SMART MOBILITY AND THE TECHNOLOGIES PAVING THE WAY CONTENTS FOREWORD

Foreword: Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way 3 NXP’s S32V2 Vision Processor Paves the Way for Autonomous Smart Mobility and the Drive Systems for Today's Level 3 Capabilities 4 Technologies Paving the Way Automotive Trend— Super eCockpits and Rise Paul Golata, Mouser Electronics of Stretch Displays 6 Bluetooth® and Ultra-Wideband— odern life is built around mobility. People desire the next-generation automotive transponders and readers Precisely the Promise of IoT 9 and need to travel from one place to another, be it for access and immobilizer systems. All these developments for work or leisure. Businesses need to deliver their are being enabled by technologies, including ultra-wideband, NXP Wants to Move Data Inside Mgoods and services when and where they are wanted. On any next-generation wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi 6), and 5G access the Car as Fast as Possible with given day, significant quantities of people drive cars or take edge technologies. public transportation, and millions of items are delivered by NXP invites you learn more about how its solutions and Automotive Ethernet commercial vehicles. Doing these things safely and efficiently 12 products are paving the way for smart mobility. NXP expertise is something that all society desires. provides trusted, secure identification and authentication NXP's Technology Brings Safe, NXP Semiconductorss brings safe, secure, and efficient solutions for intelligent transportation systems, ensuring that Secure, and Efficient Mobility to mobility to our cities. NXP Semiconductorss enables secure people have full control over the technologies they depend connections and infrastructure for a smarter world, advancing upon. NXP delivers innovation and technology solutions that Our Cities 14 solutions that make lives easier, better, and safer. As the empower people to choose the best, most convenient, safe, world leader in secure connected solutions for embedded and secure ways to move people, goods, and data. Learn The Power of Electrification applications, NXP drives innovation in the secure connected more about how NXP is paving the way. Buckle up and enjoy 16 vehicle, end-to-end security and privacy, and smart connected the ride. ■ solutions markets. Power Inverter—A Critical Safety In cooperation with Mouser Electronics, NXP put together System for EVs 18 this eBook on Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving Paul Golata, Mouser Electronics the Way. In this eBook, NXP will demonstrate how it enables Do You Know the Main Functions safe, secure, and efficient mobility to our cities through Paul Golata joined Mouser Electronics in new technologies, including advanced driver-assistance 2011. As a Senior Technology Specialist, of the Battery Management systems (ADAS), Radio Detection And Ranging (Radar), Paul contributes to Mouser’s success through driving strategic leadership, tactical System? 20 Vehicle Networks, and Electrification. ADAS and Radar help execution, and the overall product-line avoid accidents and save lives. Vehicle Networking provides and marketing directions for advanced a safe and secure context for vehicle data processing and technology related products. He provides Speed Your Way Into Automotive networking. Electrification allows Battery Management System design engineers with the latest information Radar Applications (BMS) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) to operate efficiently and trends in electrical engineering by 22 delivering unique and valuable technical content that facilitates and while extending battery life. enhances Mouser Electronics as the preferred distributor of choice. NXP also continues its long tradition of connected Need for Non-Contact Drone Before joining Mouser Electronics, Paul served in various infotainment and in-vehicle experience. NXP provides a smart Deliveries on Rise 23 manufacturing, marketing, and sales related roles for Hughes learning environment that adjusts to your preferences and Aircraft Company, Melles Griot, Piper Jaffray, Balzers Optics, JDSU, uses an advanced human-machine interface (HMI) to support and Arrow Electronics. He holds a BSEET from the DeVry Institute voice commands, gestures, augmented reality, and advanced of Technology (Chicago, IL); an MBA from Pepperdine University Terms Of Use: © 2021 Mouser Electronics, Inc., a TTI Berkshire-Hathaway company. Mouser and Mouser (Malibu, CA); an MDiv w/BL from Southwestern Baptist Theological Electronics are registered trademarks of Mouser Electronics, Inc., NXP, logo, product names, service marks, personalization. A leader in Powertrain electronics, including CONNECT WITH US Seminary (Fort Worth, TX); and a PhD from Southwestern Baptist are trademarks, registered trademarks of NXP. All other trademarks are the property of their respective traditional and EV vehicles, NXP’s robust, reliable, and safe owners. Names, products, specifications, links, resources, and similar were verified at the time of publication. Theological Seminary (Fort Worth, TX). Article content, reference designs, datasheets, conceptual illustrations, and other images provided herein solutions help manage efficient energy use and optimize are for informational purposes only. resources control. NXP leads in secure car access, designing

