NEWS OF THE NATION’S DIVERSE CULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001 cultural genesis of the communities for the conference by Judith Carney, that use the lesson plan. “Rice, Slaves, and Landscapes of Changing Perceptions Cultural Memory,”(*) we added new of the American Cultural The lesson plan detailed the South’s content, demonstrating the long history Landscape growing reliance on slave labor and the of skilled rice cultivation in West Africa steps involved in South Carolina rice Theresa Campbell-Page that preceded the settlement of South cultivation. Based on an essay written National Conference of State Historic Carolina. Furthermore, the lesson now Preservation Officers

Recent scholarship presented at the “Places of Cultural Memory: African Reflections on the American Landscape” conference,in Atlanta,Georgia,encour- aged Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) to take another look at our lesson plan,“When Rice Was King.”TwHP,a pro- gram of the National Register of Historic Places,offers a series of more than 70 online lessons for teachers of history and other subjects. The Atlanta conference developed out of the realization that little was known about African cultural heritage in the United States. Likewise, while our les- son plan described the labor Africans contributed to the emerging eighteenth century American agricultural econo- my, it did not acknowledge prior African expertise in rice cultivation. Information from the conference inspired us to revise the lesson’s focus to include the examination of the The map illustrates inland and Tidewater rice systems used near the origins of rice production and the Cooper River, South Carolina. Courtesy of Richard Porcher.

Floodgates on a Carolina tidal plantation, c. 1920, allowed fresh water in to irrigate the rice beds. Courtesy of the Charleston Museum.

National Park Service Activities National Park page 1 specifies similarities between the The question asked in many different American University are project methods used in West Africa and ways at “Places of Cultural Memory” co-leaders. Together with other NPS South Carolina, such as the successful Understanding and conference was: what should we do members, S. Terry Childs, Clarenda tidal production method, which Preserving Africanisms with this information? The underlying Drake, Doris Fanelli,Antoinette Lee, required manipulation of tidal flows to in the USA theme of a need for confluence of aca- Cynthia Salter-Stith, Mark Scheopfle, attain high levels of productivity in Brian D. Joyner demic scholarship and historic preser- and Fredrick York, they bring expertise flood plains of rivers and streams. Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative vation seems to be the answer, in addi- in ethnography, cultural resource plan- tion to use of the materials in the ning, management and interpretation, Carney asserts that African-born slaves development of heritage tourism historic preservation, web design, provided the critical expertise that The “Places of Cultural Memory: opportunities. The National Park online education methodologies and made South Carolina rice cultivation African Reflections on the American Service seeks to use the conference African American cultural heritage. successful. Questions accompanying Landscape” conference took place May papers and subsequent publications to the reading make the lesson plan users 9–12, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia. The The CWG also includes six university- assist in disseminating the conference consider slave contributions to agricul- conference brought together academic based anthropologists: Mario Gonzales contents. Hard copies of the conference tural advances and the effect this had scholars and historic preservationists (Southwestern University), Stephen papers are available through the on the institution of slavery.Additional to explore Africanisms—aspects of Gregory (Columbia University), Pensiri Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative questions ask students to consider African heritage—in the built environ- Ho (American University),Arlene program of the National Park Service; whether slaves were given credit for ment in the Americas.Approximately Torres, (University of Illinois), Lok CD electronic copies are available over the the experience and knowledge they 200 people participated in the land- Siu (New York University) and Rosita Initiative’s website: www.cr.nps.gov/crdi. brought to rice cultivation. mark event. Worl (University of Alaska). Complet- For more information or to receive hard copies ing the group’s membership are John Further revisions include an activity to Over the course of the conference, of the papers, contact Brian Joyner, 202/343- Franklin and Olivia Cadaval, Center for enhance appreciation of multicultural speakers with interdisciplinary per- 1000, or e-mail [email protected]. Folklife and Cultural Heritage, contributions to different areas. Lesson spectives addressed African cultural Smithsonian Institution; Sandy Hoa plan users research various cultures in heritage in the Americas. Joseph E. Dang, social activist and cultural per- their community, e.g.,Where did they Harris of Howard University opened Teaching About African former; Marianna Blagburn, public come from? What skills did they bring the conference with a global perspec- American Heritage anthropologist; and Diane Dale, com- to the area? They look for evidence tive on the African Diaspora. Robert Preservation and munity historian. These group mem- representing their influence, discuss Farris Thompson of Yale University Ethnographic Resources bers bring expertise in the cultures of similarities and differences of the addressed reflections of African culture Online Native Alaskans,African Americans, groups, and conclude which one has throughout the arts of the New World. Audrey L. Brown Asian Americans, and Hispanic the most influence today. These opening presentations were followed by thematic sessions on the Cultural Anthropologist Americans. Finally, we added supplementary Archeology & Ethnography Program diaspora, agricultural lifeways and On January 7–10, 2002, the CWG will resources so lesson plan users could technology, cultural landscapes, and The Archeology & Ethnography (A&E) participate in a Curriculum Develop- further explore this topic. Changing the urban and rural communities. Program and the Stephen T.Mather ment workshop at the Sumner School lesson became a useful exercise in Training Center are co-sponsoring In his comments on the session, in Washington,DC.Miki Crespi,Chief keeping our materials current. New development of a distance learning “Agricultural Lifeways and Technolo- Ethnographer, will conduct a session evidence presented in the lesson will course entitled “African American gies,”Ted Landsmark of the Boston called “Ethnographic Resources: What help users examine the complex role of Perspectives on Heritage Preservation Architectural Center crystallized the Are They,Whose Are They and Why slave labor in America, while highlight- and Stewardship of Ethnographic spirit of the conference. Landsmark Are They Important in Park Planning, ing the influence of African cultural Resources.”The course will be a model stated that much on this topic was Management, and Interpretation?”Tony heritage on the American landscape. for an online course series:“Multicul- already known and available in print. Knapp, Program Manager, Cultural tural Heritage Preservation and Stew- For more information on Teaching with Historic However, it was time for preservation- Resources Stewardship Career Field, ardship of Ethnographic Resources.” Places, visit our website at www.cr.nps.gov/ ists to take advantage of this scholar- will facilitate the discussions proceed- nr/twhp. To read the “When Rice Was King” Under the coordination of Audrey L. ship and use it in preservation and ing the session. The intent is to provide lesson plan, visit www.cr.nps.gov/ Brown, the courses are being devel- nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/3rice/3rice.htm. cultural heritage efforts in their National Park Service staff with a oped by the Curricula Work Group communities. greater competency in managing and * Judith Carney, “Rice, Slaves, and (CWG), to provide National Park interpreting these resources in Landscapes of Cultural Memory,” in Places of “Places of Cultural Memory” also Service staff with a greater competency consultation with culturally diverse Cultural Memory: African Reflections on the addressed the preservation concerns in in managing and interpreting these American Cultural Landscape, Conference communities. Proceedings, May 9–12, 2001, Atlanta, the Gullah/Geechee community of resources and in consultation with Park staff and others with expertise in Georgia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department South Carolina and the African Burial other kinds of communication with Pacific Islander, Asian American, Hispanic of the Interior, National Park Service, 2001). culturally diverse communities. Ground project in New York City. Each American, or Native Alaskan cultures who of the sessions highlighted historic The CWG was formed to develop wish to participate may contact Audrey Brown preservation efforts and discussed at [email protected]. courses for the online series. John areas of conflict between community Hale, Superintendent, National Capital needs, commercial desires, and govern- Parks-East and Brett Williams, Chair- mental involvement. person, Department of Anthropology,

