living examples of green building materials and technologies. 2. These could include timber and timber products (eg: plywood, 2. Skills could include green roof and wall installation, plumbing composite boards, doors and windows, cordwood walling etc.), services for solar applications, water harvesting, conservation 2. All state owned buildings to be a minimum of SA Green Star poles, bricks (reinforced earth block, stabilized cement), hemp and recycling, electrical services for photovoltaic, solar water Rated: Four Star. (boards, bricks), wattle and daub systems, green walls and heater and heat pump installation and maintenance, masonry, roofs, stone, chip to name a few. stone and timber work with locally produced materials to name 3. Incentivise this project through appropriate mechanisms a few.

RELATED • Develop this project in conjunction with the Kokstad Green • Develop this programme in conjunction with the Kokstad • Develop this in conjunction with all other Green Building PROJECTS Building Skills Development programme and the Green Building Materials Network. Programme projects – GKM led projects provide a market • “Kokstad Brand”. for green building materials and specialist green building skills. • Link Green Roof and Wall project to the SuDS project. PROJECT • PDP: Project Development Phase • PDP: Project Development Phase • PDP: Project Development Phase STAGE

IMPLEMENTING • LED • LED • GKM AGENT • GKM • GKM • Spatial Planning • Kokstad Chamber of Commerce • Kokstad Chamber of Commerce

PROJECT GKM and NGOs OWNER PROJECT Inception: 1 year to set up network, raise seed funding and Inception: 1 year to enroll partnership organisations and raise 1 year to commission and design pilot green building precincts DURATION enroll participants. seed funding. 3 years to build a suite of demonstration precincts across 5 years to develop a reasonable critical mass of participant 5 years to develop a robust suite of apprenticeship programmes Kokstad and Franklin. businesses. linked to micro-enterprises 5-10 years to roll out beyond pilot areas

PRECONDITIONS

APPROXIMATE BUDGET

FUNDING Green Economy Green Economy Green Economy SOURCE

Matrix.10. PROGRAMME 3: GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 58 TOWN ENABLING INSTITUTIONS CROSSROADS

INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Value of locally produced building materials in Rand Kokstad town has many unique and KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? • Percentage of people who take pride in their town in survey TOWN TOWN area attractive qualities, with easy access Future Kokstad and Franklin are • Percentage of household expenditure spent on transport to social amenities and strong links to attractive, well-managed, affordable, • Number of people in survey area with a tertiary education nature and surrounding farmland. socially vibrant and integrated places. qualification However, town is spatially and socially They are built on a shared sense of pride • Average monthly rental / average house prices as a proportion of household income fragmented with disparities between and identity and their many attractive • Reduction in proportion of households dependent on social the ‘old’ town and the newer areas and natural, rural, heritage and built qualities grants the potential of the natural, agricultural and landmarks are celebrated. Cultural

INFRASTRUCTURE and cultural assets of the place are not diversity is valued and celebrated. celebrated. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 59

9.3. TOWN • National Heritage Resources Act introduces “Promote the social, physical, an integrated system for the identification, Complete Streets are streets which are and economic integration of 9.3.1. POLICY ALIGNMENT assessment and management of heritage safe, comfortable, and convenient for travel resource. It requires that all heritage assets housing development” for everyone, regardless of age or ability; The following key policies have a direct are protected. Social Housing Policy motorists, pedestrians, bicyclists, and public bearing on the approach taken in the proposals • The Sisonke District Public Transport Plan transportation riders. developed for the Town story: recommends the provision of multimodal “Multi-purpose cluster They are also streets that are pleasant to public transport facilities at the main nodes • The National Development Plan contains of commercial activities concept to be applied in walk along, offering shelter and interest a number of priorities relevant to the Town along the way. story. These include the creation of jobs • The Social Housing Policy, 2005: aims provision of services and This involves not only infrastructure and livelihoods, expanding infrastructure, to contribute to restructuring South amenities” provision (ensuring there is space transitioning to a low-carbon economy, African society in order to address BNG transforming urban and rural spaces, structural, economic, social and spatial for pedestrians and cyclists) but that improving education & training and dysfunctionalities and contributing to surrounding land uses offer a pedestrian- transforming society. government’s vision of an economically “Funding support for social friendly environment. This includes higher empowered, non-racial and integrated densities (so that trip distances are shorter), • The Spatial Planning and Land Use institutions” society living in sustainable human mixed use (so that amenities and shops are Management Bill (2012) requires that BNG settlements. It also aims to improve and plans promote social inclusion, spatial closer), and passive surveillance from street contribute to the overall functioning of the equity, desirable settlement patterns, rural edges (so that streets are safer). housing sector and in particular the rental revitalization, urban regeneration and “Ensure the development of sub-component enabling social housing to sustainable development. Spatial planning compact, mixed-use, diverse, contribute towards widening the range of must be based on the “principle of spatial housing options available to the poor. life-enhancing justice, whereby past spatial and other environments with maximum development imbalances must be redressed • The Community Residential Units: Policy through improved access to and use of Framework and Guidelines, 2006 highlights possibilities for pedestrian land; spatial development frameworks and the importance of public rental stock for movement and transit” policies at all spheres of government must low-income households. It promotes the BNG address the inclusion of persons and areas need to make more effective use of the that were previously excluded, with an existing rental housing stock owned by emphasis on informal settlements, former provinces and municipalities as well as the “Promote housing delivery for homeland areas and areas characterised by provision of new stock. From this developed a range of income groups” widespread poverty and deprivation”. the Community Residential units Policy Framework and Guidelines, 2007. Social Housing Policy • The National Land Transport Strategic Framework (2002) promotes public • KwaZulu-Natal Province has strong policy transport over private transport, prioritising on transitional and special needs housing. safer public transport services for This applies particularly to the allocation passengers and upgrading public transport of institutional subsidy on a per-bed or per infrastructure. room basis. However little use in made of this policy despite its potential usefulness in • The Comprehensive Plan for Sustainable meeting the demands within this sector. Human Settlements: Breaking New Ground (BNG) of 2004 emphasizes the • The GKM SDF Review (2011) identifies the creation of sustainable human settlements need to redirect growth and development promoting more efficient urban areas, to the previously disadvantaged areas spatial restructuring and the need to and areas of economic opportunity Photo 10. BOGOTA BEFORE AND AFTER “integrate previously excluded groups. It while focusing on the redevelopment of A COMPLETE STREETS/NEIGHBOURHOOD APPROACH WAS TAKEN promotes densification including “housing deteriorating areas and infrastructure. products which provide adequate shelter to households whilst enhancing flexibility and mobility”. Note: See Annexure B for more precedent.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 60 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

9.3.2. STRATEGY STATUS QUO 1 The town is fragmented and The following four pages define and illustrate the people are segregated. strategies that have informed the formulation of the ISDP in terms of this story. These strategies ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS should also guide the decision-making process in terms of other statutory plans (like the IDP and SDF) and should guide decision-making in the execution of the ISDP. CROSSROADS TOWN TOWN Photo 11. SHAYAMOYA AND KOKSTAD CENTRAL Fig 25. TOWN / STATUS QUO / ACCESS - TWO TOWNS

STATUS QUO 2 Positive initiatives are undertaken in isolation and opportunities for coordination are missed. INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Photo 12. SOCIAL INITIATIVES IN ISOLATION Fig 26. TOWN / STATUS QUO / INTEGRATION

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 61

STRATEGY 1 Integrate the physical structure of the town and connect and cluster appropriate amenities, services and economic hubs around a new public space system.

Photo 13. DENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION Fig 27. TOWN / STRATEGY / ACCESS AROUND MOVEMENT CORRIDORS

STRATEGY 2 Integrate and connect people and initiatives physically, socially and institutionally.

Fig 28. TOWN / STRATEGY/ INTEGRATION

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 62 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STATUS QUO 3 Kokstad’s neighbourhoods are mono-functional, mono-density, there are limited housing options, ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS and cars are given priority over people. CROSSROADS TOWN TOWN Photo 14. LACK OF NMT FACILITIES, KOKSTAD Fig 29. TOWN / STATUS QUO / DIVERSITY INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 63

STRATEGY 3 Diversify and intensify all parts of town to create complete neighbourhoods that are safe and mixed-use, providing equal access to opportunity.

Fig 30. TOWN / STRATEGY / DIVERSITY

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 64 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

TOWN I : STRUCTURE Review layout of next phases of ACCESSIBILITY GRID Franklin housing project to align with the proposed public space and In terms of public transportation-based movement systems, the most In 2040 Kokstad and Franklin street network. R617 equitable systems are ones where people can switch direction, as well have well-integrated and as modes of movement, quickly and easily. When this is possible, the ENABLING system provides ‘access to access’, rather than being overly destination- INSTITUTIONS connected neighbourhoods, determined. CONNECTOR ST where a network of FRANKLIN people friendly, safe and PARK ST PARK attractive streets links main ST ACTIVITY Fig 32. TOWN I - FRANKLIN destinations. INTERCHANGE CROSSROADS New connections across The centre points of these notional zones of access are transportation the stream dividing New connection interchange points. They are places where modes of transport are Shayamoya. R617 from R617 into Shayamoya. integrated and where changes of direction are possible. Strategic street framework identifying complementary activity and green streets SHAYAMOYA New LEVEL 2 NODE connecting all parts of Kokstad. neighbourhood nodes (within convenient walking LEVEL 3 NODE distance of all TOWN TOWN 400M RADIUS Re-integration of existing residents). malls and parking into Main Street. EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA NewRIVER connections through new GCADINJA ROAD development parcels PUBLIC SPACE BAMBAYI between Bhongweni

MAIN STREET and Shayamoya Interchange points generate large flows of people, and represent points connect the two areas. HOPE STREET of high accessibility. It therefore makes sense to make these places pleasant, landscaped public spaces, which can accommodate informal THE AVENUE HORSESHOE trading and services such as the pension payout point, and to locate R56 PUBLIC SPACE public amenities such as parks, totlots and sports fields nearby. BARKER STREET New street INFRASTRUCTURE connection from Taxi rank upgrading and BHONGWENI Bhongweni into PUBLIC SPACE improved linkages to and from Shayamoya. the region, especially at the town centre and the hospital. DOWER STREET KOKSTAD CENTRAL New pedestrian bridges across the river that divides Kokstad Central from Level 1 Node Bhongweni and Shayamoya. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE Level 2 Node NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES Level 3 Node Interchange points are ideal places for government to reach the people Regional Activity Routes with the support services they provide. Clusters of social services (a Neighbourhood Activity Street CLUSTERED ‘kit of public parts’) should be associated with the interchange points. MIX OF Connector Street R56 ACTIVITIES The precise make-up of the ‘kit’ varies with the hierarchical level of Green Street the interchange. The clustering of facilities also promotes a ‘one-stop N2 Pedestrian Route shopping’ type of service provision, in addition to making a space ideal The Rail Trail Notional internal public transport route for retailing, commerce and manufacturing. It also significantly enhances Notional omnibus public transport route New settlement with a fine- convenience and opens up the possibility of sharing facilities, particularly Existing/Proposed Settlement Footprint grain, pedestrian friendly grid between schools and the broader community.

AGRICULTURE and activity / green streets where Fig 31. TOWN I - KOKSTAD appropriate.

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 65

9.3.3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN accessible to the majority, and to create a new node within 400 meters. These nodes are KEY PROPOSALS pattern of clustered opportunities and special located at the most accessible points within an This section sets out the development plan places. It is also essential that services, facilities integrated network of connecting routes and Key proposals relating to the street grid include: for the Town story, as informed by national, and activities that require public support are provide a hierarchical framework or logic for • A series of new streets and bridges provincial and regional policies, and the story located at accessible locations. A clear system locating public facilities, community amenities connecting fragmented parts of Kokstad and strategies. of spatial connection can also assist in building and social, cultural and economic opportunity reforging broken links. social and institutional integration. as well as access to transport services over • New pedestrian routes, including bridges The main sub-stories of the Town story are: time. The establishment of such nodes would across Mill Stream that divides Kokstad • Town I: Structure PRINCIPLES introduce diversity and choice, increasing Central from Bhongweni and Shayamoya • Town II: Streets “neighbourhood completeness” in areas that are - this is covered in Natural Resources II: The following development and spatial principles currently mono-functional, dormitory areas. Public Open Space. • Town III: Public Space have informed the plan for Town I: Structure: • New routes to service approved • Town IV: Land Use and Activity These nodes serve as structuring elements • Increasing equitable access to amenities development to the south of Kokstad, and for the urban renewal of existing areas new • Town V: Settlement and opportunities by ensuring an equitable to the west of Franklin are also highlighted development areas proposed in the Settlement spatial distribution of these across the in the plan. It is important that the design 9.3.3.1 TOWN I : STRUCTURE settlement. Plan. of these new routes takes into account the street design guidelines provided in Town II: • Increasing connectivity by linking key The plan for Town I: Structure deals with the Streets. destinations, facilities and opportunities with THE PLAN establishment of a hierarchy of activity nodes a clear and legible network of links. Key proposals relating to the neighbourhood throughout the towns and the definition of a The plan identifies a town-wide network of activity nodes include: network of access linkages between them. • Improving accessibility through the connecting routes that spatially integrate and establishment of a fine-grained accessibility These nodes and linkages establish the link people, places and initiatives. These routes • Reinforcing and supplementing the CBD, grid ensuring permeability for pedestrians underlying spatial structure of Kokstad and are differentiated according to their level of specifically at the intersections of Barker/ (and disabled individuals), and generally connectivity for vehicles versus pedestrians and Dower and Hope/ Main. This is, and should Franklin and form the basis for proposals for convenient, safe and efficient access across non-motorised transport users - this is covered in remain, the centre of activity within Kokstad streets, public space, social facilities, land use, the urban area. settlement and public transport routes. detail in Town II: Streets. • Reinforcing the Usher Memorial hospital • Increasing choice and convenience through as a locally and regionally important increasing the range and number of high The plan identifies of a town-wide hierarchy node (already a point of high activity). RATIONALE opportunity places and promoting a range of of nodes at points of high accessibility within Development of the R56 housing sustainable transport modes. the access network. This builds on the clear, development will mean that thresholds of While Kokstad and Franklin have small accessible structure of the original Kokstad CBD support for a this node will increase. footprints, accessibility between different areas • Promoting the integration of activities and and reinforces existing, high access activity is weak. Neighbourhoods are isolated by poorly communities. • New activity nodes, less high order than nodes. It also identifies the location of a new set maintained and unsafe open spaces with the CBD and the hospital, are proposed in of activity nodes at points of high accessibility Bhongweni, Shayamoya and Extension 7 - inadequate linkages between them. The mono- APPROACH within the route network described above. these are identified on the plan. functional character of Bhongweni, Shayamoya The approach to Town I: Structure is to establish and Extension 7 intensifies this poor accessibility The plan identifies two notional public transport The plan proposes to set up two public transport a network of connected routes and hierarchy and increases levels of spatial inequity in the routes that reinforce the access network and services: of activity nodes that provide a flexible, and town. activity nodes. The first connects all central areas therefore robust, network of accessibility and • The first connects internal areas of the of Kokstad Central, Shayamoya and Bhongweni The concept of broadly equitable access is increases choice while clearly identifying areas towns via activity streets. This should via activity streets. The second is a route that central to making a more spatially equitable and of high access and opportunity. increase convenient and dignified access for goes in and out of town, around the outer edges, integrated town and dealing with past spatial people with impaired mobility. Connecting the fragmented parts of the town connecting new and existing residential areas development imbalances. Equity means that all • The second connects intensive agricultural to improve spatial integration and providing a with areas earmarked for a range of agricultural people have easy access to a broadly similar areas on the outskirts of town with the legible network of routes provides the framework typologies (more on this in the Agriculture story). range of opportunities, facilities, special places centre. This second public transport route for the establishment of vehicular, pedestrian, and events. could be serviced by a regular omnibus bicycle and public transport routes and services. service which can carry passengers and/or In order to achieve equity and integration, it is small volume freight between the proposed The location of the activity nodes is intended necessary to make existing opportunities more agricultural areas and agri-processing to ensure that everyone can access an activity facilities or retail outlets.

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R617 SHAYAMOYA

ENABLING R617 INSTITUTIONS THE AVENUE OLD LANDFILL

BOSMAN FARM

SHAYAMOYA HOSPITAL

SHAYAMOYA BHONGWENI HILL MZINTLAVA RIVER CROSSROADS TOWN TOWN

NEW CONNECTION FROM R617 INTO NEW CONNECTION ACROSS RIVER NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES NEW CONNECTIONS BETWEEN

SHAYAMOYA DIVIDING SHAYAMOYA The plan locates and defines a series of new SHAYAMOYA AND BHONGWENI The plan proposes a new road connection from The plan proposes a road connection (including neighbourhood activity nodes throughout all The plan proposes a new connection between the R617 into Shayamoya, to form a new link bridge) across the stream that separates a sections of town, with the intention that no Bhongweni and Shayamoya, that moves that runs right through the neighbourhood and small satellite of Shayamoya from the broader household should live more than 400m from a along the contour and thus is more friendly to INFRASTRUCTURE connects to town and to Bhongweni via Murray neighbourhood. Currently this fragment is neighbourhood activity centre. Different activity pedestrians and cyclists. This route is located Road and July Road. This creates an alternative only accessible via the R617, despite being centres will have different characters, but all will within proposed new housing development. entrance to the town that includes the townships only a couple of dozen meters from the rest of have components relating to commercial activity, in the public face of town, and improves Shayamoya. This will serve to integrate this little social amenities, transport stops, and parks or accessibility and permeability for both private fragment of the community into the whole. playgrounds. and public transport and freight. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM serve the new mixed-use development. Belmar is served by three local and two express bus lines, and is slated for shuttle bus service from the future Wadsworth Light Rail Sta- tion, one mile away. Four bus lines serve Paseo Colorado. The Pasadena Arts Bus also stops at Paseo Colorado in shuttling visitors to locations around the city. Downtown Park Forest has bus service throughout that links the site to a Metra commuter rail sta- tion, which connects the community to Chicago. CityPlace is two blocks from the Long Beach Transit Mall, which is served by almost 30 bus lines and a light rail system that connects downtown Long Beach to downtown Los Angeles. KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 67

The new mixed-use districts may serve as anchors for multi-modal transit centers, MALLS TO MAIN STREETS emerged, that sees new development reintegrating the old,()+!,$)$0
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MZINTLAVA RIVER KOKSTAD CBD 3TREET $ESIGN AND #ONNECTIVITY #HALLENGES AND /P PORTUNITIES

The street patterns surrounding the sites are typical of the eras during which the communities were originally built. Three of the case study communities – Lakewood, Park Forest, and Boca Raton – were built after World War II, primarily in the 1950s, when the automobile dominated urban transportation. Belmar lies within a typical western grid, with large blocks and $'&
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    “planned communities” in the country, was designed with cur- The plan proposes reconstituting the connection The construction of the mall on Main Street 0ASEO #OLORADO RESTORED THE HISTORIC 'ARlELD 3TREET AXIS THAT THE OLD MALL HAD INTERRUPTED between Bhongweni and Horseshoe, and adding disrupted the structure of the street grid and vilinear streets and wide setbacks. Wide commercial boulevards #OURTESY %HRENKRANTZ %CKSTUT  +UHN !RCHITECTS two new ones. Currently Horseshoe is accessible the dynamics of Main Street shopping, as well and residential streets surround Mizner Park. by one highly circuitous route, which leaves it as created an extensive blank facade onto St completely isolated. These new connections John’s St. It is proposed that a long-term strategy would integrate it with Bhongweni and greatly is formulated for recreating the Barclay St. Paseo Colorado, CityPlace, and Winter Park Village are increase the number of services and amenities connection between Main St. and St John’s, and #(!04%2   available to its inhabitants. (While three locations to rebuild the relationship between the shops and are suggested, these are subject to more the street within this development. detailed consideration and might change - the focus is that Horsehoe is connected into the Bhongweni grid).

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 68 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT GG Refer to the guidelines for land use and activity to determine the appropriate location & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES of different types of facility

The following development, design and land use GG Appropriate new commercial development should be encouraged at the identified ENABLING management guidelines should be followed to

INSTITUTIONS neighbourhood activity nodes ensure that the intentions of the Town Structure proposals are achieved: GG Refer to the guidelines for land use and activity to determine the appropriate location REDUCE FRAGMENTATION of different types of non-residential uses GG New infrastructure projects, developments ESTABLISH CLEAR, EFFICIENT AND SAFE PUBLIC and urban renewal projects should be TRANSPORT AND NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT structured to increase integration between SYSTEMS parts of town GG Locate public transport routes and CROSSROADS GG New developments and projects should not create barriers to access between interchanges to support indentified routes neighbourhoods and nodes GG No dead end street networks or gated GG Ensure that land use and infrastructure communities should be permitted planning and development decisions support a range of sustainable modes of ESTABLISH AN INTEGRATED ACCESS NETWORK transport to support regional and local accessibility TOWN TOWN GG Ensure that existing areas are linked by a safe, clear/ legible system of streets and that road infrastructure planning and implementation takes into account these spatial requirements GG Structure new development with permeable access networks and limit block sizes to a maximum length of 150m for vehicles and 75m length for pedestrians. GG Dead end developments, that do not provide connecting routes into adjacent areas, INFRASTRUCTURE should not be permitted GG Prevent the obstruction of important linking routes by large institutions or gated developments DEVELOP AND REINFORCE THE IDENTIFIED ACTIVITY NODES NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES GG Locate activity nodes at approximately 800m intervals and at the high access points identified in the plan GG Locate public facilities within walking distance of public transport routes and stops. GG Ensure that new social facilities are located at activity nodes AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 69

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TOWN II : TRANSPORT REGIONAL ACTIVITY ROUTES (E.G. HOPE STREET) In 2040 Kokstad and These streets link into the regional route network, have an important R617 mobility role and provide high visibility and access. They accommodate Franklin streets are safe all users and ensure access for private and public motorised transport. ENABLING These streets facilitate linear and nodal mixed use development and INSTITUTIONS and attractive spaces that higher densities along sections of the route. They accommodate prioritise pedestrians, FRANKLIN higher order retail such as national retail chains and local enterprises bicycles and public transport, and should support delivery and access requirements.. as well as enabling easy Fig 34. TOWN II - FRANKLIN logistics access. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY STREET (E.G. GCADINJA STREET)

CROSSROADS These are the spines of local neighbourhoods and link local

R617 neighbourhood nodes. They accommodate mixed traffic but prioritise pedestrians, bicycles and public transport. They facilitate linear mixed- use development, neighbourhood businesses and higher residential SHAYAMOYA densities along sections of the route. They offer landscaped edges, street trees, street furniture and allow direct access, ease of pedestrian crossing and high levels of public transport access. TOWN TOWN

EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA RIVER Activity Street: Streets linking GCADINJA ROAD communities. CONNECTOR STREETS (E.G COULTER STREET) BAMBAYI

MAIN STREET TheseThis photo-simulation streets are continuous streets that link key areas of the illustrates how the Better Streets Plan guidelines could be applied to a typical mixed-use San Francisco street to improve the pedestrian environment HOPE STREET town. They facilitate easy and safe pedestrian, cycle and public transport connections between one part of town and another, while THE AVENUE HORSESHOE still guaranteeing ease of access for private vehicles. Surrounding R56 buildings and edges are encouraged to maintain a relationship with the BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE A regular and street. regulated public BHONGWENI transport line is established (the yellow

Photosimulations circuit). DOWER STREET are for visualization purposes only, and KOKSTAD CENTRAL are not intended to show specific details Green streets allow for and dimensions easy pedestrian and cycling Level 1 Node movement through the town. GREEN STREETS (E.G ELLIOT STREET) Level 2 Node NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES These streets connect parks, playgrounds and crèches and provide Level 3 Node a safe, attractive network of people-friendly routes throughout the Regional Activity Routes Neighbourhood Activity Street towns. They include intense tree planting (such as fruit trees), very Connector Street R56 wide pedestrian walkways and a cycle path or bicycle boulevard. Green Street Signage and lighting prioritises pedestrians and cyclists. Vehicular N2 Pedestrian Route movement is limited to one lane in each direction only, with a narrow The Rail Trail carriageway width to slow cars. The surrounding land uses will mostly Notional internal public transport route be residential, and residents will be encouraged to retain a positive Notional omnibus public transport route Existing/Proposed Settlement Footprint interface with the street for passive surveillance. AGRICULTURE Fig 33. TOWN II - KOKSTAD

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9.3.3.2 TOWN II: STREETS APPROACH

Town II: Streets deals with the location, design The approach for Town II: Streets is based on the and function of a proposed network of streets concept of complete streets. A ‘Complete Street’ that reinforces the Town Structure of nodes is a street that allows pedestrians, bicyclists, and linkages. This network of key streets is transit riders, and motorists of all abilities to identified in the plan and then the role, character safely travel between destinations. In addition to and facilities provided by a range of key street providing facilities for all these users, Complete typologies providing guidance on how key Streets encourage sound land-use decisions and streets can be redesigned to be more pedestrian policies that foster environments that appeal to friendly. people traveling by foot and bicycle, taking into account way finding signs, landscaping, benches RATIONALE and other amenities. REGIONAL ACTIVITY ROUTE

While Kokstad and Franklin have a functioning The intention of the plan is to transform key road network, the streets of the town have been street network into attractive, safe, vibrant, designed and planned with cars and not people comfortable, landscaped spaces that are in mind. Great towns and cities have great well defined and overlooked by adjacent streets and great street spaces attract private development. The idea is to establish a legible sector property investment, and convey a sense system of activity streets, connector routes and of dignity and pride to residents. They are the green streets linking the key nodes highlighted most public and visible face of the town and in the plan for Town Structure that are safe, their quality, cleanliness and levels of activity stimulating, enjoyable and convenient places can inspire confidence and investment or detract to walk, shop, drive or watch the world go by - from these. spaces for every event and interest.

PRINCIPLES THE PLAN NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY STREET

• Promote streets as multi-purpose spaces The plan proposes an integrated network designed to accommodate all modes of of multi-modal, pedestrian, cycle and public transport transport priority streets. These are made up • Promote streets that accommodate a range of a range of key new street types that are of activities and that provide positive social, defined by what they link, what movement they economic and environmental spaces for the prioritise, their adjacent land uses, the level of town street furniture and amenities, and the features • Prioritise pedestrian convenience, safety and qualities of the buildings and structures that CONNECTOR STREET and activity define their edges. The Town II: Streets plan • Support cyclists and public transport, while identifies: enabling efficient vehicular and delivery 1. A town-wide network of strategically chosen movement streets, classified either as regional activity • Promote permeability and promote ease of routes, neighbourhood activity routes, access for pedestrians and cyclists connector streets and green streets. • Promote a variety of activities within street 2. A proposed network of pedestrian paths and spaces streets, within parks and through mid-block connections. • Promote safety and surveillance

GREEN STREET Fig 35. ILLUSTRATIVE STREET SECTIONS

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3. Two notional public transport routes, one • Protecting and enhancing the regional an internal activity route connecting central nature of regional activity routes, such as neighbourhoods and one connecting outer Hope Street. neighbourhoods and agricultural areas. 6. Upgrading of narrow, incomplete streets 4. The proposed rail trail entering Kokstad in Shayamoya into shared-surface mixed ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS town from the east and winding through to use environments that integrated all modes the old station. without differentiation, but traffic calming measures and the narrowness of the streets KEY PROPOSALS ensure that vehicles travel slowly and pedestrians and bicycles are prioritised. 1. Setting up a Bicycle Empowerment Centre (BEC) through the Bicycle Empowerment Network (BEN) that trains a local member of the community as a bicycle mechanic and

CROSSROADS cycling trainer. Fig 36. MAIN STREET EXISTING 2. Main Street upgrading and refurbishment, including the reconfiguration of existing big box retail to provide an attractive, safe and accessible environment to shopper and other users. 3. Upgrading the existing rail-way line that runs TOWN TOWN through Kokstad into a bicycle track, or the Rail-Trail - for more on this see Crossroads I: Developing the Region. 4. Setting up one or two critical public transport routes within the town, connecting disparate areas and ensuring inclusivity for vulnerable people, including disabled and elderly people. Fig 37. MAIN STREET [PROPOSED ACTIVITY STREET] 5. Upgrading of strategic streets, starting with the streets that have been identified in the

INFRASTRUCTURE plan as green streets and activity streets. Some examples of how streets could be • 6.5m wide sidewalks for pedestrians and upgraded are included here, and a full set MAIN STREET traders on either side of the street, with of drawings for proposed street upgrades is 1.5m of sheltered, unobstructed walking included in the annexures of this report. Main Street is a busy and vibrant existing street that runs north-south through the centre of space directly adjacent to the building line • Proposed green streets along Elliot, Baker, Kokstad Central. It is bustling with traders, and • 2m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS) Murray, Nkulululeko, Mnyaiza Streets and very well connected to the existing commercial through Shayamoya. • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES centre and taxi rank, but space for pedestrians parking on either side of the street • Proposed activity streets along Bower, and traders is limited, and there are no facilities Main, and Gcadinja Streets and the Avenue, • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, for traders. and Murray Street between the Avenue and separated from the street and protected Shayamoya. The plan proposes to upgrade Main Street into from the parking lanes by a physical barrier or SuDS (or as per recommendations for • Proposed connector routes linking the north- an activity street by removing two traffic lanes Class 2 cycling lanes) east corner of Shayamoya with Murray to increase space for bicycles, pedestrians and Street, and Coulter Street though town to traders. It is recommended that the proposed Bhongweni. street upgrading incorporates the following: AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 73

Fig 38. NKULULEKO STREET EXISTING Fig 40. TYPICAL 6M STREET EXISTING

Fig 39. NKULULEKO STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] Fig 41. TYPICAL 6M STREET PROPOSAL

NKULULEKO STREET • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel TYPICAL 6M STREET IN SHAYAMOYA cyclists, but still allows slow speed vehicular parking on either side of the street traffic. Vehicles are slowed by the narrowness Nkululeko Street is an existing street that runs • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, The typical 6m street is the dominant street of the street, and by clear indication through north-south through the west side of Bhongweni. integrated into the street between the typology in Shayamoya. It is a narrow, low quality signage and traffic calming measures. It is wide and under-utilised with low density vehicular lanes and the parallel parking (as street usually with no sidewalk at all. residential on either side. per recommendations for a Class 3 cycling lane) The plan proposes to upgrade the typical 6m The plan proposes to upgrade Nkululeko Street streets, even where they are not specifically • Permeable surfaces within the entire road into a park street, running through an area designated as activity or green streets, into real reserve earmarked for densification as part of the plan. ‘complete streets’, thereby demonstrating that It is recommended that the proposed street narrow streets can be very high quality public upgrading incorporates the following: environments.

• 3m wide sidewalks for pedestrians on either It is recommended that the proposed street side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed upgrading transforms these streets into 6m-wide walking space directly adjacent to the shared surface mixed use environments which building line can be used safely by pedestrians, children and • 3m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS)

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DEVELOPMENT GG Tree planting: & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES GG Bicycle lanes: On Green streets GG Thresholds: GG Permeable green streets there should incorporate STREETS AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACES In predominantly paving: Use should be 1.5m as much intensive residential areas, permeable paving wide bicycle lanes

ENABLING tree planting as GG Prioritise pedestrian movement and promote INSTITUTIONS allow a threshold for side-walks and in both directions, possible. These pedestrian comfort, safety and convenience space between the road-ways integrated into the spaces should be by: public nature of the street between the seen as linear parks, GG Ensuring a minimum sidewalk width of 1,5m street and the private vehicular lanes and providing shelter, is provided on all identified routes in the nature of the home the parallel parking shade and street Town Structure furniture. GG Ensuring that safe pedestrian crossing points are provided at least 75m intervals within the street network CROSSROADS GG Limiting vehicle crossing across sidewalks by limiting driveway widths, and promoting consolidated driveways and mid-block, lane access GG Encourage garages to be set back from road (alleyway leading to garage in backyard) rather than lining street with TOWN TOWN garage doors.

Promote cycling by: GG Developing a fine-grained bikeway network GG Developing a cohesive network of low- stress bikeways GG Providing direct access to common destinations

Promote activity and vibrancy within street

INFRASTRUCTURE spaces. Refer to the active edge guidelines for public space, but also specifically consider: GG Limit blank walls fronting onto street edges GG Limit garage entrances GG Ensure that streets are designed to have GG Sidewalks: Allow GG Trees and GG SuDS: Allow GG Vehicle lanes: GG Parallel parking: a clearly designated purpose and use and minimum 1.5m clear, lighting: Allow between 1m and 4m On green streets Provide parallel

NATURAL NATURAL encourage adjacent businesses, institutions unobstructed and minimum 1m for for sustainable urban there should be a parking on green RESOURCES and residents to develop a sense of well-maintained trees and street drainage controls maximum of two streets where the responsibility and contribute to the use, side-walk next to lighting such as swales, filter vehicle lanes, and street width can management and maintenance of sidewalk the building line, on strips and infiltration these should be accommodate it. spaces. either side of the trenches. narrow (2.5 - 3m On green streets street. maximum) to ensure sustainable urban GG Limit large parking areas along street edges slow driving speeds drainage controls and promote the establishment of parking and tree planting courts to the rear of properties should be prioritised over parking.

AGRICULTURE Fig 42. GUIDELINES FOR GREEN STREETS

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SAFETY AND SURVEILLANCE: GGBicycle lanes: On Increase the “extent of visual contact people GGThresholds: On activity streets there have with a space”. Promote safety and passive activity streets there should be 1.5m wide as well as active surveillance of streets by: should be a maximum set-back from the bicycle lanes in both GG Encouraging pedestrian traffic along building line to directions, separated important routes ensure a continuous from the street and GGTraders: Activity protected from the GG Increase the degree of environmental street wall. Public streets should parking lanes by a visibility through elements such as effective uses should be provide space and physical barrier or street lighting and uninterrupted sight lines encouraged at facilities for traders ground floor level. SuDS where possible. GG Roads should not terminate on vacant open land; rather they should end at property edges, controlled spaces or pedestrian paths GG Provide legible, clearly defined pedestrian routes; incorporate informal traders into any crime prevention strategy (providing passive surveillance within the public realm) GG Promote active surveillance: patrol by police or neighbourhood watch

Avoid blank walls fronting onto street edges as they reduce the safety of public streets and private properties and reduce vibrancy and attractiveness of the public environment - Boundary walls and security features should allow for passive surveillance from the street by: GG Limiting boundary walls to residential property to a maximum height of 1.5m GG Ensuring that new perimeter fencing is visually permeable to ensure that streets are overlooked - a minimum of 40% of the area of boundary walls should be permeable COMFORT AND SUSTAINABILITY

Ensure pedestrian and cycle comfort, providing GGSidewalks: Allow GGTrees and GGSuDS: Allow GGParallel parking: shade to pedestrian and cycle routes, reduce the minimum 1.5m lighting: Allow between 0.5m and Provide parallel urban heat island effect and promote sustainable clear, unobstructed minimum 1m for trees 1m for sustainable parking on activity drainage: and well-maintained and street lighting urban drainage streets where the side-walk next to the controls such as street width can GG Set aside a planting strip into the sidewalk building line, on either swales, filter strips accommodate section on green streets to accommodate side of the street. and infiltration it. On activity trees and greening and support sustainable On activity streets trenches. streets provision of urban drainage systems this space should be appropriate parking GG Promote colonnades and covered walkways sheltered from rain and loading spaces to buildings along retail street frontages on and sun. should be prioritised. activity streets GG Provide appropriate street furniture and Fig 43. GUIDELINES FOR ACTIVITY STREETS amenities to encourage activity

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TOWN III: PUBLIC SPACE TRANSIT SQUARES In 2040, Kokstad and Franklin’s Public spaces at public transport interchanges provide comfort, convenience and amenity for public transport users. They should streets, squares and open spaces R617 are safe, attractive, well-managed, provide public ablutions, trading facilities, seating, lighting, security , ENABLING bicycle facilities and storage, while the surrounding activities should INSTITUTIONS integrated containers for lively include retail, transport businesses (taxis, vehicle repairs), and cafes public life and social and FRANKLIN economic interaction, promoting a and eateries. sense of belonging and wellbeing. MARKET SPACES Fig 44. TOWN III - FRANKLIN Public spaces at market places provide space for emerging retail Develop urban design activities, food markets, and periodic markets. They should be located guidelines to ensure that

CROSSROADS buildings and structures at central points close to main activity streets, and should include a edging streets and market structure providing shelter and basic services (water, toilets, R617 public spaces provide a positive interface, etc) for traders. Surrounding activities that would do well are nurseries promoting passive and agri-processing businesses. Develop and implement surveillance, spatial a landscape and public definition and enclosure. SHAYAMOYA space upgrading framework for the main public spaces, street networks and open CIVIC SQUARES spaces. TOWN TOWN Civic squares are important town-wide gathering and civic spaces provide a place where the public can express their right to democratic EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA RIVER space - space where public displays and civic activities can happen,

GCADINJA ROAD or where people can demonstrate or even protest. Such spaces are

BAMBAYI centrally located and usually associated with a town hall, library, court MAIN STREET or similar civic use. Elements include a landscaped plaza, seating,

HOPE STREET and lighting.

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE NEIGHBOURHOOD SQUARES R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE Neighbourhood squares house local community activities, and are

BHONGWENI small hang-out places for people to meet. They are located within local communities and at clusters of social facilities. Elements include

DOWER STREET a landscaped plaza, seating, lighting, children’s play areas, play KOKSTAD CENTRAL equipment (ball courts etc.), and activities suited to the area are crèches, halls, schools, NGO offices, and places of refuge. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES HERITAGE PRECINCT Heritage precincts are located in areas of historical significance within R56 the town. This includes the area around both the Kokstad and Franklin N2 railway stations, intact parts of the historic Kokstad CBD, and the central part of Franklin.