2 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 3 DRIVER-MONITOR-SYSTEM: DRIVER MONITORING NXP’S S32V2 VISION PROCESSOR SYSTEMS (DMS) WITH S32V234 VISION PROCESSOR

ver the past couple of years, the excitement and chatter of fully autonomous vehicles Paves the Way for Autonomous Ohave softened. Most of the discussions have diminished to mainly examining Level 2 automated drive capabilities currently found in today’s vehicles. The step back Drive Systems for Today's is primarily because of significant challenges moving to Level 3 driven by the complexities of passing control between vehicles and drivers. NXP Semiconductors provides automakers Level 3 Capabilities with a baseline for building Level 3 autonomous drive capabilities and a roadmap to full autonomy for the future. Alisha Perkins, NXP Semiconductors Let’s remind ourselves of the five levels Driver Monitoring Systems of automated driving as outlined ❝ are among the interrelated additionally needed features by SAE International standard J3016: for these next-generation vision Level 1: Driver Assistance–The parts of advanced driving system applications. Automotive-grade reliability, functional safety, and security vehicle provides a specific function, assistance systems (ADAS) For example, the integrated such as speed control or steering are essential for Level 3 driving systems and beyond and are essential for Level 3 automotive-grade hardware Level 2: Partial Automation–The accelerators in the NXP S32V2 vehicle assists in functions such as and higher driving systems. are ideal for deep neural network steering, acceleration, and braking ❞ processing. They can reduce CPU usage and save computing – Level 3: Conditional Automation resources, critical for applications The vehicle can drive itself, but the such as driver monitoring systems. Systems such as these driver has to monitor and be able to take over at any time are quickly becoming mandatory. Euro NCAP has made DMS Level 4: High Automation–The vehicle can take over a primary safety function of NCAP incorporation in 2020. driving on surface streets, but not highways or freeways Driver Monitoring Systems are among the interrelated parts of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) and are essential Level 5: Full Automation–The vehicle takes over driving altogether, allowing drivers to remain in a mind-off for Level 3 and higher driving systems. state Additionally, the S32V processor supports broader machine To accelerate the development and deployment of Level learning and sensor fusion applications needed in autonomous 3 automated drive capabilities and beyond, automotive drive systems. NXP aims to help automotive engineers develop stakeholders will need functions such as Driver Monitoring their applications swiftly by offering a cost-competitive Systems (DMS), Pedestrian Detection, Lane Keep/Assist, Traffic evaluation board and development platform (SBC-S32V234) Sign Recognition, Collision warning, and avoidance and blind- coupled with NXP software development kits NXP design spot monitoring. Over time, all of these systems might be studios that are specifically tailored for the S32V processor. necessary to comply with NCAP safety standards. NXP is dedicated to accelerating time-to-market for Level 3 Automotive engineers will need to develop their applications and beyond automated driving capabilities and driving toward with a processor with automotive-grade reliability, functional increased road safety for society. safety, and security capabilities. The NXP S32V vision processor Are you developing with NXP? ■ provides just that, along with the requisite performance and

S32V234 VISION & FS8400 & FS8500 SENSOR FUSION SYSTEM BASIS CHIPS PROCESSOR

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4 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 5 DESIGNED TO DRIVE YOU TO WHAT'S NEXT - I.MX AUTOMOTIVE TREND APPLICATIONS PROCESSORS

ar manufacturers are moving to utilize stretch LCDs in the automotive cockpit. The typical HD/4K TV you Cmight have in your house is designed to fit movies and television content. Standards exist that define what a stretch screen looks like, but in general, stretch screens are very wide, often 4K or higher in width but very narrow in height. This enables the display to wrap around your car’s entire dashboard, allowing real seamless eCockpit digital experiences in vehicles. The car’s driver and passenger benefit is that the stretch LCD screen offers a complete panoramic eCockpit experience. It can simultaneously display driver information such as popular and convenient, but they also need to ensure safety- virtual speedometers, center console controls for music and critical functions remain intact and accessible to the driver. environment control, and passenger data for entertainment, map, navigation, and a host of other functions. Also, the large- i.MX 8QuadMax screen real estate allows for a given function to spread out Enter i.MX 8QuadMax applications processor from NXP. The more on the screen with additional details necessary to the i.MX 8QuadMax is a highly flexible pixel engine enabling passenger or driver rather than being restricted to a smaller customers to build a wide variety of infotainment screen screen’s real estate. This, in effect, can reduce the overall cost of surfaces into their automobiles. At its heart, the i.MX the car as a single screen can replace multiple smaller screens 8QuadMax has two fully independent, graphics processing and their associated wiring harnesses, power supplies, and units (GPU), and display controller subsystems, each capable controls while providing a much more immersive experience for of driving 2x displays with independent content for a total of the car’s passengers. four displays. However, each display controller has also been Although single-stretch screens are unlikely to replace all built to drive horizontal widths greater than 4k, which is often screens in the car, their existence provides many more options seen in stretch displays. For example, i.MX 8QuadMax could for the car manufacturer to place digital information essential to drive two independent 4500px x 720px stretch panels with a the driver. An example would be smart side-view mirrors, which third 2048px x 1080px 2K panel. The two stretch panels can are themselves LCDs with cameras. With a stretch screen’s be independently mounted in the car with different content. larger canvas, the side-view mirrors can replicate what they The car manufacturer could choose to place them side by side, see on the main stretch screen, reducing the number of times mechanically bonded to appear as a single LCD, presenting the driver must physically turn their head to see them outside a whopping 9000px x 720px stretch panel. The driver and the car. With all these benefits, stretch screens are in demand, passengers would not realize that the single large panel comprises two independent panels. The third panel could be mounted as a center console or used as a rear-seat entertainment display. Optimized Product Families for Fail-Safe Display The i.MX 8QuadMax System on a Chip (SoC) is optimized for these nonstandard, panoramic resolutions from the ground up. More importantly, i.MX 8 and i.MX 8X families are designed with fail-functional display capabilities. Each display can be monitored for glitches in screen content or outright crashes of the primary system software. In that Super eCockpits and event, a separate display path controlled by an on-chip Cortex® M4 subsystem will take over and display information crucial to the driver, such as speed, PRDNL telltales, engine Rise of Stretch Displays status, and gas remaining until the problem can be fixed. That brings us to the Consumer Electronics Show (CES®) Kyle Fox, NXP Semiconductors 2020 super eCockpit demonstrations. At CES 2019, we 2020 CES Super eCockpits – The Future of Infotainment

