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Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment in the Neogene of the High Northern Latitudes Insights from the palynomorph record of ODP Hole 907A in the Iceland Sea Kumulative Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Michael Schreck Bremerhaven, 2012 Gutachter der Dissertation: Prof. Dr. Ruediger Stein PD Dr. Karin Zonneveld Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: 11.07.2012 Name: Michael Schreck Datum: 16.05.2012 Anschrift: Bürgermeister-Smidt-Str. 171, 27568 Bremerhaven Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich 1. die Arbeit ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe angefertigt habe 2. keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe und 3. die den benutzte Werken wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Bremerhaven, den 16.05.2012 ..................................... “BUGS DON’T LIE.“ Thomas Cronin (Urbino, Italy, 2009) Abstract The Neogene is of crucial importance for our understanding of Earth’s climate evolution as it was finally pushed into the cold Quaternary climate with its major glaciations in the high northern latitudes. Notwithstanding, the response of the high northern latitudes to this Cenozoic transition from the Greenhouse into the Icehouse world yet remains poorly constrained due to the virtual absence of calcareous microfossils in high latitude Neogene sediments. This thesis examines the influence of the long-term climate deterioration on Miocene to Pliocene marine palynomorph assemblages (dinoflagellate cysts, prasinophyte algae, acritarchs) of ODP Hole 907A in the Iceland Sea, a sensitive area physically close to the growing Greenland ice-sheet, which experienced the effects of migrating ocean currents and sea-ice cover. Based on the pristine paleomagnetic record of Site 907, the principal aim of this thesis is to enhance the biostratigraphic application of organic- walled microfossils for (supra)regional correlations in these largely biogenic carbonate free sediments, and to utilize them for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in order to provide new insights into the Neogene history of the Iceland Sea. This thesis provides absolute age control on a suite of twenty-four dinoflagellate cyst and two acritarch bioevents for the first time in the Neogene of the high northern latitudes. These magnetostratigraphically-calibrated events have been compared across the North Atlantic and adjacent seas to critically evaluate their potential for biostratigraphic correlations within the high latitudes, but also with the mid- and low latitudes. Results show that seven species are useful for supraregional biostratigraphic correlations within the Nordic Seas, and four allow integrating the latter with the mid- latitude North Atlantic. Furthermore, this study highlights four species potentially useful for correlating mid-latitude sequences to the Central Arctic Ocean. Although an additional number of species appears to be valuable on a broader (million year) timescale, most events are clearly asynchronous indicating a strong latitudinal control even in the warmer Miocene. In a second study, the global paleobiogeographic distribution of the extinct Batiacasphaera micropapillata complex has been analysed in order to utilize it for future paleoenvironmental reconstructions. This major component of Neogene palynomorph assemblages in the high northern latitudes is a warm to cool-temperate species complex that may sustain seasonal sea-ice cover. It has an outer-neritic to oceanic affinity, a tolerance for somewhat higher salinities, and is apparently well adapted to enhanced I nutrient availability and the prevailing light regime in the high latitudes. Its Late Miocene decline and its stratigraphically important highest occurrence in the Early Pliocene are closely related to climate deterioration towards the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Based on distinctive changes in palynomorph assemblage composition, which are supplemented by alkenone sea surface temperature estimates, the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Iceland Sea has been reconstructed for the c. 15–2.5 Ma interval. Results indicate a close coupling of marine palynomorphs and sea surface temperatures not only to the long-term Neogene climate cooling that occurred after the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, but also to local changes in ocean circulation due to the Fram Strait opening, sill depth variations of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, and the shoaling and subsequent closure of the Panama Isthmus. Moreover, a distinct variability in the palynomorph assemblages reflects short-term climate variations that partly coincide with the short-lived Miocene glaciation events (Mi-3 to Mi-6), and the progressive strengthening and freshening of a proto-East Greenland