Heritage precincts Public Open Space AGRICULTURE Fig 45. TOWN III - KOKSTAD

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9.3.3.3 TOWN III: • Provides the potential for a comprehensive APPROACH The aim is to increase the amount of space integrated view of public management within or immediately adjacent to the town that PUBLIC SPACE responsibilities and initiatives; The approach proposed is to develop the public is made up of managed and maintained quality The “public realm” is the shared environment • Accommodates the broadest cross-section realm as people-friendly, high-quality, attractive, public places and to ensure that no person within cities and towns such as sidewalks, of society. As such, it is a genuine meeting safe and well-landscaped public spaces that needs to walk more than 400 meters to find a ground, where people from all walks of life streets, squares, open spaces, parks plazas, and add to the attraction of Kokstad and Franklin. public space. can interact; Over time, the intention is to establish a town- so on. Town Public Space deals with the location This is an ambitious target, given that Kokstad • Complements the private domains of the wide system of urban public spaces and streets and design principles for urban public spaces and Franklin currently have no meaningful, city. Public space provides a medium for that are comfortable, climate-sensitive, safe, that are surfaced spaces including landscaping, quality urban public spaces so achieving the plan personal encounters. For this reason, a attractive and active. The Public Space plan seating and lighting. These spaces include civic, would require the establishment of an entirely healthy public domain is essential for private is intended to guide the realisation of these market and community squares and spaces. new system of public spaces. interests as well as the public good; spaces over time informing public, community RATIONALE • Helps define character. The city is and corporate investment in the construction of experienced as an array of streets, squares, the spaces themselves. The plan should also KEY PROPOSALS parks, gardens, laneways and alleys. These Kokstad & Franklin suffer from a lack of be a guide to land management, ensuring that While an overall upgrading of public spaces public spaces give structure and coherence investment in their public spaces and streets. changes to land uses, buildings and structures to what would otherwise appear to be a are proposed, there are some key spaces that Streets lack sidewalks and the towns as a defining these planned public spaces are chaotic collection of unrelated incidents; and should be prioritised: whole have no dignified civic spaces to enable appropriate. The supporting guidelines are • Gateway spaces that reinforce and bring social interaction, a key ingredient to breaking • Performs an important symbolic role. It intended to assist with this. helps to record the origins and aspirations activity to the edges of the proposed Green down the socio-economic and racial barriers of of a community, and it provides the primary Great public spaces have the following Heart Park . the communities of Kokstad and Franklin. To venue for civic occasions. characteristics and features: They • Heritage spaces supporting the proposed build a strong sense of place and identity for • Promote human contact and social Station Heritage Precincts. all, it is important that the unique qualities and A good public environment doesn’t happen by activities; characteristics of Kokstad, including its streets chance. It requires care, skill and attention in • A market square at the current entrance to and spaces, heritage buildings and precincts, its creation and management. It can always be • Are safe, welcoming, and accommodating Kokstad town from the N2. unique cultural history, attractive views and improved. for all users; • Neighbourhood squares at existing or vistas and leafy streets are enhanced. • Have design and architectural features that proposed community facilities such as are visually interesting; schools, libraries, NGOs, etc. Public space is the container for public life and PRINCIPLES • Transit squares at public transport the foundation for healthy social, economic • Promote community involvement; The central development principles that guide interchanges. and civic interaction and communication. A Town 3: Public Space are: • Reflect the local culture or history; well-designed public realm encourages and • Relate well to bordering uses; Depending on the local context, the upgrade enables human interaction. Public spaces offer • Ensuring the clear spatial definition and can take the form a fully-fledged public plaza, or delineation of public space. • Are well-maintained; places where people can connect, celebrate, simply be a pedestrian-friendly section of street, exchange ideas and goods – they are essential • Promoting a legible system of public spaces • Have a unique or special character. complete with wide sidewalks, street furniture, to the collective identity and social vitality of that assists people to find their way around, and appropriate amenities. towns. Good quality, welcoming public spaces guides appropriate land use, investment and activities. THE PLAN also provide relief from overcrowding and small homes and enable all citizens, wealthy • Promoting safe and active public spaces. The plan proposed a system of high quality, well- or not, to live in dignified circumstances. All • Promote a sense of place and identity in the defined system of urban public spaces located at neighbourhoods require appropriate and public environment through the design of the activity nodes identified in the Town Structure authentic public places that are accessible to all. public space that celebrates and enhances map. These establish a hierarchy of landscaped local character, culture, heritage and events. public spaces, including major new civic spaces In general terms, the public environment is and market squares as well as small, localised important because it: • Developing a diverse range of different public space types that have a clear role neighbourhood spaces. These spaces are seen • Binds together social and physical and character. as urban public spaces that can accommodate a circumstances within a city or town; range of activities and events depending on their • Promote and enable the multi-functional use context and surrounding land uses. of urban public spaces.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 78 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT SPATIAL DEFINITION AND ENCLOSURE GG Locate parking so that it is convenient but SURVEILLANCE OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACES does not sterilise the quality and definition & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES Promote safe and vibrant public spaces by of the public environment (e.g. provide GG Ensure a positive interface with the urban locating buildings to define, enclose and overlook landscaped parking courts to the rear of public spaces by ensuring active edges and The following development, design and land use passive surveillance/ overlooking of these streets, squares and open spaces. developments).

ENABLING management guidelines should be followed to spaces. INSTITUTIONS GG Where appropriate design buildings to ‘front’ GG Design and locate social facility and retail ensure that the intentions of the Town Structure GG Relate entrances and windows to the street onto public streets and to make a positively buildings so that they enclose public spaces proposals are achieved. to assist with passive surveillance. No defined space by creating a ‘street’ wall’ to promote activity, which in turn creates blank walls fronting onto public streets and that adheres to common street boundaries economic and social opportunity. spaces. set-backs GG Design social facilities so that they define GG Limit the blocking of openings onto the GG Establish a common build-to or setback line and enclose public space to increase street in existing buildings and ensure that from the street edge and ensure that all the sense of surveillance and safety and placement of openings in new buildings buildings edging the space locate on this promote activity and vibrancy. includes windows, doors and shopfronts that line CROSSROADS overlook streets. GG Edges onto streets and public spaces GG Promote multifunctional land uses to ensure should be clearly defined - allowing people long hours of use – day and night. to recognise public, semi-public and private spaces; edges should be defined through: GG Orient residential buildings and place streets so that open spaces are overlooked by -- Planting homes and not enclosed by the backs of -- Low walls or fences properties and blank walls. TOWN TOWN -- Lighting -- Surface level change -- Surface material change -- Street furniture -- Access and escape routes INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

Fig 46. SPATIAL DEFINITION GUIDELINES Photo 15. VPUU ACTIVE BOXES AGRICULTURE Establish a common build-to or setback line from the street edge and ensure that all buildings edging the space locate Relate entrances and windows to the street to assist on this line with passive surveillance. No blank walls!

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GG Limit blank walls on retail streets by locating ACTIVITY LEGIBILITY big box retail, malls and parking so that they accommodate street-facing activities GG All spaces should have a clearly designated GG Promote a clear and logical system of open and land uses that make a positive and role, use and be the clear responsibility of space so that people can find their way attractive street interface. an individual or group. Where appropriate, easily encourage residents to take responsibility GG Protect important views to natural and built GG Locate parking so that it is convenient but and ownership of streets and public spaces. does not sterilise the quality of the public landmarks GG Promote the multi-functional street spaces environment (e.g. provide landscaped GG Provide a clear visual links between primary and squares by: parking courts to the rear of developments). routes and spaces -- Designing the spaces to be as flexible GG Establish a clear sense of identity for public and generous as possible, avoid tailoring spaces spaces to specific uses such as far as possible GG Clarify the definition of public space so that that people understand what is public and -- Limit blank walls on retail streets by private. locating big box retail, malls and parking so that they accommodate street-facing GG Create a semi-public zone between public activities and land uses that make a and private realms to articulate the scale of positive and attractive street interface privacy required: from very public streets to semi-public threshold spaces, to private -- Include surfaces, structures and equipment living spaces using low walls, canopies, that encourage activity and play for the landscaping and level changes] youth, especially in local community spaces (these may include walls and courts for ball games, ramps for skating and so on) but ensure that these can serve other functions (for example walls serving as signage, mural spaces, skate ramps as seating and Fig 47. SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES so on)

Orient Residential buildings and place streets so GG Connect entrances onto public spaces to that open spaces are overlooked by homes and not generate activity. enclosed by the backs of properties and blank walls.

Fig 48. SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES Photo 16. VPUU ACTIVE POS Photo 17. MOTOMACHI STREET, YOKOHAMA Ensure a positive interface with the urban public spaces Design social facilities and retail so that they enclose Create a sense of continuity by establishing a ‘street by ensuring active edges and passive surveillance. public space to promote activity wall’ to create a lively and well-overlooked street

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TOWN IV : LAND USE & MIXED USE ZONES ACTIVITY Mixed-use development is the practice of having more than one form of “use” or activity (e.g., R617 In 2040, Kokstad and Franklin residential, commercial, office, recreational,

ENABLING industry) in a building or building complex. The INSTITUTIONS are attractive, well managed, combination of uses, when planned according

FRANKLIN to people’s needs, can create a more walkable, affordable, socially vibrant people-oriented space, and help prevent urban and integrated places that sprawl. attract visitors, the youth NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE Fig 53. TOWN IV - FRANKLIN The neighbourhood activity node is based on the and investment by promoting ‘kit of parts’ concept that relates to the collective mixed-use development in provision of public or community facilities in CROSSROADS clusters or “activity centres” that are located in appropriate locations. places of high accessibility, particularly in terms R617 of public transport and non-motorised transport.

New commercial nodes At such a node, a range of land use mixes are at appropriate locations SHAYAMOYA (at activity centres and encouraged - social, education, economic, along main connecting recreational, agricultural and transport - all at routes). TOWN TOWN a scale that is appropriate to the size of the node. While a single node is unlikely to contain Fig 50. SOCIAL COMPONENT EXTENSION 7 all these land uses, by encouraging a mix of MZINTLAVA RIVER Social facility activities a local character emerges so that some

precincts around GCADINJA ROAD nodes are predominantly social/educational in schools. BAMBAYI character, others are mostly commercial and MAIN STREET others might centre around a neighbourhood HOPE STREET park, agricultural allotments and a weekly market

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE - the nature of the node develops in response to the needs of its community. R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE The surrounding urban fabric should support BHONGWENI such a node through developing higher residential densities and pursuing a complete Bhongweni Light DOWER STREET KOKSTAD CENTRAL Industrial Park. street approach, with provision for pedestrian Fig 51. SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPONENTS and cycling streets, and transit stops.

Consolidate and protect The kind of social facilities that work well within the Main Street mixed use NATURAL NATURAL zone as a regional shopping such a node are schools, clinics, libraries, RESOURCES precinct. (Do not allow out- digital hubs, community halls, etc. (see Fig 6). of-town malls!) In a town location (such as is illustrated in Public Open Space Fig 7), these kinds of uses are complemented R56 Complementary Mixed Use by a range of commercial activity, while in an Industrial N2 Establish an agricultural node or quieter residential area the Proposed/Existing Primary School “Industrial Ecology focus might be on nurseries or playgrounds, Proposed/Existing Secondary School Precinct” in Kokstad while a higher-order node would include Proposed/Existing Sportsfield industrial area to attract new investment larger retail and services (these are unpacked Proposed/Existing Government Facilities and stimulate new

AGRICULTURE industries. under the Agriculture, Natural Resources and Fig 49. TOWN IV - KOKSTAD Fig 52. ALL USES Crossroads stories respectively).

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9.3.3.4 TOWN IV : LAND USE & of foot-traffic that generate the thresholds streets and intersections easily accessible by two • Establish town, neighbourhood and local of support required for successful business or more neighbourhoods. activity centres as safe, vibrant social, ACTIVITY activities including retail, personal services and economic and entertainment zones (Adapted from http://www.placemakers. small scale production of goods for sale. They and social support clusters linked to the The Town Land Use and Activity Plan identifies com/2012/08/30/the-five-cs-of-neighborhood- accessibility networks. are good places for entrepreneurial development the location and types of mixed use development planning) • Develop new community facility clusters, that should be promoted within Kokstad and hubs. retail and employment centres in under- Franklin. It is not a comprehensive land use The logic of the Land Use and Activity Plan is PRINCIPLES to establish a cluster of public facilities at each served areas such as Bhongweni and plan but rather indicates where non-residential Shayamoya. of the identified activity centres. The idea is uses should occur to support the proposed Town • The central development principles that that different types of nodes are appropriate • Build a network of social support services Structure and system of Streets and Public guide Town Land Use and Activity plan are for different kinds of facilities, and that these around existing and future schools. Space. to: can be thought about as a “kit of parts” made • Promote a diverse combination of land uses up of a complementary range of public and RATIONALE across the towns and also at the level of Medium-density, mixed-use private non-residential uses located in places of individual erven or subdivisions of land. neighbourhoods provide a far higher Single use of land can induce social high accessibility, particularly related to public level of amenity and activity than mono- • Promote resilience and the capacity to fragmentation, especially separating housing transport and non- motorised transport. The functional sprawl. There are many such accommodate land use change over time from work places, commercial and social uses. co-location of appropriate levels of commercial of the built fabric through flexible layout and neighbourhoods all over the world, most The UNHabitat’s 2012 guide; “Urban Planning for activity reinforces the convenience and vibrancy building design creating a highly attractive picture of Leaders” identifies three key areas that benefit of these activity nodes. urban living: from allowing compatible uses to coexist. Firstly, • Promote the principle of live-work-play by locating residential and employment The ‘kit of parts’ concept is strongly hierarchical social benefits are achieved through improving opportunities in close proximity to or with the provision of a series of facility clusters access to services and urban amenities, integrated with each other. that range in size and levels of service provision. improved levels of choice and increased safety The appropriate components of each ‘kit” is resulting from increased numbers of people on • Promote clustering and overlap of public and commercial activities to improve informed by the location, accessibility, role, the street. Secondly, economic benefits result convenience and accessibility thresholds of support and historical provision from increased business potential of transactions types of need featured in the various activity • Respect and enhance the unique character, and trade generated by more potential nodes. customers, this in turn translates into increased cultures and heritage of the towns business taxes. Thirdly, land and infrastructure THE PLAN AND KEY PROPOSALS benefits can be achieved by reducing the APPROACH demand for travel as well as the amount of land The plan proposes the location of social The plan aims to increase the safety, vibrancy required for parking as more people are able to service clusters, and commercial activity at and convenience of the public environment access what they need on foot. highly accessible and visible points in the in Kokstad and Franklin to attract visitors, the movement network to promote accessibility The grouping of facilities (including social, youth and investment by promoting mixed- and convenience, especially in currently under- education, economic, recreational, agricultural use development in appropriate locations. It served ‘township’ areas. and transport facilities) ensures convenience for is built around the concept of “neighbourhood users, reduces trip numbers, creates focal points completeness”, which recommends that “great • Protect and enhance the mixed use for development and infrastructure provision neighbourhoods host a mix of uses in order to character of Kokstad’s main street and enables the sharing of resources and provide for our daily need to live, work, play, • Permitting appropriate mixed uses at management capacity. worship, dine, shop, and talk to each other. identified activity nodes and along activity Each neighbourhood has a centre, a general corridors to support the development of Clustered social and business facilities provide middle area, and an edge. The reason suburban local retail, these include nodes at the a ‘one-stop shopping’ type of service provision sprawl sprawls is because it has no defined Central Square in town, iThembalabantu and opens up the possibility of sharing facilities centres and therefore no defined edge. Civic Centre at Shayamoya, and the Gcadinja/ particularly between schools and the broader Nkqubela intersection area, and activity spaces generally (though not always) define a community. corridors on Hope, Main, Dower and neighbourhood’s centre while commerce tends to Note: See Annexure B for more precedent. Gcadinja Streets. These clusters in turn generate higher flows happen on the edges, on more highly trafficked

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NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE The Neighbourhood Activity Node relates to Library Multipurpose hall Public internet & internet information hub the collective provision of public or community Communal woodlots for construction facilities in clusters or “activity centres” that are timber at institutions. ENABLING located in places of high accessibility, particularly Biodiversity park &

INSTITUTIONS Primary / tertiary education constructed wetlands related to public transport and non-motorised Rainwater tanks transport. The grouping of facilities including Food market social, education, economic, recreational, Public transport hub agricultural and transport facilities ensures convenience as well as promotes the sharing of Eco-schools programme centre Biogas digester resources. The ‘kit of parts’ concept is strongly hierarchical with the provision of a series of Active box facility clusters that range in size and levels of CROSSROADS service provision that is informed by location, Internet café. Heath facility accessibility and levels of need. The elements of the kit of parts will vary in terms of thresholds of support and historical provision. Retail Playground, skate park Biogas digesters Parking & outdoor gym

Sale of Play lot Fresh food TOWN TOWN medicinal Seedling nursery restaurant

Pocket wetlands Creche Community kitchen

Heath care / Bicycle Business & Skills refuge / info repair development centre centre & storage Micro-processing (drying, pickling, Sustainable stormwater management systems brewing, freezing, Corner shop

INFRASTRUCTURE packing) Community garden Recycling drop off point

Green building support & advice centre Recycling businesses Recycling collection centre

The ‘Kit of Parts’ concept relates to the series of facility clusters that range in size and collective provision of public or community levels of service provision that is informed by NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES facilities in clusters or “activity centres” that location, accessibility and levels of need. The are located in places of high accessibility, elements of the kit of parts will vary in terms of particularly related to public transport and thresholds of support and historical provision. non- motorised transport. The grouping of facilities including social, education, economic, recreational, agricultural and transport facilities ensures convenience as well as promotes the sharing of resources. The ‘kit of parts’ concept is strongly hierarchical with the provision of a AGRICULTURE Fig 54. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE

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DEVELOPMENT PROMOTE MIXED USE CLUSTER SOCIAL FACILITIES PROMOTE FLEXIBILITY & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES GG Promote appropriate non-residential uses GG Ensure that new social facilities are located GG Promote flexibility in land subdivision, including social facilities, retail, commerce within activity nodes site layout, plot configuration and building ENSURE THAT LAND USES AND ACTIVITY WITHIN and light manufacturing: design and placement to enable changes in GG Cluster social facilities so that they support DEVELOPMENTS CONTRIBUTES POSITIVELY TO use over time: -- at identified activity nodes and along spatial and social integration, efficiency THE PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT identified activity route of management, shared resources and -- Promote a flexible grid layout over highly security (including government services, varied/ complex road configurations as GG Manage changes to the built form of private -- at gateway sites and activity nodes development so that buildings, structures NGOs and other support organisations) and these enable more flexible and varied uses -- within multi-level residential developments establish activity centres of safe, vibrant and and landscaping reinforce the safety, -- Promote long narrow plots as these offer convenient public amenity: definition and quality of the public spaces -- at the ground floor of the street edges of the potential to incorporate multiple uses in and streets of the towns. multi-level developments as appropriate for -- Major civic buildings such as municipal an efficient and flexible way the location. offices, libraries, hospitals should be GG Preserve existing streetscape character on -- Limit purpose built and inflexible layouts located near transit interchanges and at town grid by infilling with complementary GG Limit mono-functional developments that are completely tailored to single uses built form, but allow more flexibility in land other high-traffic, easily accessible places. GG Protect and enhance the CBD mixed-use and therefore limit adaptation to other uses use along connectors and activity routes. - zone currently located along Hope and Main - Promote local neighbourhood retail GG Promote diverse (but coherent?) street Streets by: and small enterprise development at interfaces by building flexibility into the neighbourhood activity nodes. -- Not approving out of town, mono-functional range of land uses, building sizes that can -- Locate public facilities around public be accommodated (in terms of plot size, malls (ref malls to mainstreets) that will draw large retailers out of the town centre spaces to optimize co-location (shared width of frontage, height and land use). management, security) and convenience - GG Ensure that development articulates the - Promote intensification and reinforcement for users. transition between public and private on of existing and proposed activity nodes and streets rather than allowing new GG Reinforce existing community facility nodes its edges to create appropriate spaces and schools. for interaction that are safe, stimulating, development to dissipate activity enjoyable and convenient GG Ensure integration of the social, economic, institutional and physical aspects of GG Design buildings and public spaces that can land development by considering the be effectively maintained so as to ensure management, operational and community continued public use of spaces and prevent dimensions in decisions on the location of places from becoming locations for criminal public buildings activity; ensure visibility of public ablution facilities

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TOWN V : SETTLEMENT New settlement areas. LOW [GROSS] DENSITY = 10DU/HA Review Low Density developments = Future Kokstad and Franklin R617 10du/ha (example: Mamiesa/Middelvlei)

ENABLING provide safe, vibrant and INSTITUTIONS convenient neighbourhoods FRANKLIN

nett density range: Fig 56. TOWN IV - FRANKLIN 5 to 20 du/ha

MEDIUM [GROSS] DENSITY = 25 DU/HA CROSSROADS New Medium density mixed use New settlement areas. Proposed layout of new R617 developments = 25 du/ha (example: neighbourhood blocks along R56 and between Shayamoya and along R617 to Franklin Proposed layout of new neighbourhood blocks Bhongweni) SHAYAMOYA between Shayamoya Develop a range of and Bhongweni new settlement areas including the R56, as

TOWN sustainable, complete neighbourhoods including strong 35 du/ha nett density range: components of EXTENSION 7 private rental and MZINTLAVA RIVERgross 15 to 75 du/ha social housing (using GCADINJA ROAD density Kokstad’s new HIGH [GROSS] DENSITY = 35 DU/HA BAMBAYI MAIN STREET New High density mixed use development

HOPE STREET = 35 du/ha gross density (at nodes, along Sample infill densification corridors, and adjacent to active open THE AVENUE layout with highestHORSESHOE densities onto corridors and public open space, especially the proposed new R56 space. Green Heart Park) BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE 25 du/ha BHONGWENI gross DOWER STREET density KOKSTAD CENTRAL nett density range: 60 to 100 du/ha

Review Mamiesa DENSIFICATION AND INFILL

NATURAL NATURAL and Middelvlei Projects to RESOURCES Densification and infill incorporate sustainable Densification and infill (in the blocks (in the blocks between design principles and between St Johns, Murray and 1st St Johns, Murray and 1st infrastructure options. Avenue). Avenue) R56 In selected parts of Kokstad it is possible Densification up to 35du/ha N2 to increase gross densities from below Densification up to 25 du/ha 10du/ha to 25 du/ha. These opportunities High Density New Development (35du/ha) 10 du/ha are cost effective, sustainable and Medium Density New Development (25du/ha) gross Low Density New Development (10du/ha) density 100 to 200 % resource efficient ways to provide new AGRICULTURE housing opportunities. Fig 55. TOWN IV - KOKSTAD densification

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9.3.3.5 TOWN V : SETTLEMENT PRINCIPLES providing a range of types of places to live and offering choice and variety. The settlement proposals deal with the location • Promote compact development to improve and typology of new settlement areas as well accessibility and protect valuable eco- THE PLAN AND KEY PROPOSALS system services and agricultural land as identifying opportunities for densification and infill. Both new settlement areas and • Promote densification and infill over new The plan accommodates population growth in the densification proposals respond to and support development to retain the clear identity long-term, without needing to radically expand the physical footprint of the town. The settlement the network of activity nodes, linkages, public of the towns within the natural and rural landscape plan indicates a range of new settlement and spaces, streets and social facilities described infill and densification opportunities within a in the proposals described for Town Structure, • Promote diversity in settlement and unit proposed settlement containment edge. To see Streets and Public Space. typologies as well as land use to increase the calculations and input assumptions used to Fig 57. PLOTS: 5 - 20 DU/HA NETT DENSITY choice and accommodate a wider range of generate the figures quote here, please see the RATIONALE households and income groups annexures of this report. • Ensure that development has a positive • Infill and densification areas are identified Overall densities in Kokstad and Franklin are impact on the public environment in the east of Kokstad Central, in particular too low to support sustainable infrastructure • Ensure that new development is spatially between St John’s Street and the proposed and services. While the perception is that low integrated with the existing town structures Green Heart Park. Here the intention is densities generate better liveability and/or to increase densities from 4du/ha gross environmental quality, higher densities allow for APPROACH density to 25du/ha gross density and greater concentrations of amenities, reduce the 35du/ around the park. At these densities, costs of economic transactions, enable more The approach taken in the Settlement Plan is to approximately 16 786 more people could be accommodated within the identified infill accessible transport systems, and promote develop, contain and safeguard Kokstad’s unique and densification areas of Kokstad, and 810 integration and diversity. Low densities increase qualities through responsible development and more people could be accommodated in Fig 58. PLOTS: 15 - 25 DU/HA NETT DENSITY costs to cities and residents while higher to limit the growth of the urban footprint. This will Franklin. densities enable the more efficient and cost reduce impacts on the environment (ecosystem • New settlement areas are proposed on effective use of infrastructure and increase the services), transport, infrastructure, operating land identified as suitable for development. potential for rates to cover the costs of operating and household costs, and loss of arable land. This includes areas that can be spatially towns and cities. In parallel the approach is also to diversify and integrated with the existing structure of intensify all parts of town to create complete Residential development in Kokstad and Franklin the towns. These areas are envisaged at neighbourhoods that are safe and mixed-use, is an opportunity to restructure the form of the a range of gross densities from low (10du/ to achieve sustainable and liveable settlement settlement as a whole, by creating high-quality, ha), medium (25du/ha) to high (35-50 du/ growth and urban renewal, and to provide equal ha). At these densities, approximately 20 integrated sustainable living environments access to amenity and opportunity. 776 households could be accommodated that provide equitable access to opportunities, within the identified new settlement areas amenity and services, and are diverse, locally The plan prioritises infill development and of Kokstad and approximately 2 068 in Fig 59. PLOTS: 35 - 50 DU/HA NETT DENSITY appropriate, compact and efficient. A diversity densification to keep the urban footprint compact Franklin. of dwelling options is required to accommodate and optimise existing infrastructure. The • Land suitable for urban development in the varied need for housing over a lifetime, and approach taken to new development is to identify the medium to long term is included within to meet varied income levels and circumstances. locations that are suitable for development, a revised settlement containment edge. A variety of housing types enables different support innovation, promotes urban restructuring Land areas that have been specifically types of people to live together in the same and improves integration, diversity and access. excluded from the settlement containment neighbourhood, and it helps people to find The new settlement areas are viewed as edge are those that are steeper than 1 housing that suits their circumstances and spatially integrated, mixed-use, mixed income in 5, those identified as providing a high means. areas and are organised around the Town’s value ecosystem services or including an Structure of activity nodes and linkages as well important landscape feature such as a hilltop or rocky outcrop. This is explained as key streets, public spaces and green open in more detail in Natural Resources 1: spaces. The plan also recognizes that different Ecosystem Services. Fig 60. INFIL AT 20 - 25 DU/HA NETT DENSITY parts of the town have different characters,

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10du/ha (e.g. Mamiesa/Middelvlei) 25 du/ha (e.g. along R56 and between NODE / CORRIDOR Shayamoya and Bhongweni) Typologies 35 du/ha (e.g. at nodes, along corridors, and

ENABLING Typologies adjacent to active open space) INSTITUTIONS • Detached houses • Semi-detached houses • Semi-detached houses Typologies • Single and double storey row and cluster • Single and double storey row or cluster • Double storey row or cluster (duplex) (simplex/duplex) housing (simplex/duplex) houses houses • Walk-up 2-4 storey flats • Walk-up 2-4 storey flats Density • Non-residential uses at ground floor with 2 • Non-residential uses at ground floor with 2/3 • In a low density development, a range of storey duplexes/flats over storey duplexes/flats over net density from 5du/ha to 20du/ha should

CROSSROADS aim to achieve an average gross density of Density Density 10 du/ha. • In a medium density development, a range • In a high density development, a range • Approximately 10% of the development is of net density from 15du/ha to 75du/ha of net density from 60du/ha to 100du/ha needed for roads should aim to achieve an average gross should aim to achieve an average density of • Approximately 10% is needed for non- density of 25du/ha. 35-50 du/ha. residential uses, including active open • Approximately 20% of the development is • Approximately 10% of the development is space. needed for roads needed for roads TOWN TOWN • Allow maximum 40% coverage, including • Approximately 16% is needed for non- • Non-residential uses, including active open hardened or paved ground surface (e.g. residential uses, including active open space, will vary depending on the location. patio/driveway), recognising the eco-system space. Most high density development will be services provided by residential garden located close to larger order non-residential • Allow maximum 50% coverage, including space facilities. hardened or paved ground surface (e.g. patio/driveway), recognising the eco-system • Allow maximum 50% coverage, including services provided by residential garden hardened or paved ground surface (e.g. space patio/driveway), recognising the eco-system services provided by residential garden space. Hardened parking areas should be kept to a minimum. Use permeable paving INFRASTRUCTURE where possible. • Paved parking areas to double as recreation spaces, e.g. street ball court. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

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R56 ST-PATRICK’S SCHOOL - SHAYAMOYA - BHONGWENI LINK GREEN HEART PARK EDGES SHAYAMOYA LINK

GOLF COURSE SHAYAMOYA SHAYAMOYA

MURRAY ST R56 SHAYAMOYA BHONGWENI

THE AVENUE R617 NKULULEKO ST

PRISON MZINTLAVA RIVER ST PATRICK’S

KOKSTAD CENTRAL

BHONGWENI MILL MILL STREAM STREAM Total area: 97ha Total area: 46ha Total area: 31ha Total area: 16ha

Total dwelling units: 1859 Total dwelling units: 1152 Total dwelling units: 783 Total dwelling units: 565

Total population: 5837 Total population: 3619 Total population: 2458 Total population: 1774

Density mix: Density mix: 100% medium density (25 du/ha Density mix: 100% medium density (25 du/ha Density mix: 100% high density (35du/ha gross gross density) gross density) density) 10% high density (35du/ha gross density) New development is proposed around St The relocation of residents living on un-buildable The plan proposes high density residential 44% medium density (25du/ha gross density) Patrick’s School, also using some of the slopes in Bambayi is already underway - to the development around the proposed Green Heart 46% low density (10du/ha gross density) extensive land that forms part of the school last phases of Shayamoya. Park. This area is currently particularly low grounds if possible, in order to tie the northern density, especially in the area between St John’s The already conceptualised R56 project, on The plan proposes new development parcels area of Kokstad Central into Shayamoya, and Street and Murrary Street, and there is room for land between the golf course, the prison and the between Bhongweni and Shayamoya, to knit create a new formal entrance to the town, one new development parcels on the edge of park, existing cemetry, is proposed as part of this plan. these two settlements together with safe and that doesn’t by-pass Shayamoya. which should be used as an opportunity to create lively streets that are overlooked by residences. As already envisioned in the development a positive, active edge onto the park. charter for the R56, the development should be Acurate flood lines will have to be determined a model for sustainable, mixed-use, medium before development here can be planned. density development, and adhere to best- practice sustainable development guidelines.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 88 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN POPULATION GROWTH ACCOMMODATED IN THE PLAN

EXISTING URBAN AREAS PROPOSED INFIL AND DENSIFICATION WITHIN PROPOSED NEW DEVELOPMENTS PROPOSED NEW SETTLEMENT CONTAINMENT EXISTING URBAN AREAS EDGE ENABLING INSTITUTIONS Kokstad CROSSROADS TOWN TOWN

30’524 people 47’310 people 68’086 people 86’402 people

Area: 1’297ha Additional population: 16’786 Additional population: 20’776 Settlement containment edge area: 1’965ha

Population: 30’524 Sub-total population: 47’310 Total population: 68 086 Potential population accommodated within settlement containment area at target density of Gross base density: 7,5du/ha Gross base density: 12du/ha Urban area: 1’721ha

INFRASTRUCTURE 14du/ha: 86’402 (current population + 55’878) Gross base density achieved: 13du/ha

Franklin NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

977 people 1’787 people 3’855 people 5’224 people

Area: 57ha Additional population: 810 Additional population: 2’068 Settlement containment edge area: 119ha

Population: 977 Sub-total population: 1’787 Total population: 3’855 Potential population accommodated within settlement containment area at target density of Gross base density: 6,5du/ha Gross base density: 10du/ha Urban area: 119ha AGRICULTURE 14du/ha: 5’224 (current population + 4’247) Gross base density achieved: 10du/ha

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 89

DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY & URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES GG New development areas must not be located on areas identified as providing high Apply all guidelines for structure, street, public value ecosystem services space and land use to densification initiative and GG Develop all new settlement areas in terms of new development areas. green building guidelines, using sustainable INCREASE OVERALL DENSITIES OVER TIME service technologies wherever possible and supported by a sustainable infrastructure GG Increase overall densities over time to an development programme. average gross density of 15 du/ ha. GG New development areas should be located GG Set a minimum average density of xx du/ ha to support the efficient use of existing for new development areas infrastructure as well as proposed new GG Promote infill and densification and infill in infrastructure identified densification zones, especially in areas close to open space and amenities GG Encourage double (or multi-)storey development in higher density areas and allow at least one second dwelling (more in low-density areas) on each residential lot as a primary right within the zoning scheme. PROMOTE INTEGRATION

GG New development areas must be organised around the proposed structure of activity nodes and linkages, streets, public spaces, land uses and open spaces identified in the Town and Natural Resources Plan PROMOTE DIVERSITY

GG Include a range of site sizes, housing typologies and net densities, and concentrate higher densities at nodes, along corridors, and facing onto primary public open spaces such as parks and squares. GG Locate medium densities throughout the town and lower densities in areas where the historic and green character of the town should be preserved. GG Allow for a mix of institutional and financing models as well as a mix of typologies in all development projects. GG Balance between distinct character areas and diversity of plots sizes, housing typologies and mix of uses within a given area.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 90 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.3.4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN • The National Treasury’s Neighbouhood The strategic street upgrading project is also Development Partnership Grant (NDPG) closely tied to the Sustainable Urban Drainage The implementation plan for this story has two recognizes the importance of public investment Project in the Water Cycle Management programmes: in the public environment as a key to attracting Programme and these projects must be private investment into marginalized or managed in partnership. ENABLING • Public Space, Street and Facility Investment underdeveloped areas. INSTITUTIONS Programme The following enabling and institutional initiatives are • Settlement Response Programme required in order to achieve the programme aims: PROGRAMME 4: • Update policies and develop urban design guidelines to ensure that buildings and ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY structures that edge streets and public spaces COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS INVESTMENT PROGRAMME provide a positive interface, thereby promoting PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME passive surveillance, spatial definition and & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS

CROSSROADS The Public Space, Street and Facility Investment enclosure. Programme focuses on the transforming the public • Develop and implement a landscape and DESCRIPTION 1. Design and 1. Develop urban 1. Review zoning face of Kokstad and Franklin. This programme public-space upgrading framework for the main implement a stakeholder design guidelines for scheme to enable engagement process, development in Kokstad mixed use at identified highlights the key interventions required for the public spaces, street networks and parks. including surveys and Franklin. neighbourhood centres public frameworks of Kokstad and Franklin to with residents and The programme proposes that the GKM commits to: achieve integrated access, high-quality, safe and businesses, to establish a baseline to inform 2. Incentivise compact, active streets and public spaces and appropriately • Planning, design and upgrading of public public space and social mixed-use development spaces at neighbourhood centres identified in with ‘complete streets’, TOWN TOWN located and designed social facilities. It includes facilities planning, and the ISDP; new LUMS. and penalise single- a set of five capital investment projects and three use, auto-dependent support initiatives that are intuitional or operational • Develop a social facilities plan to coordinate 2. Seek opportunities developments. in nature. the location, clustering and design of social for creative approaches to the management facilities at public spaces. The GKM would be of public open Increasingly, national and provincial sector funding, responsible for planning and designing halls space, including co- including human settlement and transport projects, and libraries and for coordinating with Provincial management with recognize the need for investment in public space and National departments and NGOs on health, property owners / developers / community to improve the social and economic performance of social welfare and other facilities; organisations. cities and towns. • Develop a main street upgrading programme 3. Engage with taxi The following policies and funding mechanisms including a framework for sidewalk upgrading associations around INFRASTRUCTURE and landscaping, guidelines for active streets strategies for more support the implementation of projects under this and heritage; sustainable public programme: transport. • Develop and implement (incrementally), a • Public space standards: “International 4. Organise government Sustainable Streets Project to implement the comparison suggests an acceptable benchmark departments to work Activity Streets, Green Streets and Connector together in a coordinated of 2 hectares of quality public open space per Streets identified in the ISDP; way and to sequence 1000 residents in dense urban settings. Such their maintenance and • Collaborate with the Provincial Department of repair work for minimum NATURAL NATURAL neighbourhoods require culturally appropriate

RESOURCES and authentic public places that are accessible Transport, Bus and Taxi operators to investigate wastage of resources and time to all.”[1] the feasibility of developing a free or subsidized local transport service to improve public • Design for Safer Communities guide prepared transport connections between parts of town. DURATION by the CSIR identifies critical This programme is closely aligned with the • The National Thusong Service Centre APPROX. BUDGET Programme also recognises the importance Settlement Response Programme and both are of spatially integrated, accessible and aligned to urban renewal and densification projects FUNDING SOURCE managed social services – a key institutional as well as projects proposing new settlement areas. consideration under this programme. AGRICULTURE