6 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 7 showcased the power of i.MX 8QuadMax in a beautiful, Great Hardware Requires Great Software 3D-printed, concept dashboard implementing two curved, one- ® stretch screen, and a fourth driver monitoring system. For CES Great hardware requires excellent software to make the user BLUETOOTH AND ULTRA-WIDEBAND 2020, NXP showcased what multiple i.MX 8QuadMax’s can do experience one to remember. That brings us to NXP’s recent by driving a total of 11 displays. announcement with Unity Technologies, which enables the development of Human Machine Interface (HMI) for high- We showcased the dashboard from 2019 with all-new content fidelity immersive infotainment systems running on i.MX 8 from Altia optimized for dual i.MX 8Quadmax systems. The applications processors utilizing Unity’s powerful 3D-content dashboard includes Transparent EL Displays from Lumineq –an creation and rendering engines. Also, NXP’s recent webinar aftermarket Ford F-150 windshield featuring a three-gauge with Altia, “Automotive Cockpits of the future: Single In Glass Laminated Display along with an interior Heads Up Processor, Several Displays,” showcases how to use Altia’s tools Display. The Super eCockpit includes a smart rearview mirror with i.MX 8 processors to create beautiful automotive-user and side-view mirrors, LCDs with cameras that react to main interfaces efficiently. displays’ content. Finally, a concept for a wireless charging dock utilizing NXP wireless charging technologies is embedded next Companies such as Unity and Altia bring optimized content to a large touchscreen for control of the vehicle, all driven by rendering engines, content creation, and toolchains that can i.MX 8QuadMax. be utilized to work with stretch screens and normal resolution screens alike. The output of these powerful engines is Production-ready full driver monitoring systems from Xperi incredible display experiences that have to be seen. NXP’s i.MX and Allgo Systems showcase the power and accuracy of the 8QuadMax’s performance and fail-functional display safety i.MX 8QuadMax processor allowing you to see it track your capabilities provide the consumer with a seamless, beautiful, eyes, face direction, and emotions you are exhibiting. Finally, a and safe experience. ■ second Stretch screen display showcases Unity content for both a beautiful infotainment system and embedding a Unity game you can play. Well, other than sleeping or catching up on work, what else are you going to do in a self-driving car to keep busy? The Super eCockpit includes Play games. ❝a smart rearview mirror and side-view mirrors, LCDs with cameras that react to main displays’ content.❞

Precisely the Promise of IoT

Donnie Garcia, NXP Semiconductors

s a noun, the word precision can be associated with perfection or even defined by its root word, precise in Aa circular definition. Working as a modifier, it imbues its target with the mark or quality of exactness. From a technical I.MX 8QUADMAX MULTISENSORY PF8100 & PF8200 POWER perspective, precision is often associated with how many digits are given in a number. These definitions are fitting but do not ENABLEMENT KIT MANAGEMENT ICS fully capture the impact and importance that precision provides for our world. With the advent of locationing technologies based on Bluetooth® and Ultra-Wideband (UWB), accurate situational awareness enabled by precise ranging opens up LEARN MORE u LEARN MORE u vast opportunities for a broad range of applications in the automotive and Internet of Things (IoT) markets.