page 2 HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001 Museum. Students also toured the Shaw Charleston, South Carolina. During my neighborhood, the Moorland-Spingarn 10-week internship, I had the privilege The Cultural Resources Research Center at Howard University, of working with various preservation Diversity Internship Program Sponsors 20 and the Frederick Douglass National organizations, including the Preser- Interns in Summer of Historic Site. They worked in smaller vation Society of Charleston, the Board 2001 peer groups on topics related to their of Architectural Review, and City of intern projects and made presentations Charleston Preservation Planning Moriba N. McDonald on the final day of the workshop. Department, while participating Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative in the review of alterations to historic The Cultural Resources Diversity properties. In the summer of 2001, the Cultural Internship Program is funded by a grant Resources Diversity Internship Program from the Challenge Cost Share Program In my work with city planner,Eddie sponsored 20 undergraduate/graduate of the National Park Service; the Bellow of the City of Charleston students. This 10-week summer pro- National Center for Cultural Resources, Preservation Planning Commission, I gram is designed as a career explo- National Park Service; the Everett Public was able to get a larger picture of ration experience for students who are Service Internship Program; and the preservation planning and a behind- interested in applying their interest in intern sponsors. The Student Conser- the-scenes look at the Board of history, architecture, and related sub- vation Association is the administrative Architectural Review. Eddie and his jects to work at historic sites, public partner for this program. staff allowed me to see how they pre- pare materials about the properties that preservation agencies, and private In the summer of 2002, the Cultural go before the Board of Architectural preservation organizations. Through Resources Diversity Internship Program Review. I also interviewed staff mem- this program, students can build their will sponsor another group of interns. bers and asked them about the pros and resumes of work in the cultural Students enrolled at Historically Black cons of preservation planning, their resources stewardship/historic preser- Colleges and Universities, Hispanic educational backgrounds, and how that vation field. Serving Institutions, Tribal Colleges, led them to their present careers. In 2001, interns were assigned to work and other minority schools and aca- at Independence National Historical demic departments are encouraged to I also experienced the private sector Park, National Register of Historic apply to this program. side of historic preservation with the Preservation Society of Charleston. Places,Advisory Council on Historic For additional information on the internship pro- Preservation, Maryland Historical Trust, gram, contact Moriba N. McDonald, While working with the Preservation the Arizona State Historic Preservation e-mail:[email protected]. Intern Society, I was able to pull together an Office, and private non-profit organiza- applications should be directed to: Student easement package, conduct research, Conservation Association, 1800 North Kent tions, including the National Trust for make site visits, and organize meetings Street, Suite 102, Arlington, VA 22209 or visit regarding easement acceptance. Historic Preservation, the Dallas His- SCA at: www.sca-inc.org. The deadline for torical Society, and the Historic Pres- submitting intern applications to the Student At the offices of the National Trust for Conservation Association is March 1, 2002. ervation Trust of Lancaster County, Historic Preservation in Charleston, SC, Pennsylvania. The intern sponsors were I assisted Sierra Neal with a five-year selected competitively based on the plan for the Southeast Regional African quality of the proposed project. An Internship in Historic American Preservation Alliance confer- Charleston Student projects ranged from designing ences. I also participated in the review a website for a historic slave cabin in Nekya Young of transportation-related projects in Maryland to cataloging historical arti- Charleston, where five homes were facts related to Scott Joplin, indexing Charleston, South Carolina has the old- affected by a road-widening project for archival items from the Texas Centen- est historic district in the nation. In a bridge, and in Savannah, Georgia nial, assisting the Maryland African 1931, the Charleston City Council estab- where a road-widening project was American Museum Corporation with lished a permanent Board of Architec- located adjacent to a historic district. membership and outreach programs, tural Review to review plans for alter- During the summer, I interviewed sev- surveying historic places associated ations and additions in the Old and eral individuals who work in historic with women’s history in New Jersey, and Historic Charleston District.Although it preservation. They included Dwayne conducting research on diverse Amer- has enjoyed more than 70 years of pro- Green, a lawyer and Vice Chair on the ican Revolutionary War heroes. tection, historic Charleston continues to Board of Architectural Review; Mary evolve and meet new challenges. During the sixth week of the program, Edmunds, Deputy State Historic the interns were invited to Washington, In the summer of 2001, I was selected Preservation Officers for the State of DC to participate in a week-long career as an intern in the National Park South Carolina; Vanessa Turner- workshop. The workshop included pre- Service’s Cultural Resources Diversity Maybank, tourism director for the City sentations by staff of the National Park Internship Program. My internship was of Charleston; and Valerie Perry, Service, the National Trust for Historic with the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and the National Building Preservation Southern Office in See INTERNSHIP, page 10, column 2