Matrix.11. PROGRAMME 4: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 91

PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT A1) NEIGHBOURHOOD A2) NEIGHBOURHOOD B1) URBAN AREA B2) URBAN AREA C) PUBLIC TRANSPORT D) CREATING NEW E) SETTING NAME CENTRES: CENTRES: UPGRADING: MAIN UPGRADING: ROAD LINKAGES UP A BICYCLE PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL FACILITIES STREET AND RETAIL / SUSTAINABLE STREETS EMPOWERMENT UPGRADE PROVISION PLAN COMMERCIAL ZONES PROJECT CENTRE PROJECT Develop a public space Develop a social facilities Refurbish, upgrade and Develop a comprehensive Commission a feasibility Build new road linkages Set up a Bicycle DESCRIPTION upgrading plan for provision plan: maintain retail streets and street upgrading plan: study for the establishment where the existing grid Empowerment Centre upgrading and maintaining a. Prepare a framework for commercial areas: a. Prepare a street of one scheduled and is disconnected and/or through BEN (the Bicycle existing and new public provision of social facilities a. Prepare a heritage upgrading framework, regulated circular route fragmented. These include Empowerment Network) spaces: conservation plan for building on the ISDP linking all Kokstad connections to promote cycling and a. Prepare a framework for b. Plan, design and Kokstad Central neighbourhoods, and one maintain bicycles in upgrading and developing implement the construction b. Identify priority route linking Kokstad to the town. This involves neighbourhood centres of new social and b. Prepare a framework streets and plan, design Franklin. training a local community in Kokstad and Franklin, community based for upgrading retail streets and implement pilot / member to become a based on the identified facilities to support the and commercial areas, demonstration project bicycle mechanic, and neighbourhood centres and for retrofitting existing organizing training school neighbourhood centres c. Build on lessons from (i.e. one centre within big-box retail children and getting c. Coordinate the location pilot and plan, design donated bicycles for them. 400m of all residents) and management of social c. Identify, plan, design and implement all other b. Identify, plan, design facilities provided by all and implement public strategic street upgrading and implement five public spheres of government to space upgrades in priority projects space upgrades at priority ensure that new facilities zones centres are located to support identified neighbourhood activity centres. RELATED • Community • Community • Local Currency • Sustainable Streets • The Rail Trail, PROJECTS Development Development Project, Green Heart Sustainable Streets Centres Centres Park. Projects, Green Heart Park. PROJECT • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project STAGE Development Phase Development Phase Development Phase Development Phase Development Phase • P&DP: Pilot and/ • PIP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ • P&DP: Pilot and/ • P&DP: Pilot and/ or Demonstration Implementation or Demonstration or Demonstration or Demonstration Projects Phase Projects Projects Projects • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Phase Phase Phase Phase IMPLEMENTING • GKM Spatial • GKM, KZN Provincial • GKM Spatial Planning • GKM Spatial Planning BEN AGENT Planning and Departments Dept. Dept. Community Services Departments PROJECT OWNER • GKM • GKM • GKM PROJECT • PDP: 1 year DURATION • P&DP: 4 years • PIP: 11 years

PRECONDITIONS APPROX. • PDP: R 300 000 • Training of BEC BUDGET • P&DP: R 35.54M Manager: R6000 • PIP: 294.03M • Storage operation workshop: R30 000 • Total: R329.87M • Bikes: R400x40

FUNDING SOURCE

Matrix.12. PROGRAMME 4: PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 92 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAMME 5: The programme proposes that the GKM commits The GKM’s Kokstad Integrated Sustainable SETTLEMENT RESPONSE to three sub-programmes and projects: Settlements (KISS) Programme and the R56 • New integrated neighbourhoods project are aligned with the intentions of this PROGRAMME ISDP. -- Pursue the R56 Integrated Sustainable ENABLING The desired outcome is sustainable settlement Settlement Project as a pilot, and include For an expanded introduction to this programme, INSTITUTIONS growth. Residential development in Kokstad a mix of uses, typologies, tenure, and please see the annexures of this report. and Franklin is an opportunity to restructure delivery agents. the form of the settlements as a whole, through -- Plan new IDRP Project(s) within the the creation of high quality sustainable living existing urban footprint. Use the R56 environments that are integrated; provide concept as a reference. Package equitable access to opportunities and amenity; these parcels as one phased IRDP project even though the parcels are not are diverse and locally appropriate; and are contiguous. compact and efficient, optimizing natural, CROSSROADS financial, infrastructure and human resources at -- Review current planned/approved all scales. projects in order to improve their sustainability as well as the sustainability The current need for new residential provision of the town. Explore the feasibility of and improved access to a diverse range of PPP arrangement that allows the GKM accommodation, in terms of form, tenure and to apply for IRDP funding. (developer affordability, parallel with the imperative of puts in the raw land and gets a portion of serviced land out) TOWN TOWN containing the development footprint, gives ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS rise to a response that is essentially about • Rental Housing COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME intensification. -- Facilitate new Private Rental & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS The key interventions identified for this development within IRPD projects, including the R56 project. Make parcels programme are grouped as 3 sub-programmes of land available on condition the DESCRIPTION 1. Raise public 1. Promote and enable Scheme amendments to that include seven capital investment projects awareness and infill development in align with ISDP intents: housing remains rental for a reasonable co-operations. recommended areas and three support initiatives that are institutional • Second dwelling as period. a primary right or operational in nature. 2. Establish green -- Apply for urban re-structuring zones to 2. Demand survey. building guidelines and • Recommended The opportunity for re-structuring the spatial form enable Social Housing and engage with policies densities and coverage potential SHI’s to co-develop feasibility INFRASTRUCTURE of post-apartheid SA (including in Kokstad), has 3. Facilitate involvement 3. Housing Sector Plan • Multi-storey so far, largely been missed, however the RDP studies of Social Housing walk-up and Institution(s) in Kokstad, mechanism has been replaced by the Integrated -- Re-develop existing CRU sites cluster residential and co-develop pre- development on Residential Development Programme (IRDP) feasibility studies> • Urban Densification and Intensification vacant or under mechanism. This provides for the development developed sites - of sites within a project for income groups that - Do detailed planning for densification of along main roads. existing town, including changes to the fall outside of the subsidy affordability bands, as • Completely prohibit Town Planning Zoning Scheme to enable new residential NATURAL NATURAL well as non-residential sites. developments RESOURCES private sector densification development. outside existing The current KZN strategy indicates a policy This programme is closely aligned with all of urban footprint. shift from delivery of numbers and ownership, the infrastructure programmes, and the Green to sustainability, with emphasis on rental as a Building Programme. New settlement projects DURATION strategy for achieving this. Kokstad does not must take cognizance of these. It is also aligned currently qualify for social housing funding as it with the Public Space, Street and Facility APPROX. BUDGET does not have the required Urban Re-structuring Investment Programme, as well as the Localised Zone (URZ) however application can be made to Economy Programme, which aim to improve FUNDING SOURCE GKM have URZ’s designated.

AGRICULTURE the long term sustainability of the whole town. Matrix.13. PROGRAMME 5: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLEPRIORITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PLAN 93 PROJECT A1) NEW MIXED USE A2) NEW MIXED USE A3) NEW MIXED USE B1) RENTAL HOUSING B2) RENTAL HOUSING B3) RENTAL HOUSING C) URBAN NAME NEIGHBOURHOODS: NEIGHBOURHOODS: NEIGHBOURHOODS: PROGRAMME: PROGRAMME: SOCIAL PROGRAMME: DENSIFICATION & R56 PILOT INTEGRATED NEW IRDP CURRENT APPROVED PRIVATE RENTAL HOUSING PROJECT COMMUNITY INTENSIFICATION SUSTAINABLE PROJECTS OR DEVELOPMENTS RESIDENTIAL PROJECT SETTLEMENT PROJECT PROJECTS IN PLANNING PROJECT Pursue a first phase of the Develop land identified Together with private Set aside parcels in Identify and set aside New CRU development In areas identified with DESCRIPTION proposed: in the KISDP for new developers, review current all phases of the R56 parcels identified as densification potential • R 56 Project as a medium density mixed use project approvals and project for private rental Medium to High Density Prepare project feasibility (e.g. St Johns and Murray Green Fund ‘Green (integrated sustainable) feasibility for the currently housing to increase the including alongside studies and apply for CRU Street Blocks), promote Cities programme’ neighborhoods. proposed projects to the range of tenure options, proposed new central funding for implementation and facilitate second South of the old town. housing typologies and park, for Social Housing. of CRU projects. dwellings, and sub-division • “Flagship Pilot Areas linking Shayamoya affordability. Re-develop the existing up to max net density 25 Mixed-Use integrated and Bhongweni to Old Do not consider re-zoning Follow up with DoHS du /ha. sustainable settlement Town, and Sites along R56 these sites for retail Make parcels of land re Urban re-structuring CRU sites in Bhongweni, project.” to Franklin. commercial use. available on condition the zones. Shayamoya, and • Finalise Project housing remains rental for Engage with SHRA and “Single Quarters” in Do detailed precinct Feasibility, Package a reasonable period. Shayamoya. IRDP application to existing Social Housing densification planning for DoHS for Tranche 1. Institutions, and co- Investigate demand for the identified areas. Identify Pilot Phase. develop Feasibility studies. CRU development in • Apply for additional Franklin innovation funding to pilot sustainability aspects. RELATED PROJECTS PROJECT STAGE • P&DP: Pilot and/ • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ • Pre-Feasibility • Pre-Feasibility • P&DP: Pilot and/ or Demonstration Development Phase Development Phase or Demonstration or Demonstration Projects Projects Projects, • PDP: Project • PIP: Project Development Phase Implementation Phase IMPLEMENTING Private Sector IA Private Sector IA Private Sector Private Sector Private Sector SHI GKM with Consultants GKM with Consultants AGENT PROJECT OWNER GKMT GKM Private Sector Private Sector Private Sector SHI GKM GKM PROJECT • Detailed Feasibility • Project Packaging and • Feasibility study and • Feasibility study and • Establish Urban • 5 – 10 years • Scheme amendments DURATION Study 1- 2 years funding approval 2 funding approval - 1-2 funding approval - 2 Restructuring Zones, - Short Term (1- 2 • Funding approval Pilot years years years attract SHI- 1 year years) Phase 1-5 years • Phased development • Phased development - • Phased development • Feasibility study and • Implementation – short • Implementation of Pilot 2 – 20 years 2 – 20 years – 2 -20 years funding approval 2 to medium and long - 5 years years term –ongoing • Implementation of • Phase development subsequent phases –3 – 20 years 5 – 20 years PRECONDITIONS • Feasibility Study • Environmental • Land Ownership • Feasibility of R56 • Affordable land • Funding • Land Ownership • Funding authorization • Zoning Project Confirmation of URZ • Zoning APPROXIMATE Tranche 1: Preparation funding: R 350 000 per unit CRU subsidy amount: BUDGET R83000 per project Approx. R120 000 per R 2 186.40 per site Current day costs person Tranche 1: Initial estimate 2000 sites 500 units = minimum (2500 units) R2186.40 per site viable stock for SHI FUNDING • DoHS IRDP • DoHS Packaging • DoHS IRDP • DoHS Packaging • SHRA • DoHS CRU Subsidy • DoHS Capital SOURCE Programme funding subsidies funding • DoHS Capital Restructuring Grant • DBSA Green Fund • IRDP Tranche 1 • Private Developer • DoHS IRDP Restructuring Grant • Provincial Top-up • Private Developer • Private Developer finance subsidies • Provincial Top-up • DBSA Green finance finance • Private Developer Funding finance

Matrix.14. PROGRAMME 5: SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 94 INFRASTRUCTURE ENABLING INSTITUTIONS CROSSROADS

INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Green drop score Kokstad has a substantial infrastructure KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? • Number of litres of water used per person per day

TOWN foundation. Future Sustainable Kokstad’s • Organic load on WWTW However, there is inadequate basic strategies of reducing demand, reuse • kWh of energy produced from biogas vs total energy demand • Kg of waste per person going to landfill infrastructure in some areas and many and recycling have paid off and the • Water quality compliance of river downstream of town communities are not able to pay for towns’ energy, water and waste • Ratio of renewable versus non-renewable energy used in services, while rates are perceived systems set the national benchmark. Kokstad as very high. Ageing infrastructure, Kokstad and Franklin run on green and • kWh/m3 of wastewater treated institutional misalignment and renewable energy. The towns use water INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE rehabilitation backlogs result in service sustainability with efficient systems inefficiencies, the pollution of rivers and and minimum waste as well as effective excessive waste. recharge of their sources. These all increase the affordability of doing

NATURAL NATURAL business and have reduced pollution of RESOURCES the natural environment to zero. AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 95

9.4. INFRASTRUCTURE for all large towns to initiate separation at source “Link waste generators and The Z-squared study for a One Planet programmes. waste re-users and recyclers 9.4.1. POLICY ALIGNMENT Community in London mapped the flows ENERGY POLICIES through trading platforms” of resources through the community; National Waste Management heat, cool, power, water, wastewater, WATER & SANITATION POLICIES Broad government policy and objectives Strategy waste – and evaluated technology AND STRATEGIES regarding energy generation and consumption options that could deliver zero carbon have been presented in the Energy White Paper and zero waste to form new material With respect to drinking water, the two primary (1998), the objectives of which were to: address “Protection of water inputs streams resulting in a closed loop policies that the Kokstad ISDP is aiming to align energy requirements of the poor, enhance the resources is essential for system. with are the Water Conservation and Demand competitiveness of the economy by provision sustainability” Management National Strategy and the Strategic of low cost, high quality energy inputs to Water Act Framework for Water Services. The former deals industrial, mining and other sectors, and achieve with the efficient use of water by institutions and environmental sustainability of natural resources. users of water in South Africa, and therefore “Promoting energy efficiency The National Government of South Africa encompasses reuse and recycling of water and across the economy” adopted the New Growth Path in late 2010 as wastewater, greywater reuse, reduction of water Green Economy Accord a broad policy framework to guide economic demand and the repairing of leaks. The latter reconstruction and development. In essence, the aims at ensuring sustainability of water services aim is to target our limited capital and capacity “33% of electricity generation by means of addressing affordability (i.e. free at activities that maximise the creation of decent from renewable resources” basic water) and ensuring an adequate volume work opportunities. In addition, government, and consistency of supply. It is backed up by the Integrated Resource Plan labour and business signed a Green Economy Free Basic Water Policy and Free Basic Water Accord on 17 November 2011 that identified Implementation Strategy. “Reducing, re-using, recycling 9 key focus areas in the green economy that Fig 61. A DIAGRAM OF Z-SQUARED INFRASTRUCTURE The Water Supply and Sanitation Policy could create jobs and additionally address and recovering waste” outlines the institutional, financial and social climate change concerns helping to meet South National Waste Management Increase renewable energy generation and policies essential for the supply of water and Africa’s commitments to mitigation (Department Strategy decrease waste. sanitation. Importantly, the policy sets out the of Economic Development 2012). The parties minimum basic level of service that is required identified commitments they could make to “Minimise the consumption of by government for water and sanitation. The assist in developing a green economy, some of natural resources” Kokstad ISDP aims to meet and exceed which included: the rollout of one million solar- these minimum levels of service. The National water heating systems by 2014/15, promotion National Waste Management Sanitation Policy sets out that sanitation systems of biofuels for vehicles, waste-recycling, and Strategy should not negatively impact the environment, be electrification of poor communities and reduction financially sustainable and should be equitable. of fossil-fuel open-fire cooking and heating. The Fig 62. THE Z-SQUARED CONCEPT DRAWING These are all aligned with the Kokstad ISDP strategic intentions to localise energy production, strategies. water and sanitation, develop integrated, cyclical service systems, maintain and upgrade WASTE POLICIES infrastructure and focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy all closely align with the The National Waste Management Strategy is intentions of both the Green Economy Accord primarily focused on moving waste up the waste and the National Climate Change Response hierarchy, i.e. diverting waste from landfill. This white paper (NCCR) (October 2011). is achieved by means of first reducing waste, then reusing it and then recycling, and this forms the basis of the approach towards waste for the Note: See Annexure B for more precedent. Kokstad ISDP. Specifically, one of the goals is

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 96 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.4.2. STRATEGY STATUS QUO 1 Water supply in Kokstad is The following four pages define and illustrate the vulnerable and inequitable; strategies that have informed the formulation of the ISDP in terms of this story. These strategies the town is dependant on 2 ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS should also guide the decision-making process main sources and the existing in terms of other statutory plans (like the IDP and infrastructure is poor. Poor SDF) and should guide decision-making in the treatment at the WWTW pollute the execution of the ISDP. river. CROSSROADS TOWN Fig 63. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO / WATER

STATUS QUO 2 All waste brought into or created in Kokstad goes to the landfill. Leachate from the unlined landfill INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE threatens the river. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Photo 18. LANDFILL SITE, SHAYAMOYA, Fig 64. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO / WASTE KOKSTAD

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 97

STRATEGY 1 Reduce water use, reuse used water and diversify water sources to reduce vulnerability.

Fig 65. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / WATER

STRATEGY 2 Reduce the amount of ‘waste’ brought into Kokstad and reuse waste through intelligent supply chain management and public awareness.

Photo 19. WASTE SORTING, CURITIBA Fig 66. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / WASTE

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 98 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STATUS QUO 3 Kokstad is dependant on energy from Eskom which comes from non-renewable resources - mainly ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS coal. Parts of Kokstad are not electrified. CROSSROADS TOWN Photo 20. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT, Fig 67. INFRASTRUCTURE / STATUS QUO/ ENERGY SHAYAMOYA, KOKSTAD

STATUS QUO 4 Plans for growth and inefficient usage patterns threaten the ability of the GKM to deliver basic INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE services and meet the MDGs.

Fig 68. INFRASTRUCTURE/STATUS QUO/GROWTH PLANS STATUS QUO 5 NATURAL NATURAL Institutional weaknesses lead RESOURCES to inappropriate and insufficient infrastructure maintenance and management.

AGRICULTURE Photo 21. POTHOLE ON A PROVINCIAL ROAD

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 99

STRATEGY 3 Reduce electricity use and supply vulnerability through increased efficiency and diversified and distributed supply.

Fig 69. INFRASTRUCTURE / STRATEGY / ENERGY

STRATEGY 4 Balance new development and rehabilitation to increase affordability of services.

STRATEGY 5 Promote alternate scales and ownership models of infrastructure to strengthen institutions.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 100 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE I : WATER-USE GUIDELINES AND INCENTIVES FOR NEW AND EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS Require water-efficient infrastructure and technology in new developments and incentivise WATER & STORM WATER retrofit options in existing development areas.

ENABLING These water-efficient technologies could include: INSTITUTIONS Future Kokstad and Franklin have developed within the • grey-water reuse • low-flow shower heads sustainable capacity of local • using rainwater for toilets water supplies, and manages its water systems holistically. Fig 70. INFRASTRUCTURE I - FRANKLIN

CROSSROADS Require water-efficient infrastructure and technology in new developments and incentivise retrofit options in existing development areas (especially at Reduce water institutions such as schools and the demand by municipal offices). repairing water leaks in Shayamoya DIVERSIFICATION OF WATER SUPPLY THROUGH RAIN-WATER HARVESTING (currently using 34% of total water Support the diversification of water supplies

TOWN supplied to Kokstad). to increase water security, through rainwater harvesting – promote the local production and WTW installation of rainwater tanks.

Reduce demand by using treated effluent rather than drinking water to water lawns, sports fields and golf SUDS: STORMWATER SOURCE CONTROLS course. • Stormwater runoff quantity and quality control at or near its source • Green roofs, sand filters, soakaways, INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE stormwater collection and reuse

SUDS: STORMWATER LOCAL CONTROLS WWTW • Management of stormwater runoff from many source control catchments: Constructed wetland • Bio-detention areas / filter strips / infiltration NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES Swales / trenches / permeable pavements and other stormwater controls SUDS: STORMWATER REGIONAL CONTROLS PRV Pressure Release Valve New development according to SuDS Guidelines • Management of stormwater runoff from local Incentivised rainwater harvesting (institutions and industry) catchments SuDS: Conveyance and Infiltration SuDS: Infiltration • Constructed wetlands / detention ponds / SuDS: Constructed Wetland retention ponds AGRICULTURE Fig 71. INFRASTRUCTURE I - KOKSTAD

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 101

9.4.3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN in the form of a ‘treatment train’, i.e. a control municipal offices). It would be best to DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES at source, followed by a local control, and elevate the tank to provide sufficient head to This section sets out the development plan for finally a regional control. The key objectives of gravitate into the toilet cistern. The National ‘Blue Drop’ criteria should be the Infrastructure story, as informed by national, this approach are the effective management • Hold flush/multi-flush toilets: Savings achieved as a minimum requirement for the provincial and regional policies, and the story of stormwater runoff quantity, quality and the of approximately 2 kL per month per treatment of all water resources. National Water strategies. associated amenity and biodiversity. household can be achieved by installing a ‘dual-flush’ or ‘multi-flush’ (also known Act 1998, Act 36 of 1998 should also be adhered The main sub-stories of the Infrastructure story KEY PROPOSALS as hold flush or demand flush) toilet. Dual to with all prospective development. are: flush devices have two fixed settings, a light • Infrastructure I: Water and Storm Water 1. Reduce demand by repairing water setting (3 litres) for urine and a heavier one leaks (34% of the total water provided (6 litres) for solids. Multi-flush devices allow • Infrastructure II: Sanitation to the whole of Kokstad currently goes households to flush any amount by holding • Infrastructure III: Solid Waste to Shayamoya because of leaks). It is down the handle for as long as is needed to estimated that between 1800 and 2500kl flush the contents. • Infrastructure IV: Energy of water is lost per day in Shayamoya. 3. Reduce demand by using treated effluent 9.4.3.1 INFRASTRUCTURE I: Assuming a bulk tariff of R2.5/kl, this rather than drinking water to water lawns, amounts to between R1.6 million and sports fields and the golf course. It appears WATER & STORMWATER R2.2million per year in losses. that the golf course uses approximately 2. Require water-efficient infrastructure 2 Ml/d (20% of total water use) – a very This sub-story focuses on the development of and technology in new developments high proportion. The treated effluent from sustainable water and stormwater infrastructure and incentivise retrofit options in existing the WWTW can be used to irrigate the golf throughout Kokstad and Franklin. This includes development areas. These water-efficient course. This water is essentially “free” to the sustainable water demand and resource technologies could include grey-water WSA and can be sold at a profit to the golf management as well as sustainable drainage reuse, low-flow shower heads, rainwater course, but it would still represent savings to systems (SuDS). harvesting and using rainwater for toilets. the user as it would be less expensive than potable water. It would save approximately 2 • Greywater Reuse: By installing a system Ml/d of potable water which is a 19% saving to collect grey-water (i.e. from the washing APPROACH AND RATIONALE on the total water use in Kokstad. machine, basins, shower and bath) and pump it onto the garden, households will 4. Support the diversification of water supplies It is essential to manage water resources eliminate the need for any additional garden to increase water security, through rainwater sustainably in Kokstad and Franklin, as South watering. In higher income area this can harvesting – promote the local production Africa is a water scarce country. It is critical reduce household water demand by approx. and installation of rainwater tanks. that the water services supplied to these towns 25%. 5. Apply WSUD/SuDS guidelines to all should not be compartmentalised, but shared • Low flow showerheads: Low flow streetscapes to reduce runoff, and promote and circulated as in the natural water cycle showerheads can be purchased in bulk groundwater recharge. Fig 73. SUDS: SOURCE CONTROLS process, i.e. there are multiple uses for treated by local authority and distributed free to sewage effluent and stormwater, which could households. There is an immediate saving replace significant quantities of potable water. to the WSA for houses that don’t pay for This plan takes a Water Sensitive Urban Design water and a very quick payback (<6 months) (WSUD) approach to integrate the management to the WSA for houses that pay a flat tariff. of the total water cycle into the land use planning • Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater can be and development process. WSUD regards urban collected from rooftops and be used for Fig 72. SUDS: LOCAL CONTROLS stormwater runoff as a resource rather than a a number of non-potable purposes, such liability, with diverse impacts on biodiversity, as: toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry water and land. In addition, SuDS offer an washing (Informal / low income areas). alternative approach to conventional drainage • Rainwater for toilets: A feasible option for practices by attempting to manage surface water rainwater reuse in institutions with large drainage systems holistically. They achieve this roof areas and many toilets (e.g. school, by mimicking the natural hydrological cycle, often through a number of sequential interventions Fig 74. SUDS: REGIONAL CONTROLS

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 102 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE II : SMALL SCALE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS FOR BIOGAS (COMMUNITY) SANITATION Effectively large septic tanks from where gas can be extracted) serving 15-20 low income housing R617 units. Anaerobic digesters remove approximately

ENABLING Kokstad and Franklin 50% of organic load. Liquid from anaerobic INSTITUTIONS recharge their local water digesters goes to sewer. Gas is extracted supplies and do not pollute FRANKLIN and used in communal cook houses (reduced reliance on electricity or paraffin). Digested their water sources or those sludge would have to be removed every few further downstream. years and could be used as a fertiliser if dried or Fig 75. INFRASTRUCTURE II - FRANKLIN composted.

MEDIUM SCALE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS FOR BIOGAS (INSTITUTIONS)

CROSSROADS Anaeriobic digesters (AD) installed at schools

R617 and municipal institutions. ADs remove approximately 50% of organic load. Liquid from ADs goes to sewer. Gas is extracted and used in Medium scale anaerobic digesters SHAYAMOYA canteens, thus reducing reliance on electricity or for biogas (institutional imported LPG. Can be supplemented with waste scale). food or animal waste, if available, to increase TOWN gas yield. Digested sludge would have to be removed every few years and could be used as a EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA RIVER fertiliser if dried.

GCADINJA ROAD COMPOSTING WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BAMBAYI

MAIN STREET Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) is produced at

HOPE STREET the WWTW and can be composted with greens and other organics. This allows for the reuse of THE AVENUE HORSESHOE nutrients which would otherwise be wasted. R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE Small scale anaerobic digesters for biogas BHONGWENI (community scale).

DOWER STREET KOKSTAD CENTRAL Passive waste water treatment at the constructed wetland. PASSIVE WASTE WATER TREATMENT: CONSTRUCTED WETLAND Composting waste NATURAL NATURAL activated sludge. There is area downstream of the WWTW with RESOURCES space for approximately 7 to 8 ha of constructed

Small scale Anaerobic Digesters for Biogas wetland. This form of passive treatment does not Medium Scale Anaerobic Digesters for Biogas R56 require any energy and needs little maintenance. Such a constructed wetland could serve as Integrated Waste Hub N2 Constructed Wetland a tertiary treatment/polishing step for the Municipal Biogas Generator current WWTW and also act as a buffer to the Composting ecosystem should there be a failure. Waste Water Treatment Works AGRICULTURE Fig 76. INFRASTRUCTURE II - KOKSTAD

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9.4.3.2 INFRASTRUCTURE II: • Small scale Anaerobic Digesters for Biogas: Localised anaerobic digesters (AD; SANITATION effectively large septic tanks from where gas can be extracted) serving 15-20 low income This sub-story focuses on the identification of housing units. anaerobic digesters remove functional sanitation practices and presenting approximately 50% of organic load. Liquid household and industrial sewage as a from anaerobic digesters goes to sewer. valuable resource. Proper, dignifying sanitation Gas is extracted and used in communal infrastructure is a critical component of Kokstad cook houses (reduced reliance on electricity and Franklin’s urban functionality. or paraffin). Digested sludge would have to be removed every few years and could be APPROACH AND RATIONALE used as a fertiliser if dried or composted. • Medium Scale Anaerobic Digesters for Biogas: ADs installed at schools and Modern water-based sewage models are municipal institutions. ADs remove designed and built on the premise that human approximately 50% of organic load. Liquid excreta are waste constituents suitable only from ADs goes to sewer. Gas is extracted for disposal. Yet this sets up a linear flow of and used in canteens, thus reducing nutrients from soil to agricultural produce to town reliance on electricity or imported LPG. Can to treatment works, wasting large amounts of be supplemented with waste food or animal nutrients and organic matter. The approach of waste, if available, to increase gas yield. this plan is to capture both the energy and the Digested sludge would have to be removed nutrients by closing these loops, and using waste every few years and could be used as a fertiliser if dried. to generate energy and fertilisers. 3. Composting of treated sewage sludge from KEY PROPOSALS the WWTW after active sludge treatment process (aerobic treatment). 1. Implementation of a constructed wetland 4. Using sludge digestate from the anaerobic downstream of the waste water treatment digestion process as fertiliser for agricultural works (WWTW) to cater for additional or domestic uses. hydraulic loading and potential mechanical failure during power outages, also reducing energy demands in the future. There is DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES area downstream of the WWTW with space 1. Bylaws – Organic loading: Bylaws to limit for approximately 7 to 8 ha of constructed the organic and nutrient load from industry wetland. This form of passive treatment into the sewerage network. This will save does not require any energy and needs little capacity at the WWTW and prevent shock maintenance. Such a constructed wetland loading, which causes the WWTW to treat could serve as a tertiary treatment/polishing waste water incompletely, resulting in step for the current WWTW and also act as pollution of the river. Industry can be forced a buffer to the ecosystem should there be a to undertake pre-treatment and reuse/ failure. A constructed wetland of this size is recycling of water on site. able to treat approximately 1.5 Ml/d of raw sewage independently of the WWTW (27% 2. Bylaws – Hydraulic loading: Bylaws to of the existing capacity). prevent stormwater ingress into sewerage system should be implemented and 2. Harnessing the waste-to-energy potential enforced as stormwater ingress results of the primary and secondary sludge in hydraulic overloading of the WWTW, that passes through the WWTW and at a causing sludge carry-over and pollution of smaller household level by way of anaerobic the river. digestion (AD). Fig 77. HARNESSING WASTE TO ENERGY POTENTIAL

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 104 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE III : WASTE PICKERS’ RECYCLABLES COLLECTION POINT SOLID WASTE Waste pickers collect co-mingled recyclables R617 from each household (a plastic bag per household per week), and take the recyclables

ENABLING Future Kokstad turns ‘waste’ to a central site where they are remunerated INSTITUTIONS into a resource, drastically accordingly. FRANKLIN reducing the volumes going MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY to landfill and creating jobs Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): Mixed recyclables are sorted into various fractions through recycling. Fig 78. INFRASTRUCTURE III - FRANKLIN (on this scale it would be manually sorting) and reused in industry.

CROSSROADS Develop industry and economic opportunities from the sale, ANAEROBIC DIGESTER FOR ORGANIC WASTE reuse and recycling of materials R617 generated by a Materials Recycling Anaerobic digester of organic waste: Organic Facility (MRF) associated with the industrial area. waste is digested to generate biogas which can SHAYAMOYA be used in the industrial area to fire boilers or it Pilot a household level two bag waste collection system can be used to generate electricity by way of the as a job creation initiative. combustion of methane. TOWN COMPOSTING PLANT

EXTENSION 7 The current landfill Composting plant: Waste activated sludge (WAS) couldMZINTLAVA be transformed RIVER into a park. from the anaerobic digester can be composted

GCADINJA ROAD with garden waste (also see Infrastructure II – BAMBAYI Ensure that the location Sanitation). DevelopMAIN STREETa “waste hub” of the new landfill site takes into consideration HOPEor Integrated STREET Waste Management Facility opportunities for synergy with the industrial area. HAZARDOUS WASTE DROP-OFF AND STORAGE THE AVENUE near the industrial area HORSESHOE to divert recyclables and R56 organics from the landfill Hazardous waste drop-off and storage: site. BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE Hazardous waste such as batteries, electronics

BHONGWENI and paint can be dropped off by the public and Develop industry stored safely. This waste is not permitted to go to and economic Develop the Kokstad Industrial DOWER STREET landfill in terms of the new waste regulations. opportunities from KOKSTAD CENTRAL area into an “Industrial the sale, reuse and Ecology Precinct” as a national recycling of materials exemplar of a zero-waste, WASTE EXCHANGE / SWAP MALL generated by a resource-efficient “industrial Materials Recycling ecology”. In such a precinct, Facility (MRF) Reusable waste can be dropped off or

NATURAL NATURAL the waste of one industry associated with the

RESOURCES becomes another’s resource. exchanged for tokens to buy other reusable industrial area. products. This would include items such as books, clothes, toys etc. Leachate from the new Integrated Waste Hub landfill site may need to R56 be treated at the WWTW. Materials Recovery Facility N2 Composting Plant KOKSTAD INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY PRECINCT Waste Pickers’ Recycleables Collection Point Develop the Kokstad Industrial area and the new Existing Proposed Landfill Site Reduce the amount industrial area proposed to the south of the town ? Potential Landfill Site of ‘waste’ brought into Kokstad through into “Industrial Ecology Precincts”, as national AGRICULTURE intelligent supply chain exemplars of a Zero Waste (ZW). Fig 79. INFRASTRUCTURE III - KOKSTAD management and public awareness.

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9.4.3.3 INFRASTRUCTURE III: virgin resources would make recycled and area to fire boilers or it can be used recyclable materials a financially logical to generate electricity by way of the SOLID WASTE choice for manufacturers. combustion of methane.

The focus of this sub-story is the solid waste 5. Job creation: There are many more potential • Composting plant: Waste activated sludge generated by the residents and other entities ‘job creation’ and business opportunities (WAS) from the anaerobic digester can be in the zero waste concept than in the composted with garden waste (also see in Kokstad and Franklin. In South Africa, solid traditional land filling and incineration Infrastructure II – Sanitation). waste is increasingly being seen as a valuable model. Research suggests that sorting • Hazardous waste drop-off and storage: resource rather than garbage. Making a and processing recyclables sustains 10 Hazardous waste such as batteries, significant and long-term impact in the towns’ times more jobs than the land filling and electronics and paint can be dropped off by solid waste streams means more than simply incineration of waste streams. the public and stored safely. This waste is recycling. It will require a transition in waste not permitted to go to landfill in terms of the management philosophy, from ‘cradle-to-grave’ KEY PROPOSALS new waste regulations. towards ‘cradle-to-cradle’. 1. Reduce the amount of ‘waste’ brought into • Waste Exchange/Swap Mall: reusable waste APPROACH AND RATIONALE Kokstad through intelligent supply chain can be dropped off or exchanged for tokens management and public awareness. to buy other reusable products. This would include items such as books, clothes, toys 2. Develop industry and economic Zero Waste (ZW) is a term used to describe etc. This facility could potentially be located opportunities from the sale, reuse and sustainable waste management. It requires elsewhere in town and could operate once a recycling of materials generated by month perhaps. preventative methods rather than managing a Materials Recycling Facility (MRF) waste. The idea is that discarded resources associated with the industrial area. equate to jobs instead of trash to emulate DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES 3. Develop the Kokstad Industrial area into an nature’s vibrant flow of energy. Five basic “Industrial Ecology Precinct” as a national All waste management development should principles of ZW are exemplar of a ZW, where the waste of one adhere to the latest environmental regulations 1. Redesigning products and packaging: industry becomes a resource to be shared as disseminated by the Department of planning in advance to minimise waste amongst others. Environmental Affairs. production and harmful materials (Clean 4. Ensure that the location of the new landfill Design and Clean Production); also known site takes into consideration opportunities as ‘precycling’. for synergy with the industrial area (e.g. gas 2. Producer responsibility: placing the primary from landfill could fire boilers in the industrial burden of responsibility on manufacturers area). for the impact that materials they produce 5. Develop a “waste hub” or Integrated Waste have on people and the environment, Management Facility near the industrial including materials that end up as waste area to divert recyclables and organics because they cannot be used otherwise or from the landfill site, thereby reducing the easily recycled or composted. airspace required in the landfill, extending 3. Infrastructural investment: instead of its lifespan and alleviating the need for investing in landfills and incinerators, another landfill site in the future. The investing in new resource recovery facilities Integrated Waste Management Facility and other sustainable infrastructure. could include the following components: 4. Monetary efficiency: Manufacturers use • Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): Mixed natural resources as raw materials because recyclables are sorted into various fractions tax subsidies and policies make the use (on this scale it would be manually sorting) of such resources cheaper and easier and reused in industry. than finding alternatives or using recycled • Anaerobic digester of organic waste: resources. Changing this to a system Organic waste is digested to generate which enforces real costs for the use of biogas which can be used in the industrial Fig 80. WASTE MANAGEMENT DIAGRAM

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 106 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE IV: MICRO-UTILITIES Establishment of micro-utilities to supply, ENERGY manage and maintain sustainable hot water and R617 energy to household clusters (15-20 hh).

ENABLING Future Kokstad has reduced INSTITUTIONS its overall electricity use and vulnerability through FRANKLIN increased efficiency, REGIONAL BIOGAS FACILITY diversified and distributed Fig 81. INFRASTRUCTURE IV - FRANKLIN supply. Biogas can be generated at a regional anaerobic The large roofs of the degester at the WWTW. This would involved the industrial area are ideally CROSSROADS suited for photovoltaic co-digestion of waste food, animal waste and panels. industrial organic by-products. R617

SHAYAMOYA

Increase energy efficiency INSTITUTIONAL SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING & ENERGY EFFICIENCY

TOWN across households and institutions. The large, north-facing roofs of the industrial area and institutions such as schools and EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVAMicro-utilities RIVER to supply, shopping centres can be used for mounting manage and maintain GCADINJA ROAD sustainable hot water photovoltaic (PV) cells for solar energy BAMBAYI and energy to household harvesting. These same institutions should be clusters. MAIN STREET retrofitted with energy-saving mechanisms and

HOPE STREET devices to maximise energy efficiency.