8 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 9 measure the time it takes for radio waves to travel from a measuring The Precision Story device to a reflecting device in a method called Time of Flight (ToF). It is easy to demonstrate how impactful precision can ToF measurements are translated into the distance that the RF waves be by considering a few examples from history. Precise travel at the speed of light. In addition to the advantages that ToF RF timekeeping brought benefits for marine explorations. The pulses bring to time measurements, the reduction of the RF signal industrial revolution was fueled by precision machining that bouncing off objects in the measuring environment must be factored. led to breakthroughs in manufacturing with interchangeable UWB allow these signal scattering effects to be managed. Coupled components. Regarding the semiconductor industry, the with security protections enforced by the NXP design of UWB, the fabrication processes related to semiconductor design require technology has been proven to be one of the most precise and secure an extreme level of exactness to build circuits with billions of solutions available in the market. in the nanometer range. These are just a few of many examples where precision has played a disruptive force IoT Precision in our world. Leveraging aspects of these past technological One of the great promises associated with the IoT is the breakthroughs–timekeeping, manufacturing precision, and efficiency that the technology can bring. With precise ranging, semiconductor exactness–Bluetooth and UWB ranging delivers the path to efficiency is more achievable than ever. Several a more scalable and precise way to determine the location and aspects of precise ranging contribute here. One is moving from range of just about anything. proximity awareness to exact locationing. For example, let us consider a hospital environment where tracking of life-saving Precise Ranging equipment or people such as critical care workers, dialysis With UWB technology, a range with ±100mm precision is machines, bypass machines, or smaller surgical tools must achievable. At NXP Semiconductorss, the design of UWB radio be precise and real-time. Wasted minutes or even seconds transmissions is based on radio-frequency (RF) pulses. These pulses with proximity awareness versus an exact location could

mean the difference between life and death. Streamlining KW37 Bluetooth Microcontroller the management of life-saving resources can save lives and make hospitals more efficient. Second is the establishment A vital piece of this complete precise ranging solution is the of situational awareness associated with precision ranging. Bluetooth microcontroller. NXP’s recently launched KW37 With precise ranging in real-time, systems can be built to family of devices provides this critical function for today’s UWB determine the context around moving assets. For example: Are systems. With full Bluetooth 5.0 compliance, the extended- the assets getting closer or further apart? Without precision, range capability of the KW37 allows for communications such a system would usually prove unfeasible. Imagine just with smartphones or key fobs that can then prime the UWB how efficient an industrial operations environment can be sensors before enabling the more precise ranging. The when you have precise tracking of assets. Third is the aspect Bluetooth connectivity can bridge the broadly adapted RF of learning. The precise data that precise ranging can bring communications deployed into the UWB domain that operates means neural net algorithms will have in different RF bands. This fusion between the ultra-low-power better quantitative data to apply to and low complexity Bluetooth the challenges they are being asked microcontroller and the highly to solve. As a result, we can make precise UWB transceivers will significant advancements in efficiency ❝One of the great promises optimize precise positioning in the ■ in route optimizations, maintenance, associated with the IoT IoT and automotive industry. and the flow of assets based on machine learning loaded with precise is the efficiency that the locationing data. technology can bring. The System Solution and ❞ NXPs Contribution Many applications can benefit from a comprehensive UWB system solution. The automotive industry represents one of KW39/38/37 WIRELESS UWB’s deployments. When connecting several UWB anchors, data from different devices can supplement ranging with MICROCONTROLLERS angular information to determine more than just distances. The complex system integrates vehicle body controller integrated circuits, certified secure elements, and Bluetooth LEARN MORE u microcontrollers to enhance the UWB ranging and assist with vehicle networking and managing power consumption.

