EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF HELMETED (Rhinoplax vigil) IN INDONESIA 2018-2028

© Y. Hadiprakarsa/Rangkong Indonesia

MAY 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THE HELMETED HORNBILL (Rhinoplax vigil) IN INDONESIA

2018-2028

DRAFTING TEAM Bambang Dahono Adji (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Ratna Kusuma Sari (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Agung Nugroho (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Sri Ratnaningsih (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati- KLHK), Desy Satya Chandradewi (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Arief Santosa (Direktorat Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan-KLHK), Dewi M. Prawiradilaga (Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Muhammad Irham (Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Nurul Winarni (Research Center of Climate Change Universitas Indonesia), Yeni A. Mulyani (Institut Pertanian Bogor), Yok Yok Hadiprakarsa (Rangkong Indonesia), Sofi Mardiah (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Andina Auria Dwiputri (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), William Marthy (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Hendry Pramono (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Ady Kristanto (Fauna & Flora International), Yoan Dinata (Zoological Society of London), Ria Saryanthi (Burung Indonesia), Ferry Hasudungan (Burung Indonesia), Novi Hardianto (Yayasan WWF Indonesia)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank various stakeholders who have been actively taking part in the development of SRAK Helmeted Hornbill Indonesia from the beginning to the end of the process, including Abdul Halim Ramli (cultural observer), Arief Mahmud (BBTNBKDS), Giyanto (Wildlife Conservation Society), Rahmad Saleh (BBTNGL), Sadtata Noor Adirahmanta (BKSDA Kalimantan Barat), Suer Suryadi (Researcher), Suhartono (KLHK), and Wilson Novarino (Universitas Andalas). We also would like to thank all government institutions, organizations, and companies who have been supporting and participating during the development of this document including Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Attorney General's Office, BAPPENAS, BAPPEDA Kapuas Hulu, BKSDA offices in Sumatra and Kalimantan, National Park management in Sumatra and Kalimantan, local government (Dinas Kehutanan) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Universitas Andalas, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah-Jakarta, Universitas Tanjung Pura-Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Research Center for Climate Change Universitas Indonesia, Burung Indonesia, Fauna and Flora International Indonesia Program, Himpunan Asosias Pengusaha Flora Fauna Indonesia, Kawan Burung Ketapang, PKBSI, Rangkong Indonesia, TFCA Kalimantan, USAID Bangun Indonesia Jaga Alam demi Keberlanjutan (USAID BIJAK), Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program, Yayasan Kehati, Yayasan Palung, Yayasan Planet Indonesia, Yayasan Titian, Yayasan WWF Indonesia, Zoological Society of London, PT. Asia Pulp and Paper Indonesia, PT. Astra Agro Lestari, PT. KSI WIlmar International Plantation, PT. Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper, PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, PT. SMART Tbk, PT. Suka Jaya Makmur, and PT. Wanasokan Hasilindo TABLE OF CONTENT

1. HELMETED HORNBILL IN INDONESIA: AN OVERVIEW ...... 5

1.1 THE HELMETED HORNBILL’S BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ...... 5 1.2 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICIES FRAMEWORKS ...... 5 2. THREATS IN CONSERVING THE HELMETED HORNBILL ...... 6

2.1 THREATS FACED IN HELMETED HORNBILL CONSERVATION...... 6 3. CONSERVATION MEASURES: THE ACTION PLAN AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR THE HELMETED HORNBILL IN INDONESIA ...... 8

3.1 THE HELMETED HORNBILL’S POPULATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT ...... 10 3.2 REGULATION AND POLICY ...... 11 3.3 PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION IN SUPPORTING HELMETED CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA ...... 13 3.4 COMMUNICATIONS AND COMMUNITY AWARENESS OF HELMETED HORNBILLS CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA ..... 14 3.5 FUNDING SUPPORT FOR HELMETED HORNBILLS CONSERVATION ...... 14 4. CONCLUSIONS ...... 15 5. REFERENCES ...... 16