Internships, Colleges, and Universities page 3 HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001 and of the Lower East Side’s important the pizza place, diner, pool hall, and the historic Jewish sites. deli. More hang-out spots are men- Lower East Side tioned: the Jewish Community House For more information contact Gail Morse, Conservancy Assists Director of Tourism, The Lower East Side itself, a vibrant and nurturing gathering with Recognition of Conservancy, 200 East Broadway, Suite 3A, place; and the lively shopping strip Neighborhood and New York, NY 10002. Telephone: 212/598- under the “el”trains on 86th Street. Two Synagogues 1200, fax: 212/598-4573, LESConservancy@ Finally, the local park, with its basket- aol.com, www.nycjewishtours.org. ball and handball courts. Beyond the The Lower East Side Conservancy confines of Bensonhurst, these youths announced at a ceremony on April 19, see themselves as citizens of the city 2001, that the historic Lower East Side and roam it pretty widely via subway. historic district in New York City has been placed on the New York State and Immigrant Teenagers What makes a good neighborhood for Discover Their National Registers of Historic Places in Russian immigrant teens in Benson- Neighborhood: A Report hurst? Good home, schools, public recognition of the role the Lower East from Bensonhurst, Side played in our nation’s history.The Brooklyn spaces, places for hanging out, transit. Lower East Side has the distinction of a The basics that have made good urban place of first settlement for almost Ned Kaufman neighborhoods continue to do so. These every immigrant group that has come things create a neighborhood heritage to America. Nomination for the Lower Vlad is 15 years old. He lives in of places that sustain Vlad and his East Side was co-sponsored by the Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, but he has not friends from Moscow and Odessa as Conservancy and the Lower East Side been there very long. He was born in they add a new layer to it. Business Improvement District. Russia, and Russian is his first lan- guage. Many of his friends have similar Ned Kaufman is a cultural resource consultant In addition, two of the neighborhood’s based in Yonkers, New York and director of the stories, for Bensonhurst is one of New program at the Jewish Community House. most important and historic syna- York’s fastest-growing Russian commu- Contact Ned Kaufman at 914/476-3045; e-mail: gogues, Beth Hamedrash Hagadol and nities. It has a rich heritage, sustained [email protected]. Kehila Kedosha Janina, were added to by its inhabitants and their abiding con- the New York State and National Reg- nection with the neighborhood. isters.At the June 21, 2001, presentation in New York, the synagogues received a An eight-week after-school program at St. Croix Heritage Trail combined total of more than $375,000 the Jewish Community House, carried Now Navigable Online in grants and loans to enable them to out with funding from New York City restore their building exteriors. Councilman Kenneth Fisher’s New American Youth Initiative, seeks to The St. Croix Heritage Trail, a designat- Beth Hamedrash Hagadol was built in understand what living in Bensonhurst ed Millennium Legacy Trail maintained 1852 as a Baptist church and became a means to Vlad and his friends. The pro- by the St. Croix Landmarks Society, synagogue in 1885. In 1967 the syna- gram starts with a question:“What are received funding for a navigable web gogue was one of the first to become a the places you care about in your neigh- site from the Federal Highway Admin- New York City Landmark when the con- borhood?”Then the students discussed, istration through the Virgin Islands gregation’s rabbi used the new land- photographed, and wrote about aspects Department of Public Works. The grant mark law to help prevent demolition of of neighborhood life that were impor- funds several Heritage Trail publica- the building. Kehila Kedosha Janina, tant to them. They interviewed Brook- tions and products including the design built in 1926, is the last remaining lyn Borough Historian John Manbeck. and construction of several scenic Greek Romaniote synagogue in the They designed and assembled an exhib- pullovers and overlooks along 28 miles Western Hemisphere and houses a it, and presented it to the community at of the trail. The route consists of exist- museum of the history of Romaniote an evening gathering. ing roadways and has been developed Jews and the story of Greek Jews during as a joint effort of the St. Croix the Holocaust. The program had two valuable out- Landmarks Society, the Virgin Islands comes. First, the students learned to Department of Tourism, and the St. The Lower East Side Conservancy was care about their neighborhood in new Croix Chamber of Commerce. created in 1998 as a project of the ways, to value places and opportunities United Jewish Council of the East Side. they had taken for granted. Second, The St. Croix Heritage Trail is a 72-mile The Conservancy’s mission is to cele- adults gained a better understanding of driving tour that circles St. Croix, the brate, preserve, and share the Jewish the city as experienced by teenagers, largest of the three United States Virgin heritage of the Lower East Side of New teenagers who had brought a fresh eye Islands and the site of one of the earli- York City.In addition to working in his- and a different set of experiences. est American landings of Christopher toric preservation with the local com- Columbus. The trail connects many of munity, the Conservancy is developing The places the students singled out are St. Croix's rich natural and cultural her- heritage tourism through its Insider’s instructive. Home, the center of family itage sites. This includes two world- Tours of many of the local synagogues life and self; school; hang-out spots like Community Initiatives class historic colonial towns, one of the The main building holds Heritage Hall, The Pine/Piedra Stock Driveway, located The ranching history marked on aspen earliest American-European contact dedicated to the 39 ethnic groups that in southwest Colorado, is a 27-mile long trees is slowly being lost, as aspens live points in the western hemisphere, an settled in the area. Early in its use, nine ribbon of history that stretches from the only 80–100 years. Blow downs, forest eclectic mixture of churches, a prison, nationalities—Native Americans, lowlands along the Colorado-New fires, and vandalism are also taking and a large assemblage of eighteenth Scandinavians (a combination of Mexico border to the high meadows of their toll. The San Juan Mountains and nineteenth century architectural Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and the Weminuche Wilderness. The drive- Association, a non-profit interpretive remains associated with Danish colo- Finnish) Polish, Croatian, Italian and way was used from 1900 to 1960 by organization located in Durango, nial rule and the sugar industry.Point Cousin Jacks—held festivals and cele- sheep and cattle ranchers to move their Colorado, has begun efforts to docu- Udall, which is the eastern-most point brated with folk tales, music, dance, and herds from winter grazing grounds to ment the arborglyphs found on the in the United States, is also included on culinary specialties.An artist from each summer pasture in the San Juan Pine/Piedra Stock Driveway and adja- the Trail. group was asked to portray characteris- Mountains. Lonely, homesick, and cent trails. Using GPS units and digital tics of their nationality with paintings bored, Hispanic and Basque sheep- cameras, volunteers painstakingly pho- The site has photographs, maps, and on a beam, which stretched across the herders would carve their names, dates, tograph, sketch, and note the location of descriptions of St. Croix's attractions, hall with images of their heritage.While and hometowns on the aspen trees, trees bearing carvings. In one summer, agriculture, natural areas, plantations, the festivals have diminished to two— documenting their existence to the next volunteers have recorded almost a thou- culture, historic churches, animal life, Scandinavian and Italian—the beams person who passed by.Drawings of sand arborglyphs. In the project’s next and vegetation. Links are provided for a continue to remind the community of homes, animals, and loves left behind phase, volunteers will use the informa- number of supporting companies and its composition. In addition, the main grace the aspen trees. tion gathered to search for families of organizations, as well as tour operators building contains over 100 exhibits on the ranchers in an effort to gather oral that run tours of specific segments of Cattle ranchers were using the driveway life in the North. history about an almost-forgotten the St. Croix Heritage Trail.A link to the as well, intent on bringing their live- lifestyle. Virgin Islands Department of Tourism The Museum has also undertaken sev- stock to the same high meadows used Web site also is included. The website eral other preservation projects. It by sheepherders. The aspen trunks For more information, contact Karen Thurman was developed locally by St. Croix busi- maintains an area archives and has recorded the range wars, with trees at [email protected], or visit the website at www.sjma.org. ness Media Mate Inc. Nancy Bucking- published 15 books on local history. declaring “Cattle Only!”and others ham, St. Croix Heritage Trail coordina- Among the latest are Barns, Farms, and warning “No cattle, only sheep allowed tor said,“A community project such as Yar ns, containing over 300 photos in here.”Contrasting to the graceful The arborglyphs on the Aspen trees the Heritage Trail certainly benefits color of barns in the county, and Men, Hispanic script,Anglo arborglyphs were relay the stories of Hispanic and Basque from the exposure gained through a Mines, and Memories, containing pic- oftentimes big and bold, with chiseled herders in the Southwest in the early twentieth century. Photo courtesy of the San website.” tures of local mines. Both books contain words that demanded to be noticed. Juan Mountains Association. over 20 oral histories by people describ- For more information, contact Nancy Buckingham, St. Croix Heritage Trail, 69 King ing their lives and their occupations. Street Frederiksted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands For more information, visit the website at 00840; phone, 340/713-8563. Visit the website www.ironcountymuseum.org. at www.stcroixheritagetrail.com.