10 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 11 models. Even FlexRay, at 10MB/s, is significantly slower than bridging (AVB) support feature fully leverages infotainment and the speed required for most autonomous cars. Automotive advanced driver assistance systems. Ethernet offers a leap in bandwidth to handle enormous Ethernet PHY developed under an ISO 26262 Functional NXP Wants to Move Data Inside amounts of data compared to the common and established IT Safety process: enterprise blue cable, but automotive-grade Ethernet has its requirements. The IEEE 802.3bw (100BASE-T1) compliant TJA1101 Ethernet PHY transceiver provides 100Mb/s transmit and receive the Car as Fast as Possible with Compact Cable Weighs Less for Higher capability over unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables to Efficiency withstand the most demanding automotive applications while still maintaining low-power consumption and system costs. The Lighter cars are more efficient, and the increasing number of Automotive Ethernet TJA1101 PHY transceiver provides robust, automotive-grade electronics in each car requires more cables, which adds to its signal quality with a bit error rate (BER) of at least 1E or less. mass. Automotive Ethernet, following the IEEE 100BASE-T1 -10 Optimized for capacitive signal coupling to the UTP lines, it Alex Tan and Guenter Sporer, NXP Semiconductors standard, is compact and uses supports a cable length of at least lightweight single Unshielded 15m. A common-mode choke (CMC) Twisted Pair (UTP) cable capable is typically inserted into the signal of running multiple electronics Whether you’re downloading path to comply with automotive applications over a single cable. ❝ EMC requirements. Communication Auto-grade UTP cable also means a critical safety update from with the media access control that it meets the higher temperature the cloud, passing messages (MAC) unit can be realized via the requirements. Additionally, Ethernet media-independent interface (MII) handle routing tasks and from the anti-lock brakes or the reduced media-independent data when automotive Ethernet is (ABS) and the ABS controller, interface (RMII). used as the vehicle's distributed network's backbone, further lowering or streaming movies, NXP auto Ethernet high-bandwidth the alternative dedicated cables' automotive Ethernet scales capability expands to multi-gigabit weight and cost. to your needs. speeds: High-Speed Network Ethernet solutions must be ❞ automotive grade and of a size and Supports Bidirectional, mass that make implementation Real-Time Communications feasible. This led NXP to expand NXP’s rich in-vehicle Whether you’re downloading a critical safety update from the networking portfolio. NXP acquired OmniPHY, a pioneer in cloud, passing messages from the anti-lock brakes (ABS) and high-speed automotive Ethernet IP and automotive qualified the ABS controller, or streaming movies, automotive Ethernet IP for 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 standards. OmniPHY scales to your needs. Sensor data, commands, and information interface IP and communication technology and NXP’s can be prioritized based on type. Safety alert systems, for automotive portfolio forms a one-stop-shop for automotive example, can be prioritized over streaming infotainment. Ethernet. The companies’ technology synergies will center on 1.25–28Gbps PHY designs and 100- and 1000BASE-T1 Ethernet Switches Enable Faster In-Vehicle Ethernet in advanced processes. Networks Automotive Ethernet will connect the vehicle’s electronics NXP’s five-port automotiveGigabit Ethernet systems and vehicles to vehicles (V2V), making them an SJA1105x series targets automotive applications such as a essential part of the Internet of Things (IoT). It supports the gateway, infotainment, and advanced driver-assistance systems high bandwidth and real-time processing required for today’s THE FUTURE OF IN-VEHICLE NETWORKING (ADAS) fusion boxes with an array of configurable ports, automotive infotainment and advanced safety systems, advanced security features, and a comprehensive, production- providing a platform for developing tomorrow’s genuinely grade development ecosystem. Each switch’s audio-video autonomous driving. ■ ncreasing autonomy means our cars will learn to make life- saving decisions in split seconds. Sensors will capture and Isend an enormous amount of data to precisely map the car’s surroundings. Handling that data alone requires gigabit data speeds. When you add ever-increasing infotainment and TJA110X PHYS OM14500/TJA110X emerging monetization opportunities, the speed jumps to multi- FOR AUTOMOTIVE EVALUATION gigabit levels. ETHERNET BOARDS Traditional vehicle network protocols, including Local Interconnect Network (LIN), and Controller Area Network (CAN), u u operate on lower bandwidth speeds that are designed for LEARN MORE LEARN MORE more straightforward tasks such as body control in high-volume

12 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way 13

CONCEPT CAR DEMO HIGHLIGHTS NXP The electrification market ELECTRIFICATION, AUTONOMY AND ❝ is growing faster than CONNECTIVITY SOLUTIONS expected.❞

EV Electrification Architectures to Know The Mild-Hybrid architecture has a cranking battery up-sized to 48V and switches to an electric motor for cruising. The Full-Hybrid architecture uses the combustion engine’s electricity, but the car can run on full-electrical cycles. Both Full- and Mild-Hybrid use regenerative braking, engine start-stop, and engine assist systems to increase efficiency. The Plug-In-Hybrid and Range-Extended architectures switch The Power of Electrification the predominant power source to the electric drivetrain and keep the combustion engine to extend the ride. MC33771 LI-ION BATTERY CELL Toño Hernández, NXP Semiconductors The Fully Electric architecture relies not just on the battery CONTROLLER pack but the entire electric chain through to the inverter in the electric powertrain system.