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE 10 MEGAWATT SOLAR ENERGY FARM R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE Solar PV requires about 1 sqm for every 100W of

BHONGWENI panels, so a 10MW project would require about 10 hectares. Together with improving the overall DOWER STREET energy effficiency of the town, such a project Regional biogas KOKSTAD CENTRAL facility. would greatly increase the town’s resilience to Eskom’s rising prices and occasional blackouts. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES KOKSTAD INSUTRIAL ECOLOGY PRECINCT

10MW solar energy farm. Establish the Kokstad industrial area as an R56 Industrial Ecology Precinct where a range of Energy Efficient New Development Establish the Kokstad N2 energy (and cost) saving measures can be Main Biogas Facility (WWTW) industrial area as an Industrial Ecology implemented, including efficient lighting, thermal Micro Biogas (Community Kitchens) Precinct where a range saving, compressed air management and so on. Institutional Solar Energy Harvesting & Energy Efficiency of energy (and cost) Micro-Utility saving measures can be implemented AGRICULTURE Fig 82. INFRASTRUCTURE IV- KOKSTAD

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9.4.3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE IV: industrial appliances; switch from electricity a project would greatly increase the town’s and/or paraffin to biogas or LPG for cooking; resilience to Eskom’s rising prices and ENERGY and utilise one of many energy-efficient occasional blackouts. This sub-story focuses on the development of water heating technologies (low-pressure solar water heaters). sustainable energy generation and utilisation DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES means in Kokstad and Franklin. Electrical 5. Establishment of micro-utilities to supply, There are guidelines to minimise the harmful energy became a household essential in South manage and maintain sustainable hot water impacts of renewable energy interventions on Africa the latter half of the 20th Century, and is and energy to household clusters (15-20 hh). This is a private business promotion wildlife, such as “Guidelines to minimise the increasing in demand annually. with local community micro-enterprises; impact on birds of Solar Facilities and Associated local established contractors, plumbers and Infrastructure in South Africa”, and “BirdLife APPROACH AND RATIONALE electricians, and suppliers of technology, South Africa / Endangered Wildlife Trust best finance and management support take practice guidelines for avian monitoring and Key to this plan is increasing energy efficiency, responsibility for multiple management impact mitigation at proposed wind energy lowering consumption trends, and shifting tasks, such as: installation and/or from fossil fuels to renewable ‘fuel’ resources; replacement of solar water heating and heat development sites in Southern Africa”. thereby creating additional capacity, reducing exchangers, including on-going repair and The White Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) energy costs, and allowing more people to be maintenance, electricity savings measures, has set a target of 10 000 GWh of energy to household metering, meter reading and connected to reliable energy supplies. There are be produced from renewable energy sources multiple energy sources that are not currently collection, and water leakage prevention. Their fees are generated directly from the being exploited, many of which are renewable savings residents get from more efficient resources, such as organic waste, solar energy infrastructure, and in return the residents and wind power. These sources are typically get more reliable and better-maintained available every day and expended whether they services. Fig 84. DIVERSIFIED ENERGY SOURCES are harvested for human use or not. 6. Regional biogas facility: Biogas is extracted from the WWTW’s main anaerobic digester KEY PROPOSALS (can be co-digested with waste food, animal 1. Reduce electricity use and supply waste, or industrial organic by-products). It vulnerability through increased efficiency can then be used for municipal purposes, and diversified and distributed supply. particularly energy generation, i.e. water heating and augmenting the town’s energy 2. Establish the Kokstad industrial area as an supplies. Industrial Ecology Precinct where a range of energy (and cost) saving measures 7. The large, north-facing roofs of the industrial can be implemented, including efficient area and institutions such as schools lighting, thermal saving, compressed air and shopping centres can be used for management and so on. mounting photovoltaic (PV) cells for solar energy harvesting. These same institutions 3. Set up energy production and efficiency should be retrofitted with energy-saving programmes that enable municipalities to be mechanisms and devices to maximise rewarded for driving energy reduction rather energy efficiency. than for sales of electricity. 8. PV Cells could also be implemented at a 4. Educate residents and business entities smaller, household and commercial size about the savings that can be achieved level. through energy efficiency through, inter alia, energy-efficient lights (e.g. CFLs) to replace 9. Solar PV requires about 1m2 panels for incandescent bulbs; installing insulated every 100W of power generation, so a ceilings and other no-cost measures 10MW project would require about 10 to improve the thermal efficiency of the hectares. Together with improving the buildings (e.g. proper orientation on the overall energy efficiency of the town, such site); promote more efficient household and Fig 83. MICRO-UTILITY

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 108 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN 9.4.4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN • An IWFM incorporates a Materials Recovery Facility (clean sorting of source separated The implementation plan for this story has three recyclables), a biosolids processing programmes: plant (including anaerobic digestion), a composting facility, a hazardous waste drop- ENABLING • Integrated Waste Management Programme off, and finally a waste exchange/swop mall. INSTITUTIONS • Water Cycle Management Programme • The 2 and/or 3 bag collection system • Energy Programme enables the source separation and collection of household organics and PROGRAMME 6: recyclables, which can be used for multiple income generating streams. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT It is critical that the proposed integrated waste PROGRAMME management facility has full institutional support

CROSSROADS Currently all solid waste generated in Kokstad from the local municipality and the relevant is sent to Landfill, which is the least favourable stakeholders. This includes the drafting of option in terms of the Waste Hierarchy, which is enabling policies to support the implementation the guiding policy in the National Environmental and management of the proposed integrated Management Waste Act (59 of 2008) and the waste management facilities, and regulate the National Waste Management Strategy. The adherence to the Waste Hierarchy. Policies Waste Hierarchy lists the following five waste should in turn be supported by several

TOWN management measures, in order of preference: development guidelines that clearly indicate the (1) waste avoidance and reduction, (2) recovery, most appropriate interventions and technologies reuse and reduction, (3) treatment and to be used in the waste facility as well as processing, (4) disposal, and (5) remediation. throughout the waste collection procedures. ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS The overall aim of the Integrated Waste Guidelines should be drafted by drawing from COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS national and international guidelines and PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME Management Programme is to move up the & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS waste hierarchy where waste is first avoided, successful applications, i.e. case studies, then reused, then recycled and only landfilled research, etc. as a last resort. The programme is designed DESCRIPTION • Public awareness • Waste diversion from Rezoning for Integrated The projects in this programme have a strong programme to landfill policy Waste Management to give residents and industry a viable and link with the ‘Water Cycle Management encourage reduce, Facility INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE convenient alternative to disposal to landfill and Programme’ and the ‘Renewable Energy reuse and recycle. to beneficiate the waste to make it financially Programme’. There are significant opportunities • Education w.r.t recyclables and attractive. Solid waste is increasingly being seen to produced alternative fuels for electrical and organics that would as a resource throughout the world, particularly thermal energy output by harnessing organic go into 2/3 bag system. in terms of energy generation. materials from the current solid waste stream. • E-waste collection The programme revolves around three basic The separation and digestion of biomass, and programmes to the combustion of biofuels such as biogas, promote diversion

NATURAL NATURAL pillars, being a waste characterisation, an from landfill. RESOURCES Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWFM), will significantly reduce the carbon equivalent and a 2 and/or 3 bag household collection loading on the atmosphere by avoiding methane system, and : generation at landfills and reducing the need DURATION Long-term (+10 yrs) Medium-term (+5 yrs) Medium-term (+5 yrs) for fossil fuel based electricity. Furthermore, the • A waste characterisation is essentially prudent management of litter and debris in public the starting point to of understanding APPROX. BUDGET R25k (annually) R50k R5k (annually) areas, such as streets, parks and commercial the conventional waste flows in Kokstad and Franklin, and will greatly inform nodes, will reduce the negative environmental FUNDING SOURCE GKM GKM GKM the planning, design and efficacy of an impact on receiving watercourses and integrated waste management facility. biodiversity, as well as increase the surrounding AGRICULTURE amenity of these areas. Matrix.15. PROGRAMME 6: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 109 PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT NAME A) PILOT B1) IWF: B2) IWF: B3) IWF: B4) IWF: B5) IWF: C) TOWN-WIDE RECYCLING MATERIALS RECOVERY WASTE REGIONAL BIO-SOLIDS REGIONAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMME FACILITY (MRF) EXCHANGE FACILITY PROCESSING PLANT COMPOSTING PLANT WASTE FACILITY CHARACTERISATION

PROJECT Pilot recycling project A regional facility that The Waste Exchange Anaerobic digester for A regional composting Hazardous waste drop- Evaluation of existing DESCRIPTION – using existing waste sorts, compacts and Facility or Swap Mall will industrial and (potentially) plant will facilitate the off and storage could waste streams to pickers distributes recyclable facilitate the exchange of domestic organic waste composting of most be coupled with the identify opportunities materials collected through ‘unwanted goods’, and and sewage sludge, with organic substances from prospective MRF and for processing/re-use Recycling project: various means from the reusable materials. the potential to harvest the town, especially waste exchange facility etc. (business, industry, 2 bag/ 3 bag system. town biogas and generate garden wastes. to provide an integrated agriculture, etc.). The Waste Exchange electrical energy or fire waste handling facility for Integrated with the ‘Pilot facility will be located at boilers to improve AD A composting plant Kokstad. A waste characterisation Recycling Programme’ the proposed Integrated process. could be seen as either would aid in determining and AD, composting and Waste Facility (IWF). an alternative or a The Hazardous Waste the potential for a pilot hazardous waste facilities. Integrated with composting supplementary project Facility will be located at recycling programme plant as digestate needs to a regional bio-solids the proposed Integrated The MRF will be located to be processed. processing plant. Waste Facility (IWF). at the proposed Integrated Waste Facility (IWF). The Regional Bio-Solids The Regional Composting Processing Plant will be Plant will be located at located at the proposed the proposed Integrated Integrated Waste Facility Waste Facility (IWF). (IWF). RELATED • City-wide Waste • Waste Exchange • Materials Recovery • Materials Recovery • Materials Recovery • Materials Recovery • Materials Recovery PROJECTS Characterisation Facility Facility (MRF) Facility (MRF) Facility (MRF) Facility (MRF) Facility (MRF) • Materials recovery • Regional Bio-Solids • Regional Bio-Solids • Waste Exchange • Waste Exchange • Waste Exchange • Regional Bio-Solids Facility (MRF) Processing Plant Processing Plant Facility Facility Facility Processing Plant • Regional Composting • Regional Composting • Regional Composting • Regional Bio-Solids • Regional Bio-Solids • Regional Composting Plant Plant Plant Processing Plant Processing Plant Plant • Hazardous Waste • Hazardous Waste • Hazardous Waste • Hazardous Waste • Regional Composting • Hazardous Waste Facility Facility Facility Facility Plant Facility PROJECT STAGE • P&DP: Pilot and/ • PDP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • PDP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/ or Demonstration Development Phase or Demonstration Development Phase Development Phase Development Phase or Demonstration Projects • P&DP: Pilot and/ Projects • P&DP: Pilot and/ • P&DP: Pilot and/ • P&DP: Pilot and/ Projects or Demonstration • PIP: Project or Demonstration or Demonstration or Demonstration Projects Implementation Projects Projects Projects • PIP: Project Phase • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Phase Phase Phase Phase IMPLEMENTING GKM Civil Engineering Trade Consultant Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Civil & Environmental GKM AGENT Consultants Consultants Consultants Engineering Consultants PROJECT OWNER GKM/PPP GKM/PPP Private owner GKM/PPP GKM/PPP GKM/PPP GKM

PROJECT Short term Short term Short term Medium term Short term Short term Short term DURATION PRECONDITIONS • Municipal capacity • Reconsider location • Venue for the swap • Identification of a • Allocation of space. • Allocation of space. • Status quo assessment. of proposed landfill mall. significant source • Waste Licence. • Waste Licence. assessments (private • Land/space for – taking into account • Sponsorship of industrial organic waste and recycling collection and proximity of MRF. waste. figures). sorting • Waste Licence. • Waste Licence.

APPROXIMATE ±R50k (capex) ±R5mil (capex) ±R2mil (capex) ±R20mil (capex) ±R2mil (capex) ±R1mil (capex) ±R30k (capex) BUDGET FUNDING GKM (using existing MIG Privately funded – IDEAS Green Fund/MIG MIG GKM GKM SOURCE stipend) fund

Matrix.16. PROGRAMME 6: INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 110 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN PROGRAMME 7: negatively impact the environment, be financially sustainable and should be equitable. In addition, WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT other national policies advocate that developers PROGRAMME should minimise the impact of stormwater runoff on downstream environments by detaining and ENABLING One of the potential constraints on the INSTITUTIONS treating SW before it leaves ones site. It is critical sustainable development of Kokstad and that water is seen as a valuable resource, and Franklin will be the availability of water to that municipalities and residents are collective support the growth of urban population and stewards in managing it. The ‘Water Cycle business. In order to grow sustainably, Kokstad Management Programme’ thus recommends and Franklin are going to have to manage their projects in the following areas: water resources by adopting the principles of the waste management hierarchy, where water • Water demand management; wastage is completely eliminated. According • Wastewater reuse; CROSSROADS to the hierarchy water is then reused, then • Water loss management; water is recycled and only as a last resort is • Passive wastewater treatment; water disposed of (into a natural watercourse). Therefore, this programme proposes projects • Pre-treatment of wastewater with combined energy generation; whereby potable water supply, wastewater ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS treatment and stormwater are managed in an • Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS integrated manner. Understanding the integration PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME TOWN of these fundamental water services is essential It is critical that the proposed integration of water & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS in ensuring their long-term use and sustainability. services receives full institutional support from the local municipality. This includes the drafting The 21st Century has presented a move from DESCRIPTION Education and 1. Policies: Possible rezoning of enabling policies to support and regulate the awareness project – required for SuDS ‘hard’ infrastructural development to more implementation and management of sustainable water cycle and scarcity. • SW management schemes (public open policy natural, ‘soft’ interventions, which is have a water use interventions. Policies should in turn spaces/parks) pronounced effect on the urban water cycle. be supported by several development guidelines Acceptable water use 2. Incentives: Hardened surfaces typically result in increased that clearly indicate the most appropriate practices at a household level. • Grey-water stormwater runoff peaks and flooding. High interventions and technologies to be used. recycling runoff velocities have a destructive effect on the Guidelines should be drafted by drawing from • rainwater

INFRASTRUCTURE harvesting INFRASTRUCTURE tidal and riparian zones of natural watercourses, national and international guidelines and which in turn results in poorer quality water successful applications, i.e. case studies, • reduced water use resources for potable extraction purposes. research, etc. • water demand The leaking of sewerage infrastructure is also management strategy inextricably linked to the deterioration of natural The projects in this programme have a strong watercourse and potable water resources. link with the ‘Integrate Waste Management Therefore, it makes economic, social and Programme’ and the ‘Renewable Energy Programme’. Water and a number of the water NATURAL NATURAL environmental sense to seek more natural, RESOURCES sustainable means of managing the natural services components are key drivers in the water resources within urban developments. functionality of the two other abovementioned DURATION Long-term (+10 yrs) Medium-term (+5 yrs) Medium-term (+5 yrs) infrastructure programmes. Water essentially The programme is in line with Water drives the waste-to-energy process as well Conservation and Demand Management as aids in the proposed composting project APPROX. BUDGET R25k (annually) R50k R5k (annually) National Strategy and the Strategic Framework and a whole host of proposed small energy for Water services which deals with the efficient interventions. FUNDING SOURCE Sisonke/GKM Water Research GKM use of water by institutions and users of water Commission of South Africa (WRC) in South Africa. The National Sanitation Policy AGRICULTURE sets out that sanitation systems should not Matrix.17. PROGRAMME 7: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 111

PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT NAME A) SUDS ROLL-OUT B1) WASTE WATER B2) WASTE WATER B3) WASTE WATER C) WATER EFFICIENCY D) FIXING LEAKS & SUBSIDISING PROJECTS TREATMENT: SEWAGE PRE- TREATMENT: TREATMENT: TREATED CAMPAIGN IN SHAYAMOYA TREATMENT CONSTRUCTED EFFLUENT REUSE TOWNSHIP WETLAND

PROJECT Apply strategic SuDS controls Incentive project to promote Initiate a 7-8ha constructed Re-use of treated effluent to Distribution of water saving Installation of pressure DESCRIPTION at source, local and regional local pre-treatment of sewage wetland west of existing water golf course and other appliances by local authority reducing valves, repair of leaks levels, to mimic the natural in residential clusters or at WWTW, to treat sewage over park spaces which currently to small and medium scale and watermain refurbishment, hydrological conditions. institutions. flows, particularly during peak account for a large portion of consumers. to reduce the magnitude of rainfall conditions. the total potable water supply. leakage into the underlying SuDS provides stormwater Pre-treatment would involve This must be coupled with water table. runoff quantity, quality, amenity small scale anaerobic digesters The wetland will also serve to This project includes a series public participation drives to and biodiversity benefits that could generate electricity increase capacity of WWTW to of bulk effluent lines and promote acceptable water use This must be performed in that supersedes those of by way of the combustion of offset future expansion, as well associated pumps from the practices at a household level. conjunction with a project to conventional systems. biogas. as increase the amenity and wastewater treatment works. identify and remove illegal biodiversity in the immediate watermain connections, which SuDS also allows for increased and surrounding areas. typically result in large water rainwater use which is likely loses. to decrease potable water consumption throughout the city.

RELATED • Waste Water Treatment: • IWF: Regional Bio-Solids • SuDS Roll-out and • Water Efficiency • Waste Water Treatment: • Water Efficiency PROJECTS Constructed Wetland Processing Plant Subsidising Projects Campaign Treated Effluent Reuse Campaign • Fixing leaks in Shayamoya Township

PROJECT STAGE • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PDP: Project Development • PIP: Project • PDP: Project Development • PIP: Project Phase Phase Phase Implementation Phase Phase Implementation Phase • P&DP: Pilot and/or • P&DP: Pilot and/or • PIP: Project • P&DP: Pilot and/or Demonstration Projects Demonstration Projects Implementation Phase Demonstration Projects • PIP: Project • PIP: Project • PIP: Project Implementation Phase Implementation Phase Implementation Phase

IMPLEMENTING Civil & Environmental Civil Engineering Consultants Civil & Environmental Civil Engineering Consultants GKM with public participation Civil Engineering Consultants AGENT Engineering Consultants Engineering Consultants consultants

PROJECT OWNER GKM/PPP GKM/General public GKM GKM/PPP (golf course owners) GKM GKM

PROJECT Medium term Medium term Short Term Short term Medium term Short term DURATION

PRECONDITIONS • Assess extent of • Assess space requirements • When additional WWT • Assessment and • Water use issue must • Identification of illegal greenfields vs. retrofit and end use biogas. capacity is required. confirmation of golf course be identifies and connection onto bulk and space requirements. water demand. targeted throughout the feeder water mains. campaign. APPROXIMATE ±R20mil (capex) ±R10mil (capex) ±R15mil (capex) ±R3mil (capex) ±R5mil (capex) ±R7.5mil (capex) BUDGET (OPEX PER ±R1mil (opex) ±R250k (opex) ±R1.5mil (opex) ±R500k (opex) ANNUM)

FUNDING MIG UISP/IRDP MIG/GKM MIG/Sisonke Sisonke/GKM Sisonke/MIG SOURCE

Matrix.18. PROGRAMME 7: WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 112 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN PROGRAMME 8: Specific regulations at municipal level are in • Local production and manufacture of a state of flux as small and large scale IPPs components and products used in the ENERGY PROGRAMME emerge. local energy sector, including structural, mechanical and electrical systems. The goal of the ‘Renewable Energy Programme’ • New Growth Path (2010): The new growth path sets ambitious targets for job creation ENABLING is to develop sustainable energy infrastructure It is critical that the proposed renewable energy

INSTITUTIONS in the future through a variety of identified that improves the quality of local energy and programme has full institutional support from the industries, one of which is the ‘green’ electricity supplies, and simultaneously reduces local municipality and the relevant stakeholders. industry sector. local carbon emissions, while reducing reliance This includes the drafting of enabling policies to on outside energy and electricity sources. The • Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) of 2010: support the implementation and management The IRP makes projections on expected programme aims to promote and increase of small- and large-scale renewable energy national energy and electricity demand and local electrical energy generation capacity, and interventions. Policies should in turn be sets targets for capacities of various energy to take advantage of the associated benefits supported by several development guidelines technologies, including renewables. including the creation of local revenue streams, that clearly indicate the most appropriate

CROSSROADS the creation of businesses and services in the The long-term resilience of sustainable energy interventions and technologies to be utilised. energy sector, and related skills and jobs. infrastructure delivery and maintenance will Guidelines should be drafted by drawing from require developers to meet the following national and international guidelines and The energy programme will be rooted in the objectives: successful applications, i.e. case studies, following policy frameworks, but will aim to research, etc. The projects in this programme make Kokstad and Franklin leaders in local and • A diversity of supply and a reduction in a also have a strong link with the ‘Water Cycle municipal sustainable energy strategy by going reliance on external suppliers; Management Programme’ and the ‘Integrated beyond the national norms and standards: • Developing local skills and capacity, with a TOWN Waste Management Programme’, as should be focus on leveraging the national imperative • The National Environmental Management of building a green economy (Green integrate into the planning of each. Act (NEMA) No. 107 of 1998: NEMA Economy Accord, 2011); prescribes environmental protection principles, which allow municipalities to • A balance between infrastructure roll-out make conscious choices to engage in and sustainable growth; and the development of energy efficiency and • Fostering a culture of innovation, discovered renewable energy projects and initiatives. through entrepreneurial micro-enterprise in • White Paper on Renewable Energy of the service delivery sector; 2003: The White Paper outlines South ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS Africa’s broader renewable energy goals Indicators of an emerging green economy with

INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS INFRASTRUCTURE regards to the production and maintenance of and sets targets for national installed PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME renewable energy capacities. The industry sustainable service systems will include: & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS has changed significantly since its release, • Reaching specific energy efficiency and and the document should serve to provide a targets across the full range of domestic, background on national renewable energy DESCRIPTION Public awareness Establish policies and commercial and industrial energy users; campaign – increasing regulations to incentivise policy, rather than a guideline for specific efficiency and reducing to reduce electricity local initiatives in Kokstad and Franklin. • Reaching specific renewable energy targets use consumption and to use defined for a range of technologies, at the

NATURAL NATURAL renewable energy: • Amended Electricity Regulation Act of RESOURCES unit, neighbourhood and town scale; a. Household 2006: The amended electricity act makes specific reference to the need to use • Reaching specific targets for energy b. Institutions more diversified energy sources for the production from various waste-types, DURATION Short term Short term Short term generation of electricity in South Africa. including municipal, agricultural, and industrial waste products; • Energy regulations on new generation APPROX. BUDGET R5M R1M capacity (2009): Energy regulations on new • Establishment of industrial ecologies (co- location of complementary industries such generating capacity outline the regulations FUNDING SOURCE for entry into the electricity market of that one’s waste is the other’s “food”); and

AGRICULTURE independent power producers (IPP).

Matrix.19. PROGRAMME 8: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 113 PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT A) ENERGY EFFICIENCY B) BIOMASS POWER C) SOLAR POWER D) SOLAR POWER E) BIOGAS POWER NAME RETROFIT PROJECT CO-GENERATION (ROOFS) (FARM) CO-GENERATION (GREEN ECONOMY)

PROJECT Develop a retrofit project that pilots Franklin off-grid: Incentive scheme 10MW solar electricity farm (PV) Off-grid biogas power. DESCRIPTION in all schools, public spaces and • Biomass power, OR roof leasing for electricity Co-generation at local dairy buildings and selected residential Co-generation production (PVs) areas (possibly linked to the Micro- at Franklin sawmill Utility Project). Retrofit mechanisms may include ceilings, insulation, sunscreens, larger windows on north elevations, energy efficient fittings and so on.

RELATED • Develop this project in conjunction PROJECTS with the Kokstad Green Building Skills Development programme, the Kokstad Green Building Network and the “Kokstad Brand”.

PROJECT • PDP: Project Development • PIP: Project Implementation • P&DP: Pilot and/or Demonstration • PIP: Project Implementation • P&DP STAGE Phase Phase Projects Phase

IMPLEMENTING GKM Private Greater Kokstad Municipality Greater Kokstad Municipality Private AGENT and/or Private and/or Private

PROJECT To be allocated at a later date. To be allocated at a later date. To be allocated at a later date. To be allocated at a later date. OWNER

PROJECT 1 year to pilot in a few schools and Medium term Medium term Long term Short term DURATION residential areas in Kokstad 5 years to roll out across town

PRECONDITIONS

APPROXIMATE R2m R10m R150m R1m – R5m BUDGET

FUNDING Green Economy IDC/DBSA IDC/ DBSA IDC/ DBSA IDC/DBSA SOURCE

Matrix.20. PROGRAMME 8: ENERGY PROGRAMME

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 114 NATURAL ENABLING INSTITUTIONS RESOURCES CROSSROADS

INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Number of square metres of public managed park space per Kokstad lies in a unique and attractive KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? person

TOWN • Number of hectares of protected biodiversity areas in GKM natural landscape Future sustainable Kokstad and Franklin • Condition of wetlands / rivers / grasslands with abundant natural resources. protect and appreciate the functional, • Value / desirability of properties facing onto public open spaces However these are under threat from cultural, spiritual and economic value • Number of households in the survey area that make use of pollution, over extraction of water, of the natural landscape. The many public parks and playgrounds erosion, land-use change and climate crucial roles of natural resources are change. maintained and enhanced through responsible management and protection.

INFRASTRUCTURE The towns do not use more than can be regenerated, and wilderness areas that serve the needs of their communities have been recreated. NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 115

9.5. NATURAL RESOURCES • % improvement in green drop status. “Everyone has the right to a “Since the 90s, the parks encouraged • % increase in volume of solid waste healthy environment” recycled. tourists to stay longer in Curitiba - before 9.5.1. POLICY ALIGNMENT the Constitution it was just a overnight stop between North • Increased commitment to recycling and South. After, tourists spent on average The National Environment Management: supported by appropriate systems Biodiversity Act (2004) makes provision for the “Value our ecosystem three nights instead of just one.” determination of critical biodiversity areas which The GKM SDF Review 2011/12 seeks to services” Curitiba had a problem with low-income need to be maintained in a natural state to firstly • Optimise the use of existing resources and informal housing located in floodplains. ensure the continued existence and function of including such resources related MSA particular species and ecosystems and secondly, to agriculture, land, minerals, bulk Unable to implement expensive engineering to maintain supply of ecosystem services. The infrastructure, roads, transportation and “Development must be solutions, an alternative strategy was social facilities. Act also makes provision for the determination of socially, environmentally and attempted - relocating all the homes in critical ecological support areas, which are areas • Discourage the phenomenon of urban flood-prone areas and turning the land into that are not essential for meeting conservation sprawl in urban areas and contribute to the economically sustainable” seasonal parks that flood over rainy periods targets, but which play an important role in development of more compact towns and NEMA while keeping natural ecosystems intact. supporting socio-economic development through cities. ecosystem services, such as water provision, • Encourage environmentally sustainable land This turned flooding from the city’s largest flood mitigation or carbon sequestration. “Environmental justice must development practices and processes. be pursued” problem to its biggest asset, with per-capita The National Spatial Planning and Land Use • Promote the sustained protection of the green space shifting from 0.5 m2 to 55 Bill (2012) requires that plans: environment; meet the basic needs of all NEMA m2; an asset protected and maintained • ensure that special consideration is given citizens in an affordable way; and ensure by a combination of municipal agencies to the protection of prime and unique the safe utilization of land by taking into “Protect critical biodiversity” and community organizations, and with a agricultural land; consideration environmental constraints. NEMA multiplier effect throughout all spheres - • uphold consistency of land use measures There are also several pieces of legislation and social, environmental, financial, and even in accordance with environmental policies that acknowledge that the supply of economic. management instruments; ecosystem services is a function of the condition “Everyone has the right • promote land development in locations that of natural ecosystems. There are therefore acts to have the environment Curitiba’s policy of using floodplains as are sustainable and limit urban sprawl. and policies which seek to minimise the impacts protected, for the benefit parks - and their creative solutions for of threatening processes on biodiversity in order managing parks on light budgets - mean The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human to enhance the supply of ecosystem services. of present and future that Curitiba residents have access to some Settlements Strategic Plan (2011/12 to This includes for example the National Water generations” of the most extensive and highest quality 2015/16) states that it is important to manage Act (1998), Conservation of Agricultural the Constitution development pressures in agricultural areas to Resources Act (1983), and NEMA (1998). urban green space networks in the world ensure conservation of high value agricultural Furthermore, this is one of the five strategic - not bad for a small city in a developing land. objectives of the National Biodiversity Strategy “Equitable access to country! The 2011 KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and Action Plan (2006). environmental resources” and Development Strategy (KZN PGDS) There are also policies which seek to improve NEMA focuses on increased use of productive the condition of natural ecosystems in order to land, alternative energy generation, and the enhance the supply of ecosystem services. This management of pressures on biodiversity and includes for example the National Framework water resources. It recognises the intensifying for Sustainable Development (2008), National competition for limited water resources and Strategy on Sustainable Development requires that catchment and river management and Action Plan (2010), New Growth Path form part of all land use management schemes, (2010), and Green Accord (2011). These and promotes local water harvesting. In addition, policies support the implementation of labour- Strategic Objective 5.3 identifies the following intensive programmes, such as Working for Photo 22. BARIQUI PARK IN CURITIBA indicators for measuring success around Water, Working for Wetlands, and the Landcare biodiversity protection: Programme, which benefit the environment, Note: See Annexure B for more precedent. • % improvement in biodiversity index. while creating much-needed jobs. • % improvement in Blue Drop status.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 116 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.5.2. STRATEGY STATUS QUO 1 STRATEGY 1 Existing ecosystems and natural Connect, integrate and rehabilitate The following four pages define and illustrate the resources are undervalued and special places and natural strategies that have informed the formulation of the ISDP in terms of this story. These strategies insufficiently cared for. corridors to create an intact, ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS should also guide the decision-making process functional and flourishing natural in terms of other statutory plans (like the IDP and system. SDF) and should guide decision-making in the execution of the ISDP. CROSSROADS

Photo 23. GRASSLANDS, KOKSTAD Fig 86. BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS TOWN INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Fig 85. NATURAL RESOURCES/STATUS QUO/ Fig 87. NATURAL RESOURCES/STRATEGY/ ECOSYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 117

STATUS QUO 2 STRATEGY 2 STATUS QUO 3 STRATEGY 3 The town and its inhabitants Develop responsibly so as The open space running through Protect and enhance unique impact on the natural environment to contain the impacts of and around town is unmanaged natural features; integrate Kokstad far beyond the urban edge. development and land use change and uncared for, while the around a new multi-functional and protect natural assets. interface between the urban and ‘green heart’. the rural is negative.

Photo 25. STORMWATER POLLUTION Photo 24. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE Photo 26. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE Photo 27. POSITIVE INTERFACE WITH EDGE

Fig 88. NATURAL RESOURCES/STATUS QUO/ Fig 89. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY / Fig 90. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY/ Fig 91. NATURAL RESOURCES / STRATEGY/ POLLUTION ECOSYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 118 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

NATURAL RESOURCES I: CONSERVATION CORRIDORS AND PROTECTED AREAS ECO-SYSTEM SERVICES These are key natural resource Protect critical areas that should be protected R617 In 2040, Kokstad and Franklin biodiversity and, where possible, rehabilitated

ENABLING protect and appreciate the areas and and restored. These include high-

INSTITUTIONS connect functional, cultural, spiritual and them potential biodiversity areas such through a economic value of the natural FRANKLIN network of as wetlands and intact grasslands, landscape. The towns do not use ecological areas of high-value ecosystem corridors more than can be regenerated, and services, and biodiversity/climate wilderness areas that serve the change corridors. needs of their communities have Fig 92. NATURAL RESOURCES - FRANKLIN been rehabilitated. NON-DEVELOPABLE AREAS

CROSSROADS These are areas where development is inappropriate – steep slopes, viewpoints or view corridors, hilltops, valuable agricultural land and culturally significant landscapes. R617 TOWN

Declare protective buffers around SHAYAMOYA rivers AGRICULTURAL / RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS MZINTLAVA RIVER These are areas where ecosystem EXTENSION 7 services are lower or can be BAMBAYI maintained despite a light development footprint. Peri- HORSESHOE BHONGWENI urban/agricultural small-holding

INFRASTRUCTURE R56 development is proposed within

KOKSTAD CENTRAL these areas. Typologies for these areas are explored under the Agriculture Story.

R56 Create a buffer at N2 PROPOSED URBAN EDGE the urban edge with a NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL peri-urban agricultural RESOURCES RESOURCES This is the proposed urban edge typology beyond which development should Parks not spread. It is informed by the ‘Wild’ Park Areas (minimally maintained) Declare an urban identification of the elements Multi-Purpose Sports Precinct edge N2that will contain and focus all growth above. Proposed/Existing Sportsfield over the next 20 years Biodiversity aAreas to promote medium- density, mixed-used Green Streets Don’t build on areas inappropriate for living rather than urban The Rail Trail development sprawl Street Trees AGRICULTURE Fig 93. NATURAL RESOURCES- KOKSTAD

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 119

9.5.3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN • Balance between recreational space, which are located in a band around Kokstad 3. Develop guidelines for agricultural and productive agricultural land and ‘wild areas’. Town (see the Agriculture Story for more details). urban development to encourage practices that conserve and even rehabilitate This section sets out the development plan for • Preservation of large, connected habitat The plan proposes the establishment of a natural systems and biodiversity. Develop the Natural Resources story, as informed by patches, and creation of wild and vegetated new urban edge, to be informed by the areas guidelines for sensitive development in national, provincial and regional policies, and the buffers to minimize negative effects of urban identified above as well as the development peri-urban/agricultural small-holding areas. story strategies. development on habitats and water pressures identified in the other stories, which These should entail measures for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem health as well The main sub-stories of the Natural Resources APPROACH will give clear guidelines to developers and story are: officials around where development should and as building in a way that contributes to the should not happen. This proposed edge is a cultural landscape. • Natural Resources I: Ecosystem Services The approach is to connect, integrate and medium-term growth-management edge, that rehabilitate special places and natural corridors 4. Delineate a new urban edge and develop • Natural Resources II: Public Open Space allows substantial space for growth but prevents urban edge guidelines. The edge should to create an intact, functional and flourishing limitless urban expansion. Growth is encouraged be made in a strong and coherent way, natural system, to develop responsibly so as to 9.5.3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES I: between Bhongweni and Shayamoya, and with a clear division between urban and contain the impacts of development and land permissable towards the south and west of the rural. Interface guidelines – creating a ECO-SYSTEM SERVICES use change and protect natural assets prized town boundaries. Development should under positive edge around town and facing on the by the citizens of the towns, and to protect and public open space within town – are of key The Plan for Ecosystem Services deals with no circumstances be permitted to leapfrog over enhance unique natural features. Critically, concern. The built edge should not present the designation, protection and management this line until all land within the urban edge is of biodiversity and key ecosystems. It identifies the plan aims to safeguard the functionality of the rear and/or sides of developments developed up to the prescribed densities. onto scenic routes, rather fronts with public ‘no-go’ areas for development, areas that can the GKM’s life-supporting ecosystem services (i.e. environmental goods and services), and access routes and associated landscaping. tolerate peri-urban/agricultural development and KEY PROPOSALS integrated corridors protecting key ecosystem to ensure development around ecological and services. social spaces is appropriate and sensitive. 1. Develop a GKM Biodiversity Sector Plan to ensure that the municipality’s biodiversity RATIONALE THE PLAN assets are appropriately managed and protected. The Biodiversity Sector Plan The SDF identifies the loss of productive land The plan identifies key natural resource areas should provide a synthesis of prioritised due to bad land-use management, inappropriate that should be protected and, where possible, information to planners, land-use managers, and farmers, thereby enabling the development, land reform and insecure water rehabilitated and restored. These include high- integration of biodiversity planning into land- supplies as key problems. potential biodiversity areas such as wetlands and intact grasslands, areas of high-value use planning and decision-making (LUPDM) and farming. The overall aim is to minimise This plan aims to enhance the integrity, ecosystem services, and biodiversity/climate the loss of natural habitat in Critical authenticity and accessibility of the significant change corridors. The Franklin wetlands, Mount Biodiversity Areas (CBA) and prevent the farming, ecological, cultural, scenic and rural Currie nature reserve, and the Mzintlava river degradation of Ecological Support Areas landscapes and natural resources of Kokstad course all fall under this category, as well as the (ESA), while encouraging sustainable and Franklin. It provides clarity on what kind of provincially designated climate-change corridors development in other natural areas. The development is appropriate beyond the current that run to the north and south of Kokstad. broad objective is to ensure appropriate settlement footprint, suitable locations where land-use for the best possible sustainable It also includes areas where development is it could take place, and the desirable form and benefits and to promote integrated inappropriate – steep slopes, viewpoints or view scale of such development. It also demarcates management of natural resources. corridors, hilltops, valuable agricultural land and critical biodiversity areas that should be culturally significant landscapes. The hill south- 2. Proactively conserve and rehabilitate land protected at all costs, and offers guidelines for types that provide essential ecosystem west of Kokstad town is an example, as is the appropriate management of these resources. services to the inhabitants of Kokstad and hilltop between Shayamoya and Bhongweni. Franklin. Utilise government programmes PRINCIPLES Finally, ‘compromise’ areas are also demarcated, like Working for Water, Working for where ecosystem services are lower or can Wetlands and Working for Fire to • Spatial integration and continuity of urban rehabilitate and restore critical ecosystems be maintained despite a light development and local area green systems to support for maximum services benefit. footprint. Peri-urban/agricultural small-holding biodiversity and ecological resilience. development is proposed within these areas, Fig 94. CONSERVATION CORRIDORS AND PROTECTED AREAS

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 120 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PLANNING GUIDELINES

These are some key design and planning

ENABLING principles for combating landscape and INSTITUTIONS ecosystem fragmentation and degradation that should guide development and land-use changes across the GKM. By using these three elements - patches, corridors and matrices - these principles allow for the integration of nature and humans in a way that is sustaining to both. Adapted from Dramstad, Olson, & Forman SELECT PATCHES FOR CONSERVATION BUNDLE ROADS, RAIL, AND SERVICE CREATE PATCHES WITH ECOLOGICALLY (1996), Landscape ecology principles in CORRIDORS TOGETHER TO MINIMISE OPTIMUM SHAPE The selection of patches for conservation should CROSSROADS landscape architecture and land-use planning. DISRUPTION TO THE LANDSCAPE be based on their 1) contribution to the overall An ecologically optimum patch provides several system, i.e. how well the location of a patch Road, railroad and powerline corridors tend ecological benefits, and is generally ‘space-ship’ relates or links to other patches within the region; to be relatively straight, and subject to regular shaped, with a rounded core for protection of and 2) unusual or distinctive characteristics, e.g. human disturbance. Therefore, they often serve resources, plus some curvilinear boundaries and whether a patch has any rare, threatened or as barriers that subdivide populations of species, a few fingers for species dispersal. endemic species present. and sources of erosion, sedimentation, exotic species, and human effects on the matrix. TOWN Upgrading existing roads should be prioritised over building new roads. INFRASTRUCTURE

ENSURE CORRIDOR GAP EFFECTIVENESS ENSURE STEPPING STONE CONNECTIVITY MAINTAIN CORRIDOR WIDTH FOR A RIVER NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES The effect of a gap in a corridor on movement of A row of ‘stepping stones’ (small patches) is To maintain natural processes, a 5th-10th order a species depends on length of the gap relative intermediate in connectivity between a corridor river corridor maintains an upland interior on both to the scale of species movement, and contrast and no corridor, and hence intermediate in sides, as a conduit for upland interior species. In between the corridor and the gap. providing for movement of interior species addition, maintaining at least a ladder-pattern of between patches. large patches crossing the floodplain provides a hydrological sponge, traps sediment during floods, and provides soil organic matter for the aquatic food chain, logs for fish habitat, and

AGRICULTURE habitats for floodplain species.

