Construction of a 17Th Century Census Of

Paper 1 in the Stone Walls |]roject

Construction of a 17th century "census" of Agnews in County Antrim:

With some examples of application for detecting descents.

G. Marie Agnew-Marcelli, PhD Antrim in the 1660's

Ulster was not heavily populated; indeed, it was substantially under populated compared to the rest of Ireland and far less densely than England in the Tudor era. Antrim, like Down, was gg![gr part of James I's Plantation Scheme. These counties were "re "settled earlier byprz.1/czfe c/#c7erfcke7is', some English, most Scottish, with much of the native population remaining in place.

British settlement of Antrim actually began with the decourcy expedition and continued into Elizabeth's reign. I]respective of period or plan the overall intention of the Enghish crown was the creation of a lucrative territory with an "English" type of settled, well-ordered agricultural society. It was to be centered around mai.ket towns and strategically placed larger burchs. These were actually plotted on maps but - imposed on a different social and cultural landscape - most never materialized.

More than a century of recurrent religion-entangled political strife at home in Britain all too often spilled over into ireland. This also motivated the English Crown to seek, initially, a Protestant but, eventually, an Anglican majority for Ireland as well. The shifting political goals iusured recurring outbreaks of violence which bred a deep-seated anger and uuremitting discontent through many segments of hish society thereby setting the course of its ensuing history. 0 Oririn and ADDlication of the Hearfu Monev Tax The Hearfu Money Tax was instituted, along with some other newly levied duties and rents, in 1662 to compensate King Charles H for income lost by revocation of various feuchl privileges surrendered as part of his restoration agreemeuts.

Resentment of the Hearth Tax was stron.g because it inwhved inspection of houses and was applied so widely. Originally those living solely on alms, in dwellings valued under 8 shillings per. cr7a7car77c or on land valued at less than £4 were exempt. However, only 3 years after enactment, exemptions were eliminated for all butpaixpers. Landlords became responsible for tax not paid by tenants and the tax was doubled for unraported hearths. The changes also provided for "farmed out" collection instead of by the parish constal]le. Since the "farmers" were reaponsible for delivering the amount assessed to the government, they were diligent in collection. Householders avoided when they could and, in isolated areas, employed ingenious methods to escape attention where rude sod or turf buildings could easily be missed in the absence of an active fire. In fact this may be wky these tax collectors were called "Smoke Men".

A tax of 2 shillings per year was levied on every fixed hearth or fireplace in a dwelling. It constituted a substantial burden that was especially appressive for a poor peasant. This was partioularly true in heland; even more so in Ulster which was still very much a frontier. Most holdings had been established only a generation or so when they suffered £:::::£#o#th:ec;:£::::::#+#ii8anTh¥##Lronfo##+++ELi:##~=j::`:::in##pr where the hearth tax was abolished in 1689 but it was not eliminated in Leland until 1793j

CrrdsoftheAs©erfundconedions h common with the majority of Ireland's govemmeutal records, the original tax rous were lost in the Customs House destruction of 1922 but transcriptions for local use were avallal)le in a nuinber ofplaces. Large segments for tJlster wvere located at Belfast with particularly extensive material for the counties of Antrim and Tyrone. More or less colnplete copies for the 1660 Poll Tap the 1666 and 1669 Hearth Rolls for CountyAutrim survived. Since the 1669 collection came after the 1665 revision in coverage and enforcement, it encompassed a broader segment of residents. #§:;i::g:::::::::::::+¥:g+#=2#:L=#qu#]=teinE:rfH]:##+fiutm%¥L:#

Caveat: During this period many townland boundaries were in dispute so some individuals may be diaplaced or accidentally recorded in a neighboring townland or parish. In a few instances townland rolls are missing or clearly underreported. Where these affect Agnews they will be noted. Names are reported in their original style and spelling. And of course transcription errors may liave occurred in any original collies or the subsequlent abstracting of data.