1. Helmeted hornbill in Indonesia: an overview 1.1 The helmeted hornbill’s biological and ecological information The helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is a conservation icon of Asian tropical forests. Its distinctive and loud voice can be heard across the tropical forests of southern Thailand and Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo Islands. This species, along with other of Bucerotidae family, plays an important role in forest ecology as effective seed spreading agent, disseminating various types of fruit seeds far away from the parent tree with its extensive flying range (Kinnaird, 1998; Kinnaird & O'Brien, 2005; Kitamura, 2011). Morphologically, the helmeted hornbill is easily recognized as it has a relatively large body with middle tail feathers longer than the rest, resembling a ribbon. Unlike the other hornbills, this type of hornbill is also known to have a distinctive casque made of keratin with no blood vessels, rendering it hard and solid (Gamble, 2007; Kinnaird & O'Brien, 2007). With its unique characteristic of violet yellow and red color blend and softer than elephant’s ivory, the casque has been targeted for its decorative quality since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century. In addition to its ecological functions, the helmeted hornbill also has special cultural values among Indonesians, especially the Dayak tribe people in Kalimantan. In West Kalimantan province, the is considered as a token of pride that symbolizes courage and greatness of the Dayaks. While among the local people in Lampung, the southernmost province of Sumatra, this species is said to symbolize greatness and leadership. Even though the helmeted hornbill has various ecological functions and high cultural values, the data and information on its population in Indonesia to date is very limited. There are only six locations on the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra where its population density has been reported i.e. the Kutai National Parks, Barito Ulu, International Timber Corporation Indonesia in East Kalimantan, Hutan Harapan - Jambi, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP)-Lampung, as well as the Province of Lampung as a whole. However, different estimating protocols made density data in these two islands difficult to confirm. Furthermore, the densities of this bird species are significantly different between sites that have been affected by poaching and those free of it (Bennett et al., 1997), and it is estimated to be around 2,3 individuals/km2 (Kinnaird and O’Brien, 2007).

1.2 National and International Legal and Policies Frameworks In Indonesia, there are 13 species of hornbills. All of these species classified under Bucerotidae family and protected at the national level by Law No. 5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Its Ecosystems and its derivative Government Regulation (PP) No. 7 of 1999 on Wild Flora and Fauna Preservation. The appendix of the latter stipulates that hornbills (all species of the Bucerotidae family) are listed as protected species. In addition, based on the Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.57/Menhut- II/2008 on the Strategic Directive on National Species Conservation 2008-2018, hornbills are categorized as high priority species among birds, and the helmeted hornbill has a special place as it is not only a high priority among birds in general, but also among hornbills in particular. The high rate of threats and poaching against the helmeted hornbill also attracts public attention at international level. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has listed the helmeted hornbill on Appendix I since 1975. Moreover, since 1994 according to the International Union for Conservation at Nature (IUCN) Red List has categorized the conservation status of this species as Near Threatened. However, due to the aforementioned threats, in 2015, the conservation status of this species was changed from initially Near Threatened to Critically Endangered, the last two steps in the conservation status before being extinct after extinct in the wild. Recognizing this critical condition, Indonesia took the initiative to submit a proposal for a resolution on the conservation and trade of helmeted hornbill at the CITES 17th Conference of the Parties (CoP). This resolution was adopted in the session by acclamation in Conf. Document 17.11 on the conservation of and trade in the helmeted hornbill which requires Indonesia to become a role model in its implementation as the country that proposed this resolution. As a follow up and to show its commitment, the Indonesian government and relevant stakeholders in the country deemed it necessary to draft a national document to be used as a common reference in the effort to conserve this protected species, and produced a document entitled the national action plan and conservation strategy (SRAK) of helmeted hornbill in Indonesia. This SRAK document is published under the Ministerial Decree of MOEF No. SK.215/MENLHK/KSDAE/KSA..2/5/2018 concerning on National Action Plan and Conservation Strategy of Helmeted Hornbill in Indonesia 2018-2028. This document will serve as the legal framework as well as the main guidance for the implementation of helmeted hornbill conservation strategy in Indonesia.