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URBAN EDGE GUIDELINES GG Higher order roads, access routes and transport infrastructure; The following issues, criteria and factors should GG Availability of developable land in urban be used as informants when determining the area; urban edge: GG Growth requirements; GG Prominent landform and character areas; GG Visual impact; GG Valuable soils; GG Cultural/heritage resource areas; GG Ecological resources; GG Ownership of land and existing land use; GG Protected areas; GG Urban agriculture and small scale farming GG High intensity /potential agricultural GG Bio-regional spatial planning categories resources; (core and buffer); and EXCLUDE POTENTIALLY VALUABLE AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER RESOURCES FROM THE GG Services infrastructure; GG Density policy for residential development. URBAN EDGE: X indicates the high potential land or resources to be conserved, while the * indicates GG Vacant/under-utilised land in urban area; land suitable for development with little or no resource value

USE OF URBAN EDGES FOR URBAN RESTRUCTURING: Use edges to integrate segregated USE URBAN EDGES TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES AND PREVENT LINEAR neighbourhoods, rather than individual growth around settlements DEVELOPMENT: This illustrates a river, where X indicates the high potential land or resources to be conserved, while the * indicates land suitable for development with little or no resource value

USE URBAN EDGES TO LINE ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES, NOT ROUND OFF ALONG CREATE AN ‘EDGE’ WITH THE URBAN EDGE: Don’t block recreational areas and amenities with CADASTRAL LINES: X indicates the high potential land or resources to be conserved, while the * backyards ; create a positive edge with natural surveillance. indicates land suitable for development with little or no resource value

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 122 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN NATURAL RESOURCES II: MULTI-PURPOSE PARK PUBLIC OPEN SPACE A multi-purpose that will incorporate a broad R617 variety of uses to ensure that it is used throughout the day and the year. The ‘Green ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS In 2040, Kokstad has a world- Heart Park’ is conceptualised as a safe, carefully managed and beautiful park. class multi-purpose park that FRANKLIN New park at the entrance to attracts locals and visitors. Franklin from the Rail Trail.

Fig 95. NATURAL RESOURCES - FRANKLIN

Implement a Kokstad PASSIVE OPEN SPACE and Franklin Eco- CROSSROADS Schools programme to develop environmental These are areas that are not formally R617 awareness in children designated nor maintained as parks, but are and to encourage schools to participate publicly accessible through walking and/or in the management biking trails, and are maintained at a basic SHAYAMOYA and development of the Kokstad Park. level through rubbish removal, eradication of Develop a multi-purpose park to alien species, etc., but not fully serviced such establish a new green heart for Kokstad,

TOWN linking communities and providing safe, as a formal park might be. exciting and active sporting, recreation, entertainment and productive spaces, as Soccer, tennis, well as a haven for biodiversity.EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA RIVERrugby, netball, basketball.

GCADINJA ROAD MULTI-PURPOSE SPORT CENTRE BAMBAYI Golf MAIN STREET These are community sports complexes course HOPE STREET catering to a range of different ages and

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE abilities in a range of different kinds of sports. Children in the community are provided with R56 BARKER STREET a safe environment in which to learn, interact INFRASTRUCTURE and play with others, and are encouraged to BHONGWENI be involved in organised sporting activities.

DOWER STREET KOKSTAD CENTRAL

NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PARK AND PLAYGROUND COMPONENTS NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES Rugby, Parks and playgrounds are located near soccer, tennis. community activity nodes, and linked with Parks green streets and pedestrian and cycling ‘Wild’ Park Areas (minimally maintained) R56 Multi-Purpose Sports Precinct facilities. N2 Proposed/Existing Sportsfield Biodiversity aAreas Green Streets The Rail Trail Street Trees AGRICULTURE Fig 96. NATURAL RESOURCES- KOKSTAD

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9.5.3.2 NATURAL RESOURCES II: promote economic integration and create jobs recreation activities. and livelihoods. THE PARK The agency is to:

The plan proposes a framework for the • Co-ordinate and manage all existing development and management of a public open sporting resources and projects (private and THE PLAN public) in Kokstad and Franklin, including space system that provides equitable access to the proposed Shayamoya multi-purpose all. The plan proposes a complete overhaul of sports centre, to make the most efficient use the public open space system of Kokstad and of fields and facilities, to increase access RATIONALE Franklin. The most easily identifiable addition for previously marginalised groups, and to is the ‘Green-Heart Park’ running through the diversify sport and recreation activities. The primary goal of the open space plan is to centre of Kokstad. This links to the ‘passive’ • Carefully consider opportunities for pooling transform an archetypal Apartheid town into open space along the Mzintlava river, and resources to reduce the need for large a cohesive and integrated community, while incorporates a new multi-purpose sports centre capital expenditure, so that money can be filling significant needs for recreation, economic at the iThembalabantu node in Shayamoya. In spent on proper maintenance and after- opportunities, and environmental rehabilitation addition, a network of smaller neighbourhood school training programmes centred around and protection. The lack of entertainment and parks and playgrounds are proposed around existing facilities. recreation is one of the key issues identified by neighbourhood activity nodes to ensure a more • Work closely with the Rail-Trail / Rail-Bike stakeholders, This plan aims to create a sterling equitable spread throughout all Kokstad’s Tourism initiative and the Kokstad-Franklin public open space system that can incorporate communities. Triathlon initiative to design sporting events the need for many forms of public and social that encourage local participation as well as activity, becoming an upliftment programme KEY PROPOSALS draw tourists from the wider region. that targets everyone in Kokstad rather than 3. Develop urban design guidelines that 1. The plan proposes a new multi-purpose individual beneficiaries. prescribe the interface between private park that integrates Kokstad’s four distinct and public space. Develop a boundary wall neighbourhoods – Bhongweni, Shayamoya, policy and by-laws to prohibit blank walls PRINCIPLES Extension 7 and Kokstad Central - around and anti-social facades along the edges of a new ‘green heart’. The ‘Green Heart • Past injustices and inequitable distribution public open spaces of land, facilities and amenities should be Park’ is conceptualised as a safe, carefully addressed by ensuring equitable access managed and beautiful park, where land 4. Implement a neighbourhood park / to high-quality public open space and use on the edges of the park attract people playground upgrade. Plan, design and recreational amenities. and activity (such as shops, restaurants and implement development of 17 new parks to schools) to ensure that the park feels busy ensure that there is a neighbourhood park / • Spatial and social integration of and safe. Residents and land owners are play-lot within 400m of all residents: communities and neighbourhoods encouraged to retain a positive interface • Shayamoya both wards: 4 Parks • Ensuring safety is critical if people are with the park for passive surveillance. (This to take ownership of their public space. proposal is unpacked in more detail on the • Bhongweni both wards: 4 Parks Designing POS to ensure community following page). • Horseshoe: 3 Parks surveillance 2. Rehabilitate the old landfill site as a multi- • Extension 7 Entrance: 1 Park purpose sports complex and establish an APPROACH agency for managing it. Use the smooth • Kokstad Lower Town: 2 Parks and level surface of the capped landfill to • Kokstad CBD: 2 Parks The approach is to use public open space as construct a variety of sporting facilities, • Kokstad Upper Town: 2 Parks an integrator, to promote spatial equity and to to form an important anchor in the Green knit together the fragmented parts of Kokstad Heart Park and to offer top-quality sporting Develop a community-based park around social spaces that are accessible and facilities to the communities of Shayamoya management and maintenance programme central to all. In addition, the expansion of and Bhongweni. Establish an agency to to ensure parks remain cared for, safe and economic opportunity around the edges of the increase opportunities for Kokstad and Franklin residents to participate in sport and accessible. public open space system will facilitate and

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NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PARK COMPONENT PLAYGROUND COMPONENT

Sport fields Biodiversity corridor & park, ENABLING River & constructed wetlands INSTITUTIONS

Multipurpose hall Creche Community kitchen

Primary / tertiary education Nursery Pic-nic & passive recreation areas Play lot Public internet & internet information hub Food market Active box & Public space CROSSROADS

Eco-schools programme centre

Micro-processing (drying, pickling, Playground & outdoor gym brewing, freezing, packing) Community

TOWN garden Recycling collection centre

Skate park Pocket wetlands Corner shop

Heath care / refuge / info INFRASTRUCTURE

Recycling drop off point

Sustainable stormwater management systems Seedling nursery NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE Fig 97. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PARK COMPONENT Fig 98. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PLAYGROUND COMPONENT

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GREEN-HEART PARK • A multi-purpose sports-centre, managed by a community sports agency. The park should incorporate a broad variety of • Sustainable Drainage Systems along roads, uses to ensure that it is used throughout the day to protect the water quality of streams and and the year. Elements to include: ecosystems within the park. Sportsfield clusters catering to all kinds of sports and abilities. Schools • Safe, well lit pathways that accommodate coordinate their sports programmes pedestrians, cyclists and skaters; Skatepark and to pool resources and offer graffiti wall for comprehensive training. • Pedestrian bridges across the river; teenagers • Playgrounds; • Seating; • Picnic and braai facilities – ensure it is a place where families can come on day outings; SHAYAMOYA • Swimming/splash pool – if water quality is sufficiently improved, it could be by forming Agricultural allotments ITHEMBALABANTU a natural pool in the river course; • Allotments for urban agriculture; • Special recreation areas such as skate SPORTS CENTRE parks, fitness parks, an amphitheatre, etc.; • Biodiversity areas showcasing significant local and endemic species, how to use them in your garden and how to value them; Fig 99. THE GREEN-HEART PARK • Small portions of school sites edging Knits together the fragmented parts of kokstad Biodiversity park areas the park could also be incorporated into the park as part of the Eco-Schools Programme, so that each school becomes BHONGWENI involved in protecting a biodiversity area,

Edges are active, with cafes, shops, and food gardens or food forests. multi-storey residential overlooking onto the park, which is in continuous use during It is crucial that in addition to the design the day and well after sunset. framework, a public / private / civil partnership is formed to build, manage and maintain the park, Cafes, kiosks and to ensure that it meets residents’ needs and is entertainment venues are sustainable into the future. spaced throughout the park, ensuring continuous usage throughout the day. The park edges should be defined by active public space gateways that promote passive surveillance and increase safety in the park. Everyone from all around use the park for a great variety of KOKSTAD CENTRAL At these gateways, public spaces are edged activities. It has truly become by community facilities and local retail and the ‘green heart’ of Kokstad. entertainment centres that also bring vibrancy and safety to the park.

Supporting projects that are critical for this :

• Promoting densification, mixed-use and Fig 100. WELL-USED URBAN PARK activity around the edges of the park to Fig 98. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: promote safety and passive surveillance. The park will be a highly accessible recreational space PLAYGROUND COMPONENT Pool for hot summers and swimming training for all kokstad residents and visitors.

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 126 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS GG All households should be within 400m of a playground/totlot (CSIR Red Book) and ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS 600m of a park. This is critical for providing children with safe places to play. GG Parks and playgrounds should be integrated with neighbourhood activity nodes - this grouping of facilities (including social, education, economic, recreational, agricultural and transport facilities) ensures convenience as well as promotes the sharing of resources.. By locating them CROSSROADS at neighbourhood activity nodes, their proximity to schools, creches and other amenities are guaranteed. In addition, the extra activity generated by other activities within the node increases the overall safety and utilisation of these parks. GG Neighbourhood parks / play lots should also

TOWN be accessible from Green Streets, where possible, as these are pedestrian and cycle- friendly streets that even children should be able to move along without danger. Fig 101. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE: 3D PERSPECTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE

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SURVEILLANCE OF OPEN SPACE - BOUNDARY LINE GUIDELINES GG Locate schools and sportsfields along edges with rivers, floodplains, parks and natural features. This ensures they remain publicly accessible and creates a gradual boundary between the urban and the rural/natural landscape. GG Create nodes of activity along park edges to maintain a high degree of activity and natural surveillance, thereby securing the site. GG Orient residential buildings and place streets so that open spaces are overlooked and not enclosed by the backs of properties and blank walls.

Fig 102. BOUNDARY LINE GUIDELINES

Ensure that public open space is under natural surveillance.

Fig 103. BOUNDARY LINE GUIDELINES Photo 28. SEA POINT PROMENADE Photo 29. GRAAFF REINET The interface between the park and urban area should be carefully managed to maximise public access and passive Use sportsfields and schools to line the urban edge surveillance of the space ( no big walls or fences).

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 128 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN 9.5.4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN • Develop a Biodiversity Management plan • Plan, design and implement 17 new The implementation plan for this story has one neighbourhood parks (this project is already programmes: underway)

ENABLING • Open Space Services Programme • Establish a representative, community INSTITUTIONS PROGRAMME 9: linked sports management body. OPEN SPACE SERVICES • Develop the Terms of Reference, mandate Programme and constitution for this body, which should include working with civil society The aim of the Open Space Services Programme organisations to support well-managed is to protect, augment and celebrate existing activities in parks, with a focus on children biodiversity services and open space resources • Facilitate establishment of the Kokstad in and around Kokstad and Franklin so that they Community Sports Agency/ Body. CROSSROADS become real assets and amenities to the people This programme is closely aligned to the of the towns. The projects identified in the ISDP Sustainable Urban Drainage Project in the Water aim to provide people with a range of green open Cycle Management Programme and these spaces for sports, play, spiritual recharge and ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS projects must be managed in partnership. social engagement. The open spaces identified COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME in the Programme also have a strong role to play The aim is also that the Green Heart Park & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS in providing eco-system services. will also play a key part in attracting youth TOWN and business to Kokstad through increasing The key project featured in this programme has DESCRIPTION 1. Establish a 1. Delineate a new urban 1. Develop boundary recreational amenities and the overall been termed; “The Green Heart Park” which representative, edge. wall policy and by-laws attractiveness of the town, thus forming a strong community linked sports to prohibit blank walls is an integrating and crosscutting project that 2. Develop guidelines link with the Localised Economy Programme. management body. and anti-social facades aims to provide Kokstad with a new heart that governing the urban along the edges of public a. Develop the Terms of edge and open space open spaces. connects the currently fragmented settlements Reference, mandate and interface. of old Kokstad, Bhongweni, Shayamoya and constitution for this body, 3. Develop guidelines Extension 7. Such a park has the potential to which should include working with civil society for agricultural and drastically improve the recreational opportunities organisations to support urban development to for local residents and tourists alike and improve well-managed activities encourage practices that in parks, with a focus on protect and reinforce the attractiveness of Kokstad as a place to live. INFRASTRUCTURE children the resilience of natural Located between the currently separate parts systems and increase b. Facilitate biodiversity. of Kokstad it can become a place that is for all establishment of the communities, promoting social integration. The Kokstad Community 4. Develop a GKM Sports Agency/ Body. Biodiversity Sector Plan park includes a Multi-Purpose Sports Complex including guidelines for that could become the base to expand and integrated management develop the strong culture of sport in Kokstad in of natural resources. NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL an inclusive way. 5. Develop guidelines for RESOURCES RESOURCES appropriate land-use in The programme proposes that the GKM commits biodiversity areas to: DURATION • Plan, design and implement the Green Heart Park, starting with an overall framework and plan for the Park to be APPROX. BUDGET implemented incrementally • Develop a new Multi-purpose sports FUNDING SOURCE precinct on and around the solid waste AGRICULTURE dump once this is closed and capped off Matrix.21. PROGRAMME 9: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

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PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT NAME A1) GREEN HEART PARK: A2) GREEN HEART PARK: A3) GREEN HEART PARK: B) NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS COMPLEX BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN / PLAYGROUND UPGRADE

PROJECT 1. Plan, design and implement the proposed 1. Plan, design and implement a new 1. Conduct an Environmental Evaluation of the 1. Plan, design and implement development DESCRIPTION “Green Heart Park” between Kokstad Central, multi-purpose sports complex with indoor biodiversity potential of the Green Heart Park of 17 new parks to ensure that there is a Bhongweni and Shayamoya: and outdoor sport and recreation facilities area neighbourhood park / play-lot within 400m of all on rehabilitated, capped landfill (due for residents: decommissioning). a. Identify and map areas for protection, a. Biodiversity areas (90ha) rehabilitation and enhancement (hilltops, a. Shayamoya both wards: 4 Parks 2. Develop the Terms of Reference, mandate wetlands, the river course). b. Multi-purpose sports precinct and constitution for a community based b. Bhongweni both wards: 4 Parks b. The design of these areas should take into c. Playgrounds (4) sports management body and facilitate it’s c. Horseshoe: 3 Parks establishment account the potential for biodiversity areas d. Play park incl. skate park within the park to be sites of education and d. Extension 7 Entrance: 1 Park sources of information. e. Agricultural allotments e. Kokstad Lower Town: 2 Parks f. Paths and pedestrian bridges f. Kokstad CBD: 2 Parks g. Landscaping and trees g. Kokstad Upper Town: 2 Parks

2. Develop and implement park management 2. Develop a community based park plan management and maintenance programme

3. Establish Park Management Body

RELATED Sustainable Streets Kokstad Community Sports Agency Urban Area Upgrading: Neighbourhood Centres PROJECTS PROJECT STAGE PDP: Project Development Phase PDP: Project Development Phase PDP: Project Development Phase 1. : Appraisal and defining project scope PIP: Project Implementation Phase PIP: Project Implementation Phase PIP: Project Implementation Phase 2. : Preliminary sketch plan and project scope 3. : Sketch plans and cost estimate 4. : Work documentation and invite bidders 5. : Appointment of service provider and supervision of works

IMPLEMENTING AGENT PROJECT OWNER GKM: Parks and Gardens PROJECT Planning and design 9 months DURATION Implementation: 18 months (including procurement and construction) PRECONDITIONS A management agency and maintenance Closure and rehabilitation of the Kokstad Dump budget needs to be in place before construction in terms of NEMA regulations begins. APPROXIMATE R300 000 for the preparation of the Green BUDGET Heart Park Development Framework and Guidelines. Total Capital Costs: R191 million

FUNDING DBSA / Dept of Environment Green Fund Working for Water Municipal Budget (this project is already out to SOURCE DAFF tender/ awarded) DBSA

Matrix.22. PROGRAMME 9: OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME

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INDICATORS STATUS QUO WHAT COULD FUTURE • Value of locally produced food sold in a sample of four Kokstad’s economy is primarily KOKSTAD LOOK LIKE? supermarkets in Rands

TOWN • Number of locally owned agro-processing businesses agricultural, based on large-scale milk, Future Kokstad has a resilient, diverse registered with the Kokstad Chamber of Commerce meat and maize production. There and strong local agricultural economy • Number of fruit trees in survey area are also many innovative small-scale that offers diverse opportunities for • Value of locally produced food sold in a sample of four supermarkets in Rands projects underway. However, agriculture all scales of agricultural enterprises, is threatened by climate change, volatile supported by a strong local food culture, and limited market options, and capacity and local agri-processing businesses. constraints around labour and skills. This The region is a leader

INFRASTRUCTURE sector is vulnerable to “peak energy” in agri-ecological practices. through reliance on distant markets and high input, fossil fuel based farming techniques. The lack of diversity of crop

NATURAL NATURAL type, scale of operation and participation RESOURCES increases these vulnerabilities, as do the limited options in the current food system. The work creation potential of agri-processing is under-developed. AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

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9.6. AGRICULTURE “Engender a culture of The Belo-Horizonte Food Programme learning and innovation” 9.6.1. POLICY ALIGNMENT Strategic Plan for South “To search for solutions to hunger means to act within the principle that the The key policies that inform this plan in terms of African Agriculture status of a citizen surpasses that of a agriculture and employment are: mere consumer.” • The New Growth Path (2010) “Food security is the right to City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil • The Green Economy Accord (2011) have access to and control • KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and over the physical, social and Development Strategy and Plan (2011) economic means to provide • Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture sufficient, safe and nutritious (2001) food at all times” • The key policies that inform this plan in Food Security Policy terms of food security are: • The Integrated Food Security Strategy For “Engender a culture of South Africa (2002) learning and innovation” • The Zero Hunger Programme (in progress) Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture

Photo 30. BELO HORIZONTE VEGETABLE MARKET

GOALS • To create new channels of affordable access to healthy food • To prioritise local producers in government purchases and selling initiatives to support family-agriculture and local livelihoods • To make food programs universally accessible to reduce the stigma of poverty

STRATEGIES / CONCEPTS • Integrate logistics and supply chains of the entire food system • Tie local producers directly to consumers to reduce food prices and increase sovereignty

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 132 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 9.6.2. STRATEGY STATUS QUO 1 Agriculture is dependent on The following four pages define and illustrate the long-haul transport, fertilizers and strategies that have informed the formulation of the ISDP in terms of this story. These strategies pesticides, making it vulnerable ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS should also guide the decision-making process to oil price increases and energy in terms of other statutory plans (like the IDP and shocks. SDF) and should guide decision-making in the execution of the ISDP. CROSSROADS TOWN Photo 31. ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS AND Fig 104. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AGRICULTURAL INPUTS

STATUS QUO 2 Food travels far beyond Kokstad for processing and far back again to be sold. INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Photo 32. CLOVER MILK TRUCK TAKING MILK TO Fig 105. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / AGRICULTURE SUPPLY CHAINS PIETERMARITZBURG

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STRATEGY 1 Innovate around more sustainable production methods to minimise exposure to energy-related supply chain disruption. Incentivise practices that support soil health, water quality and availability and biodiversity.

Photo 33. PERMACULTURE AGRICULTURE, Fig 106. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES THAILAND

STRATEGY 2 Localise and diversify products and processing and foster a sustainable food system that includes a local culture of food.

Photo 34. LOCAL DAIRY, PRINCE ALBERT Fig 107. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY CHAINS

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 134 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STATUS QUO 3 Food is produced at two scales – large commercial farms and backyard gardens. Aspirant small- ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS scale farmers are excluded from the market. CROSSROADS TOWN Photo 35. VEGETABLE GARDEN IN KOKSTAD Fig 108. AGRICULTURE / STATUS QUO / INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS (above), HAZELNUT PLANTATION NEAR FRANKLIN

STATUS QUO 4 Labourers and aspirant farmers have little to no access to skills development and training,

INFRASTRUCTURE and existing facilities do not teach necessary business skills. NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE “A lack of education leads our youth to be farm workers at an early stage of 17 - that is not good. This young guy is a farm worker” - Green Ambassador Blog DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 135

STRATEGY 3 Diversify scales of production to include small and emerging farmers.

Photo 36. KWAXOLO CHICKEN ABBATOIR Fig 109. AGRICULTURE / STRATEGY / INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

STRATEGY 4 Promote and support Kokstad as a regional centre of excellence and innovation, with a strong focus on youth development.

Photo 37. OPORTUNITY AND UPWARD MOBILITY FOR EMERGING FARMERS

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AGRICULTURE A SUITE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION TYPOLOGIES In 2040, Kokstad has a resilient, These include household gardens, communal gardens and allotments, school gardens and diverse and strong local R617 woodlots, food forests, land reform collectives,

ENABLING agricultural economy that offers ‘eco-villages’, leased smallholdings and various INSTITUTIONS diverse opportunities for all forms of commonage on state owned land and scales of agricultural enterprises, supported by a vibrant local food FRANKLIN system and local agri-processing NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE - AGRICULTURE COMPONENT businesses. The region is a leader These nodes are situated at the entrance in agri-ecological practices. Fig 110. AGRICULTURE - FRANKLIN points to the town as well as in the different neighbourhoods. They are focal points for civic life, and include a range of agricultural and food CROSSROADS security related services, businesses and events.

Analyse supply chain vulnerabilities. AWARENESS, EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT KZN Agriculture and Environmental A network of training centres, apprenticeships Affairs Conservancy. Develop a local food supply and skills development programmes is

chain. R617 Apprenticeship on private Kokstad Agricultural farms. consolidated into a “Farming for the Future” TOWN Research Station. College (secondary and tertiary levels) offering world-class accredited training in agro-ecological practices. Training courses at the research station. SHAYAMOYA AGRI-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT Training coursesMZINTLAVA RIVER at Scientific Routes. New local agri-enterprises are supported through EXTENSION 7 Agri-enterprises. incubator and accelerator programmes to BAMBAYI provide “value-add” to local produce. Develop a Kokstad brand. HORSESHOE BHONGWENI

INFRASTRUCTURE R56 Agri- enterprises KOKSTAD CENTRAL SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM In addition to the full suite of urban, peri-urban Agri-enterprises Develop a Kokstad fresh produce market. and rural food production and processing, a

R56 sustainable food system includes equitable Training courses at N2 the FET college. access to nutritious, affordable food and NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES supporting educational programmes. Awareness, education and skills development

Agricultural production typologies on privately owned land Develop a sustainable KOKSTAD BRAND AND LOCAL MARKETS food system. Agricultural production typologies on state owned land The Sustainable Kokstad Brand combined with Ecologically sensitive agricultural development in special biodiversity areas a local food market addresses the need for

Biodiversity area market outlets for food and other produce that is produces using agro-ecological practices. Agri-processing nodes AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Fig 111. AGRICULTURE - KOKSTAD

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9.6.3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN • Diversify scales and types of production THE PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN: to include small and emerging farmers, This section sets out the development plan for including urban agriculture. The plan combines a series of physical The elements of the plan are explained in more the Agriculture story, as informed by national, • Increase production and the optimal and interventions related to new kinds of agricultural detail over the next few pages. provincial and regional policies, and the story sustainable use of natural resources typologies, neighbourhood and gateway nodes strategies. including land, grass, trees, water, natural and local food markets, with non-physical gases, mineral resources, etc. (CRDP). interventions focusing on skills development, The main sub-stories of the Agriculture story are: • Establish and strengthen rural livelihoods entrepreneurial development, education and • Agriculture I: Agriculture for vibrant local economic development awareness raising. It also includes interventions (CRDP). that address the need for access to markets 9.6.3.1 AGRICULTURE • Localise and diversify products and for local produce. Many of the elements of the plan combine to create a long-term, sustainable The development plan focuses on building and processing and foster a sustainable food system, founded on a vibrant local culture food system that goes beyond food production, deepening capacity in one of Kokstad’s current of food. addressing access and nutrition. core capacities – agricultural production. It aims to build resilience in the face of impending • Promote and support Kokstad as a regional There is a strong focus on realising the potential resource limits and climate change, creating a centre of excellence and innovation, with a of the extensive GKM landholdings both within strong focus on youth development. vibrant and robust local agricultural economy and around Kokstad for agrarian reform. that is linked to the development of an integrated sustainable food system that mitigates against APPROACH KEY PROPOSALS food insecurity and ensures long term food The Comprehensive Rural Development sovereignty. Key proposals include: Programme (CRDP) is the basis for the plan’s approach to agriculture. The agricultural 1. A suite of agricultural production typologies, RATIONALE dimension of the development plan not mostly, but not exclusively focused on GKM owned land. The agricultural dimensions of Kokstad’s encompass an agriculture sector plan, but 2. Nodes in local neighbourhoods as well as economy are primarily based on large scale milk, rather proposes development of state owned at gateway points to Kokstad and Franklin meat and maize production. These systems are land to promote food security and resilience in the face of climate change and projected that are focal points for civic life and include currently under threat, and are not resilient in agricultural and food security themed disruptions to global food supply chains. The the long-term. The area as a whole is vulnerable components that are layered in addition to plan suggests supporting the NDP’s call for to climate change, limited and constrained essential social services. by volatile and limited market options, suffers agrarian reform through the adoption of an agro- ecological approach to the long-term production 3. A network of training centres, capacity constraints around labour and skills and apprenticeships and skills development of food, fuel, fibre and pharmaceuticals. The is exposed to “peak energy” through reliance on programmes that are consolidated into a plan also advocates supporting many forms of distant markets and high input, fossil fuel based “Farming for the Future” College (secondary farming techniques. The current lack of diversity agri-enterprise development and growing local and tertiary levels) offering world-class of crop type, scale of operation and participation, capacity in agro-processing, as a key dimension accredited training in agro-ecological limited access to land by the urban poor as well of the local economy. A range of innovative practices. agricultural typologies could be piloted and as current limited options in the food system 4. New local agri-enterprises that are tested in the areas identified for agrarian reform. increase Kokstad’s exposure. Importantly, supported through incubator and accelerator the potential of developing a competitive agri- Further, the plan promotes awareness raising, programmes to provide “value-add” to local processing fuelled local economy remains under education and skills development, with a focus produce (cheese from milk, cider from exploited. on farm labourers, youth as well as raising apples, preserves from fruit) as well as new awareness on climate change vulnerabilities and businesses focusing on other yields from PRINCIPLES fossil fuel dependencies amongst existing, large- agro-ecological farming practices like honey, scale commercial farmers. timber, seeds, medicinal herbs and so on. • Promote food security, dignity and an 5. The development of a Sustainable Kokstad improved quality of life for each rural Brand and a local food market. household (CRDP)

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A SUITE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PRIVATELY OWNED FARMS LAND REFORM COLLECTIVES, ‘ECO- for functional peri-urban and rural farming TYPOLOGIES DEMONSTRATING AGRO-ECOLOGICAL VILLAGES’, LEASED SMALLHOLDINGS AND communities that share resources is around PRINCIPLES COMMONAGE ON STATE OWNED LAND thirty extended households. The basic model These are to some degree, but not exclusively, proposed for this land then is to create clusters A number of Kokstad based farmers with This group of typologies address the need for of 1ha land parcels (approximately 30 in each

ENABLING focused on developing the unrealised potential

INSTITUTIONS of GKM landholdings for agrarian reform and significant land holdings are already pioneering creating more diversity in the kinds of land cluster) and for the land between to be put under equity of access. They include household innovative agro-ecological farming methods, as holdings and erf size that currently exist. They forested shelterbelts with grazing and cropland and communal gardens, allotments, school well as implementing land reform programmes. are aimed at addressing agrarian reform, in between. The 1ha land parcels could be gardens and woodlots, food forests, land The potential thus exists for these farmers to enabling the development of a new kind of structured under different kinds of ownership reform collectives, ‘eco-villages’, leased demonstrate and develop a suite of appropriate producer that is neither large commercial and management models, ranging from leased smallholdings and various forms of commonage agro-ecological strategies that work well in farmer, nor home gardener. These typologies smallholdings (with clear conditions to prevent on state owned land and privately owned farms the region, providing some of the necessary are situated on state owned landholdings shack farming), to collectives, to privately owned demonstrating agro-ecological principles. research and development to support the bold that surround the town, and encourage more units. These typologies would also change approach to land reform that is being proposed equitable access to land. It is envisaged

CROSSROADS depending on where they are located and could for the GKM landholdings surrounding the town. that all this land is farmed under agro- include one that edge roads with a settlement ecological methods and that the primary water In addition to this, there is potential to further edge, to ones that are located in the landscape management method utilises key line ploughing develop the work of foreign investors like the and are on contour and linked to shelter belts. and dam construction. The particular landforms Italian company Ferrero Rocher who have The land in between these settlement clusters surrounding Kokstad are ideal for this approach, identified the area as being climatically ideal for could similarly be structured under different and this will significantly contribute to water growing hazelnuts for their chocolates, and have ownership models, with potential to develop security in the area in times of water stress, as TOWN invested significantly in the area already. Their innovative commonage models. Farmers well as restoring bio-diversity and soil health. model enables small-scale farmers to produce would be supported with on-going mentoring hazelnuts on their own land and be assured of a Global research has shown that the optimal and training (linked to the “Farming for the market. Whilst this model has much potential it is size for a family managed smallholder unit Future” College network, and their would be a also important to bear in mind its vulnerability to that can provide household food security as strong emphasis on the commercial aspects of climate change as well as to “peak energy” and it well as having commercial capacity is in the production and increasing market access). would thus be key that emerging farmers electing region of 1ha, provided that they are farmed to work with Ferrero Rocher are not dependent employing agro-ecological methods. Further on them as their sole market. research has indicated that the optimal number INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Fig 114. AGRI-ECOLOGY PILOT FARM WITH Fig 113. SMALL HOLDINGS Photo 38. (image of keyline dam and plough – I have Fig 112. COMMONAGE SETTLEMENT EDGE sent through these images before, when I was working on the development plan) DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 139

HOUSEHOLD GARDENS COMMUNAL GARDENS AND ALLOTMENTS FOOD FORESTS SCHOOL GARDENS AND WOODLOTS These gardens can range in size from small, Communal gardens would be situated in pockets Food forests are an ancient agricultural typology Schools offer one of the most effective lever backyard gardens with a few fruit and nut trees of land in the middle of residential areas on that has been finessed and modernised by points to change behaviours towards more and vegetables to more substantially sized very small erven, and would serve a number permaculture practitioners over the past 40 sustainable practices as well as increasing erven in new developments that are inspired by of households, under either a cooperative years. They are highly land efficient ways of both learners’ and teachers’ capacities and examples like the urban agricultural typologies ownership or lease model. growing food in dense urban settlements, skills. In this proposal, each school in Kokstad of Graaf Reinet, where the urban form is built and provide a wide variety of fibre, fruit, nuts, would have it’s own vegetable garden, as well a Allotments are one of the most successful hard up against the street boundary and the vegetables and medicinal plants in a small area. medicinal herb garden and woodlot. These would models for encouraging food production in urban land behind is freed up for food, fodder and fibre Once they are established, they require very little be created using agro-ecological approaches. areas. These are small pockets of land that are production. maintenance, making them an ideal typology for The woodlot would provide timber for hyper- farmed by a household that are not attached road verges and certain kinds of buffer strips. local use: poles, lathing for sunscreens, fuel to their houses, but are situated within close for heating and so on. Trees that grow quickly walking distance. In the plan, these are generally and coppice easily would be used. If well located at the neighbourhood and gateway managed then the food garden could provide nodes as well as within the Green Heart Park. a steady supply of fresh, nutritious fruit, nuts There are many different kinds of management and vegetables to the learners and teachers and ownership models available. One of the of the schools as well as serving as “outdoor” most innovative precedents is the Torekes classrooms. There is a lot of experience in Allotment Project in Ghent in Belgium where South Africa around implementing school food residents are “paid” in a locally created currency, gardens to draw from. the Torekes, to establish their allotments in exchange for locally produced food, public transport and energy saving fittings.