Iron County Museum The Wooden Canvas: Reflects Mining Culture Documenting Historic and Regional Diversity Aspen Art Carvings in Southwest Colorado Marcia Bernhardt Curator, Iron County Museum Karen Thurman Education Outreach Coordinator The Iron County Museum, which was San Juan Mountains Association established nearly 40 years ago has At first it looks like graffiti left behind grown from one building to 22, and is by early travelers through the forest. one of the best kept secrets in the Upper Upon closer inspection, however, the Peninsula of Michigan. The head frame, carvings on the soft bark of aspen trees used to lift tons of iron ore to the sur- tell a fascinating story of the lives of face, is listed in the National Register of Hispanic and Basque sheep herders, as Historic Places, and is one part of five well as the challenges they encountered outdoor complexes. Depicting the histo- with cattle ranchers who used the same ry of the area are a logging camp, a meadows to graze their herds. Ignored homestead, the mining area, and trans- for years, the stories told by arborglyphs portation, all moved to the grounds and are being sought out by cultural histori- most over 100 years old. ans and those interested in a unique form of Hispanic folk art.

page 5 HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001

Located in Reno, Nevada, the Bethel AME church was listed in the National Register in recognition of its role in fostering social equality in the community. Photo courtesy of Mella Rothwell Harmon.