2. Threats in Conserving the Helmeted Hornbill 2.1 Threats faced in helmeted hornbill conservation Deforestation Changes in forest area function, deforestation and forest degradation followed by have always been the principal threats to the existence of any species in Indonesia. The main drivers of forest conversion in Indonesia include land clearing, subsistence agriculture, oil palm expansion, production forests and mining (Wijaya et al., 2015). Forest degradation has left only about 30% of primary forest area in Indonesia (FAO/RECOFTC, 2016) and around 27.4 million hectares of primary and secondary dry land considered as the ideal habitat remain for the helmeted hornbill in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2016). Poaching Even though the helmeted hornbill is categorized as protected species, hunting level of this species remains high. In Sumatra, from 2014 to 2016 there were 32 and 16 cases of poaching recorded in Gunung Leuser National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park respectively. While in Kalimantan, especially in West Kalimantan province, around 6000 adult hornbills were killed for their casques from 2012 to 2013. Smuggling Helmeted hornbills which are caught in their habitat will be sent over to small suppliers to large suppliers through road, and then it will be exported to overseas through airway or sea. Medan (Kualanamu Airport) and Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta Airport) are known to be the critical exit points for illegal trade of helmeted hornbill. The main destination of helmeted hornbill is China, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Singapore (Hadiprakarsa et al, 2013; Khrisnasamy et al., 2016). Besides, export of helmeted hornbill to overseas are also conducted through road in Kalimantan, specifically West Kalimantan, designated to Kuching, Malaysia. In the past few years, the Indonesian government has foiled attempts to smuggle specimens through several international airports to and from Indonesia with 25 smuggling attempts involving a total of 1398 helmeted hornbill casques foiled from 2011 to 2016. Furthermore, a total of 1291 helmeted hornbill casques, mostly from West Kalimantan, were also seized by the authority in 2012 – 2016 period. The map shown below is the location of arrests made in relation with the smuggling cases in Indonesia (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Map showing location of arrests related to illegal helmeted hornbill trade in Indonesia

2.2 Challenges faced in helmeted hornbills conservation efforts Trade route The monitoring results of confiscations made by the authority revealed that helmeted hornbills were mainly smuggled via Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport), Pontianak (Soepadio Airport), and Medan (Kualanamu International Airport) (Baestall et al., 2016). Recent developments also saw many of these species being smuggled to Bali to be made into handicrafts/carving artworks, the final products of which were shipped out of the island along with other handicrafts, complicating detection process (Hadiprakarsa, unpublished data). Modus operandi The protection of natural resources and ecosystem in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 5 of 1990. Passed into law 27 years ago, this regulation has been the main legal framework for conservation in the fight against wildlife crimes in Indonesia. However, these specific crimes have evolved considerably in almost three decades since the law was enacted with various modus operandi and never-before-seen methods such as online trade now being the norm. The current law is seen as insufficient to respond to this and needs to be amended if it is to tackle wildlife crimes effectively. Furthermore, issues related to weak deterrent effects from sanctions imposed as well as law enforcement authorities are also important to address and be accommodated into the amendment. Research Research and monitoring underlie various helmeted hornbill conservation actions. Lack of information about the differences in variations in Sumatran and Kalimantan helmeted hornbills, both morphologically and genetically, as well as reproductive behaviors of this species in nature, is one of the obstacles found in developing helmeted hornbill conservation activities in Indonesia. Awareness raising and cultural issues Helmeted hornbill shares a strong bond with local cultures and beliefs in Indonesia, however the awareness of its important role in the ecosystem is rather limited. With the number so low in the wild, every bird counts and therefore, this cultural issue can be a modality to strengthen this species protection from any utilization of its parts and to keep them alive in the wild.