Photo 41. FOOD FOREST SOURCE: http://halifaxgardennetwork.wordpress. Fig 115. URBAN AGRICULTURE Photo 40. ALLOTMENTS FROM THE AIR com/2012/05/08/garden-talk-permaculture-and-food- Photo 39. ECO-SCHOOL SOURCE: Levene, D. http://www.guardian.co.uk forest-gardens/ SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.WWF.ORG.ZA

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NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE : AGRICULTURE COMPONENT

These elements of the plan are nodes in local Eating house Allotments neighbourhoods as well as at gateway points ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS to Kokstad and Franklin that are focal points for civic life and include agricultural and food security themed components that are layered in addition to essential social services. These may Agri-processing: be agri-processing businesses (drying, pickling, - micro-brewery brewing, freezing, packing), allotments, repair - che=icken abbatoir - packaging services, nurseries, composting businesses, - drying nutrition advice centres, community food - freezing kitchens and periodic local food markets. These CROSSROADS nodes form part of the network of elements that Public transport hub Info & demostration support the agrarian reform proposals outlined centre for agro-ecological above through providing markets for produce research as well as processing facilities to ensure “value- add” to primary product. Accommodation for Space for small periodic market Community kitchens/eating houses are proposed volunteers & visitors TOWN as a way to raise public awareness about the Community importance of eating high quality nutritious food kitchen Seed bank & nursery that is also affordable. This is one way to face Tree & seedling nursery the mounting challenge of diet related disease in Meeting room Fresh food South Africa: it is projected that type 2 diabetes restaurant will become a greater problem than HIV/Aids in South Africa due to the rapidly increasing consumption of nutrient deficient, fattening

food by South Africa’s poor. It is envisaged Agri-processing: that these kitchens are powered using bio-gas - drying - pickling INFRASTRUCTURE and solar energy sources, and that much of the food consumed is grown in the adjoining Shop Agricultural typologies allotments. An excellent precedent for this are Recycling depot Micro-enterprises related to the community eating houses in Belo Horizonte. agricultural services: - tractor repair - seed store Equipment shed for - retail outlets for produce shared machinery - sale of beekeeping equipement Green building traning & advice centre NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Fig 116. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE : AGRICULTURE COMPONENT

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AWARENESS, EDUCATION AGRI-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

The low levels of skill amongst farm workers in Whilst the Kokstad region is well known as Food security is often understood solely in kitchens, school food gardens, enabling policies the area have been noted as a development producer of primary agricultural product, little terms of food production. However, it is equally and zoning by-laws, composting programmes, constraint, along with a general perception that “value-add” takes place at source. This has important to also address issues of access and food safety certifications, periodic markets and farming is not a profitable or desirable career been identified as a place of major potential for nutrition. This element thus includes mapping many other dimensions. path. Further, the dominant farming practices growing the local economy, as well as serving the full suite of urban, peri-urban and rural food Both Toronto and Belo Horizonte have done on the large-scale commercial farms are still to increase local resilience in the face of rising production and processing as well as examining extensive work around mapping their food high input and fossil fuel dependent, leading energy costs and the current unsustainable equitable access to nutritious, affordable food, systems, and these serve as useful precedent. to vulnerabilities and the allied need to raise scenario where primary product is trucked out education around nutrition, school feeding awareness around the threats of both climate of the area, processed elsewhere, and returned programmes and elderly care, community change and “peak energy”. It is proposed that for consumption. This element of the plan a network of training centres, apprenticeships focuses on developing a suite on new local agri- and skills development programmes be enterprises that are supported through incubator developed into a consolidated “Farming for and accelerator programmes to address this the Future” College (secondary and tertiary gap. For example: cheese from milk, cider from levels) offering world-class accredited training apples, preserves from fruit. This element also Commercial farm in agro-ecological practices. This would provide addresses the need to diversify into new crops, food production - milk, meat and maize. Seedling nursery. different levels of education for farm labourers, with their associated new opportunities for locally Food festival. youth, emerging farmers that are engaged in value addition. A host of service businesses the development of the land reform projects on would also naturally emerge from this kind of Agri-enterprises, including bottling, preserving, Food health and the GKM landholdings around the town, as well focused support, eg: tool repair and maintenance pickling and freezing. safety training and as meeting the information needs of large-scale businesses and so on. regulations. commercial farmers. Nutrition advice centre. This network would also engage with on going research to explore and test measures Care packages for elderly. for increasing productivity and product diversification, dealing with supply side Community kitchens. challenges including farm infrastructure and School food gardens labour working conditions and training, as well Enabling legislation. as supply chain innovations. This would be in support of a gradual and systemic transition School feeding to more sustainable farming practices that are Moms and babies advice centre. schemes. informed by agro-ecological methods. Spaza shops. This networked college would build on training Traders and and apprenticeship offerings that already taking retail outlets. place in Kokstad, as well as initiating new ones. Fresh produce market

Composting centre.

Medicinal herb processing.

Photo 42. KWAXOLO CHICKEN ABBATOIR Fig 117. KOKSTAD SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM

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KOKSTAD BRAND DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES AND LOCAL MARKETS Many of the elements proposed in the This element addresses the need to create more a set of sustainability criteria. In addition to the development plan draw on leading edge global markets at the local level for producers, and in developing of this marketing vehicle, it is also research in sustainable agriculture and food ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS so doing, help to stimulate a local food economy. proposed that a physical local food market be systems. As such, they are pioneering, and will There are two dimensions to this element. The developed, at the entrance to the town. An require on going research and development at first is the development of a Sustainable Kokstad excellent South African example of this is the the local level to achieve good results. Kokstad Brand, much like the “Proudly South African” Wild Oats market in Sedgefield. A local food has the potential to demonstrate leadership brand. This branding would go way beyond economy can also be further stimulated with the at a national level through prototyping and food product, extending to building materials, use local currency mechanisms like the Totnes demonstrating sustainable agriculture and food guesthouses, services etc, provided they meet and Brixton Pound, both in the United Kingdom. systems, as many of the foundation stones are already in place.

CROSSROADS Moreover, the transition from current systems of agricultural production and our current food systems to more sustainable ones, is most helpfully viewed a process, and not one where sudden change takes place over night. The use of in-depth participatory mapping processes to raise awareness amongst all stakeholders TOWN around the current food systems and current supply chain vulnerabilities will go a long way in helping the Kokstad and Franklin communities take the first steps towards more sustainable ways of doing things. INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Fig 118. A NETWORK OF GROWERS

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FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 144 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN 9.6.4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN • Championing the establishment of a “Farming for the Future” college - a network The implementation plan for this story has one of existing and new educational and programme: apprenticeship based initiatives that develop skill and knowledge in agro-ecological ENABLING • ‘Farming for the Future’ + Sustainable Food approaches to agriculture. INSTITUTIONS Systems Programme • Supporting local economic development through the establishment of an Agri- PROGRAMME 10: enterprise incubator that focuses on “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” value-add to existing produce as well as & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM developing new products and services. • Establishing a local produce market linked PROGRAMME to the development of a “Kokstad Brand”

CROSSROADS One implementation programme is proposed • Prototyping new forms of landownership for the implementation plan: The “Farming For and development on GKM owned land The Future” And Sustainable Food System • Supporting learners to learn about agro- Programme: ecological principles through the School Food Garden and Woodlot Project This programme focuses on building and deepening capacity in one of Kokstad’s current • Developing a series of neighbourhood core capacities – agricultural production. It nodes that include key components to

TOWN support resilience at the local level – aims to build resilience in the face of impending community kitchens, composting centres, resource limits and climate change, creating a nutrition advice centres, nurseries and vibrant and robust local agricultural economy repair services. that is linked to the development of an integrated • Supporting the establishment of a fully sustainable food system that mitigates against developed demonstration of permaculture food insecurity and ensures long term food ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS methods and other innovations on the sovereignty. Bosman farm. COMMUNICATION, POLICY, BYLAWS PARTNERSHIP INCENTIVES & ZONING SCHEME The policy environment in South Africa is still & ENGAGEMENT & GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS in its infancy with regards to agro-ecology and food security, however, The Green Economy INFRASTRUCTURE DESCRIPTION Kokstad Sustainable Develop suite of Accord advocates the development of green jobs Food System project: incentives for local business owners. linked to some aspects of the agricultural sector, Develop a community and the Zero Hunger Strategy (currently still in generated vision and development) encourages the support of small- plan for a sustainable food system for Kokstad Local currency issued scale agriculture. A number of municipalities and Franklin that focuses by the GKM to stimulate around SA are embarking on the development of on all aspects of food local trade (e.g.: the security (i.e. not just on Brixton Pound and the NATURAL NATURAL local food security strategies. urban agriculture) Totnes Pound) RESOURCES The programme proposes that the GKM commits DURATION 1 year a. 1 year 6 months to enabling the following components: b. 2 years from inception • Supporting a public participation process to first prototype to develop a shared community vision of a APPROX. BUDGET R1.5M a. R500 000 R500 000 resilient food system that includes and goes b. R1M beyond urban agriculture as the primary response to food security. FUNDING SOURCE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

Matrix.23. PROGRAMME 10: ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 145 PRIORITY PROJECT PRIORITY PROJECT PROJECT A) AGRI-ENTERPRISE B) NEIGHBOURHOOD C) “FARMING FOR D) LOCAL PRODUCE E) SCHOOL FOOD F) “SMALLHOLDING G) ALLOTMENT H) COMMUNITY NAME INCUBATOR SCALE NODES – THE FUTURE” MARKET GARDEN AND FOR RESILIENCE” PROJECT PERMACULTURE PROJECT FOOD SYSTEM COLLEGE WOODLOT PROJECT PROJECT RESEARCH, ASPECT DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING FARM PROJECT Support the Plan, design and Develop a leading Develop a weekly Develop and pilot Conceptualise and Plan, design and To establish a DESCRIPTION establishment of implement 2 pilot edge secondary and farmers’ market at school gardens project implement, through implement an allotment community integrated, local agri-centred neighbourhood centres tertiary level college the R56 entrance to where each school in extensive community project adjoining commercially businesses in a at IThembalabantu, focusing on agro- Kokstad (Southern Kokstad has a food engagement, a new neighbourhood productive research, structured incubator and in Franklin: ecological practices entrance), modeled on garden, medicinal herb farming typology nodes, at both the development and environment: 1. Community kitchen and innovation. the Wild Oats Market garden and community associated with IThembalanbantu node training eco-agriculture in Sedgefield. wood lot, and where new institutional in Shayamoya, and in operation on 150 3. Focusing on providing low-cost, This could also “value-add” to locally nutritious and locally the children both work arrangements and Franklin. ha of commercial comprise a network in the garden and eat ownership structures farmland made produced produce eg: grown food, powered of existing and future The set-up of these cheese from milk, cider by bio-gas from from it. on GKM owned land available by the JJP educational initiatives beyond the current could be similar to Bosman Family Trust. from apples, preserves surrounding homes. that are all Kokstad the Torekes Allotment from fruit settlement edge, and Which is vertically 2. Composting – based, but are not in within the proposed project in Ghent, and horizontally 4. As well as centralised point for one physical location new urban edge. Belgium where integrated, the model businesses based on processing local food (i.e Scientific Roets, St residents are “paid” is Permaculture micro-yields from agro- scraps and other Patricks, 7 Fountains, May include a in a locally created and bio-dynamics ecological farming biomass Willowdale Farm, FET combination of currency, the Torekes, with Keyline design. practices – honey, etc.) commonage; “eco- to establish the Agro-biodiversity and timber, seeds, herbs, 3. Nutrition information villages” of approx. allotments in exchange traditional livestock, nurseries etc. centre and micro- clinic 30 households each for local food, public heirloom crops and on 1ha smallholdings transport and energy 4. Nursery medicinal plants are connected by saving devices. the focus. 5. Microenterprise cooperatively owned providing repair grazing lands and services for tools and forestry belts. machinery RELATED All projects in this PROJECTS programme are interconnected and related, and will re- enforce each other if implemented simultaneously. PROJECT PDP: Project PDP: Project PDP: Project Feasibility Study/ PDP PDP: Project PDP: Project PDP: Project PDP: Project STAGE Development Development Phase Development Phase Development Development Phase Development Phase Development Phase IMPLEMENTING LED, GKM, Scientific GKM GKM DOA, Landcare, LED, GKM, Private Eco-schools, DOE, 7 GKM DOA, Landcare GKM Mount Currie AGENT Roets, Chamber of St Patrick’s School, enterprises Fountains School as Community Dev. Commerce Piet Bosman mentor, GKM Organisation PROJECT Piet Bosman OWNER PROJECT 1 year: Research, 3 years: pilot areas. 1 year: Research, 1 year: Feasibility, 1 year: Pilot in 3 1 year: Community 1 year: pilot 5 years to achieve a DURATION partnership, identify partnership partnership schools. engagement and working model pilots development and development, pilot at research 5 years: roll out 3 years: Roll out to all 7 years – roll out enrolment, identify special events. 5 years: Critical pilots. schools complete 3 years: complete first mass of local micro- complete 5 years: Fully pilot enterprises to ensure 7-10 years: functioning viability of Local Functioning “college”. 10 years: roll out Market complete PRECONDITIONS APPROX. R2-3M for phase one. To be determined R1.5M for first phase R1M for first phase R300 000 to pilot in R1M for year one R750 000 for pilot R350’000 BUDGET 3 schools, including “train-the-trainers” development FUNDING SOURCE Matrix.24. PROGRAMME 10: “FARMING THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME

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10. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 0. ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL SYNTHESIS INTERVENTIONS PROGRAMME A) ISDP: The following pages give an overall spatial Programme Management Unit representation of the programmes and projects listed under the implementation plans of the B) Close The Institutional Loops stories. It unpacks how the various projects and C) GKM Capacity Building programmes fit together at a neighbourhood/ town level. D) Municipal Infrastructure Maintenance & Management Initiative

E) Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies

F) Green Ambassador Programme

G) Partnerships for Sustainability & Low Carbon Economy Initiative

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1. WATERSHED INVESTMENT 4. PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY 6. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT 9. OPEN SPACE SERVICES 10. “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” PROGRAMME INVESTMENT PROGRAMME PROGRAMME PROGRAMME & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME A) Kokstad Tourism Promotion & A1) Neighbourhood Activity Nodes: A) Pilot Recycling Programme A1) Green Heart Park: Capacity Building Public Space Upgrade Design And Management A) Agri-Enterprise Incubator Project B1) IWF: Materials Recovery Facility B1) Kokstad & Franklin Rail-Trail: A2) Neighbourhood Activity Nodes: A2) Green Heart Park: B) Neighbourhood Scale Nodes Rail-Trail / Rail-Bike Tourism B2) IWF: Waste Exchange Facility Social Facilities Provision Plan Multi-Purpose Sports Complex – Food System Aspect B2) Kokstad & Franklin Rail-Trail: B3) IWF: Regional Bio-Solids Biathlon / Triathlon B1) Urban Area Upgrading: A3) Green Heart Park: C) “Farming For The Future” College Processing Plant Main Street And Retail Biodiversity Management Plan B3) Kokstad & Franklin Rail-Trail: D) Local Produce Market Railway Station Heritage Precincts / Commercial Zones B4) IWF: Regional Composting Plant Upgrading B) Neighbourhood Park E) School Food Garden And Woodlot B2) Urban Area Upgrading: B5) IWF: Hazardous Waste Facility Project C1) Franklin Wetlands: Sustainable Streets Project / Playground Upgrade Restoring the Natural Capital C) Town-Wide Waste Characterisation F) “Smallholding For Resilience” Project C2) Franklin Wetlands: C) Public Transport 7. WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT G) Allotment Project Optimisation of Ecosystem Services D) Creating New Road Linkages PROGRAMME 2. LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME H) Community Permaculture Research, E) Setting Up A Bicycle Empowerment A) Suds Roll-Out & Subsidising Development & Training Farm A) Review Existing Led Plan Centre Projects B) Support for Green Economy 5. SETTLEMENT RESPONSE B1) Waste Water Treatment: PROGRAMME C) Kokstad Marketing Board Sewage Pre-Treatment D) Community Based Micro-Utilities A1) New Mixed Use Neighbourhoods: B2) Waste Water Treatment: Services Enterprises-Feasibility Study R56 Pilot Integrated Sustainable Constructed Wetland Settlement Project E) Agro-Processing Plant B3) Waste Water Treatment: F) Kokstad Community Sports Agency A2) New Mixed Use Neighbourhoods: Treated Effluent Reuse New IRDP G) Open Collaborative Manufacturing C) Water Efficiency Campaign A3) New Mixed Use Neighbourhoods: H) Skills Development D) Fix Leaks In Shayamoya Current Approved Projects or Projects I) Community Development Centres Township In Planning (Pilot at Mount Currie Community 8. ENERGY PROGRAMME Centre) B1) Rental Housing Programme: J) Bhongweni Light Industrial Park Private Rental Developments A) Energy Efficiency Retrofit Project (Green Economy) K) Youth for The Future B2) Rental Housing Programme: L) Eco-Industrial Park Social Housing Project B) Biomass Power Co-Generation M) Small Business Support Programme B3) Rental Housing Programme: C) Solar Power (Roofs) Community Residential Project N) Local Currency D) Solar Power (Farm) C) Urban Densification & Intensification O) Job Linkage Centre E) Biogas Power Co-Generation 3. GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME

A1) Kokstad Green Building Materials: Business Network A2) Kokstad Green Building Materials: Skills Development Initiative B) Public Spaces & New Settlement Green Building Project

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 148 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN How all the projects +1 year (2013) 0. ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS come together around PROGRAMME ENABLING ENABLING INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS the eco-industrial park and the historic town centre. 1. WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME 2. LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME 3. GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME CROSSROADS CROSSROADS

+5 years (2017) 4. PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME TOWN TOWN 5. SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME

6. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 7. WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 8. ENERGY PROGRAMME INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE + 25 years (2037)

9. OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME

NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES

10. “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE New Civic Centre

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[6] INTEGRATED WASTE PROGRAMME [4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (A) PILOT RECYCLING PROJECT (B2) URBAN AREA UPGRADING: SUSTAINABLE STREETS PROJECT [7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (B3) WASTE WATER TREATMENT: TREATED EFFLUENT RE-USE [4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME B1) URBAN AREA UPGRADING: MAIN STREET AND RETAIL / COMMERCIAL ZONES

[5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME (B1) RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAMME: R56 PILOT INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PROJECT

[4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (C) PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROJECT [5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME (A1) NEW MIXED USE NEIGHBOURHOODS: R56 PILOT INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PROJECT [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (C) KOKSTAD MARKETING BOARD

[7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (B2) WASTE WATER TREATMENT: CONSTRUCTED [3] GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME WETLAND (A2) KOKSTAD GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE

[6] INTEGRATED WASTE PROGRAMME (B3) MRF: REGIONAL BIO-SOLIDS PROCESSING PLANT [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (B4) MRF: REGIONAL COMPOSTING PLANT (A) REVIEW EXISTING LED PLAN

[6] INTEGRATED WASTE PROGRAMME [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (B1) MRF: MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY (H) SKILLS DEVELOPMENT (B2) MRF: WASTE EXCHANGE FACILITY (B5) MRF: HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITY

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME [6] INTEGRATED WASTE PROGRAMME (D) LOCAL PRODUCE MARKET (C) TOWN-WIDE WASTE CHARACTERISATION

[2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME [8] ENERGY PROGRAMME (N) LOCAL CURRENCY (D) 10MW SOLAR ELECTRICITY FARM

[5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME [2] ENERGY PROGRAMME [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY (A3) NEW MIXED USE NEIGHBOURHOODS: CURRENT (E) BIOGAS POWER CO-GENERATION (B) SUPPORT FOR GREEN ECONOMY APPROVED PROJECTS OR PROJECTS IN PLANNING

[2] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME [8] ENERGY PROGRAMME [3] GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME (E) KOKSTAD TOURISM PROMOTION & CAPACITY [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (C) SOLAR POWER (ROOFS) (A1) KOKSTAD GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS: BUSINESS NETWORK BUILDING (L) ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK

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1. WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME 2. LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME 3. GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME CROSSROADS CROSSROADS

+5 years (2017) 4. PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME TOWN TOWN 5. SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME

6. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 7. WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 8. ENERGY PROGRAMME INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE + 25 years (2037)

9. OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME

NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES

10. “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE iThembalabantu neighbourhood activity node

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[2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME [2] LOCALISED [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (E) AGRO-PROCESSING PLANT ECONOMY PROGRAMME (G) OPEN COLLABORATIVE MANUFACTURING (I) COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTRES (PILOT AT MOUNT CURRIE COMMUNITY [10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & [5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT CENTRE) SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME (A2) NEW MIXED USE NEIGHBOURHOODS: NEW IRDP (H) COMMUNITY PERMACULTURE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING FARM

[7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (D) FIX LEAKS IN SHAYAMOYA (D) COMMUNITY BASED MICRO-UTILITIES ENTERPRISES

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME [2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (C) “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” COLLEGE (K) YOUTH FOR THE FUTURE

[4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREETS & FACILITY [9] OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (B) NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK / PLAYGROUND UPGRADE (E) SETTING UP A BICYCLE EMPOWERMENT CENTRE

[2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (F) KOKSTAD COMMUNITY SPORTS AGENCY [9] OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME (A1) GREEN HEART PARK: DESIGN & MANAGEMENT [9] OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME (A2) GREEN HEART PARK: MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS CENTRE

[8] ENERGY PROGRAMME (A) ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFIT PROJECT [9] OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME (A3) GREEN HEART PARK: BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN [3] GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME (B) PUBLIC SPACES AND NEW SETTLEMENT GREEN BUILDING PROJECT [10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME (E) SCHOOL FOOD GARDEN & WOODLOT PROJECT

[2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (M) SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT PROGRAMME [7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (A) SUDS ROLL OUT AND SUBSIDISING PROJECT

[2] LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME (J) BHONGWENI LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PARK [5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME (B2) RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAMME: SOCIAL HOUSING PROJECT

[4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREETS & FACILITY [5] SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (B3) RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAMME: COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL UNIT (D) CREATING NEW ROAD LINKAGES iThembalabantu neighbourhood activity node

FINAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REPORT | NOVEMBER 2012 152 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION PLANPLAN How all the projects +1 year (2013) 0. ENABLING INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS come together around PROGRAMME ENABLING ENABLING INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS Franklin.

1. WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME 2. LOCALISED ECONOMY PROGRAMME 3. GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMME CROSSROADS CROSSROADS

+5 years (2017) 4. PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME TOWN TOWN 5. SETTLEMENT RESPONSE PROGRAMME

6. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 7. WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 8. ENERGY PROGRAMME INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE + 25 years (2037)

9. OPEN SPACE SERVICES PROGRAMME

NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES

10. “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Railway-station heritage centre

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[4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (A1) NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: PUBLIC SPACE UPGRADE

[4] PUBLIC SPACE, STREET & FACILITY INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (A2) NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODES: SOCIAL FACILITIES PROVISION PLAN

[8] ENERGY PROGRAMME (B) BIOMASS POWER CO-GENERATION

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME [7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (F) “SMALLHOLDING FOR RESILIENCE” PROJECT (C) WATER EFFICIENCY CAMPAIGN

[7] WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (B1) WASTE WATER TREATMENT: SEWAGE PRE-TREATMENT [1] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (B3) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN RAIL-TRAIL: RAILWAY STATION HERITAGE PRECINCT UPGRADING

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME (B) NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE NODES - FOOD SYSTEM ASPECT

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME [1] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (A) AGRI-ENTERPRISE INCUBATOR PROJECT (C2) FRANKLIN WETLANDS: OPTIMISATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

[10] “FARMING FOR THE FUTURE” & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PROGRAMME (G) ALLOTMENT PROJECT [1] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (C1) FRANKLIN WETLANDS: RESTORING THE NATURAL CAPITAL

[1] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME [1] WATERSHED INVESTMENT PROGRAMME (B2) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN RAIL-TRAIL: (B1) KOKSTAD & FRANKLIN RAIL-TRAIL: BIATHLON / TRIATHLON RAIL-TRAIL / RAIL-BIKE TOURISM

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PART III THE WAY FORWARD

MONITORING & EVALUATION

CONCLUSION

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11. MONITORING & EVALUATION 11.2. EVALUATION APPROACH development of Kokstad and its implementation Ambassadors, in alignment with the guiding of the ISDP over the long term. principles of the ISDP. A monitoring and evaluation plan is a key An evaluation is to be undertaken of the GKM’s The data collection will be undertaken by This entity would also provide value to the component of successfully implementing a implementation of the ISDP every fifth year. It will projects, plans and programmes. have two components; the first will be a technical Green Ambassadors working with officials and GKM by being ambassadors of the ISDP into exercise that review changes in the situation Councillors. The Survey will be reported upon in the future, as well as through playing a key Monitoring can improve cross-departmental from that described in the Status Quo report the Sustainability Survey. role in monitoring and evaluation of the ISDP communication. A key hurdle to implementing prepared for the ISDP, the second component (as described above), creating video and integrated plans is the tendency to work in silos. will be an integrated systematic report on a photographic content and providing community This may result in possible reluctance to sharing series of focus group interviews asking the 11.5. THE GREEN AMBASSADORS information. An internal communication effort that liaison. question whether each of the intended outcomes describes the common good goals of monitoring AWARENESS RAISING described in the ISDP is being achieved and in combination with cross-sector indicators can what has changed in the last few years. The Green Ambassadors remain under the 11.6. INDICATORS FOR MONITORING induce departments to be more open towards EPWP stipend until the end of January 2013. information sharing. The evaluation will be put out on tender & REPORTING PURPOSES to two separate service providers - each Their work over the following three months (Nov, Evaluation informs leaders on what policies have Indicators are the quantitative or qualitative of the two reports will contain a brief set Dec and Jan) will include showing their “seeds of had an impact and what resources might be of recommendations that clearly indicate sustainability” movies across the different wards, variables that provide a valid and reliable way needed. An evaluation needs to be well linked to who should do what by when and what the as a way of introducing citizens to the content to measure achievement, assess performance, both planning and budgeting to be meaningful; implementation of the recommendation will cost. of the DEVELOPMENT PLAN. They will also or reflect changes connected to a series of it allows plans to be responsive because it The two evaluation processes will be undertaken interventions. allows for decisions to be made about plans if an be making a few more movies, some exploring simultaneously and will be managed by the evaluation suggests expanding or redesigning “Christmas in Kokstad” and others documenting Indicators relate to both how the plan is being Strategic Planning and IGR (SP&IGR) office. “Conversations with Elders” where they will find them (adapted from UN Habitat, 2012). Provision for the cost of the evaluation must be implemented and its impact. Basic indicators out how their elders have dealt with hardship included in the GKM budget for the respective measure plan delivery, including land used, the in the past, as an introduction to thinking about 11.1. MONITORING & REPORTING years. number of building permits, resources invested, resilience, one of the key guiding principles in and the amount of infrastructure delivered. APPROACH the ISDP. 11.3. CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS The outcomes of the plan can be measured Monitoring of the ISDP will be closely aligned to MONITORING AND EVALUATION BASELINE by indicators such as density, mix of uses, the the monitoring of the GKM’s IDP. It will involve In order to implement this M&E approach, amount of land used for private and public uses, One of the key dimensions to the Monitoring and the preparation of an annual report called fieldwork, analysis and knowledge management traffic conditions and taxes generated. Evaluation Plan is that the implementation of a “Kokstad’s Annual Sustainability Report”, which capacity is needed in the GKM. This should baseline Sustainability Survey. It is intended that Obtaining baseline information is a challenge - will be compiled by the Strategic Planning and meet the needs of both the ISDP and the IDP. Intergovernmental Relations Office and will focus the GAs work closely with the ward councilors in many indicators, such as economic productivity The Office currently lacks this capacity - an on performance against the indicators listed conducting the baseline survey. Further funding and gross product are readily available at the additional post will be created in the SP&IGR below. will be required for this process. national level, but not at the city/town level. office at level [-] to play the convening and co- This further reinforces the need to be prudent It will complement the report on its IDP. It will use ordinating role in this regard. MICRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT in selecting the number of indicators. A limited information drawn from the number of sources including secondary data but will also require One idea under consideration that still requires number of indicators works better. It is better to the implementation of a specially constructed 11.4. THE SUSTAINABILITY SURVEY further workshopping by all stakeholders, set a limited number of indicators that can be Sustainability Survey (See below). is that Yondlabantu and Scientific Roets be realistically measured and easily understood (UN In order to implement this strategy, a viewed as temporary “caretakers” of the training Habitat, 2012). The survey will be implemented by the Green Sustainability Survey will be developed that equipment until such time as a youth owned and Ambassadors and will comprise both quantitative will enable the collection of the information Accordingly, a list of thirty indicators, grouped data collection as well as the preparation of managed structure be set up, where the training required to report on progress against the per story, have been formulated for the ISDP. short movie clips. Actual data collection will equipment could form part of the ‘seed’ capital indicators contained below. This survey will be Their respective data sources (for efficiency, also involve GKM Councillors and Officials. for this microenterprise. The microenterprise often overlapping) are stated in the left-hand The Annual Progress Report will be prepared implemented in four sites that will be selected as would be generating sustainability-focused column, and the desired outcome is stated on over a three month period each year, from part of the implementation of the overall strategy. citizen journalism, in support of Kokstad’s long- the right. Together, these should form a base for (month) to (month) and will be a key input to the The four sites will be chosen for their ability to term sustainable development. It is intended municipality’s strategic planning process which monitoring and evaluating Kokstad and Franklin represent Kokstad and to act as sentinel sites that this youth owned entity would create takes place in (month). into the future. showing changes and trends in the ongoing sustainable employment for some of the Green

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YEAR 1 YEARS 2 TO 4 YEAR 5

As part of refining the overall design of the Integrated Make use of the information generated by the Sustainability Every fifth year the GKM will evaluate its own performance Sustainable Development Programme and ensuring its Survey and reported upon in Kokstad’s Annual Sustainability in implementing the ISDP and the progress it has made. The integration into the GKM’s Strategic and Performance Report to inform planning and programme decisions made by purpose of the evaluation is to identify what needs to be done Plans, to clearly define monitoring and evaluation roles and the GKM. to improve GKM performance and what strategic shifts and

responsibilities. Also to gather the baseline data against which adjustments need to be made to the Plan.

PURPOSE future performance will be assessed.

Design and implementation of the Sustainability Survey and Ongoing implementation of the Survey and preparation of the • Contracting an evaluation service provider to undertake the release of the inception Sustainability Report Report in time for their utilisation in strategic and programme evaluation; planning. • Supporting them in their implementation of the evaluation; • Receiving and making use of the recommendations

contained in their report. KEY ACTIVITIES KEY

• Sustainability Survey Preparation and release of Kokstad’s Annual Sustainability “A report on an evaluation of the GKM’s implementation of its • Baseline Annual Sustainability Report Report and its dissemination and use in IDP, strategic and Integrated Sustainable Development Plan” programme planning processes. CORE DELIVERABLES

• Development of the Sustainability Survey instrument: • Implementation of the Survey: Green Ambassadors • Contracting and procurement by the SP&IGR office. Contracted out? • Preparation of Kokstad’s Annual Sustainability Report: • Implementation: Specially contracted service provider. • Implementation of the Survey: Green Ambassadors SP&IGR office. • Utilisation: To be determined. • Preparation of Kokstad’s Annual Sustainability Report: SP&IGR office. ROLE & RESPONSABILITY

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DATA SOURCE INDICATORS OUTCOME CROSSROADS Sustainability Survey Value of locally produced building materials in Rand Future Kokstad has a vibrant and resilient, Sustainability Survey Percentage of people who take pride in their town in survey area low carbon economy that has built independence from expensive fossil fuel-based energy. It is an Sustainability Survey Percentage of household expenditure spent on transport attractive, affordable place to live and work, with a skilled population and efficient public transport Sustainability Survey Number of people in survey area with a tertiary education qualification connections to and from the broader region. General Household Survey Average monthly rental / average house prices as a proportion of household income TBC Reduction in proportion of households dependent on social grants

SAPS administrative data Reduction in crime, especially violent crime Future Kokstad and Franklin are attractive, well managed, affordable, socially vibrant and Planning approvals Number of local recreation and entertainment options integrated places. They are built on a shared Sustainability Survey ‘Completeness’ of streets in survey area according to street survey checklist sense of pride and identity and their many

attractive natural, rural, heritage and built qualities TOWN Valuation roll Gross base density (du/ha) and landmarks are celebrated. Cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Sustainability Survey Presence of a compatible mix of uses and activities in survey area / accessibility of a range of social facilities Sustainability Survey Presence of litter TBC Response time to respond to complaints about litter, dumping, potholes, broken street lights, leaking water Sustainability Survey Mix of unit types in survey area

Green Drop Report Green drop score Future Kokstad’s strategies of reducing demand, re-using and recycling have paid off and the town’s INFRASTRUCTURE Blue Drop Report Number of litres of water used per person per day energy, water and waste systems set the national Blue Drop Report Organic load on WWTW benchmark. Dependence on Eskom has been cut and the towns run on green and renewable Electricity billing data kWh of energy produced from biogas vs total energy demand energy. These all increase the affordability of doing business and have reduced pollution of the natural Landfill data Kg of waste per person going to landfill environment. Green Drop Report Water quality compliance of river downstream of town Ratio of renewable versus non-renewable energy used in Kokstad

Spatial Planning Department data: Number of square metres of public managed park space per person Future Kokstad and Franklin protect and Land use register RESOURCES

appreciate the functional, cultural, spiritual and NATURAL Spatial Planning Department data: Number of hectares of protected biodiversity areas in GKM economic value of the natural landscape. The Land use register many crucial roles of natural resources are TBC Condition of wetlands / rivers / grasslands maintained and enhanced through responsible management and protection. The towns do not use Property valuation roll Value / desirability of properties facing onto public open spaces more than can be regenerated, and wilderness areas that serve the needs of their Sustainability Survey Number of households in the survey area that make use of public parks and playgrounds

Annual questionnaire Value of locally produced food sold in a sample of four supermarkets in Rands Future Kokstad has a resilient, diverse and AGRICULTURE strong local agricultural economy that offers Chamber of Commerce membership Number of locally owned agro-processing businesses registered with the Kokstad Chamber of Commerce diverse opportunities for all scales of agricultural enterprises, supported by a strong local food Sustainability Survey Number of fruit trees in survey area culture, and local agri-processing businesses. LED Department Value of locally produced food sold in a sample of four supermarkets in Rands The region is a leader in agri-ecological practices.