County Antrim Totals for the Hearth Tax Rons of 1669:

NNiniber ofhouseholds recorded in the 1669 rolls 10,137 (or about 55,750 persons) Total number of hearths 1669 11, 488 Number ofhouseholds with more than 1 heath 807 (al]out 8 in loo or 1 in 12)

Amews on the Rons h 1669 forty-two households were clearly identified as headed by an Agnow. These would have included about 230 g,didi#fothAe##ithLp£L£g5:thoefiife:Onpe+#+:+s¥fa£:jifg#¥+::£=:g:::;"#ng3¥ne households (Agreene, O'Grene and O'Greney) were added to the list. (See Addendum for details). Thus, Agnew or O'Gneeve households made up only about onethalf Of 1 % in the Coimty ofAutrim in 1669. However. they were not distrfuuted uniformly across the area but were located in only certain parts of the county.

Oin,these45householdsmaynotincfudeauAgnewsinAntriminl669 DeficiencieswithPossfoleinmDlicationsforAQnews.

\The Grange of Mndcamore in the Barony of Antrim is deficient, missing half or more of its townlands. Many of its Scottish plauters origirmted in Galloway and neighboring areas. Among the townlands missing is Balloo, from which the Agnews of the Manor of Masque in Penngtlvania are said to have originated. irorKilwauchter(andsomeneighboringparishes)both1666and1669rollsarebadlydeterioratedwithmanynames lost or illegifole. The Demesne land is particularly deficient.

;Camcastle Parish where Ballygally is located, rolls are so damaged that names in at least 3 townlands are lost. For BBallygallytownlandnofoneShaw,thetownland'sowners,canbediscemed. Egg:E¥eo¥ir¥in¥i¥¥ed¥#ho=;+::Lcothulibe:Ve°:s L!£:::iivfanofiffffi+ffiei#ffii#s¥X=:i8F:l£::::=°i#to(£v#:::::£:#at#+=++## mfronorthemcountyDown.

e parishes include the townland of Toberagnew (Agnew's well) and other geographic features and ancient •.:-_I.,. ments with names incoxporating "Agnew". This enduring Anglo-Nprman settlement dates from the Decourcy expedition. Its Norman-founded priories and a temple of the Knights Hospitaler were strongly su|]ported into Tudor times. Agnews, both planter and native, have been common in many of the townlands. It has been linked to the bardic 0' Gnimh (0 'Gneeve) family and is in territory long-controlled by their patrons, the cadet branch of the northern O'Neill -who continued to hold parts of it well into the plantation period. Curiously, with potendal Noman, Scottish and hush Agnew comections it seems to be unknown compared to KilwauBhter.

OandwhereweretheAgrewsincountvAntriml669 Table 1 lists all the recorded Agnew and Agnew-variant finilies by barony, parish and townland where haown.

Althougli they may appear to be widely scattered, they are by no means uniformly distributed across the county. Map I plots the parishes with Agnew taxpayers in 1669.

From the map it is evident that no Agnews resided in the most northern tier, the Barony of Cary; and only 3 in the next tier, the Barony of Glenluce. hstead they are concentrated in a U-shape down the valley Of the Bann River and the northeast shore of Longb Neagh 03arories of Toome and Antrim) and along the path of the Six-Mile Water 03aronies of Massereene and Lower (northern) Belfast) into the southemportion of the Gleus in Barony of Glenam. This U- pattem contracted southward over tine, in pat because of the heavy, sustained emigration from the Bann Valley and Antrim areas but was still evident 150 years later.

Far from dispersed these Agnew families were present in only 26 of the 82 parishes and little more than 10% of the more than 1700 townlands. h fact one-quarter were in the Parish ofKilwanghter while the whole Barony of Glenarm, despite its deteriorated rolls, accounts for i/3rd of all Agnew residents of Antrim in 1669.

Table 1 lists these 45 Agnew and Agnew-variant households by geographic location; barony, parish and townland where available. Like most of the inhabitants of County Antrim they were taxed for only a single hearth althouch four of them reported 2 or more (up to 6).

e 4 households are clearly better off and probably of hither status than most Agnews or the majority of all i,-`..,ieholds in the County. Peter (sic), Esq. in 1669 with 6 Jiearths and M. Pathck (1666) with 4 would seem to be at Kilwau8hter castle which was being built or extended about this time. Andrew in Calriclrfengus is very prchal]ly the Andrew (a cadet of the Galdenoch line) who is lmown to have been a merchant in Belfast some years later, John in Shanhill, Barony of Belfast, needs fi]rther defindon. He may or may not be the same man as Capt. John Agnew (O'Gneeve) of Balltryton. Gilbert Agnew/O'Gneeve ofhver, a.k.a. of Lame, may be the individual who was later the Sheriff s factor in Ulster or perhaps that man's antecedent.