Current towards modern conditions in the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene. The impoverished Pliocene assemblages suggest that major adjustments, with conditions seriously effecting marine productivity have already been established in the Iceland Sea well before the marked expansion of the Greenland ice-sheet at 3.3 Ma and the subsequent intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. In conclusion, this thesis provides an improved, magnetostratigraphically- calibrated temporal framework for future analyses of high and mid-latitude Miocene to Pliocene sequences, first estimates on the paleoecology of an important Neogene species complex, and ultimately new insights into the paleoenvironmental evolution of an area sensitive for global climate change. II Zusammenfassung Das Neogen ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für unser Verständnis der Erdklima- entwicklung, da es während dieser Epoche endgültig in das kalte Klima des Quartärs, mit ausgedehnten Vereisungen in der nördlichen Hemisphäre, überging. Trotz dieser Bedeutung sind die Veränderungen innerhalb der hohen nördlichen Breiten während dieses Übergangs von der „Greenhouse-“ in die „Icehouse-Welt“ nur unzulänglich bekannt, da die neogenen Sedimente der hohen Breiten weitestgehend frei von kalkigen Mikrofossilien sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss dieser langfristigen Klimaver- änderung auf miozäne und pliozäne Vergesellschaftungen organischwandiger Mikro- fossilien (Dinoflagellatenzysten, Prasinophyten, Acritarchen) in der ODP Bohrung 907A aus der Islandsee in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Grönlandeisschild – einer Region, welche durch wechselnde Meeresströmungen und variable Meereisbedeckung beeinflusst wurde. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Nutzen von organischwandigen, marinen Mikrofossilen für (über)regionale biostratigrafische Korrelationen in den weitestgehend karbonatfreien Sedimenten der hohen nördlichen Breiten zu verbessern und neue Erkenntnisse über die neogene Klimaentwicklung in der Islandsee zu erhalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet erstmalig eine absolute Alterskontrolle für 24 Dinoflagellatenzysten und 2 Acritarchen Bioevents aus dem Neogen der hohen nörd- lichen Breiten. Diese magnetostratigrafisch kalibrierten Bioevents wurden über den Nordatlantik und die angrenzenden Randmeere verglichen um ihr Potential für biostrati- grafische Korrelationen innerhalb der hohen nördlichen Breiten, aber auch mit den mittleren und niederen Breiten, zu evaluieren. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchung zeigen, dass sieben Arten überregionale stratigrafische Bedeutung innerhalb des Nord- polarmeeres haben, während vier dieser Arten darüber hinaus auch eine Korrelation mit den mittleren Breiten des Nordatlantiks ermöglichen. Des Weiteren wurden vier Arten identifiziert, die das Potential besitzen den zentralen Arktischen Ozean mit den mittleren Breiten zu korrelieren. Obwohl verschiedene andere Arten auf längeren (Millionen von Jahren) Zeitskalen nützlich erscheinen, sind viele Bioevents asynchron und zeigen damit eine starke Breitenkreisabhängigkeit selbst im wärmeren Miozän. In einer zweiten Studie wurde die globale, paläobiogeografische Verbreitung des Batiacasphaera micropapillata Artenkomplex untersucht, um ihn für zukünftige Paläoumweltrekonstruktionen nutzbar zu machen. Dieser im Neogen der hohen nördlichen Breiten vorherrschende Komplex ist offenbar warm bis kühl-gemäßigt und III übersteht eine saisonale Meerbedeckung. Er bevorzugt den äußeren Schelfbereich und ozeanisches Milieu, toleriert höhere Salzgehalte und ist offenbar sehr gut an eine erhöhte Nährstoffverfügbarkeit sowie die vorherrschenden Lichtbedingungen in den hohen Breiten angepasst. Der Rückgang dieses Artenkomplexes im Obermiozän und sein stratigrafisch wichtiges Verschwinden im Unterpliozän sind eng mit der globalen Klimaabkühlung, welche zur Intensivierung der Nordhemisphären-Vereisung führte, verbunden. Ausgehend von Veränderungen in der Artenvergesellschaftung, ergänzt durch Meersoberflächentemperaturen, wurde die Entwicklung der Paläoumwelt in der Islandsee für den Zeitraum von c. 15–2.5 Ma rekonstruiert. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchung deuten nicht nur auf einen Zusammenhang der Palynomorphen und der Meeresoberflächentemperaturen mit der langfristigen Abkühlung nach dem miozänen Klimaoptimum hin, sondern auch auf Veränderungen in der lokalen Ozeanzirkulation, welche durch die Öffnung der Framstraße, den Schwankungen in der Schwellentiefe des Grönland-Schottland-Rückens sowie der Verflachung und der nachfolgenden Schließung des Isthmus von Panama bedingt sind. Deutliche Variationen in der Artenzusammen- setzung reflektieren darüber hinaus kurzfristige Klimaschwankungen, wahrscheinlich
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