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DEVELOPMENT PLAN WHAT IF... [3] SMART & SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Future Kokstad and Franklin Franklin Compact development & are safe and just with a strong R617 complementary mixed uses social foundation where poverty 2 000 p ENABLING Household growth INSTITUTIONS and inequality is eradicated Nihi, inteli te nos poniteristem iam sin dees! Mus = 2.0% 14du/ha and all human needs are met, in intrus consulica; Cat, quam ium inenaterfest FRANKLIN dynamic balance with the finite Economic growth - addum publicerei sumus. Consussi seri caes environmental resource base that 3.0% condit, untem. Marit pror quam supports all life. Sustainable infrastructure & Fig 119. AGRICULTURE - FRANKLIN Kokstad technology 55 000 p nium pratam. Factudeo, simuam simperistra? Nihcondit, un

CROSSROADS 14du/ha

R617 1 296ha COMPLETE NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE

SHAYAMOYA TOWN

EXTENSION 7 MZINTLAVA RIVER

GCADINJA ROAD

BAMBAYI

MAIN STREET

HOPE STREET

THE AVENUE HORSESHOE

R56 BARKER STREET INFRASTRUCTURE

BHONGWENI

DOWER STREET KOKSTAD CENTRAL Public Space Complementary Mixed Use

Industrial

NATURAL NATURAL Proposed/Existing Primary School RESOURCES Proposed/Existing Secondary School

Proposed/Existing Sportsfield

Proposed/Existing Government Facilities R56 Parks

‘Wild’ Park Areas (minimally maintained) N2

Peri-Urban Agricultural Typologies

Ecologically Sensitive Agricultural Development

Biodiversity Area AGRICULTURE Fig 120. DEVELOPMENT PLAN Fig 121. NEIGHBOURHOOD ACTIVITY NODE

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12. CONCLUSION ISDP COMPONENTS GKM STATUTORY REVIEW INSTRUMENTS PERIODS XXXXXTum vid ignat pricis, silis, Cat, virit publinem simihilicie intisse nost ne con dem patum, conum, viricul catrae quam oculocc STATUS QUO Reviewed huciam opoent. every 5 Provides baseline SDF REVIEW years Hos restrecum sultodiem Romnequ ostrudem 1 REVIEW EVERY 5 YEARS (Needs to be expanded to ex sed senata, conscere ponsulis claribus, notil whole GKM) commoer uro, consus; ernicen terter am occit confirmaciam tea incesiliis bonessit, ta erei pris, LONG-TERM STRATEGIES tussimus conessu nteatam intil tem Romne es Reviewed tua iam di senicaet intris comnihi catquius finatia IDP annually ecules et? Henihilius re, quam st autus, noverra, 2 10 – 15 YEAR LIFE-SPAN Remain in place to provide nos, caude eo etod conficips, que condi inultora long-term guidance opublium eferceperum. Vere me ad intu quo Catum des cum vis. Si peri simmors vercepse DEVELOPMENT PLAN publinit vastorunu vate consulicae, quidesent. 5-year PROPOSALS review NEW SDF Actore actus comaximis, ut perum essus Inform 3 Foundation for new SDF vilicaes ia de fac fue mo teret, quis. Gerfinesina zoning REVIEW EVERY 5 YEARS (expanded to GKM) vatquam et perei senat, C. Ocuppl. Romaior scheme utem numena, etodit feconsu sit, ublium modit caequi pos, quam octanum audesices iam pra ve, vestimil temena, paterei publi prorem IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Annual simusciis nem, quistrac ret impl. Simorae con Programmes projects IDP REVIEW review viribustus. Us senam conductam ius casdam et; 4 REVIEW ANNUALLY Institutional responsibilities Catortemo ventraes fures faccivid det remum revived & align with IDP ommo esilicasdam. M. No. Viverive, es cla eo C. Diusuliae inenitra nesinatuam quemusque nostus con sulis vignatuam tem Palaticae nostea MONITORING & EVALUATION at. Am no. Nam. Serfirid satur, scerman tratus, PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK quam avocchuctum con re it, morio, factemus, 5 Integrate with IDP targets & AGREEMENT performance management menati pulicit des il utes nonum tus sessent eatraetiurem ste, faci intelici iam seniusquod consin publis vatus et quossen atoribus, quod ac fac forace nonsuamdit, sili fenti, untia GREEN AMBASSADORS ISDP nonferisse cae es essesti uspimih icienatod idi, ACCOUNTABILITY se omnerentem mus sis. Mulos culis con diis PROGRAMME FACEBOOK PAGE atis acidepe ctoruntiquam culis fac tuit, que pro etessic aeliae adetod pore aciptid cre factus sendemnem inuntilibus consuam simus bon Development charter (ongoing) engagement sene clutea tam tabem enatili ssedemuris. with stakeholder Odieri spioc, consulem egiliconvo, se confecr uncus, Catillesse me ius moente, o nonsununum ducontem, di consus, fenestore tilicaudes suloc omneri commoludet, quam, teatifes inverum us

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PART IV ANNEXURES & APPENDICES

ANNEXURES

APPENDICIES (CD)

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Kokstad Business 13. ANNEXURES Public Relations Officer Kathy Robinson NAFCOC Branch Chairperson Naph Juqu Chamber Zwartberg Farmers Scientific Roets MD Merida Roets - Meg Rorich Association Sustainable Val Payn Mount Currie Farmers Development Planning 13.1. ANNEXURE A: - Peter Adam Association Interfin PA/Secretaty Loerney Brand STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT Sisonke Development CEO Ray Ngcobo Agency Interfin Accountant Martin Brand RECORD OF MEETINGS AND WORKSHOPS: Department of Stephen Bischof Accountant Stephen Bischof Economic Development Deputy Manger Sphamandla Madikiza • 1 December 2011: Meeting PSC and Tourism CRD16 WHYLE Architect CRA16 WHYLE • 10 January 2012: R56 Project Meeting Spargs Manager Andrew Waters Farmer Piet Bosman Franchise Owner/ Pick n Pay Ishwar Manilall Agri Consultant DO Richard Bischof • 30 January 2012: Presentation of Inception Report to GKM Manager Businessmen & Cllr. Owner Leon Kotting Council Spar Rolyats Manager Nick Christodolou GKM Co-ordinator Abongile Zimu - Real Estate Agent Francois - • 14 to 16 February 2012: Presentations to PSC and GKM Zodaka Contractors Director Zodwa H. Ludaka Willowdale Farm & Council Owner Max Bastard Lodge GKM Tourism International Lindile Dina • 7 March 2012: Team workshop in Durban Savvas Wholesale Manager Tony Miliatos K.T.O.A. Rank Manager Malxole Mfenqa • 8 March 2012: Green Ambassador selections in Kokstad Franklin Sawmill Manager Grant Herbert K.T.O.A. Chairperson O.M. Mashalaba EG Milling - - - • 9 March 2012: Green Ambassador 1st training session in K.T.O.A. Secretary S. Mbambalala Ferrero Rocher Nut - Gerhard - K.T.O.A. S. Mfenqa Kokstad Farm Hido Clay Bricks - Hawkers Secretary Nomanesi Ntsadu • 10 – 14 April 2012: Green Ambassador Media Academy - Hein - Matatiele Training T.A.M. Enterprise Chairpeson Siphiwe Jubase - Local labour broker Roland - Charmaine Herbert • 16 & 17 May 2012: Workshop with Councillors, PSC and GKM Sisonke District Director Planning Lucky Zondi Yondlabantu Op. Manager Patricia Napier officials Sisonke District Town Planner Muzi Luthuli Foundation • 20 June 2012: Workshop with Councillors, PSC and GKM COGTA - Mndisa Zungu TLC Hospice CEO Teresa Olivier officials COGTA - Julian Kiepiel DBSA Manager Thulare Programme • 10 & 11 July 2012: Focus Groups with Small Business Independent DBSA Programme Manager Zanele Shabalala Implementation Sakhiwe Zuma Development Trust including the Taxi Owners, Civil Society Organisations and Manager CTS ISDP Team Jo Lees Large Business including Commercial Farmers Customer Service Area LEDC Mnoneli Matam Eskom Brian Dlamini Officer GKM CTP K. Marcuis • 2 August 2012: Strategy Workshop Chairperson of NAFCOC Zolile Ndamase GKM Co-ord. Comm & IGR Sabelo Ncwane • 3 August 2012: PSC Meeting NAFCOC Sisonke Kokstad Youth Coucil Treasury Bubele Nogcantsi GKM Msiya Nyaniso • 18 & 19 September 2012; Green Ambassador Training Co-ord. Human HIV/AIDS Council Chairperson Tiny Nosisa Jojozi GKM Lance Fenn Settlement People with Disability Chairperson JJ Mhlongo • 1 October 2012: M & E Workshops with GKM MANCO and Water services Faith Based SISONKE DM Nokuphiwa Zondi Green Ambassadors Chairperson SF Papiyana Authority Manager Orgainisation DWA Angela Masefield • 2 & 3 October 2012: Ecosystems Services Workshop Home of Comfort Chairperson Phumza Nompehle KZN Wildlife Pat Lowry • 30 October 2012: Stakeholders Workshop on Development Hawkers Chairperson Nomthunzi Mhlana WESSA Tim Stubbs Plan and Implementation Plan Elements Rate Payers Chairperson Charles Walstroom Association COGTA Chief Town Planner Pat Luckin RECORD OF INTERVIEWS SAWMU Secretary Andile Nkalweni Working for Wetlands Mbali Khubheka • 14 February 2012: Interview Mr LT Somtseu from GKM Imatu Chairperson Nonzukiso Juqu KZN Planning Dept COSATU Chairperson Pat Ncumata • 15 February and 16 February 2012: Interviews with key KZN Agriculture Zibusiso Dlamini officials at GKM and business and community representatives Sisonke GIS GIS Specialist Rendani Mudau Scientific Roets Civil Engineer Adriaan Roets in Kokstad and Franklin. Information & DoHS Manager Planning Peter Woolf Inspiration Centre/ Piet Bosman Sivile/BBI DoHS Planner Bongi Mchunu

Table.25. LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED

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13.2. ANNEXURE B: SCENARIOS rate of 2%, which accounts for some degree of inward migration that is anticipated as long as INPUT PARAMETERS USED IN THE MODELS Kokstad continues to provide houses, services and economic opportunity. BASELINE POPULATION FIGURES Date Population Households Household size ECONOMIC GROWTH In the absence of a recent national population StatsSA Census 2001 56 525 20 567 2.75 census, there is not good data on population StatsSA Community Survey (IDP) 2007 46 724 14 323 3.26 All 4 scenarios assume a 3% economic growth and households in the GKM. A number of rate, in line with the reported growth rate over Global Insight 2010 71 114 demographic estimates are available for the the last 10 years (GKM LED Strategy, 2011). GKM for the period 2001 to 2011 that range Quantec (LED Strategy) 2010 50 592 16 124 3.14 The MSFM model is also re-run on Scenario 0 between 46’724 (StatsSA Comminuty Survey, (SDF) with a higher growth rate of 5.4% – with 2007) and 71’114 (Global Insight, 2010). The interesting results. Table.26. COMPARISON OF POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD ESTIMATES overall population of the GKM is estimated at DENSITY approximately 50’000, according to Quantec’s Standardised Regional Dataset (2011). In order to test some of the implications of ‘smart (See Table.25 ) growth’ versus business as usual, the second scenario assumes medium development and In the absence of population or household Households Population complementary mixed-uses. A lot of work was numbers for urban areas, a dwelling count was done to determine an appropriate target gross completed in order to estimate the current urban Total GKM 16 124 50 629 base density for the town, including comparing populations of Kokstad and Franklin, based on the existing density of various parts of the town the average household size of 3.14. Kokstad town (within SDF urban edge) 9 721 30 524 with examples of high, medium and low-density The baseline population figures used in the Franklin (within SDF urban edge) 311 977 environments across the world and density scenario models are indicated in Table.26. targets that have been set for other cities. Also Total (within SDF urban edges) 10 032 31 500 PROJECTED HOUSEHOLD GROWTH taken into consideration was the importance of retaining Kokstad’s unique character as a rural

Despite the fact that the IDP and Quantec Table.27. POPULATION FIGURES USED IN THE SCENARIO MODELS South African town, as well as the importance of figures show a decline in population in the years having neighbourhoods with varied gross and net leading up to 2007, the 2010/2011 SDF states densities, to accommodate the needs of different that there is anecdotal evidence of high growth family types and lifestyle choices. The model in Kokstad town due to inward migration from the assumes a target gross base density within the Eastern Cape and Lesotho by people looking for Average household size in 2012 (number of people) 3,14 overall urban area of 14 du/ha, which is similar to employment. The incongruity between existing Number of households in the GKM in 2012 16 124,00 the gross base density target for Calgary (City of data and anecdotal evidence highlights the Calgary, 2012). (See Table.27) Number of households in the Kokstad SDF Urban Edge in 2012 9 721,00 high level of uncertainty about the future, and SMART GROWTH the need to plan for resilience within any future Kokstad gross urban area existing 2012 (ha) 1 296 scenario. Existing gross base density within the Kokstad 2012 urban area 2012 (du/ha) 7,50 Scenario 2 and 3 test the implications of ‘smart growth’, including higher than usual densities The 4 scenarios (0-3) explore two different Average number of households in the Franklin SDF urban edge in 2012 311,00 and complementary mixed-use development. potential population growth rates. The high Franklin gross urban area existing 2012 (ha) 47 The higher density, more compact ‘smart growth scenario (0-SDF) is based on the Existing gross base density within the Franklin urban area 2012 (du/ha) 6,57 growth’ reduces public services capital costs extreme levels of growth that would be required and public services operating costs incurred by to fully develop the land parcels identified for Target for gross base density across the built area of the town (du/ha) 14 the municipality. A study by the City of Calgary development in the latest SDF (2010/2011) - entitled The Implications of Alternative Growth calculated as a total household growth in urban Patterns on Infrastructure Costs (Plan It Calgary, areas of approximately 5.4%. 2009) examines the infrastructure implications The other 3 scenarios are moderate growth of compact, high-density growth versus sprawl, scenarios that assume a household growth Table.28. FINAL INPUT PARAMETERS USED FOR KOKSTAD AND FRANKLIN SPATIAL MODELS and shows the following key findings, which

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have been used to ‘tune’ the MSFM model for Dispersed Compact Difference Difference (%) Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 (See Table.28 and Roadways $17.6 $11.2 $6.4 (-36%) Table.29). Transit $6.8 $6.2 $ 0.6 (-9%) For more information about this, refer to Water and Wastewater $5.5 $2.5 $3.0 (-54) Understanding Smart Growth Savings (Victoria Fire Stations $0.5 $0.3 $0.2 (-46%) Transport Policy Institute, 2012) and The Recreation Centers $1.1 $0.9 $0.2 (-19%) Implications of Alternative Growth Patterns on Infrastructure Costs (Plan It Calgary, 2009) – Schools $3.0 $2.2 $0.8 (-27%) both provide great insights into the economic, Totals $34.5 $23.3 $11.2 (-33%) social and environmental benefits of smart growth.

Table.30. PUBLIC SERVICES OPERATING COSTS, BILLIONS (VICTORIA TRANSPORT POLICY INSTITUTE, 2012) SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE & TECHNOLOGIES

Scenario 3 assumes the use of sustainable infrastructure and technologies at household and municipal scales of development. The Dispersed Compact Difference Difference (%) sustainable technology mix considered in this Roadways $0.23 $0.19 $0.04 (-18%) final scenario includes green technologies for new households and retrofitting of existing Transit $0.30 $0.30 $0.00 (0%) households (solar water heaters, grey water Water and Wastewater $0.06 $0.03 $0.03 (-55%) recycling), small scale anaerobic digestion, Fire Stations $0.28 $0.23 $0.05 (-18%) institutional anaerobic digestion, a constructed Recreation Centers $0.23 $0.19 $0.04 (-18%) wetland, treated effluent used to water the golf course, PRVs in Shayamoya and leak repair Totals $0.99 $0.86 $0.13 (-14%) programmes in Shayamoya.

Table.29. PUBLIC SERVICES CAPITAL COSTS, BILLIONS (VICTORIA TRANSPORT POLICY INSTITUTE, 2012) For more information about the input parameters used in the Municipal Financial Services Model and the Eco-Futures: Ecosystem Services Supply And Demand Assessment please refer to the separate reports included as appendices.

Scenarios: land area and density calculations

The land areas and densities applied in the various scenarios are explicated in the accompanying tables.

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SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

EXISTING GROSS BASE DENSITY WITHIN THE KOKSTAD 2012 URBAN AREA 2012 (DU/HA) 7,50 EXISTING GROSS BASE DENSITY WITHIN THE FRANKLIN URBAN AREA 2012 (DU/HA) 6,57

SCENARIO SDF CONVENTIONAL DENSITY TARGET DENSITY KOKSTAD m2 % of total ha Households Population Households Population Proposed SDF Urban Edge 150 654 057 100,0% 15 065

Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 12 964 569 8,6% 1 296 9 721 30 524 18 150,4 56 992 Multi purpose retail and office (south entrance to town) 5 676 217 3,8% 568 4 256 13 364 7 946,7 24 953 Multi purpose retail and office (N2 to Mthatha) 4 890 655 3,2% 489 3 667 11 515 6 846,9 21 499 Urban expansion mixed node (Piet’s farm) 3 653 985 2,4% 365 2 740 8 603 5 115,6 16 063 Urban expansion mixed node (R56 Phase 1) 654 873 0,4% 65 491 1 542 916,8 2 879 Urban expansion mixed node (R56 Phase 2) 4 370 921 2,9% 437 3 277 10 291 6 119,3 19 215 Urban expansion mixed node (Middlefontein) 495 980 0,3% 50 372 1 168 694,4 2 180 Urban expansion mixed node (KromDraai) 3 709 218 2,5% 371 2 781 8 733 5 192,9 16 306 Urban expansion mixed node (Usherwood west) 9 397 002 6,2% 940 7 046 22 124 13 155,8 41 309 Proposed institutional (next to St Patricks) 342 417 0,2% 34 257 806 479,4 1 505 Proposed institutional (Diocese Umzimvubu) 1 562 471 1,0% 156 1 172 3 679 2 187,5 6 869 Commercial agriculture and tourism 40 609 357 27,0% Intensive agriculture 28 791 994 19,1% Nature reserve 15 195 494 10,1% Poverty alleviation and LED initiative 7 084 750 4,7% Small holdings 2 605 429 1,7% Proposed hotel 741 233 0,5% Sub-Total 142 746 565 94,8% 4 772 35 780 112 349 66 806 209 770

FRANKLIN Proposed SDF Urban Edge 11 328 272 100% 1 133

Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 473 365 4% 47 311 977 662,7 2 081 Proposed Erven 1 - 506 of Farm No.122 416 548 4% 42 274 859 583,2 1 831 Sub-Total 889 913 8% 89 585 1 836 1 246 3 912

TOTAL 143 636 478 4 861 36 364 114 184 68 052 213 682

Table.31. SCENARIO 0 SDF

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SCENARIO 1 CONVENTIONAL DENSITY TARGET DENSITY KOKSTAD m2 % of total ha Households Population Households Population Proposed SDF Urban Edge 150 654 057 100,0% 15 065

Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 12 964 569 8,6% 1 296 9 721 30 524 18 150,4 56 992 Multi purpose retail and office (south entrance to town) 5 676 217 3,8% 568 4 256 13 364 7 946,7 24 953 Multi purpose retail and office (N2 to Mthatha) 4 890 655 3,2% 0 0 0,0 0 Urban expansion mixed node (Piet’s farm) 3 653 985 2,4% 0 0 0,0 0 Urban expansion mixed node (R56 Phase 1) 654 873 0,4% 65 491 1 542 916,8 2 879 Urban expansion mixed node (R56 Phase 2) 4 370 921 2,9% 437 3 277 10 291 6 119,3 19 215 Urban expansion mixed node (Middlefontein) 495 980 0,3% 0 0 0,0 0 Urban expansion mixed node (KromDraai) 3 709 218 2,5% 0 0 0,0 0 Urban expansion mixed node (Usherwood west) 9 397 002 6,2% 0 0 0,0 0 Proposed institutional (next to St Patricks) 342 417 0,2% 0 0 0,0 0 Proposed institutional (Diocese Umzimvubu) 1 562 471 1,0% 0 0 0,0 0 Commercial agriculture and tourism 40 609 357 27,0% Intensive agriculture 28 791 994 19,1% Nature reserve 15 195 494 10,1% Poverty alleviation and LED initiative 7 084 750 4,7% Small holdings 2 605 429 1,7% Proposed hotel 741 233 0,5% Sub-Total 142 746 565 94,8% 2 367 17 746 55 721 33 133 104 038

FRANKLIN Proposed SDF Urban Edge 11 328 272 100% 1 133

Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 473 365 4% 47 311 977 662,7 2 081 Proposed Erven 1 - 506 of Farm No.122 416 548 4% 42 274 859 583,2 1 831 Sub-Total 889 913 8% 89 585 1 836 1 246 3 912

TOTAL 143 636 478 2 456 18 330 57 557 34 379 107 950

SCENARIO 2 & SCENARIO 3 CONVENTIONAL DENSITY TARGET DENSITY KOKSTAD m2 ha Households Population Households Population Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 12 964 569 1 296 9 721 30 524 18 150 56 992

FRANKLIN Existing urban area (gross base) 2012 473 365 47 311 977 663 2 081

TOTAL 13 437 934 1 344 10 032 31 500 18 813 59 073

Table.32. SCENARIO 1 BUSINESS AS USUAL, SCENARIO 2 SMART GROWTH, SCENARIO 3 SMART & SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

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13.3. ANNEXURE C: PRECEDENT Economic localisation means bringing economic The Lakshman Sagar Resort in ZERO KILOMETER DESIGN - BUILDING A activity closer to home – supporting local Rajasthan, India was designed CULTURE OF LOCAL 13.3.1. CROSSROADS economies and communities rather than huge, according to these principles. distant corporations. The zero kilometre design concept is born out of LOCALISING THE ECONOMY An entire range of products and the belief that designing beautiful and functional ENABLING

INSTITUTIONS Economic localisation means bringing economic furnishings were the successful products should be combined with efforts to save “Too often, when we talk about social inclusion, activity closer to home – supporting local culmination of local culture, local and preserve local traditions, local craftsmanship we talk as if communities don’t do economics, economies and communities rather than huge, skills and local materials of the and the ecology. A similar movement is taking they get economics done to them, while we try distant corporations. It means a smaller gap villages and towns in and around place in the food industry in various parts of the to fit social inclusion around the aftermath. But between rich and poor and closer contact Lakshman Sagar. By involving world. The transportation of food from where it can we not organise our economy so that we between producers and consumers. This the local community, it evokes a is produced to where it is consumed can create involve people, so that more of them have a translates into greater social cohesion: a recent many social, environmental and economic stake, so that they are involved as collaborators sense of belonging and a sense study found that shoppers at farmers’ markets problems. and not as pawns: as owners, financers, buyers, of pride amongst them which CROSSROADS CROSSROADS had ten times more conversations than people in sellers, makers, providers and as community can be groomed into long term Long distance manufacturing leads to increase supermarkets. activists? And if we did this, doesn’t it in itself partnerships. in prices of products due to ever-increasing oil create stronger, more inclusive communities and prices, may lead to environmental pollution and greater equality in which economic participation makes it even more difficult to control the quality becomes more immediate and accessible – even of the products. Moreover, it may eventually to the habitually excluded?” lead to homogeneity of tastes and flavours, depriving us of age old traditions and local

TOWN Localise West Midlands is a not-for-profit recipes. Sharing similar concerns in the field organisation which exists to promote the of design and product development, the zero environmental, social and economic benefits of: kilometre approach has been adopted by the • Local trading, using local businesses, designers to create entire ranges of products materials and supply chains, and furnishings by the successful culmination • Linking local needs to local resources, of local culture, local skills and local materials. Furthermore, by involving the local community, • Development of community and local it evokes a sense of belonging and a sense of capacity, pride amongst them which can be groomed into • Decentralisation of appropriate democratic long term partnerships between the locals and and economic power, INFRASTRUCTURE the enterprise. • Provision of services tailored to meet local The advantages of creating a local building needs. industry are numerous: This localisation approach makes economic • The simplicity of the systems means “it development and government systems more enables a local workforce to be used … sensitive to local autonomy, culture, wellbeing this ensures that a greater proportion of and the responsible use of finite resources, economic value is captured in the local NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES and is growing in popularity with people and economy” organisations all over the world. Localisation • Jobs would be created by the manufacturing helps build social capital, targets regeneration to of the materials meet local needs, maximises local job creation, • It would also result in professional skills and reduces transport and CO2 emissions. development (adapted from LWM, at http:// • a heightened sense of personal dignity localisewestmidlands.org.uk/) and respect resulting from long-term Photo 43. LAKSHMAN SAGAR, RAJASTHAN, professional employment

AGRICULTURE Photo 44. LOCALISE INITIATIVE IN THE USA INDIA. • enhanced social well-being An example of Zero Kilometer Design

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• improved social capital Similar initiatives are spreading through the The SmartWay Transport Partnership is a By providing mobile services such as mobile • healthier buildings developing world. In China, the GEF Guangdong collaboration between freight shippers, carriers, clinics, mobile libraries and periodic markets, the Green Freight Demonstration Project has been and logistics companies to voluntarily achieve costs (financial and time) of travelling can be cut • a more resilient building supply chain set up as a pilot projectto address the very low improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions down significantly within the region. • reduced CO2 emissions and energy efficiency in Chinese Road Freight. from freight transport. This eases the burden on poorer communities There are two major challenges, the first being • increased longevity of the building stock GEF Guangdong Green Freight as well as cutting the carbon and energy costs of truck technologies. According to the Ministry (Adapted from Hulme & Raford, 2010, Demonstration Project: the region. of Transport, (MoT), because fuel-saving Goal: Addressing efficiency Sustainable Supply Chains That Support Local technologies and practices have not been widely Economic Development, - can be accessed at adopted in China, the fuel efficiency of Chinese within the transport sector in http://www.princes-foundation.org/sites/default/ trucks is about 30% lower than in advanced China by addressing both truck files/pfbe_supplychains_paper_2010.pdf) OECD countries. This market failure occurs technologies and logistics GREENING TRANSPORT because: (a) carriers are unwilling to experiment management in a developing- with new or unknown technologies; and (b) the world context. The SmartWay Transport Partnership is likely market lacks information on the performance, to have increasing appeal in the coming years cost and availability of fuel efficiency as fuel prices rise and as the prospect of global technologies. warming influences businesses and individuals to reassess their environmental footprint. By The second obstacle to improved energy 2012, the SmartWay Transport Partnership efficiency is logistics management. The aims to save between 3.3 and 6.6 billion gallons trucking industry in China is largely operated of diesel fuel per year, which translates to by the private sector, but in contrast with many eliminating between 33 - 66 million metric tons industrialized countries, the sector is fragmented of carbon dioxide emissions and up to 200,000 and most companies are very small – often tons of nitrous oxide emissions per year. The single truck owner operators. Also, lack of Partnership also aims to reduce large amounts modern logistics brokerage practices has of particulate matter (PM). The SmartWay resulted in a large number of annual empty Partnership helps freight shippers and carriers back-haul kilometers -- reported to be more than discover ways to improve the efficiency of their 30% of all freight vehicle-kilometers traveled in supply chain and achieve superior environmental Guangdong Province. performance. (adapted from CAI-Asia, 2011, Design of Green SmartWay shippers fulfill their commitment by Freight China Program). shipping their goods with SmartWay carriers, by using other, less-polluting modes of commercial transport including rail transport, and by reducing truck idling at their shipping facilities. SmartWay Logistics Partners inspire the fleets that they manage to join the Partnership, adopt fuel-savings strategies and technologies, and commit to increasing the amount of freight shipped by SmartWay carriers by 5% per year. SmartWay Affiliates, which include various state government agencies and trade groups, play a promotional role for SmartWay by educating policy-actors and their members about the Fig 122. FIG 4. THE TWO COMPONENTS OF GREEN FREIGHT: benefits of the Partnership. Photo 45. MOBILE CLINICS AND OTHER MOBILE More efficient logistics management (top) and more fuel SERVICES REDUCE THE NEED FOR INDIVIDUALS efficient trucking technology (bottom) TO TRAVELS

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13.3.2. TOWN • transparent, so that one can easily deduce Complete Streets are streets what sort of activity is happening inside a COMPLETE STREETS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD building and what its function is, which are safe, comfortable, and convenient for travel for everyone, COMPLETENESS, MIXED-USE AND DENSITY • and permeable, so that it is easy to pass through shops/lanes/side streets without regardless of age or ability; ENABLING The streets of our cities and towns are an INSTITUTIONS requiring significant detours to get to where motorists, pedestrians, bicyclists, important part of the livability of our communities. one wants to be. and public transportation riders. They ought to be for everyone, whether young or old, motorist or bicyclist, walker or wheelchair This high level of activity maintains econoic and They are also streets that are pleasant to walk user, bus rider or shopkeeper. social vitality, and becomes in itself and attractor along, offering shelter and interest along the way. of more people, investment and activity. This involves not only infrastructure provision Complete Streets are streets which are safe, (ensuring there is space for pedestrians and comfortable, and convenient for travel for Clustering of amenities cyclists) but that surrounding land uses offer a everyone, regardless of age or ability; motorists, Grouping together social and public amenities pedestrian-friendly environment. This includes

CROSSROADS pedestrians, bicyclists, and public transportation creates a more efficient land-use system, where higher densities (so that trip distances are riders. They are also streets that are pleasant to local nodes can meet the needs of the local shorter), mixed use (so that amenities and shops walk along, offering shelter and interest. neighbourhood. There is an increasing trend, are closer), and passive surveillance from street Density is a critical factor in place-making too, to cluster together different uses within the edges (so that streets are safer). because it impacts on so many other aspects. same building, so as to maximise efficient usage. Higher densities allow for a greater concentration The Hundsund School & Community Centre of ameities, a greater diversity of commercial

TOWN (Bærum, Norway) is such an example - it TOWN enterprises and public facilities, a greater consists of a secondary school, a nursery school, availability of housing types (and a greater a public swimming pool and sports hall, ice rink variety of housing types), a more accessible and clubhouse. The buildings are placed along public transport system, and generally promotes an urban pedestrian street, so that the street greater integration of people. becomes the ‘backbone’ of the project, and a But it’s not just density that matters. In meeting place for the local community. This commercial and/or highly public streets, the grouping of public buildings, and multiplication of interface between buildings and street are of uses, means that it is more economic, efficient Photo 49. BOGOTA BEFORE AND AFTER and affordable as it is used around the clock by a A COMPLETE STREETS/NEIGHBOURHOOD critical importance. These ‘edges’ should be: APPROACH WAS TAKEN greater variety of people throughout the day. INFRASTRUCTURE • active, so that there is activity going on within and without (like cafes spilling life onto the sidewalks); NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCES

Photo 46. PHOTO 5. SHAYAMOYA - UNDEFINED Photo 47. PHOTO 6. MIXED-DENSITY, MIXED- Photo 48. LIVABLE STREETS FOR THE FUTURE - WHERE THERE IS AMPLE SPACE AND SAFETY FOR AGRICULTURE STREET EDGES AND VERY LOW DENSITIES. USE DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY PEDESTRIANS, CYCLISTS, PUBLIC TRANSIT AND PRIVATE VEHICLES.

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Incremental Housing PROVIDES INCREMENTAL HOUSING possibility of having a tub and not just a The Lighthouses are free shower, kitchens should be able to become A BASIC FOUNDATION FOR THE When Alejandro Aravena and his company educational centres which include INHABITANT TO FILL IN THE REST. a separated room, some bedrooms should libraries, Internet access, and Elemental were asked to design low-cost allow for queen size beds. The standard housing on a particularly impoverished site in of the house had to be prepared both for a other cultural resources. With too little budget to build high quality housing Iquique, Chile, they realised that the government future more exigent dweller and to become Curitiba’s Lighthouses of Knowledge are a great for a low-income housing development in Chile, budget (of US$7500) was simply not enough to a valuable good.” example of social infrastructure. Job training, Elemental decided to build half a good house, build a whole house to middle-income standards. social welfare and educational programs and the basic foundations for the inhabitants “A key issue in the economical take off of So instead, they decided to build half a good are coordinated, and often supply labor to to fill in the rest. Since they wanted to maintain a poor family is the provision a physical house, and the basic foundations for the improve the city’s amenities or services, as density and guarantee a good street-frontage, space for the extensive family to develop. inhabitants to fill in the rest. Since they wanted well as education and income. Due to these they decided to go build on the lot line and go Multifamily lot occupancy is not just to maintain density and guarantee a good street- ‘Lighthouses’, Curitiba boasts one of the highest up rather than sideways, leaving vertical spaces incapacity to have one’s own house; it is frontage, they decided to go build on the lot literacy rates in the country. for residents to fill in in their own time. (This also also an economic device that provides line and go up rather than sideways, thereby meant that over time, houses would become the place for “the extensive family”, an leaving vertical spaces for residents to fill in in personalised as different people make different intermediate level of association that allows their own time. (This also meant that over time, kind of additions). Future inhabitants were asked gaining some economies of scale and a houses would become personalised as different to prioritise their own needs, such as choosing support network to survive under fragile people make different kind of additions). Future between bathtubs or geysers. economic conditions. In this case, we inhabitants were also asked to prioritise their introduced the collective space, conformed own needs, for example being allowed to choose by 20 families around a common property between the installation of a hot water geyser or with restricted access, that proved to be a bathtub, since both together were unaffordable. a way to successfully take urban living In the agency’s own words: beyond the private realm and ensure its “Instead of thinking in terms of a tiny unit maintenance and in the end, its value.” that will add more bedrooms in time, we designed a middle income house, out of which we were giving just a small part now. This meant a change in the standard of the design. Kitchens and bathrooms had to be designed for a final scenario of a 72 m2 house. Bathrooms should consider the

Photo 52. PHOTO 7. ELEMENTAL HOUSING PROJECT, CHILE Photo 50. PHOTO 9. ELEMENTAL_ Photo 53. PHOTO 8. FAROL DO SABER An incremental housing project that allows owners to PARAISOPOLIS Photo 51. PHOTO 10. MIXED-DENSITY, MIXED- A ‘Lighthouse of Knowledge’ containing a library, free gradually improve their property over time (above - 120 Houses Complex | Project: 2009 | Initial Built Area: USE DEVELOPMENT IN LANGA, CAPE TOWN internet, and the access point to social programmes before; below - after). 44 m2 per unit | Expanded house: 63 m² | Sao Paulo

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13.3.3. INFRASTRUCTURE The metabolism of Z-squared is one that THE Z-SQUARED STUDY FOR A follows the principles of industrial ecology, ZERO-CARBON ZERO-WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE ONE PLANET COMMUNITY IN maximising recycling of glass, paper, plastics LONDON MAPPED THE FLOWS SYSTEMS and metals, anaerobically digesting organic waste and sewage to produce biogas that can OF RESOURCES THROUGH THE ENABLING The aim of the Z-squared project team was to INSTITUTIONS be converted to energy in a CHP plant, nutrient- COMMUNITY; HEAT, COOL, POWER, develop a concept design for a zero carbon and rich digestate and fibre, and attracting clusters WATER, WASTEWATER, WASTE zero waste community (hence “Z-squared”) for of businesses that maximise resource efficiency – AND EVALUATED TECHNOLOGY up to 5,000 people for the Thames Gateway and energy use. In addition, a mix of renewable OPTIONS THAT COULD DELIVER regeneration area east of London. Where there energy technologies will be used to reduce are technical or commercial limits to achieving ZERO CARBON AND ZERO WASTE the continually increasing demand on local zero carbon and zero waste, the report outlines TO FORM NEW MATERIAL INPUTS infrastructure. the gap and identifies what is needed to achieve STREAMS RESULTING IN A CLOSED these targets over a given timescale. The objective is to create a thriving and LOOP SYSTEM. CROSSROADS successful new urban quarter, where people Z-squared, a mixed use, mixed tenure will want to live, work and enjoy leisure time. development is intended as a model One Planet The delivery of zero carbon and zero waste Living Community that provides homes, office objectives will work with this vision to produce an and light industry workspaces, shops, education, outstanding environment that: leisure, health and community facilities together with green open space. Z-squared aims to • Supports a successful, vibrant and integrated mix of homes, shops,

TOWN integrate a variety of residential, commercial and businesses, leisure facilities and other uses leisure uses, with most facilities within walking and activities; distance and efficient public transport and a car • Has its own clear and positive identity, that club, making it easier to live without owning a builds on the strengths of its surrounding car, following the “Compact City” form advocated context; in Cities for a Small Planet12. Many young • Has suitable size, scale, density and people and key workers are currently struggling layout to support other amenities in the to afford housing, car ownership and feed their neighbourhood, whilst minimising resource families. Z-squared aims to ensure that the – including land; local infrastructure is in place to enable these • Will contain high quality recreation facilities; people to enjoy a better quality of life, thereby INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE strengthening the fabric of society. • Is safe, secure and free of the fear of crime; • Supports centres of learning and training at Modern cities consume resources from all over all levels; the globe, with little thought as to where they • Gives priority to pedestrians, public Fig 124. A DIAGRAM OF THE Z-SQUARED INFRASTRUCTURE THAT WILL INCREASE RENEWABLE ENERGY originate or where the wastes end up. The linear transport and cycling,rather than cars; GENERATION AND DECREASE WASTE. flow of resources through our society sees raw • Has direct or close proximity to public materials extracted and processed into consumer

NATURAL NATURAL transport, linking it to urban, regional and

RESOURCES goods which ultimately end up as waste, 75% of rural centres; which currently ends up in landfill sites; food is • Has a high quality, attractive and successful imported, consumed and discharged as sewage public realm of streets and spaces that with little recovery of nutrients. This linear model are well-designed, safe to use and easy to of production, consumption and discharge is understand; unsustainable. • Is clean and well-maintained; “Cities will need to adopt circular metabolic • Has an integrated network of high quality systems to ensure their own long-term viability green spaces and green lanes that

AGRICULTURE and that of the rural developments on whose draws people into and through the area, sustained productivity they depend” (Girardet). Fig 123. THE Z-SQUARED CONCEPT DRAWING

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encourages activity and improves the At Kalundborg, steam and various “Everyone told us we were COMBINING INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS WITH appearance of the area and the quality of SOCIAL SOLUTIONS life of the people in it; raw materials such as sulphur, fly crazy. But within three months of ash and sludge are exchanged in launching the programme, , 70% • Provides for the economical, educational, While the right infrastructure is key, a holistic cultural, social and other needs of a diverse what is the world’s most elaborate of families were separating their approach to problem-solving can allow a single mix of residents; industrial ecosystem. garbage”. approach to solve many problems. Thus, • Provides a balanced and integrated mix of Curitiba managed to combine the need for more The participating firms each benefit economically residential accommodation of different types sustainable waste management with social from reduced costs for waste disposal, improved and tenures to support a range of household programmes that addressed homelessness, efficiencies of resource use and improved sizes, ages and incomes; unemployment, drug rehabilitation and poverty. environmental performance. • Has easy access to a diverse range of Furthermore, it was understood from the high quality local public facilities and beginning that the programme itself could not services, including education and training be viable if it was not embraced and owned opportunities, health care and community by the population at large. Accordingly, a and leisure; comprehensive campaign aimed at educating (adapted from Bioregional, 2004) school children (entailing radio, television, and INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY school activities) was launched at the same time as the recycling programme. By getting The exchange of ‘wastes’/commodities between buy-in from the children, three months after the independent firms in some sectors has been “Garbage That launch of the campaign, 70% of families were taking place for over a century, simply because it Is Not Garbage” participating in the programme by separating makes good business sense. The establishment Curitiba’s recycling programme. their waste. of ‘industrial ecosystems,’ however, is a relatively new phenomenon, with one of the best known Curitiba launched a comprehensive recycling A similarly creative approach has been taken example being located in Kalundborg, Denmark. policy that started with encouraging residents by a South African NGO initiative, the Swap An industrial ecosystem has been established to separate waste for recycling and expanded Shop, that allows children to trade recyclebable in this town, which involves an oil refinery, a to a host of programmes including exchanging materials for snacks, toys and educaitonal gypsum factory, a pharmaceutical firm, a fish garbage in low-income communities for fruit, materials. Throughout the week, children are farm, a coal-fired electrical power station and the vegetables and bus passes; an innovative encouraged to collect and sort recyclable “litter” municipality of Kalundborg, among others. recycling education plan aimed at school within their neighbourhood. Once a week, Children collect recyclable children bring in their collections where material At Kalundborg, steam and various raw materials children; and the employment of homeless material in their community and is weighed and the child receives a ticket such as sulphur, fly ash and sludge are people and recovering drug addicts in the bearing points based on the quantities they have exchanged in what is the world’s most elaborate trade it for snacks, toys and recycling station, as part of a rehabilitation collected. From there, they go to the “shop” industrial ecosystem. The participating firms educational materials www. programme focussing on skills-building. where they can “buy” items with their points. On each benefit economically from reduced costs for swop-shop.za.net their way out, all children receive a nutritional waste disposal, improved efficiencies of resource The Recycle Swop Shop snack regardless of the amount of recycling they use and improved environmental performance. (Hermanus, Western Cape) brought in. Every aspect of the RSS process For example, gas captured from the oil refinery, plays a developmental role in the children’s which had previously been flared off, is now sent lives. Through sorting, counting, calculating, to the electrical power station which expects to weighing, budgeting, saving and banking points, save the equivalent of 30,000 tonnes of coal a the children are being introduced to educational year. processes and valuable life skills that are (National Waste Management Strategy, practiced and reinforced in a practical manner. Annexure G, RSA 2004)

Photo 54. WASTE SORTING FACILITY, CURITIBA, BRAZIL

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13.3.4. NATURAL RESOURCES “Since the 90s, the parks Curitiba had a problem with low-income and Since this plan/programme was first informal housing located in floodplains. Unable to implemented, over 1.5 million trees have been CURITIBA’S PARK PROGRAMME: PROTECTING encouraged tourists to stay longer in Curitiba - before it was just implement expensive engineering solutions, an planted by the city, and the ratio of open space to AND ENHANCING NATURAL ASSETS alternative strategy was attempted - relocating inhabitant has increased from 0.5 square meters a overnight stop between North all the homes in flood-prone areas and turning to 52 square meters per person - one of the ENABLING Curitiba took an innovative approach to green INSTITUTIONS and South. After, tourists spent on the land into seasonal parks that flood over rainy highest averages of green space per inhabitant space and flood control too. Numerous small average three nights instead of periods while keeping natural ecosystems intact. among urban areas worldwide. rivers run through the city’s urban area, and just one.” flooding has been a seasonal problem since This turned flooding from the city’s largest DEVELOPING RESPONSIBLY: encroachment into the floodplain began. Typical problem to its biggest asset, with per-capita A POSITIVE URBAN EDGE engineering solutions - such as channelising green space shifting from 0.5m2 to 55m2; an Adelaide, Australia and Graff Reinet, Eastern the rivers or creating drainage systems - merely asset protected and maintained by a combination Cape, South Africa are relevant precedent to transferred the problem to other areas, so a more of municipal agencies and community both understand the structure of Kokstad, and holistic approach was sought. The solution that organisations, and with a multiplier effect

CROSSROADS when considering an approach to sustainable was found worked not only because it addressed throughout all spheres - social, environmental, growth and development of the town. the problem of flooding, but because social and financial, and even economic. environmental needs were all incorporated into All three settlements respond positively to their the response. river systems, using the river course to structure the layout of the settlement. The edge treatment Land within the floodplains were reclaimed and of both Adelaide and Graaf Reinet represent a transformed into parks, which were protected sustainable approach to place making, locating

TOWN and maintained by a municipal corporation appropriate land uses (i.e. sports fields and (called the ‘Green Guards’), while programmes large parks) between the built edge and the were rolled out to encourage community sensitive riverine environment. This approach responsibility for care and maintenance. “You see, the houses round the limits inappropriate intrusive and insensitive Accordingly, the Boy Scout Bicycle Watch park increased in value, and hence development on the edge of towns, and patrolled the parks to look out protect both park reinforces urbanity and the natural landscape, and users, while local schools were actively land and property taxes increased. while protecting the place-making elements and encouraged to use the parks to promote So the money collected in rates the setting of the town. knowledge about them and about ecological and taxes have paid for these principles. Where budgets ran short, creativity parks many times over. “ The green system of Adelaide also serves to was substituted for financial resources - such as integrate a dispersed settlement, something INFRASTRUCTURE utilising flocks of sheep instead of lawnmowers that could be implemented in Kokstad to unify to keep lawns short. and consolidate the different part of the town. The green space in Adelaide is a focus for communal facilities such as sport fields, parks, concert venues, botanic gardens, memorials and related education facilities (i.e. environmental NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL NATURAL centre and aquatic centre etc), and in Kokstad RESOURCES RESOURCES could be used to respond to local needs such as communal food production and agricultural training. Photo 56. PHOTO 12. BARIQUI PARK IN CURITIBA Curitiba’s policy of using floodplains as parks - and their creative solutions for managing parks on light budgets - mean that Curitiba residents have access to some Photo 55. CURITIBA’S PLANNERS AND of the most extensive and highest quality urban green Fig 125. M2 OF GREEN SPACE PER PERSON IN ENGINEERS TALK ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES THEIR space networks in the world - not bad for a small city in AGRICULTURE CITIES OF THE WORLD PARKS HAVE BROUGHT THEIR CITY. a developing country!