The property was listed on the strength of the agricultural traditions Portuguese of the church’s social history.Bethel immigrants maintained on the island National Register AME fostered social equality through of Maui. Listings its active role in the community, its Portuguese presence in Hawaii dates direct tie to the establishment of the back to the late eighteenth century. State Historic Preservation Offices Reno-Sparks branch of the National Several successful Portuguese families continue to identify and document his- Association for the Advancement of lived in Makawao, including the Gomes toric places associated with the nation’s Colored People (NAACP), and its abid- family.The family, like other Portuguese cultural groups. The properties ing dignity in the face of discrimina- families, maintained their cultural ties described in this section recently were tion. Bethel AME Church is one of through ranching and farming (the nominated by states and listed in the Nevada’s most significant building asso- house sits on 21.5 acres of land, some of National Register of Historic Places. ciated with the history of its African which was leased out to the Ha’iku American population. Bethel AME Church Pineapple Company, some for raising For more information, contact Mella Harmon, cattle), and the forno (outdoor oven) Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs, behind the Gomes home. Traditionally, (AME) Church in Reno, Nevada, is the 775/684-3447, e-mail; mrharmon@ clan.lib.nv.us. homes with fornos were places for the oldest surviving African American insti- neighborhood’s women to gather sever- tution in the state. Built in 1910, Bethel Frank and Theresa Gomes House al days each week. The Gomes residence AME was not only the seat of religious is exemplary of the contributions of observance, but also a center of social Listed in the National Register on June Portuguese immigrants to Maui’s interaction and participation. It was 14, 2001, the Gomes House is significant heritage. added to the National Register June 12, for its place in the social and ethnic his- 2001. For more information, contact Timothy Johns, tory of the Makawao Portuguese com- Hawaii Department of Land & Natural munity in Hawaii. Built in 1924, the Resources, [email protected]. Gomes House represents a continuation State Activities Brightwell Shotgun Row The Brightwell Shotgun Row was listed in the National Register in recognition of the importance of the double shotgun house type. Photo courtesy of Georgia The Brightwell Shotgun Row was added Department of Natural Resources. to the National Register,based on its architecture, community planning and development, and ethnic heritage. Located in the New Town section of Athens, Georgia, the double shotgun house row on Barber Street was built between 1935–1940 by Helen Brightwell, and housed working class African Americans. The shotgun house is an African American vernacular architectural form, with roots in the Caribbean and Africa, and is typically found in African American neighborhoods throughout the lower south. It also can be found as far north as Ohio, and as far west as Texas. However, the double shotgun variety is unique to Georgia. The shot- gun row in Athens is considered notable due to the back-to-back configuration of the six homes. The Brightwell Shotgun Row was listed in the National Register on June 14, 2001.

For more information, contact Richard Cloues, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division, [email protected].

The Frank and Theresa Gomes House was listed in the National Register in recognition of its place in the social and ethnic history of the Portuguese in Hawaii. Photo courtesy of Dawn E. Duensing.