3. Conservation Measures: The Action Plan and Conservation Strategy for the Helmeted Hornbill in Indonesia In line with CITES Resolution mandate, the Indonesian Government and its partners have developed the National Strategy and Action Plan for the Helmeted Hornbill Conservation in Indonesia or SRAK, from 2018 to 2028. The SRAK is aimed at ensuring the long-term survival of the species in nature. Efforts to optimize the protection of the species’ relatively large population were prioritized based on its long-term viability as well as taxonomic and ecological uniqueness. One focus in these efforts is through habitat management both within and outside of existing conservation areas by embracing all relevant stakeholders in the process, include natural forest logging concession companies. The SRAK is strengthened with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Decree (SK.215/ MENLHK/ KSDAE/KSA.2/5/2018) on the SRAK of Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) in Indonesia 2018-2028. The SRAK as a whole will also serve as the legal umbrella and main reference in helmeted hornbill conservation efforts in Indonesia. It will also set an example for other countries where helmeted hornbill habitat and distribution areas are also found. In general, the helmeted hornbill conservation management can be elaborated into five management strategies and programs (Figure 2): A. Helmeted hornbill population and habitat management; B. Regulation and policy; C. Partnership and cooperation in supporting helmeted hornbill conservation in Indonesia; D. Communication and awareness raising in the community on helmeted hornbill conservation in Indonesia; E. Funding support for helmeted hornbill conservation.

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Protection Sustainable status for management population and practices habitat implemented established Support from Awareness of Allocation of public on stakeholders financial conservation increased supports increased

Figure 2. Strategies and outcomes/outputs of SRAK Helmeted Hornbill 3.1 The Helmeted Hornbill’s Population and Habitat Management The strategy and program in the management of helmeted hornbill population and habitat are undertaken to address the issue of minimal information about the species that may hamper conservation programs. A.1 Increase the number of researches and monitoring in a bid to support helmeted hornbill conservation This first strategy comprises research activities to accelerate the data gathering on the ecology and behavior, distribution, population, genetics, food type, reproduction, ethno-ornithology, conservation status and priority habitat of the helmeted hornbill. The data obtained from this research will help the managing parties with the knowledge on how to manage conservation in accordance with the threat level and issues afflicting the species and its habitat. It is expected that through this priority research intervention, the ever-increasing hunting threats can see a declining trend. One of the priorities of this study is DNA forensics that can be useful to trace the source of illegally traded casques. In addition, monitoring of helmeted hornbill poaching and trade of should also be undertaken. In addition to long-term researches, surveys and monitoring also need be conducted to determine the helmeted hornbill occurrence and the state of its habitat. This research will also provide information on threats to the species and other issues related to its viability. To facilitate this long-term research, a research station in the remaining habitat patches in Sumatra and Kalimantan that includes helmeted hornbill as a research priority is needed. Another important priority is to use a standard methodology in the management and dissemination of helmeted hornbill data and information that have been and will be collected by different parties. This methodology standardization is needed to ensure the integration of data and information. Furthermore, information collected periodically should be published through various scientific journals, the media, and at scientific meetings both at national and international levels. A.2 Improve helmeted hornbill conservation activities in its original habitat as the main activity of saving the species One contributing factor in the disappearance of helmeted hornbill habitat is poor spatial planning stemming from lack of understanding of the species’s ecological functions and its habitat requirements. To address this, habitat protection is set to play a central role in the management of helmeted hornbill’s in-situ conservation and is given special attention in this strategy. This strategy also aims to enable all stakeholders to work together in monitoring the management of the bird and its habitat, not only at the national level but also at the provincial and local level. As far as the helmeted hornbill is concerned, fragmented habitats can still provide resources to support its population in nature. However, efforts to minimize the impacts of development in the forestry sector and outside of it should always be high on the agenda, and to this end, the business sector’s involvement in conservation is crucial. In addition, the carrying capacity of the remaining helmeted hornbill habitat needs to be improved through rehabilitation and restoration. One effort to expand the habitat and distribution of helmeted hornbill is through the construction of wildlife corridors between existing forest plots. Furthermore, new breakthroughs are needed and existing policies, especially those related to protected wildlife conservation need to be re-evaluated. Production forests for example, are ideally included in biodiversity conservation efforts as they also play a crucial role as the habitat for protected species such as the helmeted hornbill. Conservation area managing entities should also have a good system of managing rare and endangered wildlife to ensure their viability. In addition, by increasing their capacity beyond sanctuary reserve and nature conservation area in helmeted hornbill conservation, relevant parties can participate actively in managing the endangered bird’s habitat in areas under their responsibility and as part of their management.