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CITIES AND TOWNS THAT CONNECTING AND INTEGRATING SPECIAL SUCCESFULLY MANAGE AND AND NATURAL SPACES: THE IMPORTANCE OF DESIGN THEIR INTERFACES BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS WITH NATURAL FEATURES (SUCH Environmental services of biodiversity corridors AS RIVERS, PARKS AND THE include: SURROUDING COUNTRYSIDE), • reduced flooding, INCREASE THE QUALITY OF THEIR • reduced soil erosion, URBAN ENVIRONMENT. • improved water quality, • increased water quantity, • groundwater recharge, • bank stabilization, and

Photo 59. KOKSTAD - URBAN NATURE INTERFACE • improved air quality. Photo 57. ACTIVE USE OF RIVERLANDS

Fig 126. F IG 11. NATURAL CONNECTIVITY SHOULD BE MAINTAINED OR RESTORED

Photo 60. GRAAF-REINET - URBAN NATURE INTERFACE

Photo 58. CREATE APPROPRIATE BIODIVERSITY Photo 61. ADELAIDE - URBAN NATURE INTERFACE CORRIDORS

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13.3.5. AGRICULTURE “We’re fighting the concept that the state is a THE BELO-HORIZONTE FOOD Goals terrible, incompetent administrator,” Adriana To create new channels of affordable access to BUILDING A LOCAL CULTURE OF FOOD IN BELO explained. “We’re showing that the state doesn’t PROGRAMME healthy food HORIZONTE, BRAZIL have to provide everything, it can facilitate. It can create channels for people to find solutions “TO SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS TO To prioritise local producers in government ENABLING Belo, a city of 2.5 million people, once had INSTITUTIONS themselves.” purchases and selling initiatives to support 11 percent of its population living in absolute HUNGER MEANS TO ACT WITHIN THE family-agriculture and local livelihoods poverty, and almost 20 percent of its children (adapted from Lappe, 2009 on http://www. PRINCIPLE THAT THE STATUS OF going hungry. Then in 1993, a newly elected yesmagazine.org/issues/food-for-everyone/the- To make food programs universally accessible to city-that-ended-hunger) A CITIZEN SURPASSES THAT OF A administration declared food a right of reduce the stigma of poverty citizenship. The officials said, in effect: If you are MERE CONSUMER.” Strategies / Concepts too poor to buy food in the market—you are no less a citizen. I am still accountable to you. CITY OF BELO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL Integrate logistics and supply chains of the entire food system

CROSSROADS The new mayor, Patrus Ananias—now leader of the federal anti-hunger effort—began by creating Tie local producers directly to consumers to a city agency, which included assembling a reduce food prices and increase sovereignty 20-member council of citizen, labor, business, Use government purchases to stimulate local, and church representatives to advise in the diversified agricultural production design and implementation of a new food system. The city already involved regular citizens Educate the population about food security and

TOWN directly in allocating municipal resources—the good nutrition “participatory budgeting” that started in the 1970s Regulate markets on selected produce to and has since spread across Brazil. During the guarantee the right to healthy, high-quality food first six years of Belo’s food-as-a-right policy, to all of its citizens perhaps in response to the new emphasis on food security, the number of citizens engaging To built trust in government through commitment in the city’s participatory budgeting process to high quality and a vision of ‘food with dignity’ doubled to more than 31,000.

The city agency developed dozens of innovations to assure everyone the right to food, Photo 62. BELO HORIZONTE VEGETABLE

INFRASTRUCTURE especially by weaving together the interests of MARKET farmers and consumers. It offered local family farmers dozens of choice spots of public space on which to sell to urban consumers, essentially redistributing retailer mark-ups on produce— which often reached 100 percent—to consumers and the farmers. Farmers’ profits grew, since NATURAL NATURAL

RESOURCES there was no wholesaler taking a cut. And poor people got access to fresh, healthy food.

Another product of food-as-a-right thinking is three large, airy “People’s Restaurants” (Restaurante Popular), plus a few smaller venues, that daily serve 12,000 or more people using mostly locally grown food for the equivalent of less than 50 cents a meal. Fig 127. FIG 12. BELO HORIZONTE FOOD AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Photo 63. BELO HORIZONTE PUBLIC RESTAURANT PROGRAMME: RESULTS

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KWAXOLO CHICKENS (Hibiscus Coast “CONTRACT GROWING CAN DIVERSIFYING SCALES OF PRODUCTION: Small-scale farmers need to make smaller, more Municipality) KWAXOLO CHICKEN FARMS frequent deliveries to markets, which pushes up PROVIDE LOW-RISK, EFFECTIVE AND transportation costs substantially. In addition, A chicken production and processing facility EMPOWERING MARKET LINKAGES KwaXolo Chickens, situated in KwaXolo, outside they pay about R5,50 per day-old chick, while that contracts small-scale farmers to supply its FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS WHO Port Edward in KZN, consists of an R8,6 million commercial farmers pay about R2,75 per day- broilers. abattoir and processing facility run by a youth FIND IT DIFFICULT TO MARKET old chick as they buy in bulk. The same applies Strategy co-operative, the KwaXolo Processing Primary to feed and input purchases. While small-scale THEIR PRODUCE.” Co-operative Limited (KPPCL), which contracts farmers can’t compete directly with large-scale To increase skills levels, create jobs and small-scale farmers to supply broilers to the farmers due to economies of scale, institutional increase food security through co-operative facility. KwaXolo currently processes between arrangements – like contract growing and buying farming enterprises. While small-scale farmers DR. ROETS 300 birds per day and 600 birds per day, and is inputs in bulk – can help. can’t compete directly with large-scale farmers working toward its capacity of 2 000 per day. due to economies of scale, institutional KwaXolo Chickens uses a contractual growing arrangements – like contract growing and buying The facility provides an opportunity for small- system, which means the farmer’s market is set, inputs in bulk – can help. scale farmers to participate in the local economy. so there are no unsold birds or wasted costs From as few as 50 birds every eight weeks, associated with growing unwanted birds. Dr these farmers can eventually scale up their Roets says, “Contract growing can provide low- operations, provided the central facility and their risk, effective and empowering market linkages farms are run efficiently. for small-scale farmers who find it difficult to Whereas standard commercial broilers are market their produce.” To achieve economies of commonly slaughtered at 1,8kg to 1,9kg between scale, the central facility manages bulk ordering the 33-day mark and 35-day mark, these farmers and delivery of day-old chicks, bedding material, must grow birds to 2,8kg at 49 days. Scientific feed and medicine to the broiler producers. Roets managing director Dr Merida Roets, These costs are deducted from the bill paid to explains, “Because they’re small- scale, farmers each broiler producer on delivery (and weighing) are able to pay keen attention to detail. Their of the birds. training has taught them about biosecurity and they feed the chickens properly and know how Dr Roets says the retail sector also has a role to manage environmental conditions. This helps to play – “it can contribute to transformation them achieve good growth rates.” by expanding the volume of goods procured Photo 64. KWAXOLO CHICKENS Once processed, the birds are sold fresh whole, from black farmers through enterprises such as or frozen whole, and a small range of value- these.” added items like crumbed breasts, chicken - Adapted from ‘Buy in Needed for Success’ by sausages and flatties are produced. KwaXolo Robyn Joubert (Farmer’s Weekly, 16/09/2011) delivers to a number of retail outlets and tuck shops along the south coast, including some Spars.

But like many fledgling businesses, KwaXolo’s abattoir is constrained by cash-flow, and a lack of commitment from suppliers and buyers alike. Currently, the abattoir isn’t slaughtering every day, as there’s uncertainty about the market for the processed goods. Dependent on the abattoir’s productivity, the salaries of KPPCL’s members vary from as little as R300 per month Photo 65. KWAXOLO CHICKENS ABATTOIR to R1 300 per month.

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13.4. ANNEXURE D: Area Area Dwelling Population Unit POPULATION GROWTH m2 Ha No. No. ACCOMMODATED IN THE PLAN KOKSTAD Medium density intensification area existing density 1670313 167 668 2 098 Medium density intensification are proposed density 1670313 167 4176 13 112

Target gross base density (du/ha) 14,0 Newly accommodated dwellings / population 3 508 11 014 High density intensification area existing density 875333 88 350 1 099 Target high density (du/ha) 35 High density intensification area proposed density 875333 88 2188 6 871 Target medium density (du/ha) 25 Newly accommodated dwellings / population 1 838 5 772

Target low density (du/ha) 10 Additional population achieved through infill and densification 16 786 Average household size 3,14

FRANKLIN KOKSTAD existing population 30 524 Medium density intensification area existing density 122785 12 49 154 FRANKLIN existing population 977 Medium density intensification area proposed density 122785 12 307 964 Newly accommodated dwellings / population 258 810

Additional population achieved through infill and densification 810

Table.33. INPUT PARAMETERS FOR POPULATION CALCULATIONS Table.35. POTENTIAL POPULATION TO BE ACCOMMODATED THROUGH DENSIFICATION

Area Area Dwelling Population Difference Area Area Dus Population High Medium Low Unit density density density m2 Ha No. No. No. m2 Ha No. No. % % % KOKSTAD KOKSTAD Existing Gross Base Urban Area 12 969 481 1 297 18 157 57 014 26 490 Around the Green Heart Park 161 464 16 565 1 774 100% 0% 0% Proposed Gross Base Urban Area 17 206 848 1 721 24 090 75 641 45 117 Mamiesa & Southern Gateway 1 036 642 104 2 075 6 516 0% 67% 33% Proposed Settlement Containment Edge 19 654 664 1 965 27 517 86 402 55 878 R-56 972 508 97 1 859 5 837 10% 44% 46% St Patrick’s - Shayamoya Link 460 959 46 1 152 3 619 0% 100% 0%

FRANKLIN Bosman Farm 182 331 18 182 573 0% 0% 100% Existing Gross Base Urban Area 571 469 57 800 2 512 1 535 Shayamoya-Bhongweni Link 313 132 31 783 2 458 0% 100% 0% Proposed Gross Base Urban Area 1 188 412 119 1 664 5 224 4 247 Total 3 127 036 313 6 617 20 776 8% 61% 31% Proposed Settlement Containment Edge 1 188 412 119 1 664 5 224 4 247 FRANKLIN Between the R617 and the existing town 188 176 19 659 2 068 100% 0% 0% Total 188 176 19 659 2 068 100% 0% 0%

Table.34. POTENTIAL POPULATION THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED AT A TARGET GROSS BASE DENSITY OF Table.36. POTENTIAL POPULATION TO BE ACCOMMODATED THROUGH NEW DEVELOPMENTS 14DU/HA

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KOKSTAD Existing population 30 524 New population achieved through densification 16 786 Sub total - 47 310 Gross base density (du/ha) 12 New population accommodated within new developments 20 776 Total - Population accommodated in development plan 68 098 Gross base density (du/ha) 13

FRANKLIN Existing population 977 New population achieved through densification 810 Sub total - 1 787 Gross base density (du/ha) 10 New population accommodated within new developments 2 068 Total - Population accommodated in development plan 3 865 Gross base density (du/ha) 10

Table.37. TOTAL POTENTIAL POPULATION THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED

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13.5. ANNEXURE E: STREETS

Fig 128. MAIN STREET EXISTING

Fig 129. MAIN STREET [PROPOSED ACTIVITY STREET] MAIN STREET • 6.5m wide sidewalks for pedestrians and traders on either side of the street, with Main Street is a busy and vibrant existing street 1.5m of sheltered, unobstructed walking that runs north-south through the centre of space directly adjacent to the building line Kokstad Central. It is bustling with traders, and • 2m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS) very well connected to the existing commercial • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel centre and taxi rank, but space for pedestrians parking on either side of the street and traders is limited, and there are no facilities • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, for traders. separated from the street and protected The plan proposes to upgrade Main Street into from the parking lanes by a physical barrier an activity street by removing two traffic lanes or SuDS (or as per recommendations for Class 2 cycling lanes) to increase space for bicycles, pedestrians and traders. It is recommended that the proposed street upgrading incorporates the following:

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Fig 130. NKULULEKO STREET EXISTING Fig 132. TYPICAL 6M STREET EXISTING

Fig 131. NKULULEKO STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] Fig 133. TYPICAL 6M STREET PROPOSAL NKULULEKO STREET • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel TYPICAL 6M STREET IN SHAYAMOYA cyclists, but still allows slow speed vehicular parking on either side of the street traffic. Vehicles are slowed by the narrowness Nkululeko Street is an existing street that runs • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, The typical 6m street is the dominant street of the street, and by clear indication through north-south through the west side of Bhongweni. integrated into the street between the typology in Shayamoya. It is a narrow, low quality signage and traffic calming measures. It is wide and under-utilised with low density vehicular lanes and the parallel parking (as street usually with no sidewalk at all. residential on either side. per recommendations for a Class 3 cycling lane) The plan proposes to upgrade the typical 6m The plan proposes to upgrade Nkululeko Street streets, even where they are not specifically • Permeable surfaces within the entire road into a park street, running through an area designated as activity or green streets, into real reserve earmarked for densification as part of the plan. ‘complete streets’, thereby demonstrating that It is recommended that the proposed street narrow streets can be very high quality public upgrading incorporates the following: environments.

• 3m wide sidewalks for pedestrians on either It is recommended that the proposed street side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed upgrading transforms these streets into 6m-wide walking space directly adjacent to the shared surface mixed use environments which building line can be used safely by pedestrians, children and • 3m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS)

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Fig 134. ELLIOT STREET EXISTING Fig 136. BARKER STREET EXISTING

Fig 135. ELLIOT STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] Fig 137. BARKER STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET]

ELLIOT STREET • 7.5m wide sidewalk for pedestrians on one BARKER STREET • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel side of the street, with intense tree planing, parking on one side of the street and 1.5m of ubostructed walking space Elliot Street is an existing street that runs north- Barker Street is an existing street that runs east- • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, directly adjacent to the building line south up the west side of Kokstad Central. west through Kokstad Central and the historic integrated into the street between the • 4m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS) town centre. vehicular lanes and the parallel parking (as The plan proposes to upgrade Elliot Street into per recommendations for a Class 3 cycling • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel a park street, connecting the proposed eco- The plan proposes to upgrade Barker Street into lane) industrial precinct with major sporting facilities parking on either side of the street a park street, connecting Kokstad Central with • Permeable surfaces within the entire road along its length, culminating in the golf course. • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, Bhongweni. It is recommended that the proposed reserve It is recommended that the proposed street integrated into the street between the street upgrading incorporates the following: vehicular lanes and the parallel parking (as upgrading incorporates the following: • 2.5m wide sidewalks for pedestrians per recommendations for a Class 3 cycling on either side of the street, with 1.5m • 3m wide sidewalks for pedestrians on one lane) side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed of unobstructed walking space directly walking space directly adjacent to the • Permeable surfaces within the entire road adjacent to the building line reserve building line • 1m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS)

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Fig 138. MNYAIZA /MOYANA STREET EXISTING AND THE DISUSED RAIL TRACKS

Fig 139. MNYAIZA /MOYANA STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] AND THE PROPOSED RAIL-TRAIL

MNYAIZA/MOYANA STREET RAIL-TRAIL The upgrading should incorporate intensive landscaping (including SuDS), and furniture, Mnyaiza/Moyana Street is an existing street that The currently disused rail-tracks connect lighting and so on to make the route safe and runs on the east side of Bongweni. Kokstad to Franklin, 25km away, and run around convenient to use. and through the east and south of Kokstad town. The plan proposes to upgrade Mnyaiza/Moyana Street into a park street. It is recommended that The plan proposes to upgrade the existing the proposed street upgrading incorporates the disused railway station precincts connecting following: Kokstad and Franklin into heritage-tourism • 3m wide sidewalks for pedestrians on either destinations, connected by a non-motorised side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed transport and tourism route - the Rail-Trail. It is walking space directly adjacent to the recommended that the proposed upgrading of building line the rail-tracks allows flexibility so that the track • 3m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS) can be used by hybrid bikes, mountain bikes and a potential rail-bike, a prototype of which has • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel been built by Durban University. parking on one side of the street

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Fig 142. MURRAY STREET EXISTING

Fig 140. MURRAY STREET [PROPOSED ACTIVITY STREET] Fig 141. MURRAY STREET [PROPOSED GREEN STREET] MURRAY STREET • 8m wide sidewalk on one side of the street, for pedestrians and traders where it is an Murray Street is an existing street that runs activity street, and for intensive tree planting north-south up the east side of Kokstad Central and street furniture for pedestrians where it is a green street and then connects across the proposed Green Heart Park into Shayamoya, extending along the • 4m for sustainable drainage controls (SuDS) southern edge of Shayamoya. • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel parking on either side of the street The plan proposes to upgrade Murray Street into a green street within Kokstad Central and • 1.5m wide bicycle lanes in both directions, an activity street within Shayamoya. The 28m integrated into the street between the road reserve therefore needs to accommodate vehicular lanes and the parallel parking (as per recommendations for a Class 3 cycling a variety of uses and activities along its length. lane) It is recommended that the proposed street upgrading incorporates the following: • 3m wide sidewalk for pedestrians on one side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed walking space directly adjacent to the building line

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Fig 143. THE AVENUE EXISTING

Fig 144. THE AVENUE [PROPOSED COMPOSITE GREEN-ACTIVITY STREET] THE AVENUE • Intensive tree planting and street furniture for pedestrians throughout the ‘park’ The Avenue is the extension of the R56 as it • Minimum 4m for sustainable drainage comes into Kokstad, and as a result it has a wide controls (SuDS) under-utilised road-reserve. This road-reserve • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel has become something of a ‘park’ and is used parking on the south side of the street for festivals, and as such this use should be • 3m wide bicycle lane (1.5m in either protected and enhanced. direction), through the ‘park’ The plan proposes to upgrade the Avenue • 6m wide shared surface lane on the north into a composite green / activity street. It side of the street for pedestrian, vehicular is recommended that the proposed street and bicycle access to the properties fronting upgrading incorporates the following: onto the park • 2.5m wide sidewalk for pedestrians on either side of the street, with 1.5m of unobstructed walking space directly adjacent to the building line

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Fig 145. DOWER / NKQUBELA STREET EXISTING

Fig 146. DOWER / NKGUBELA STREET [PROPOSED ACTIVITY STREET] DOWER STREET

Dower Street is an existing street that connects from the historic centre into Bhongweni, pass the taxi and bus rank.

The plan proposes to upgrade Dower Street into an activity street. It is recommended that the proposed street upgrading incorporates the following: • 5m wide sidewalk for pedestrians and traders on one side of the street, with 1.5m of sheltered, unobstructed walking space directly adjacent to the building line • 3m wide sidewalk for pedestrians on one side of the street, with 1.5m of sheltered, unobstructed walking space directly adjacent to the building line • 2 traffic lanes in either direction, with parallel parking on one side of the street

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13.6. ANNEXURE F: SETTLEMENT does not have the required Urban Re-structuring PHASE 1: LAND, SERVICES AND TOWNSHIP Projects can be planned and developed in two Zone (URZ) however application can be made to PROCLAMATION phases. The first phase encompassing planning, RESPONSE PROGRAMME EXPANDED have URZ’s designated. land acquisition, township establishment and The first phase entails planning, land acquisition, INTRODUCTION PROGRAMME COMPONENTS providing serviced residential stands in a variety township establishment and the provision of of price categories as well as stands for other PROGRAMME FOCUS AND AIMS The programme proposes that the GKM commits serviced residential and other land use stands land uses to ensure a holistic and sustainable to ensure a sustainable integrated community. The desired outcome of the Settlement to three sub-programmes and projects: community. In the second phase houses are Currently, the funding available for this Phase Response Programme is sustainable settlement 1. New integrated neighbourhoods constructed for qualifying housing beneficiaries is R 23 403 per unit, of which R 3 834 is for growth. Residential development in Kokstad and the sale of stands to non-qualifying • Pursue the R56 Integrated Sustainable professional fees and R 19 569 for internal roads and Franklin is an opportunity to restructure beneficiaries and to commercial interests etc. is Settlement Project as a pilot, and include a and services. undertaken. the form of the settlements as a whole, through mix of uses, typologies, tenure, and delivery the creation of high quality sustainable living PHASE 2: HOUSING CONSTRUCTION: INDIVIDUAL agents. In summary, the Integrated Residential environments that are integrated; provide OWNERSHIP OPTIONS. • Plan new IDRP Project(s) within the existing Development Programme (IRDP) provides for a equitable access to opportunities and amenity; urban footprint. Use the R56 concept as The second phase comprises the house phased approach to provide for: are diverse and locally appropriate; and are a reference. Package these parcels as construction phase for qualifying housing compact and efficient, optimizing natural, A. Land acquisition where required; one phased IRDP project even though the subsidy beneficiaries and the sale of stands to financial, infrastructure and human resources at B. Township planning and municipal parcels are not contiguous. (Areas linking non-qualifying beneficiaries and to commercial all scales. Shayamoya and Bhongweni to Old Town engineering services design; interests etc. Currently the subsidy available and sites alongside R56 to Franklin) The current need for new residential provision for qualifying beneficiaries is R 58 825 and an C. The provision of municipal engineering services to all the stands where no and improved access to a diverse range of • Review current planned/approved projects additional “variation allowance” up to a maximum in order to improve their sustainability alternative funds are available; accommodation, in terms of form, tenure and of 20% for site conditions, location, etc. can be as well as the sustainability of the town. affordability, parallel with the imperative of granted making a maximum of R 70 590. D. Township establishment; Explore the feasibility of PPP arrangement containing the development footprint, gives that allows the GKM to apply for IRDP The IRDP programme provides a tool to plan E. The sale of the stands not identified for rise to a response that is essentially about funding. (developer puts in the raw land and and develop integrated settlements that include subsidised housing created in the township; intensification. gets a portion of serviced land out). all the necessary land uses and housing types and and price categories to become a truly integrated F. The construction of houses by registered The key interventions identified for this The funding options available for these projects community. contractors for housing subsidy programme are grouped as 3 sub-programmes are: beneficiaries who chose contractor built that include seven capital investment projects The Programme in particular provides for Integrated Residential Development Project houses. This can be achieved through a and three support initiatives that are institutional planning and developing an integrated project, variety of contracting options. or operational in nature. (IRDP) Programme from Department of Human providing for the housing, social and economic Settlements (DoHS) Where the need has been identified for the POLICY CONTEXT needs of different income categories. It does construction of rental housing on the stands Until some time ago, the subsidy instruments away with the requirement found in other created through the IRDP and or where The opportunity for re-structuring the spatial form available for the development of Greenfields policy programmes to identify subsidised housing recipients up front and provides for beneficiaries elect to construct their own houses of post-apartheid SA (including in Kokstad), has projects were limited as funding was only both subsidised, as well as finance linked through the People’s Housing Process, the so far, largely been missed, however the RDP applicable to projects where all beneficiaries housing, social and rental housing, commercial, rules applicable to those specific programmes mechanism has been replaced by the Integrated were subsidy qualifiers. Residential Development Programme (IRDP) institutional and other land uses to be developed. will apply to projects to be undertaken in the The Integrated Residential Development township. mechanism. This provides for the development Owing to the holistic planning and development Programme replaced the Project Linked Subsidy of sites within a project for income groups that approach, the instrument also provides for This programme is ideally suited to large Programme. The IRDP programme provides fall outside of the subsidy affordability bands, as substantial economies of scale to be realised. Greenfields projects such as the R56 where it for planning and development of integrated well as non-residential sites. Integration is achieved through the provision of is intended to develop a truly integrated new housing projects. Projects can be planned and both bonded and subsidised housing in a mix The current KZN strategy indicates a policy suburb. developed in phases and provides for a holistic appropriate to the projects location, which in turn shift from delivery of numbers and ownership, development orientation. lends itself to facilitating inclusionary housing MIG FUNDING to sustainability, with emphasis on rental as a development (which requires a certain number strategy for achieving this. Kokstad does not MIG funding is essential on large Greenfields of affordable housing units to be delivered in any currently qualify for social housing funding as it projects, such as the R56. Depending on the residential development).

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY THE CITY THINK SPACE TEAM 187 budgets available to Sisonke District Municipality • Facilitate new Private Rental development proposed projects” in the KZN Rental Strategy the subsidies, usually by way of a loan from a (water and sanitation) and GKM (roads and within IRPD projects, including the R56 which was commissioned by SHRA on behalf of financial institution. stormwater), it could be possible to provided project. Make parcels of land available on the KZN DoHS. The location of this site and site Social Housing projects can only be undertaken bulk and internal roads and services to the condition the housing remains rental for a conditions appear suitable for a CRU project. within Urban Restructuring Zones (URZ). Thus R56 project using MIG and IRDP funding, as reasonable period. CRU subsidy amount: The last update on the Social Housing projects should be developed in this is being achieved elsewhere in KZN. The • Apply for urban re-structuring zones to amounts was done in 2009, and the maximum areas that promote restructuring. Restructuring design of the township is critical in achieving the enable Social Housing and engage with amount available is about R 8 000 per sq.m. for via social housing seeks to achieve three main correct densities and allocating costs to the MIG potential SHI’s to co-develop feasibility 3-storey walk-ups. dimensions of restructuring: elements. studies SOCIAL HOUSING PROGRAMME • Spatial restructuring by bringing lower NER FUNDING • Re-develop existing Community Residential Units sites in Bhongweni, Shayamoya and income (and often disadvantaged) people The Social Housing Programme seeks to provide into areas where there are major economic NER funding is critical on all projects but more so perhaps a new site in Franklin a rental or co-operative housing options for low opportunities (both with respect to jobs on new Greenfields projects as this will cover the The funding options available for these projects income persons at a level of scale and built and consumption) and from which they provision of reticulation throughout the township. are: form which requires institutional management would otherwise be excluded because Funding is made available in phases and will COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL UNITS (CRU) and which is to be provided by accredited of the dynamics of the land market on only be released once the house construction PROGRAMME social housing institutions and in designated the one hand and the effects of land use process is started on any phase. planning instruments such as large-lot restructuring zones. OTHER GOVERNMENT FUNDING The Community Residential Units programme zoning (minimum erf sizes). This it should be stressed is the primary meaning of aims to facilitate the provision of secure, stable The target market is households earning spatial restructuring as it used in social Again this funding is critical on IRDP projects rental tenure for lower income persons. The between R 1 500 and say R 12 000 per month, to ensure that a truly integrated township is i.e. people who wish to rent and those who housing policy. Indirectly social housing programme provides a coherent framework for as understood here contributes to spatial provided with the appropriate social and other need to rent as they do not qualify for a subsidy dealing with the many different forms of existing restructuring by increasing densities and amenities. to purchase a house and cannot obtain loan public sector residential accommodation. The compacting growth thereby ensuring that PRIVATE SECTOR previous allocation methodology for hostels only finance for this purpose. the poor are not pushed out to marginal considered a “per-bed” approach which was not Projects are implemented and owned by Social locations at the edge of the city. Private Sector funding will be required on IRDP always favourable. Public stock was also not Housing Institutions which must be accredited by • Social restructuring by promoting a mix of and Social Housing projects, and will be required dealt with decisively and comprehensively. the Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA). race and classes. for FLISP. The CRU programme targets low income Subsidies available are: • Economic restructuring by promoting On IRDP projects, private sector funding will be persons and households earning below R3500 spatial access to economic opportunity and required to enable the “Gap” housing market to per month who are not able to be accommodated Capital restructuring Grant (National): R 125 615 promoting job creation via the multiplier be reached. At present, this is proving difficult in the formal private rental and social housing if the income split is 30% under R 3 500 and effect associated with building medium density housing stock. on projects driven by the private sector on market. The programme seeks to bridge the 70% over. For every % above 30% there is an privately owned land. However, on IRDP projects divide between social housing and lower markets additional R 749 per unit up to a maximum of The primary dimension of the meaning of where the Municipality is the Developer, the which posed a significant problem. 70% of subsidies for incomes under R 3 500 – restructuring is economic opportunity/access. land is often acquired by means of government the accepted best mix is 50/50. It should be used to open up areas which have funding and transferred to the Municipality. In The target market is households earning less Provincial Top-Up: The latest amounts apply major economic opportunities and from which these instances, the land cost has been fully than R 3 500 per month. The stock is owned for topstructure, i.e. R 58 825 plus variation poor people have been excluded or to protect subsidised and there are no “holding costs” by government, either Provincial or Local allowance up to a maximum of 20%. In some poor people from being displaced from areas and, if the IRDP funding and MIG funding is Government. In most cases Municipalities are provinces the subsidy of R 23 403 for planning with economic opportunity (e.g. inner cities sufficient to provide roads and services to an the developers and owners of this stock. and services applies. experiencing a revival of property values and appropriate level, it should be possible to make The subsidy available is on a rate per square where rents are escalating). sites available to non-qualifying beneficiaries meter basis depending on the intervention Total subsidy is around R 220 000 per unit. or private developers at cost which would be A restructuring zone should be motivated on required. The amount available is sufficient to The estimated cost for a mix of units ranging considerably lower that would be the case if the basis that it contributes to all three types of provide adequate rental family accommodation from 30 sq.m. to 45sqm is around R 300 000 per the private developer had bought the land and restructuring. Promotion of economic access of a robust and decent quality. unit. Therefore there will be a shortfall in funding serviced it. on its own is however not sufficient motivation. There is an existing CRU site in Bhongweni provided by DoHS and the SHI’s must provide RENTAL HOUSING So too is race and class mix (where social and this has been included in the “pipeline of any additional funding required over and above

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housing brings predominantly lower income URBAN DENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION The 2012 income category for the FLISP is people into higher income areas). Restructuring R3 501 to R15 000 per month. The quantum • Do detailed planning for densification of zones cannot be justified on the basis of spatial of the FLISP subsidy varies from R 87 000 for existing town, including changes to the morphology alone (i.e. it cannot be solely Town Planning Zoning Scheme to enable beneficiaries earning between R 3 501 and R motivated on the grounds that it contributes private sector densification development. 3 600 per month to R 10 050 for beneficiaries to changing the form of urban areas from low earning between R 14 901 and R 15 000 per density areas with low-rise single unit dwellings The Finance Linked Individual Subsidy month. It may be utilised to meet any deposit to higher density areas with medium-rise Programme (FLISP) provides a subsidy to requirements that may be imposed by the buildings). qualifying beneficiaries who have secured relevant financial institution and if the amount is mortgage finance to acquire an existing house enough for the deposit, the lender will not pay It is important to distinguish between or a vacant residential serviced stand linked to a any further deposit. “regeneration/urban renewal zones” and house construction contract. The objective of the “restructuring zones”. Many local authorities Programme is to reduce the initial mortgage loan The value of the property may not exceed the have identified “regeneration/urban renewal” amount to render the monthly loan repayment maximum property value set for the Programme areas and as a general rule these are poor installments affordable over the loan repayment as announced from time to time. The current areas in need of upliftment and investment. They term and/or to make good any shortfall between property value is set at R300 000, 00. may be areas with significant latent economic the qualifying loan amount and the total This programme will work well in conjunction potential but often they are not areas from which product price subject to the conditions of the with IRDP projects, such as the R56, or for poor people have been excluded by virtue of Programme. This group of people must satisfy densification of existing areas for GAP Housing. the operation of the land market. In a South the qualification criteria for the subsidy and the African context restructuring zones will often type of assistance may vary depending on a Alignment and integration with other coincide with nodes and corridors of economic beneficiary’s circumstances. programmes opportunity. Townships will not be restructuring This programme is closely aligned with all of areas although almost all will be regeneration This Programme intends to give effect to the the infrastructure programmes, and the Green areas. Of course there may be economic nodes Government’s objective to provide housing Building Programme. New settlement projects and corridors within or abutting townships which assistance to the gap market, assisting them to must take cognizance of these. It is also aligned could qualify as restructuring areas. enter the mortgagee housing market by providing a once off down payment scheme to individual with the Public Space, Street and Facility URZ’s have to be initiated by Municipality’s, households who are able to access mortgage Investment Programme, as well as the Localised approved by the Provincial DoHS and finance to acquire residential properties for the Economy Programme, which aim to improve designated by National Government. first time. In addition, persons who have acquired the long term sustainability of the whole town. The GKM’s Kokstad Integrated Sustainable At present, there are no approved URZ’s in vacant serviced stands without state assistance Settlements (KISS) Programme and the R56 Kokstad but they have identified parcels of land and who need assistance to access mortgage project are aligned with the intentions of this which have been included in the “pipeline of finances to fund the construction of their houses ISDP. proposed projects” in the KZN Rental Strategy may also apply for FLISP subsidies. which was commissioned by SHRA on behalf of The Programme provides individual subsidies the KZN DoHS. linked to the household income of the applicant Areas between the “townships” and town would and is subject to the approval of a mortgage be suitable for URZ’s. The R56 project proposal loan. All applicants must satisfy the qualification includes both Social Housing and CRU elements criteria to enable them access to the benefits of and the position of the R56 appears suitable for the Programme. Households will only be able to Social Housing. access one Finance Linked Individual Subsidy.

On Social Housing projects the private The FLISP subsidy will be a once-off subsidy, sector funding is required to supplement the to qualifying beneficiaries who will not qualify government funding which is normally not for any further or other state-assisted housing sufficient to provide rental housing stock at the assistance and is only available to a first time required standard. home owner.

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14. APPENDICES

The appendices listed below are available on the attached CD or upon request (admin@ citythinkspace.com):

1. Kokstad ISDP - Kokstad-Franklin Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand Analysis, FutureWorks (2012) 2. Kokstad ISDP - Results of a Municipal Services Financial Model for Greater Kokstad Local Municipality - Report, PDG (2012) 3. Kokstad ISDP - Results of a Municipal Services Financial Model for Greater Kokstad Local Municipality - Presentation, PDG (2012) 4. Kokstad ISDP - LED Analysis and Proposals, Lees & Associates (2012) 5. Kokstad ISDP - Proposed and Priority Project Sheets, CTS Team and Subcontractors (2012) 6. Kokstad ISDP – Green Ambassador Report, Meshfield (2012) 7. Kokstad ISDP - Stakeholder Engagement Records (DPA) 2012 8. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo - Human Settlement Desktop Evaluation, Lees & Associates (2012) 9. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo - Human Settlement Field Work Report, Lees & Associates (2012) 10. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo - Land Report Annexure, SSI (2012) 11. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo - Land Report, SSI (2012) 12. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo - Social Capital Report, Lees & Associates (2012) 13. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo – Infrastructure Desktop Analysis, SSI (2012) 14. Kokstad ISDP Status Quo: Economic Analysis, Focus Project Management (2012)

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