The electrification market is growing faster than expected. LEARN MORE u lectrification is one of the megatrends shaping the Becoming electrified brings some challenges for carmakers, The Fully Electric powertrain now seems achievable, taking automotive industry. Nowadays, it is shifting from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and suppliers. advantage of the standard features of these different electrification improving high fuel efficiency rates to providing an Moving toward electrification is about the change from ICE to a architectures. The EV sales forecast (Figure 2) is sparking E appeal and is expected to reach a third of sales by 2025. optimum range to people in terms of connected vehicles— hybrid or fully electric model and about changing and updating NXP offers a robust, scalable portfolio of functional safety MCUs through Levels 2 and 3 of autonomous driving. Electrification vehicle production lines, increasing production capacity for Understanding how to control the power in electrified systems with associated power management ICs and SBCs, together is becoming significant on powertrain and the entire vehicle batteries, and deploying a robust electrification infrastructure. efficiently is one key aspect of the EV market: integrating with in-vehicle networking components for Controller Area system, consolidating multiple Electronic Control Units (ECU) the long-standing principles of functional safety and security Nonetheless, automotive startups worldwide are mainly Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), FlexRay™, across several segments. with the zero-defects quality approach and its high-volume focusing on building electric vehicles (because of its low market and Ethernet. NXP’s development platforms, comprehensive production. Another slightly new key factor is connectivity; Vehicle Electrification has the attention of both government barriers), and traditional carmakers are mostly developing software offerings, and worldwide automotive presence and while previously powertrains were not connected to the outside regulatory bodies and environmentally conscious consumers. hybrid vehicles (to overcome the gap between the past support for engineers can help you develop the next generation world, the EV systems incorporate external data to optimize and future). Most of them are considering the five different of electric and hybrid vehicles. NXP brings dedicated solutions On one side, new laws are enacted globally to reduce carbon battery range and reliability. An example includes looking at the vehicle electrification architectures to fulfill the needs of the for Battery Management Systems and Inverter applications— dioxide emissions at the fleet level, and together with stricter optimum route toward the planned destination, collecting and electrification market Figure( 1). featuring the 32-bit Power Architecture® based MPC5775B/E fuel economy regulations, means a demand exists for new considering sensor data from the car’s surroundings. electric components in the powertrain to help ultra-reliable microcontroller, the FS6500 make it compliant and efficient. Consequently, safety power SBC, and the MC33771C carmakers and new market entrants are designing Li-ion Battery Cell Controller IC. and rolling out their new electric and hybrid vehicles (HEVs/EVs) to Conclusion exceed market expectations. Electrification will continue as a megatrend shaping the automotive On the other side, customers industry. Carmakers must overcome are changing their consumer the challenges of electrification by habits to accommodate an selling enough EVs to comply with ecofriendly lifestyle. More the stringent regulatory emissions and people prioritize alternative fuel-economy targets while maintaining combustion, low emission, profitibility despite the cost of battery or zero-emissions powered packs. Nevertheless, new potential use vehicles to traditional internal cases for EVs will power new e-mobility combustion engines (ICEs), applications: passenger vehicles, light- changing how the green-tech commercial vehicles, and medium to market behaves. Figure 2: The expected uptick in electric vehicle sales is largely a result of a drop in the total cost of EV large trucks. ■ Figure 1: Five vehicle electrification architectures fulfill the needs of the electrification market ownership. Government incentives, tighter regulations of tailpipe emissions, growth of the EV charging infrastructure and falling battery prices also are significant factors in the increase. (Source: BCG analysis)

16 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 17 POWER INVERTER Electrification of the ICE ❝powertrain electronics and semiconductor content Electrification of the ICE powertrain electronics and semiconductor content will continue to grow, and NXP will continue to grow, and Semiconductorss will continue to support these engines. NXP Semiconductorss will A Critical Safety System for EVs However, the number of ICEs will decrease with the increase in EVs. What is driving the growth in EVs? There are several continue to support these factors, but it starts with the need for cleaner emissions. This Tom Zemites, NXP Semiconductors engines. is where government legislation and incentives play a part. ❞ Battery costs are also being driven down, making the EV more affordable. As battery performance improves, it becomes possible to extend the driving range. Finally, considerable investments by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in EV An example of what could go wrong in a traction inverter is technology are increasing inverter system efficiency. unintended acceleration or stopping. These include losing power while driving, unintended braking, and over-braking. Evaluating HV Power Inverters Imagine any of these scenarios while driving on a highway One critical sub-system of the EV is the high-voltage (HV) power and the system's criticality is easy to understand—hence inverter. A vehicle can have several HV power inverters, but the need for these systems to comply with functional safety onboard charging (OBC), DC-to-DC battery boost circuit, and specifications. the traction motor inverter are the most common. Several other Conclusion motors in the vehicle might require their inverter. One example is the AC compressor pump. NXP offers functionally safe compliant components for the HV traction inverter control. NXP does so with the MPC5775E The high-voltage traction inverter is a crucial focus for NXP. microcontroller, the FS6500 system basis chip to provide the It converts the DC from the HV battery to a multiphase AC power for the controller, the TJA1051 redundant CAN bus voltage to drive the traction motor(s). The traction motor moves interface for communications, and the GD3100 advanced gate the vehicle. High-voltage traction inverters are safety-critical driver with integrated HV isolation to handle the exacting as the typical voltage exceeds 300V. They also need to be demands of the system. This combines with an insulated-gate highly efficient in operation. Just a 1 percent improvement will bipolar (IGBT) or silicon carbide (SiC) module from translate into more miles for the EV owner. lectrification in the vehicle will be a significant growth area for the one of our partners. All the components are offered in a highly automotive industry until zero emissions are met. More semiconductor Given the need to be functionally safe, functional safety efficient reference design. ■ Econtent and higher compute and software requirements in automotive standards are required. They are divided into levels depending systems will be required to achieve this goal. on the severity of harm to humans in case of system failure. Levels are graded as Automotive Safety Integrity Levels It is interesting to observe what that means in terms of dollars. IHS (ASIL) from A to D for automotive systems. Different elements Market and Strategy Analytics estimate the added semiconductor are considered in the functional safety standards, such as value of electric vehicles (EV) from $200 (USD) for a mid-hybrid the hardware, the software, and the system development (HEV) to roughly $450 (USD) for a processes. Moreover, automotive system developers such as battery electric vehicle (BEV). Tier 1s and OEMs need to properly document these processes, However, the internal which require the support of functional safety-certified combustion engine components. (ICE) is not going Because the traction power inverter is a highly critical safety away anytime system, it must meet an ASIL-C/ASIL-D system certification. soon.