A.3 Develop ex-situ conservation as part of the support for helmeted hornbill’s in-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation by institutions such as zoos or safari parks does not only help with conservation efforts but also serves as a medium to educate and increase public awareness in helmeted hornbill protection in Indonesia. As such, zoos and other similar institutions must be managed professionally so as to play their optimal role in educating the public. Some of the steps ideally taken include advising, monitoring and evaluating helmeted hornbill management at the zoos, especially with regards to care and health. Additionally, considering that there are no ex-situ conservations for helmeted hornbill yet, the strategy will prioritize the ex-situ management protocol of this species, taking into consideration the requirement that ex-situ conservation development only involves live helmeted hornbills confiscated in sting operations, and not those taken from the wild.

3.2 Regulation and Policy B.1 Develop and advocate for the creation of protected areas (outside sanctuary reserve and nature conservation area) based on the ecosystem characteristics, potential, spatial layout, legal status, and local wisdoms Law No. 5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Living Resources and Its Ecosystems serves as the main legal umbrella for species protection in Indonesia. This law is complemented by derivatives that set out species protection and exploitation in details. These are Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 on the Preservation of Flora and Fauna, which includes thirteen types of hornbills in Indonesia under Bucerotidae family, including the helmeted hornbill, on the list of protected species in Indonesia, and Government Regulation No. 8 of 1999 on Wild Flora and Fauna Exploitation. In addition to Law No. 5 of 1990, several other laws also play an important role in the protection of the helmeted hornbill, one of which, relating to the protection of its habitat in the wild, is Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning. In practice however, this national regulation is not effective enough to protect the habitat and local regulations are needed to address this. But, in 2008 Indonesian government committed to develop an ecosystem-based spatial planning which take into account the biodiversity conservation when developing spatial planning both at provincial and district levels especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan. As mentioned earlier, the helmeted hornbill’s habitats are often found outside of conservation areas, which are vulnerable to land use changes. Given that this species has specific home characteristics, such as tall trees with large branches, the protection of its habitat needs special attention. Policies that can pave the way for the establishment of protection landscapes for this and other species need to be made, especially for areas outside of the sanctuary reserve and nature conservation area, for example, through the establishment of essential ecosystem areas (Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial – KEE). The establishment of such protected areas is expected to address the ecological factors in micro-spactial arrangement, preserve local characteristics and wisdoms, as well as gain the support of local governments and communities. These policies will show the integrity of local governments in their roles and supports in legally implementing helmeted hornbill conservation endeavors. With these policies, it is hoped that the implementation of habitat and species management according to the national action plan can be facilitated, especially in terms of enforcing conservation regulations.