For ComDarison - Agnew Distribution in the Tithe ADDlotmeuts ca 1824-32

Although the Tithe Applotments are not a complete listing of inhabitants ofAnrfum at the time -Belfast, for one being oritted, like the 1669 Hearth Rolls they apply to those above the very poor and would be a fairly similar "slice"of the population of the tine.

Table 2 fists by barony, parish and townland the Agnews living in County Antrin at the time of the Tithe Applotments iaround 1830. Map 2 illustrates this distriibution. Once again they are not dispersed but still reflect a somewhat apnapressed U-shaped pattern with southward concentration over time.

Again the resident Agnews are not widely dispersed. Rather they are found in an even smaller area than eahier; only 18 of the 82 parishes and 54 of the townlands of Antrim.

Of What Hell] Can this Be in Aenew Research?

You mow OmDv that Your Ancestor Came from Countv Antrim before the Famine -

The "census" of 1669 and Tithe Applotments form a bracket around the beginning and end of the major period of classical Ulster ilnmigration. A comparison of parishes where there were Agnews at both times can provide a "road map" for starting research in Ireland.

u have N0 information other than "County Antrim" and no relatively uncommon given names to work with, do not s or make hit-and-miss forays into all 78 parishes. Begz.7g a systematic search, one parish at a tine, throuch records e 15 parishes that are common to the whole immigration period:

Barony of Antrim Parishes - Antrin: Ballyclug, Cormor, Donegore & Grange of Nilteen (which are often grouped together),

Barony ofBelfast parishes- Ballynure, Carmoney, Raloo, Shankill & city of Belfast (these2maybebetterlefttolastb6causeofsize)

Barony of Glenarm Parishes Kilwaughter, Lane

Barony of Toome parishes Ahoghill Dru-aul' Craigs' REkinriola, formerly parts of old Aho8hill a Portglenone Do not forget to make use of uncommon given names and collateral families as you search these `brime suspect" parishes.

Personal note: IIad I had this road map during my2 trips to Beifest looling for great grandfather John, I would have rmde more progress. I may not have found bin but I would have elininated parishes wliere Agnews were concentrated and left a clear point from which others in my line could contime.]

8. Given Names as Clues and Tools

JMore detailed assessment of Agnow names, naming patterns, etc. will be covered in a later papel]

The popularity Of given names over time and across cultures and countries has varied widely. Saints' names were most `common before the Reformation and continued to be long after, even in predc>minately Protestant areas. Begirming in the 17th century, especially with the Cheat Awakening of the eady 18th century, Old Testament bifolieal names grew increasingly common. At all periods names of prominent individuals: kings, queens, clergymen, and those of fame or hotorietyinfuencedwhichnamesweremostpopular.

;AIloftheseinfluencesarereflectedinTal)1e3whichlistsmaleAgnowgivennamesatthetwotimeperiods.Itshows that in the 17th century over half were Saints names and 40% were ethnic arish Celtic and Scottish Gaelic) names but by 1830 all the etlmic names had disappeared and a handful of Old Testanient ones had been added.

I-_ names were present at both periods: Alexander, Andrew, Francis, George, John, Patrick, Thomas and Wiman. popularity however, varied considerable in the 2 periods:

16601 John lin6 1830 1&2tiedJames&Samuel lin7 2 Alexander 1 in7 3 &4tiedJohnandwilliam 1 in 8 3 Andrew 1 in 9 5 Patrick 1 in 9 4 Patrick 1 in 11 acall, in 1669 one half the Agnew men carried one of these 4 given manes while in 1830 two thirds -over 60% -had oEe of the 5 most papular nanies. This paucity of given names, ineapective of time period, is a peculiarity that colnplicates hush, Scots and Ulster genealogy. h the absence of unique or rare given names it nullifies the common techniqpe of linking possfole antecedents or descendants through similar naming patterns. Us'e a/£7zis bcisis/or Ji##72g is one of the most common mistakes seen in Agnew familytrees.