FS6500 SYSTEM BASIS CHIP MPC5775B/MPC5775E MICROCONTROLLERS (MCUs)

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18 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 19 Do You Know the Main Functions of the Battery Management System?

Andreas Schlapka, NXP Semiconductors

Figure 1: The main functions of the battery management systems (BMS) are to ensure safety in the design, deliver the best possible performance, and increase battery life The majority of carmaker ❝fleets offer progressively Ensure safety electrified vehicle A BMS contributes to the safety system by protecting the options that cover both battery cells. The BMS continuously monitors critical parameters customer and government between specific safe limits to ensure the system is working as expected. In the case of an event on which the defined requirements. conditions are not met, the system considers this a hazard risk and steps in to protect the batteries–as they are highly ❞ sensitive. The key elements constituting a BMS monitor are a battery over-voltage, battery under-voltage, thermal runaway, The development of any battery management system involves and battery under-temperature. thoughtful hardware and software design. NXP offers a reliable portfolio of dedicated BMS devices, providing carmakers both Deliver performance hardware and software reuse for different vehicle electrification One of the BMS challenges is to obtain the best performance architecture options. These options aim to provide safety and from each one of the batteries. BMS mainly focuses on performance while achieving a long battery life. NXP products accomplishing three goals: utilizing the power stored in the targeting various automotive and industrial applications battery the best way possible, accurately reporting the state of include: the charge, and safely charging the vehicle as fast as possible. • FS6500 safety power system basis chip (SBC) with CAN he automotive industry is speeding toward To report the state of the charge precisely, it estimates the flexible data transceiver some level of the electric vehicle—adapting batteries' current charge and calculates how many more miles • 6-Channel MC33771C Li-ion battery cell controller itself to the new vehicle electrification the driver can cover with the remaining charge. Providing T (IC) trends by using renewable sources of energy. this information helps to reassure EV drivers who might be Carmakers understand the need to provide a concerned about running out of battery in the middle of • 32-bit Power Architecture® based MPC5775B/E MCU range of EV options to ease the transition from nowhere. It monitors the health of the batteries as they degrade engineered for BMS and inverter applications ■ internal combustion to fully electric (Figure 1). over time. The majority of carmaker fleets offer progressively electrified vehicle options that cover both customer Increase battery life and government requirements. However, the Ensuring the battery cell balance helps keep batteries healthy MC33772 LI-ION automotive industry is working hard to overcome for longer and ensures there is no over- or under-voltage BATTERY CELL the hurdle of providing this range of different types when the batteries are charged or discharged. Batteries are CONTROLLER of electric vehicles, with varying architectures within composed of several hundred cells in a pile together, providing small delivery windows. Reusing hardware and the voltage. Ideally, each cell should produce the same voltage software development across different architectures level. In reality, each cell might have a small mismatch when LEARN MORE u helps automakers with the challenges that the manufactured or can degrade differently over time–leading to market is demanding around costs and time. different levels and faster discharge times.

20 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 21 Speed Your Way Into Need for Non-Contact Drone Automotive Radar Applications Deliveries on Rise

Alisha Perkins, NXP Semiconductors Iain Galloway, NXP Semiconductors

The recent pandemic highlights the increased need for non-contact delivery of urgent-care items and medicines. Even delivery by a drone can be made to work in many environments with minimal adaptation.