page 7 HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001

“Growing Up in Washington” Views the Nation’s Capital Through Children’s Eyes

Jill Connors Exhibit Coordinator, The Historical Society of Washington, DC

When most Americans think about children in Washington they picture school trips and tour buses at the Smithsonian. Some children never visit- ed Washington, they already lived here. For them, the nation’s shrines served as playgrounds. Their memories combine the ordinary pleasures and pains of childhood with the awareness of grow- ing up in a special place.Washington is a city of people with a rich and multi- layered history who feel connected to the city through community and neigh- borhood relationships. Washington is historically a city of black and white.Although Washington is becoming increasingly multicultural, it is still a city 66% African-American and 27% white.Washington is also a city that spills beyond its official boundaries into the neighboring states of Maryland and Virginia. It is a city Children in Washington stay cool on a hot and hazy summer day at the Columbus rich with the history of the Jewish com- Monument, Union Station Plaza, 1960. Photo courtesy of Gallagher Photo Collection, HSW Collections. munity, German community, black community, newer immigrant commu- nities, service and government workers, movie theaters to children and the working class and wealthy, and genera- impact of segregation on children. tions of families. Looking Back and “Growing Up in Washington”gives a Forward: Significant The Historical Society of Washington, sampling of the experiences the chil- Places of the GLBT DC began investigating the idea of dren of Washington had over the past Community Conference growing up in Washington several years century.Together these memories weave Held in San Francisco ago with a community oral history a story of Washington and begin to Gerry Takano interview initiative. Created around the show the nuances of living in different theme of childhood in Washington, it quadrants, in different neighborhoods, The recognition of diversity sites as has since grown into several projects, in different religious affiliations, and in historic places has strengthened main- including an exhibit currently on dis- different time periods over the past stream preservation interests in gay, play at the Historical Society of Wash- century.The immediacy of the stories lesbian, bisexual and transgender ington, DC and a book to be published provides a sense of the social and cul- (GLBT) history, built environment, and this fall through Arcadia Publishing. tural changes in the city over the past public space. Recently, San Francisco The “Growing Up in Washington”proj- hundred years.“Growing Up in Wash- became the venue for an international ect has added new scholarship on the ington”captures what it means to be a conference that focused on the identifi- history of childhood by emphasizing Washingtonian. cation and interpretation of GBLT sites. the importance of place in the experi- On June 21-22, 2001 the “Looking Back ence of children. People identified For more information, contact the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. at 202/785-2068. and Forward: Significant Places of the movie theaters, parks, and schools as GLBT Community”conference was pre- common places they visited as children. sented by the Friends of 1800, a grass- The most common themes that were roots, nonprofit organization dedicated repeatedly echoed in memories of place to preserving significant historical and were references to the importance of Private Sector Initiatives cultural resources, with a special was held, to Ford’s Theatre where he interest in the preservation of sites was assassinated. important to GBLT history. In her introduction to the accompany- The two-day conference opened with ing booklet, Kathryn Schneider Smith, the plenary session,“Rainbow Revit- Executive Director of the DC Heritage alization: The GLBT Role in the Tourism Coalition, relates DC’s trail to American Historical Preservation other similar trails around the country. Movement” presented by William Smith points out how Boston’s Freedom Coburn, a historic preservation consult- Trail represents our colonial and ant based in Dearborn, Michigan. Revolutionary War history, and that in Sessions that followed provided detailed Philadelphia, the Liberty Bell and reports on the state of GLBT preserva- Independence Hall symbolize the cre- tion work in Los Angeles, San Fran- ation of the new nation. In turn, cisco,Honolulu,Seattle,Detroit,Chi- Washington, DC has been at the heart of cago,and Washington,D.C.On the final the struggle to preserve the Union and day's plenary session, author Will fulfill its promise. The Civil War to Civil Fellows of Milwaukee read excerpts Rights heritage trail helps residents and from a forthcoming book, Preservation visitors alike to understand the impor- Comrades, Gay Men as Keepers of tant role our nation’s capital played at Culture. this crucial time and the continuing impact of the ideals for which the Civil Other conference activities included a War was fought. tour of San Francisco's City Hall, high- lighting the assassination of openly gay For more information, contact Richard Busch, supervisor Harvey Milk.Accompanying Downtown Heritage Trail Project Manager, DC Heritage Tourism Coalition, 202/661-7581, or the official City Hall tour guide was visit the website at www.dcheritage.org. actor Jim Kennedy who supplemented the official tour presentation with his own commentary and audiotapes from the time of Harvey Milk. Susan Stryker Participating in of the GLBT Historical Society of Preservation Northern California provided a walking tour of the Tenderloin, providing histor- Mayor Anthony Williams reads one of the new heritage trail signs during the Civil War Kathleen May to Civil Rights heritage trail opening ceremony. Photo courtesy of Carole Kolker. ical documentation on transgender Southwest Colorado Cultural Site presence in the area and pre-Stonewall Stewardship Program resistance at Compton's Cafeteria. For further information, visit the website: Building on Professor Smith’s analysis, (Stonewall in New York City is the site of www.friendsof1800.org. Gerry Takano is princi- the trail uses existing historic land- Southwest Colorado is home to infinite pal in the firm of TBA West, an architectural and archeological treasurers. The region was the 1969 raid and demonstrations that planning firm based in San Francisco. marks to help tell a two-fold story: how led to the modern gay and lesbian the war transformed the city into the at the heart of the prehistoric ancestral movement and is a designated National center of national power, and how our Puebloan culture. It lay directly in the Historic Landmark.) Other outings country and its capital have continued path of adventurers and traders along included a walk through the Hayes to experience the challenge of realizing the Spanish Trail and boasted countless Valley, a nearby neighborhood with an Washington, DC Unveils the American dream of equal rights for boomtowns during the exploration and Civil War to Civil Rights emerging GLBT presence, as well as a all its citizens. settlement of the West. Today, thou- Heritage Trail hard-hat tour of the Fallon Building, sands of highly visible, yet fragile, sites Trail walkers will encounter places undergoing restoration as a result of the of national and international signifi- where well known individuals lived and Friends of 1800's efforts. On July 2, 2001, District of Columbia cance can be found scattered among Mayor Anthony Williams uncovered the worked before, during, and after the southwest Colorado’s canyons, forests, Conference participation and support first sign of the city’s new 21-sign Civil Civil War: individuals such as nurse and mesa tops. included the GLBT Historical Society of War to Civil Rights heritage trail. The Clara Barton; founder of the Contra- Urban and rural development, Northern California, San Francisco trail winds through the downtown band Relief Society to aid new freed- increased site visitation, and a rise in Public Library's James Hormel Center, neighborhood and was developed in a men, Elizabeth Keckley; poet and the level of vandalism and looting have and the Joie de Vivre, developers and partnership between the Downtown DC wartime nurse,Walt Whitman; aboli- resulted in alarming damage to archeo- owners of the Hotel Bijou Conference Business Improvement District and the tionist and equal rights champion, logical sites. Cultural resource managers headquarters. DC Heritage Tourism Coalition. Frederick Douglass; Lincoln assassin, John Wilkes Booth; and civil rights and archeologists agree that the most With local, national, and international Professor Edward Smith, Chair of leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. President effective way to stem losses is through interest among activists, community- American Studies at American Lincoln’s presence pervades the trail, public education and community based historians, and academics, addi- University in Washington, DC and proj- from the church where he and his involvement. tional conferences and activities related ect consultant, noted early on that the family worshipped, to the old Patent to the GLBT built environment are war was the defining event in our Office where his second inaugural ball planned in the future by the Friends country’s history and that it forever of 1800. changed Washington, DC as well.