However, the great suprise revealed here is the absence in 1669 of the extremely pQpular James. This did not appear among Agnews until almost the begirming of the 18th century even though it was already common among other Scots planter families in Antrim by the eady to niid 17th century. The fist recorded James in the sheriffs line appears to be James of Ballco, son ofAlexander Of whitehills and grandson of Sir Patrick, the first Agnew baronet. Given the number of Scottish kings and Eats named James to that time and the general papularity of the name in Scotlandy it is certainlyunexpected.

;While these names may not help you tie family groups together, they may provide a `hiut" to the general time of your |ancestor'semigration. |C.DeveloDmentofFamillvGroui)sandDescents

We all come across isolated bits of data on 17th and eady 18th century Agnews; wills, marriage dates, events, military activities, residence notes, grave stone inscriptions. But, if we can't fit them somewhere in our own research, they tend to be discarded or lost.

with the 1669 census there is aj7os5iz.bz.Jdy of assembling these from, say, 1625 -1725, under the names in the rE- ¢l Ls. Over time this may grow into family groups and possible descents that 7#cp/ ei/e#toaJfy tie into their emigrant descendants.

Table 4 is a first test to see if items from such compendia as Ddbson's Scots-Irich series, etc. micht be assembled on the 1669 "skeleton". Please note that some of these /especially those with an asterisk) may be afoitrarily assigned for g=+=PuHxrfpr¥=ffientowi±ni#de°#=±Ovn#orfrofrqugrosoup=3yH£¥fo¥ 'This 1669 list is not complete; therefore, names fi.om data scraps of the period that do not appear can be added to the 'table in a section of possifole niissed individuals.

The random items assembled under Ninian Agnew of Ball}money hint at related individuals. hfomation assembled on Gilbert Agnew, a.k.a. O'Gneeve, of Lame revealed an unexpected, though still unexplained, connection of Scottish Agnews and presumal]ly hush origin O'Gneeves. (See Addendum). rFurther corroboration came in an email from Jacqueline Ainew Hangseng of Lame that arived while these data were being entered into Title 4. She sent a groxp of eady grave inscriptions from the Lane graveyard for a Getty family ;{Gettys are collaterals of some Agnew meinbers). A quick check of the 1669 Hearth Tax rolls for Lame revealed a `Getty with'the same given name that persisted on the grave records. Verification can now be sought for this an apparent family descent of almost 200 years.

rhile Agnew information from the period will continue to be added to Table 4 (or a more sophisticated I lid- terized version) in the hope of building profiles of the Agnew men on these tax rolls, detecting missing names and identiBing some of the immediate finilies. Eventually, even descendants may be found. If you are willing to help further this test, please send any fragments of Agnew data from about 1600 through 1725 to be added to the project. Even a simple reference to a name and location can be helpful. Please include full context and Source. Computers can assemble and organize the data more effectively and hopefully will reveal new iusights and help k the scattered branches of the Agnew family together.

marv and Conclusions

1. A "census" substitute for Agnews in 17th century County Antrim has been created.

2. Preliminary tests using this as a framewchc for organizing isolated data suggest it may allow the eventual development of family groups for 17th centuryulster.

3. Comparison of family geographic distril]ution in the 17`h century with that from 19th century census substitutes reveals concentration in 15 parishes at both time periods. For those lacking parish or towhland information for immigrant ancestors, focusing searches on these 15 parishes should increase the probal]ility of finding the immigrant's origin in less time.

4. An apparent connection of unknown significance between Scottish Agnews and presumably hush O'Gneeves has been discovered.

5.SeveralrecurringmistranscriptionsofAgnewandO'Gneevenamessubstituting`T"for`in"and`in"for`V' or `tw" have been identified. These can cause data to be missed in computer searches.

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Agnews in Antrin in the 17th & 19`h Centuries

Table 2

Location of Agrows in the Tithe Applotment Books

BARONY oF ANTRn4

Parish Townland No Given names Anrfu Antrim Gardens 3 Miss???, James, Thomas,

Cangrancy 1 James Creavery 1 William Killgavanagh 2 Thomas, Wiman Ladyhill 1 John Parkhill 1 Jane

Ballyclug Tully 1 Sanuel

Comor Appletee 1 John. Slatt 1 Janes Tullynanullion 1 Willian

Donegore incl Ballysavage 3 James, John, William a Grange of Donegore 1 Samuel Nilteen Island Rea 1 Heny Tobergill 2 Dr.???, Samuel

Grange ofDoach Ballyclare 1 Dr. ???

