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The Australian Commercial News Media's Characterisation of 21St Left Dissent: The Australian Commercial News Media’s Characterisation of 21st Century Protests Critical of Capitalism By Joshua Eiszele (BA) (Hons) School of Social Sciences Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts University of Tasmania July 2016 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due to acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: Date: 28 July 2016 Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Date: 28 July 2016 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 17 News Values ..................................................................................................................................... 19 The Public Sphere ............................................................................................................................. 20 Base and Superstructure .................................................................................................................... 23 Cultural Hegemony ........................................................................................................................... 24 Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) ............................................................................................... 27 Primary and Secondary Definers ...................................................................................................... 30 Political Economy Approach ............................................................................................................ 35 Media Ownership .............................................................................................................................. 38 Protest Characterisations ................................................................................................................... 41 Approach and Methods ......................................................................................................................... 51 Analysis and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 62 The Melbourne City Square Protest Newspaper Coverage ............................................................... 64 The Brisbane G20 Protests Newspaper Coverage ............................................................................ 81 Synthesis of Findings ........................................................................................................................ 97 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 105 References ........................................................................................................................................... 109 Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 128 The Melbourne City Square Protest Newspaper News Texts ......................................................... 128 Brisbane G20 Protests Newspaper News Texts .............................................................................. 130 Abstract 21st Century protests critical of capitalism feature prominently in Australian commercial news media. Because the individuals in these protests criticise the social and economic system commercial news media operates within, this raises questions about how these protests and protesters are characterised in news coverage. To explore the issue, this thesis analysed the newspaper reportage of the Occupy Melbourne City Square protest (October 2011) and the Brisbane G20 protests (November 2014) in Australia over two week reporting periods. A framing analysis was conducted to identify the dominant frames by which the protests and those involved were characterised, with a focus on the framing devices of language choice and source selection. Based on these approaches, several findings were made. Both protests were predominantly framed in terms of conflict. This included both verbal hostility and violent conflict between protesters and government, or between protesters and police. The newspapers’ focus on physical conflict or the potential for physical conflict served to support a framing of the protests as dangerous, particularly for innocent bystanders. An economic consequences frame was also identified. This was exemplified in the foregrounding of the protest’s negative impacts on local businesses. Correspondingly, the perspectives of representatives of the business fraternity and business operators predominated within the news coverage. Overall, this was consistent with the use of sources throughout the newspaper reportage, where elite voices from the government and police establishment predominated and served to support the characterisation of the protests and protesters in typically negative ways. However, the study also found that protesters, as news sources, were able to articulate counter-frames and, at times, define their own characterisations within the news texts, albeit to a far lesser extent than the elite sources. As a result, the newspaper coverage was characterised by only minimal engagement with the causes of the radical protest groups, which seemed to negate the purpose of the protests (to raise awareness of the groups’ Page 1 of 133 objectives). News frames were instead constructed in accordance with the agendas of primary definers, such as the police and government. This is significant because it highlights the potential limitations of Australian commercial news media within a liberal capitalist democracy. Page 2 of 133 Introduction “The press is a mighty engine.” – Pott (Dickens 1836/1987: 162) The early 21st Century has seen significant media coverage of globalised movements critical of the capitalist system. Two of the most widely covered by news media during this period are Occupy and the various G20 protests. The Australian manifestations of these two movements have generated substantial commercial news media coverage – most evident in the reporting of the 2011 Melbourne City Square and 2014 Brisbane G20 protests. This thesis aims to contribute an analysis of Australian newspaper coverage of these two protest events. The purpose of this is to highlight Australian commercial news media’s characterisation of 21st Century protests critical of capitalism. Although protests raise a wide spectrum of issues, the coverage of those critical of capitalism have been chosen for analysis because they directly challenge the system commercial news media operates within. In doing so, two central questions will be advanced: “how does Australian commercial news media characterise 21st Century protests critical of capitalism”, and “to what extent can protesters critical of capitalism insert their social, economic and political definitions into the news coverage?” These questions will be investigated by employing a framing analysis of relevant Australian news texts. The focus will be on the framing devices of language and source selection which define the coverage. The word choices of the major newspapers based in the cities where the protests were held, as well as those of a national newspaper, will be examined to get an understanding of how the two case study protests were characterised. Analysing language use within the news texts is important because it can reveal the dominant news frames used to portray the protests. In highlighting Page 3 of 133 the primary frames of the coverage, the types of voices that are privileged in each of the news texts will also be assessed. The purpose of this is to reveal which sources are selected as primary definers and how their quotes serve to inform the framing of the protests. This can show how much voice or lack of voice the protesters have over the messages conveyed in the news coverage. Before an explanation of the approach is given, it is essential to provide some context for the case studies in order to assist the reader to understand the history and motives behind the specific protests. Occupy Melbourne is an offshoot of the global Occupy movement, which originated in New York City on 17 September 2011 (Van Gelder 2011). As Nail notes, “the origins of the Occupy movement and its defining strategies are profoundly global” (2013: 21). This is evident, notes Nail (2013), as the movement took inspiration from the Zapatistas, a group who organised the world’s first and largest global anti-neoliberal gatherings: the Intercontinental Encuentros of 1994 and 1996. Later in the decade, People’s Global Action took a role in organising protests at almost every
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