B.2 Improve the implementation and refine various legal regulations to support the success of helmeted hornbill conservation One key to the success of helmeted hornbill conservation is determined by the support of formal policies and regulations. This component is dynamic and must be adapted to the ever-changing world. Some of the things that can be the focus of this strategy are: (1) Advocate for the revision or renewal of existing laws; and (2) Improve the implementation of legislation on helmeted hornbill protection. One of the most urgent updates concerns Law No. 5 of 1990. As mentioned earlier, the many loopholes in this 27-year-old law render it no longer relevant with the current reality and the modus operandi of wildlife crimes faced in Indonesia today. As such, updating the contents of this law is crucial to ensure not only habitat protection, but also stricter law enforcement in the hope that the law will be more effective as a deterrent as people with ill intentions will consider this type of crimes as high-risk undertaking. Crimes against wildlife have been incorporated under the category of transnational organized crime (TOC) which means that they are closely related to various other crimes, such as corruption and money laundering. To be able to deal with it more effectively, more integrated approaches are needed as conventional ones are insufficient. One possible approach to prevent and combat these crimes is the multi- door approach, through which environmental crimes are dealt with not only using laws that are related to the environment but also those outside of it such as plantation, cyber-crime, or corruption laws, money laundering laws and so on. Cooperation and coordination with other entities and institutions also need to be done effectively to strengthen law enforcement process. One such cooperation can be forged with research institutes to conduct helmeted hornbill forensic research in order to support law enforcement against illegal trade of this species. Mainstreaming helmeted hornbill conservation aspects also needs to be considered and incorporated into policy-making processes in development and spatial sectors to protect and maintain helmeted hornbill habitats from changing land uses and other threats. In order to support effective law enforcement in the field, various trainings are especially needed for parties stationed at identified hotspots for the entry and exit points of trafficked , such as the Customs and Excise, Quarantine and Airport Security Officers. One activity that can be done is the training of species identification. In addition, prevention measures should also be undertaken by conducting routine patrols with relevant law enforcement officers in the areas identified as helmeted hornbill’s habitat.

3.3 Partnership and Cooperation in Supporting Helmeted Hornbills Conservation in Indonesia C.1 Develop partnerships with different parties at national and international levels for the management of helmeted hornbills with stakeholders A partnership mechanism needs to be developed to ensure SRAK implementation. In response to this, the Indonesia Hornbill Conservation Forum will be established in the hope that it can help spur SRAK implementation pace at local levels and evaluate achievement outcomes annually. Conserving helmeted hornbills with the involvement of diverse stakeholders requires an adaptive management approach. Collaborative management is seen as an option in long-term partnership management. This type of management is considered as the most suitable option based on problems that exist and high stakeholder diversity. As such, the development of collaborative management in hornbill conservation needs to be supported. Collaborative management was also adopted in Forestry Minister's Regulation No. P.19/Menhut-II/2004 on collaboration in conservation areas, though some adjustments need to be made in its implementation. Collaborative multi-party management, it is believed, will make the efforts in helmeted hornbill protection more effective. In addition, Indonesia's international role in helmeted hornbill conservation efforts can be strengthened through its participation in initiatives and meetings at the international level.

C.2 Improve the role and empowerment of communities in the conservation of helmeted hornbill Helmeted hornbill conservation efforts in partnership with local communities should be undertaken within a community-based natural resources management framework. This approach should benefit both the stakeholders and the helmeted hornbill. Community’s participation is vital to ensure conservation goals achievement. In practice, local people’s involvement can be found in the efforts to protect/safeguard helmeted hornbill’s habitats and in the fight against hunting and trading of this species, e.g. through their participation in the helmeted hornbill, Sumatran tiger and Sumatran elephant Monitoring and Protection Unit. On the other hand, leveraging traditional wisdom in managing helmeted hornbill conservation is also needed. People living and residing in and around the helmeted hornbill’s habitat have their own customary rules and local wisdom to protect the forests, which can support protection efforts to be more effective and efficient. Improving the role of customary rules and village regulations is crucial to the success of helmeted hornbill’s habitat protection.

3.4 Communications and Community Awareness of Helmeted Hornbills Conservation in Indonesia D.1 Increase the awareness of the community and stakeholders to increase commitment on the importance of helmeted hornbill conservation efforts in Indonesia Conservation education and environmental awareness need to be enhanced to achieve changes in community’s behavior towards helmeted hornbill conservation. Raising community’s awareness will help them understand the ecological services that the helmeted hornbill provides and its wider ecological interaction with the forest ecosystem. With the enhanced knowledge following their involvement in conservation education and environmental awareness activities, local communities are expected to understand the important benefits gathered from interaction between human beings, existing forests and helmeted hornbills in life as elements that create equilibrium in the ecosystem. Several aspects need to be developed to support this strategy, the main thing being the enhancement of quality and increment of quantity of helmeted hornbill conservation awareness raising and educational activities at various levels in Indonesia. Additionally, engagement to the local community in supporting helmeted hornbill is needed.