Skeny Breakough 1 Widow ??? Bucknaw 3 Heny, Hy(sic), James Tannybrak 1 Owen

BARONY 0F BELFAST

Parish Towhand No Given names

Ballynure Balllineny 4 John (2), Samuel (2) Ballybracken 2 Hugh (2) Straldland 1 James

Carrmoney Ballymartin 1 Alexander

Raloo Ballygowan 4 James, Patrick, Robert, William BallyrickardMore 2 James, John Bally RIland 1 Edward J., Esq

Agneus 17 & 19thAntim TitheApplotllientbyBarony&Parish GMA-M vcr I/07/ll I/9¢0116:42:06PM 1 Shard@eifest) Lower Malone 1 Wihian

Old Park 1 Samuel BARONY oF GI,ENARn4

Parish Towmand No Given Name Grangefflyglen Ballymullock 1 ??P

Kilwaughter Ballyedward 1 Samuel Ballyhapton 1 PatkyEsq Ballykeel I Patrick, Esq. Craiginome 5 Daniel (2) David, James, Willian. Dmmnahce 1 Patrick, Esq Headwood 1 Patk. Lealies 1 Patrick, Esq LowtounorBogtoun 1 Widow ??? Rory'sGlen 1 Patk-, Esq Sherriffs Land 1 Wman

`,`,`, Lame Anteville 1 Cunan & Drumlis 2 P, Esq, Patk, Esq Lane drdeus 1 P, Esq Lame Parks, Mddle Div 1 Samuel.

BARONY OF MASSEREENE

Parish Townland No GivenName Astagallon Moyntaghs 1 Edward

BARONY OF TOOME

Parish Towhand No Given Names

Drummaul Ballymacilroy 3 Andrew, David, Samuel Clanboy 2 Abraham or Abram., Samuel Aghaboy 1 John Coolsythe 1 Francis DomKillybegs 1 John Groggan 1 James Mountshaltqus 1 Jolln Muckleraner 2 Abraham, Robert.

Kirkinriola Drumfane 1 Willian

Agnews l7& ]9thAntrin TitheApplotmentbyBarony&Pan-sh GMA-M verl/07/]1 I/9n0116:42:06PM 2 Parish Towhand No Given Names

Portglenone Ballybeg 1 John Ballylunri 2 George., John Note ??? From hdex Entry & denotes no given name or, perhaps, no legible given name

Agnews l7& ]9 thAntrim TitheApplomentbyBarony&Pan-sh GMA-M vcr I/07/I] I/9#OI] 6:42:06PM 3 0 TABLB 3

GIVEN NAMES 0F ANTRIMAGNBWHOUSEHOLI)ELAI)S

Comparison of later 17th and early 19th Century Distributions

1666-1669 Only BOTH TII\rm PERIODs 1828-1832 Only

ABFLAHAM ALEXANDER ANDREW CO-cK DANIEL DAVID DONALL DONAGHY EDMUND EDWARD FENcls GEORGE GILBERT EIENRT HUGH JArms JOHN nfroTIN N-NEVEN OwEN PETER PATRICK ROBERT SAMUEL TEIGE THOMAS TOOLE WILLIAM a Copyrighted

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Addendum

A Serendipitous Discovery with Implications for Agnew Family Origins

I was puzzled when I reviewed the Calendar of DocLments from the Lochnaw Charter Chest at the National Archives of Scotland. It seemed incongruous that an early documents pertaining to Leland was a lease of 1641 for 21 years given by a Mlmore Og7zcevc to Patrick Maxwell for a dwelling and acreage in the Townland of Ballykeel ®arich of Kilwau9I]ter). Then in 1651 there wasadiaputebetweenMaxwellandtheS%er;#o/Gcz7/owq)/overpossessionofthatland.

Some weeks later I searched the members' area of the Ulster lfistorical Foundation for data that lnicht be appended to Agnew names in the 1669 "census. To my astonishment the following appeared on a "Scottish Settlers in Ulster" database:

Early S¢ots Settlers jn the County 0'Creeve Gilbert ]nver, lame. (name now.Agnew') Antrim ofAntri-in

It was evident that "O'Greeve" was probably a misreading or transcripfron error as the 1669 Hearth Rolls included a Gilbert Agnew in Lanie. Uhfortunately, no identifiable source was given for the UIIf entry.