page 9 The Southwest Colorado Cultural Site INTERNSHIP from page 3 organize the UGRR Summit. DHPA globalization and rapid technological Stewardship Program (CSSP) was cre- awarded grants to seven Hoosiers to advances as major factors that will director of the Nathaniel Russell House ated in response to these concerns.A research UGRR activity throughout impact the way we conserve our all and a member of the city’s planning key CSSP objective is to help preserve Indiana. Five of the researchers shared important cultural and natural heritage. commission. Most were minorities who and protect our irreplaceable cultural their fascinating discoveries with the Transformations of the world's political shared with me their experiences resources by teaming volunteer stew- general public at the Summit on August economy threaten those vital senses of entering the preservation field and their ards with endangered prehistoric and 4, 2001 at the Indiana Government place and identity that have served to current roles in supporting historic historic archeological sites. Established Center Auditorium.With an attendance sustain cultural and environmental preservation in Charleston. in 2000, CSSP has trained some 75 vol- of over 60 people, including two resources. The research in the Center unteer stewards, as well as a number of Because of this internship, my views on National Park Service regional repre- will focus on four readily apparent com- recreational permittees to monitor and preservation have completely changed. sentatives, Fox 59, and the Indianapolis ponents of heritage and they include: report activities at or near dozens of Historically, the preservation field was Star, the Summit proved to be a success. • Examining the recovery, celebration, unattended cultural sites. commonly known as an “elite” field. Based on the research compiled by the and interpretation of the past as a During this internship I have been per- CSSP is one of several programs of the Summit presenters, I created a database necessary component of sustaining suaded that the stereotype about San Juan Mountains Association of UGRR sites and routes. I was able to local identity and sense of place. preservation is just a stereotype. The (SJMA) in Durango, Colorado. SJMA is provide relevant information to those • Understanding the uses and values field of preservation includes all races a nonprofit organization created in interested. For example, I assisted a associated with the natural environ- and cultures. Thanks to the National 1988 to help public land agencies North Carolina reporter find out about a ment as expressed in cultural terms. Park Service, the National Trust for enhance personal and community UGRR site in south central Indiana. Historic Preservation, the city of • Investigating the appreciation of cul- stewardship of southwest Colorado’s Charleston, and the Student Conser- In addition to the Summit and data- tural and natural places as a major natural and cultural resources through vation Association, I now am interested base, I also worked with the Indiana component as a way to maintain interpretation, information, education in pursuing a historic preservation Freedom Trails (IFT), an organization of locality and ensure the survival of and volunteerism. CSSP is funded by career. volunteers who research and provide communities and locales that are the Colorado Historical Society/State educational programs on the Network threatened by transformations in the Historical Fund, the San Juan National A student at Tennessee State University, Nekya to Freedom application (IFT is to be global economy. Forest, the Bureau of Land Manage- Young participated in the Summer 2001 NPS Cultural Resources Diversity Internship nationally recognized as an UGRR edu- • Analyzing the ways in which heritage ment, and the Four Corners Heritage Program. She also is a recipient of the National cational program), and updated the IFT is expressed and used to further eco- Council. Trust’s Emerging Preservation Leaders scholar- brochure. nomic development and political In August 2001, CSSP’s first annual ship and attended the National Preservation activity. Conference in Providence, RI in October 2001. Lastly, I also was the DHPA volunteer Stewardship conference brought speak- coordinator for the Indiana Black Expo Heritage resource studies is an emerging ers and registrants together from all (IBE), the largest cultural fair in the field. It is critical that this research be for- over Colorado and the Southwest. nation. In this role, I attended the orga- mulated in such a way that it can be read- Educators, archeologists, and other The Underground nizational meeting and registered DHPA ily applied by those who are responsible experts conducted seminars on topics Railroad in Indiana staff to volunteer in the DNR booth and for the management of our historic, cul- ranging from the history and role of LeShone HoSang at the IBE. tural, and environmental resources, as archeological site stewardship, to tech- The Underground Railroad (UGRR) well as contribute to an increased public niques of monitoring, artifact and site My internship with DHPA was truly runs deep in the mythology of the awareness of the need for responsible identification, oral history collection, rewarding, personally, professionally, United States.What was depicted as a heritage development. UMCHRS is com- archival research, and heritage educa- and educationally.I have a greater structured organization spiriting slaves mitted to strengthening our networks in tion. The conference—co-sponsored by appreciation for historic preservation to freedom, research has shown was the professional community and making the Fort Lewis College Center of and renewed interest in history due to actually more of a loosely affiliated it a leader in the field. The members Southwest Studies, the Office of my experience with the National Park group of people determined to assist include; Paul A. Shackel, Director, Community Services, and the San Juan Service and the Student Conservation runaways in their attempts to flee the Associate Professor of Anthropology; Public Lands Center—provided a Association. harsh conditions of bondage. Faceless Mark P.Leone, Professor of Anthropol- venue and opportunity for CSSP to individuals throughout the South and LeShone HoSang, a junior at Georgetown ogy; Erve Chambers, Professor of partner with the local community in a North provided shelter, food, and what- University, was an intern in the Summer 2001 Anthropology; and Michael Paolisso, joint effort to further preservation ever other resources needed to help. NPS Cultural Resources Diversity Internship Assistant Professor of Anthropology. efforts. Program. I spent my summer helping the Hoosier For more information, visit the web page at A key CSSP goal is to enhance heritage state interpret its role regarding the http://www.bsos.umd.edu/anth/paullab/chrs.htm. education by disseminating accurate UGRR. Through a ten-week internship preservation information through out- University of Maryland with the National Park Service Cultural reach programs, developing materials Creates Center for Resources Diversity Internship Program Heritage Resources that focus on site etiquette, and helping and Student Conservation Association, I Studies to coordinate the efforts of various worked with the Indiana Department of organizations, federal agencies, and Paul Shackel Natural Resources-Division of Historic members of the public under a cohe- Associate Professor of Anthropology Preservation and Archaeology (DHPA) sive site stewardship program. University of Maryland on its UGRR Initiative. For more information contact the San Juan In December 2000, the University of Mountains Association at (970) 385-1267. As an UGRR Initiative assistant, my Maryland established the UM Center for primary responsibility was to help my Heritage Resource Studies (UMCHRS). supervisor, Jeannie Reagan-Dinius, The center sees the effects of page 10 HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001