3.5 Funding Support for Helmeted Hornbills Conservation Funding is one of important elements in helmeted hornbill conservation efforts. It can be sourced both from overseas (grants, loans), and internally by optimizing funding provided from within the country (APBN, APBD, and private sector). The funding strategy to support helmeted hornbill conservation activities includes the following major activity: E.1 Enhance and clarify the role of the national government, local governments and NGOs in terms of funding supports from domestic and foreign institutions for the conservation of the helmeted hornbill As stipulated in Law No.5 of 1990, helmeted hornbill conservation efforts are the responsibility of all layers of the society. Therefore, supports from all stakeholders are very important. As mandated, the central government as the Management Authority together with the local governments act as the key stakeholders and regulators. Both the central and local governments can support activities by allocating regular funds from the APBN (national state budget) and the APBD (provincial budget) in their Annual Working Plan. Funding through NGOs and private parties can also be used to strengthen helmeted hornbill conservation. Non-binding foreign (donor) support is a potential option that can serve as an alternative for all parties to develop long-term funding mechanism. Other stakeholders should also work together to support, seek, manage and build a lasting funding system for helmeted hornbill conservation. 4. CONCLUSIONS The SRAK of Helmeted Hornbills is comprehensive measures which integrating common objectives, approaches, different stakeholders’ interests and policies into broader efforts to strengthen conservation of hornbills in Indonesia. The SRAK documents provides guidance on improve stakeholder’ engagement, legislation reforms, scientific practices, fundings and learning process. At the heart of all efforts to achieve successful conservation on hornbills, particularly helmeted hornbills are finding ways of reaching strong commitments from all of the stakeholders. This will assist the process of enabling the implementation of SRAK in all levels. 5. REFERENCES Beastall, C., C. R. Shepherd, Y. Hadiprakarsa, and D. Martyr. 2016. Trade in the Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil: the ‘helmeted hornbill’. Bird Conservation International 26:137-146. Bennett, E. L., A. J. Nyaoi, and J. Sompud. 1997. Hornbills Buceros spp. and culture in northern Borneo: Can they continue to co-exist? Biological Conservation 82:41-46. FAO/RECOFTC. 2016. Forest landscape restoration in Asia-Pacific forests, by Appanah, S. (ed.). Bangkok, Thailand. Gamble, C.K. 2007. Internal anatomy of the hornbill casque described by radiography, contrast radiography, and computed tomography. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 21:38-49. Hadiprakarsa, Y., R. Irawan, and D. Adhiasto. 2013. Helmeted Hornbill Head Trafficking: What Do We Know About It? Presentation on the 6th International Hornbill Conference, Manila - Philipine. The 6th International Hornbill Conference. Rangkong Indonesia, Manila - Philipine. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2016. Statistik Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan tahun 2015 in Pusat Data dan Informasi. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, editor. Kinnaird, M., and T.G. O’Brien. 2007. The ecology and conservation of Asian Hornbills: Farmers of the Forest. The University of Chicago Press. Kinnaird, M.F. 1998. Evidence for effective seed dispersal by the red-knobbed hornbill, Aceros cassidix. Biotropica 30:50-55. Kinnaird, M.F., and T.G. O’Brien. 2005. Fast foods of the forest: the influence of figs on primates and hornbills across Wallace’s line. Springer:155-184. Krishnasamy, K., B. Leupen, and O. O. Ching. 2016. Observations of The Helmeted Report Hornbill Trade In Lao Pdr, Selangor, Malaysia. Wijaya, A., Sugardiman, R.A., Tosiani, A., Murdiyarso, D., Verchot L.V..,2015. Assessment of Large Scale Land Cover Change Classifications and Drivers of Deforestation in Indonesia. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-7/W3, 557.