However, it did prompt me to le-read the entire Heads and Hearth volume for "Ogneevertype" names and I discovered 3 with similar possible misreading: Agreene, O'Greny and O'Grenye, all in areas where O'Gneeves misht be expected. h-depth review of a large number of sources for hish surnames - many with Celtic derivation discussion - failed to reveal a sinde surname, whether in Celtic or anglicized form, beginning with "O'Gr-." or "Ogr--". As I continued reviewing sources for information to append to the 1669 tal]le 4, I found 3 other reports that cleady were for the same event as the UIE database. They not only establish that the surname of the tilbert in question was O'G7zceve but reveal the source of the entry and amplify the information about Gilbert. They follow (in slfchtly different order from Table 4)

SmlR!cE 1.. SrfeNIaat. D. Scots in Ulster.. Denizption and Naturolizaton, 160S -1634. Tn tJlster Ge72e4/ogz.ca/ Jzev7.ei4/, No, 11, 1995. U]ster Ifistorical Foundafron. (now FamjzfoJ

FED. 9, 1625 GI./berf O'Greeve, hver, Lame. Orame now Agnew)

Denizatious the sane day are recorded for John O'Greeve of Ballyhanpane and various families associated with the Agnews of Galloway: James & John Shaw, Elizateth Brisbane, wife of John Shaw, al 3 of Beuygelly (sic); Marion BIair of hver, Thomas Boyd, Ballyhacket, and others in the Parishes of Caimcastle or Kilwauchter.

SolmcE 2.. Dobson. David. ScoESLThrsE[ LINES, roL 3, p ls4

Gz./betlf O'G»eeye, Of lnver, a yeoman, was granted Irich denization on 9 Feb 1625 prR] Addendim:Agnew/O.GneeveDiscovery. I/15#011 GI\IA-M 2#0#018 ll:13:15AM pg2

SoimcE 3. EIGSE.-A IOENAI oF IRISH sTonms. Voa. 6,159,1949

"G;Tonttothefollowingper(s)ous,nafu7esOfScotland,oTOfthebloodOfthatnation®Ofthe rightsandprili.ilegesOfEng4ishsuhiects,inthekingdomOfli.eland,viz...

Gilbert o'Gneeve ofhver .... " (CAL RAT. ROLLs, JAs. Lp.585 B. YEAR 1629

From these it is clear that the entry of O'Greeve is an enor in the UIIT datal]ase carried over from the earfier article in their journal, Farm.fin It is not present in the other sources reporting this denization.

Not ordy did these multiple sources correct the name error but they also provided additional useful infonnation because different authors have different pixposes in reporting an event which may alter the content of their particular entry. In this instance the UIIf article and datal]ase record the mme change, Dobson adds the social status via `tyeoman" and the ]Ez.ere article gives us the exact wording of the grant which idenffies Gilbert as either Scottish-born or of that descent. The yeoman desigmtion indicates a famer holding land of his own richt and an economic and social standing clove the tenant farmer bLlt not yet of the gentry - probably a young man on the rise.

The O'theeve leases in the I,ochnaw papers together with this (and the John O'Gneeve denizafron) clearly link the Galloway Agnews to "O'Gneeves "in Antrim The denization grant makes very clear these men are 7f of native irish. It completely reverses the "classic" explanation offered in every Agnew publication or discussion of Agnew origin. These unifondy reject a blood comection with fish O'Cineeves and suggest, rather, that some hish adopted the Agnew nameasananglicization-perhapsforpoliticalorsocialadvantage.

Since these records are in direct conflict with accepted assumptions on Agnew origins, they merit prompt and serious attention. For one thing, operathg from the standard premise almost guarantees that any pertinent infomation on "O'Gneeve" or its variants will be ignored or go undetected -irrespective of the direction it may lead.

Therefore, I have alteed the order of topics I proposed. I have aheady begun examination of all the data I can locate on any Agnew/O'Gneeve connections. hterim results will appear in the next issue to LEN.

Ifanyonehasinformationon.thissubject1wouldbegratefintoreceiveandincludeit,with appropriate cl'edit, in my re|iort.

G. Mdrie Agnew-Marcelli PhD