Archeologist Receives the Cotter Award for Research on Manzanar

National Park Service archeologist Jeffery Burton received the John L. Cotter Award for excellence in archeolo- gy for his work at Manzanar National Historic Site and other sites where Japanese Americans were confined dur- ing World War II. The award was given to Burton in recognition of the Western Archeological and Conservation Cen- ter’s work in documenting the struc- tures, features, and artifacts remaining at the sites related to the Japanese American relocation. The resulting report, entitled “Confine- ment and Ethnicity,”covers the ten main relocation centers and highlights some of the lesser-known sites associat- ed with the internment. For example, Printed proceedings of the “Places of Cultural Memory” conference are available from Burton’s research uncovered a link NPS. For more information, see the page 2 article, “Understanding and Preserving between an abandoned prison site on Africanisms in the USA.” Photo courtesy of Marcia Axtmann Smith Design/Communication. national forest land and Dr. Gordon Hirabayashi, a civil rights activist who had been imprisoned there for his stand Bouki Blues Conference NPCA’s Inaugural against the internment.As a result, a and Festival Partners in Progress United States Forest Service camp- Newsletter Available ground now at that location was The West African Research Association renamed to honor him and an on-site and the Association Ndar Label, in col- The National Parks Conservation interpretive display on the internment laboration with the Municipality of Association’s Enhancing Cultural is nearing completion. Saint Louis, the Institut Fondamental Diversity Program released Partners in d'Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop, and Progress, a newsletter for the National Burton’s archeological studies have the Conseil Regional de St. Louis will Parks Community Partners Program in involved former internees and their hold an interdisciplinary, bilingual con- July 2001. The newsletter highlights the families, students, volunteers, govern- ference and music festival, January 6– activities of the Community Partners ment agency officials,White House January 12, 2002 in St. Louis, Senegal. programs around the country. staff, and leaders of Japanese American The Bouki Blues Festival is the first of a community organizations. His work at The Community Partners Program and series of events that flows from the Manzanar was recognized for its inter- the newsletter have evolved out of work of historians who have established disciplinary research design, scientific NPCA’s “America’s Parks—America’s the connection between Senegambia historical archeological analysis, broad People: Mosaic in Motion” conference and Louisiana. public involvement, and sharing of that took place in San Francisco, CA in research results through a variety of Bouki is the Wolof name for the hyena, 1999. The conference called for diverse media. a character that has survived in folk- communities and parks to form part- tales from Florida, the Bahamas, and nerships, with an increase in park For more information on “Confinement and Ethnicity,” visit website www.cr.nps.gov/history/ Haiti.As a fictional character, the attendance by diverse individuals as the online_books/anthropolgy74/. appearance of Bouki symbolizes the goal. Cities including Miami, Boston, persistence of African culture in Washington, DC, Los Angeles, and San America, and African wisdom at large. Francisco, started partnerships made Through music, dance, film, and visual up of local and regional land manage- art, the Festival will highlight the ment organizations, National Park African basis of the culture of Service employees, and NPCA, and meet Louisiana. The Festival aims to under- monthly to raise the level of awareness score the ways in which two multicul- in communities through various events. tural societies were shaped by a com- The newsletter is the latest feature of mon historical experience. the Community Partners Program.

For more information, contact For information about Partners in Progress, the [email protected]. Community Partners Program, and NPCA, contact Alan Spears at 202/454-3384; email, [email protected]. page 11 Conferences, Publications, Awards HERITAGE MATTERS

NOVEMBER 2001 FIRST CLASS MAIL Postage & Fees Paid U.S. Department of the Interior G-83

Fran P Mainella National Park Service Director 1849 C Street, NW, Suite NC 350 Katherine H. Stevenson Washington, DC 20240 Associate Director, Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships

John Robbins Assistant Director, Cultural Resources

Antoinette J. Lee Special Projects Manager

Brian D. Joyner Heritage Matters Editor

Moriba N. McDonald Historian

Mission of the National Park Service NOVEMBER 2001 St. Croix Heritage Trail Now Navigable Online Iron County Museum Reflects Mining Culture The National Park Service is dedicated page 1 and Regional Diversity to conserving unimpaired the natural National Park Service Activities The Wooden Canvas: Documenting Historic and cultural resources and the values of Changing Perceptions of the American Cultural Aspen Art Carvings in Southwest Colorado the National Park System for the enjoy- Landscape ment, education and inspiration of this page 6 page 2 continuation and future generations. The Service also State Activities Understanding and Preserving Africanisms in cooperates with partners to extend the the USA National Register listings benefits of natural and cultural resource Teaching About African American Heritage Bethel AME Church conservation and outdoor recreation Preservation and Ethnographic Resources Frank and Theresa Gomes House throughout this country and the world. Online Brightwell Shotgun Row Heritage Matters, sponsored by the page 3 page 8 Cultural Resources Programs of the Internships, Colleges, and Universities Private Sector Initiatives National Park Service, is published The Cultural Resources Diversity Internship “Growing Up in Washington” Views the Nation’s twice-a-year and is free of charge. Program Sponsors 20 Interns in Summer of Capital Through Children’s Eyes 2001 Readers are invited to submit short arti- Looking Back and Forward: Significant Places An Internship in Historic Charleston cles and notices for inclusion. (Limit of the GLBT Community Conference Held in submissions to fewer than 400 words San Francisco page 10 continuation and include author’s name and affilia- Washington, DC Unveils Civil War to Civil The Underground Railroad in Indiana Rights Heritage Trail tion. Black and white photographs or University of Maryland Creates Center for slides are welcome.) Please submit Participating in Preservation Heritage Resources Studies newsletter items in writing or electroni- page 11 page 4 cally to: Brian D. Joyner, Editor, Heritage Conferences, Publications, Awards Community Initiatives Matters, DOI/National Park Service, Bouki Blues Conference and Festival 1849 C Street, NW, Suite NC–350, Lower East Side Conservancy Assists with Recognition of Neighborhood and Two NPCA’s Inaugural Partners in Progress Washington, DC 20240. Phone: 202/343- Synagogues Newsletter Available 1000, e-mail: [email protected]. Immigrant Teenagers Discover Their Archeologist Receives the Cotter Award for Neighborhood: A Report from Bensonhurst, Research on Manzanar Brooklyn

Visit the Web site for the NPS Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative: www.cr.nps.gov/crdi HERITAGE MATTERS HERITAGE