AUTOMOTIVE RADAR – NXP’S COMPLETE SYSTEM SOLUTION s automakers strive for five-star safety ratings, the pressure is to develop safer, advanced driver-assisted vehicles. The Asafety-related benefits of automotive radar, new autonomous vehicle development requirements, and emerging safety requirements from organizations such as the new car assessment program (NCAP), have triggered rapid growth with steep implementation challenges for car makers and other radar focused developers. Adopting these once-premium safety features into mainstream production lines fuels a need for faster time to market. Rapidly Prototype High-Performance Automotive Radar NXP Semiconductorss has developed a radar reference design targeted for adaptive cruise control (ACC) and automatic emergency braking (AEB) applications to help automakers meet FS8400 & FS8500 SYSTEM these needs. Built-in collaboration with Colorado Engineering, the NXP RDK-S32R274 radar solution features the S32R27 BASIS CHIPS processor, the TEF810x CMOS transceiver, and the FS8410 power management IC. The open and flexible development platform is designed to help automakers accelerate time to market by u LEARN MORE lowering entry barriers to radar application development with hardware, software, and tools that ease radar implementations. ■ RDK-S32R274

DEVELOPMENT Figure 1: Simplify the KIT development of automotive radar applications with the NXP Automotive Radar Reference Platform LEARN MORE u (RDK-S32R274)

22 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 23 re drones and rovers the transportation of the future? other essential goods, allowing people to keep their distance to start from scratch. The kit allows you to build with a specially There is plenty of discussion around autonomous cars. and stay safe. The informal rally under “#DronesForGood” has selected and well-tested hardware and software configuration, AIf, in the future, you can have a vehicle autonomously demonstrated many of these applications where long-distance avoiding wasting time sourcing many individual pieces. drive you to a grocery store, do you even need to go with it? medical deliveries between hospitals or remote locations have The software is PX4 autopilot, developed over more than 15 Why not just send your car and have the store load it up? By been able to save lives. years, and is the most commercially deployed open-source extension, you really shouldn’t need to send a large vehicle Addressing Challenges to Adoption drone platform globally. The key to its adoption is its business- for eggs and milk only. This is where autonomous drones and This technology sometimes has questionable uses, such as friendly BSD-3 license, which lets you focus on your proprietary rovers can fill this delivery gap, providing convenience and an enablement while still freely leveraging the rest of the open- extra layer of security. drones with loudspeakers reminding people they shouldn’t assemble in public or rovers spraying disinfectants to sanitize source code. Eventually, you might want to contribute to this The recent pandemic highlights the increased need for non- the streets. Assuming we agree that an area should be very active open-source community. PX4 is governed by the contact delivery of urgent-care items and medicines. Even sanitized, it does make more sense to expose a robot to Linux foundation DroneCode organization, which hosts an delivery by a drone can be made to work in many environments chemicals than a human. Society has a lot of room to debate active Slack channel, web forum, and weekly working group with minimal adaptation. The adoption of autonomous about how we want to positively use this unique technology. meetings. PX4 is widely adopted for academic and professional delivery could also be accelerated using small safe sidewalk- applications alike, and enterprise solutions are available from going rovers, even if they only deliver a few bags at a time. Learning About Drones with NXP Auterion, founders of PX4 software. An interesting side effect is that by lowering the costs and A well-running robot makes a job look simple. It's impressive if you speeding local delivery times, these robot delivery vehicles get a chance to see someone press a button and have a drone NXP’s Drone Development Platform could allow local shops to compete on an equal basis with take-off, fly a perfect waypoint mission taking pictures along the NXP’s KIT-HGDRONEK66 gets you started learning and warehouse stores. way. What’s also impressive is the complex software that makes developing quickly. Most everything you need for a fully this happen. Over a thousand engineers and programmers have functional robotic drone is a flight controller, drone frame Frictionless Drone Deliveries used NXP’s drone development tools to get familiar with state-of- and hardware, debugger, serial cables, remote controller, With a little effort and clarity on regulations, small changes the-art software and add their proprietary algorithms, sensors, or and telemetry radio. All you need to complete this kit is to our infrastructure could pave the way for future mobility. Internet of Things (IoT) technology on top. a lithium polymer (LiPo) battery–not included because For example, a drone delivery pad could be provided on an of shipping restrictions. As a kit, you’ll benefit from the The NXP drone development kit uses an industry-standard apartment rooftop or in a rural backyard, integrated into a learning experienced by building. Extensive step-by-step commercial open-source flight control stack, so you don’t need community super-mailbox, or placed in a designated spot in a documentation is available online covering assembly, town square. Just as rideshare companies have made human programming, and tuning, as well as YouTube videos for pickups and drop-offs frictionless, drone deliveries could guidance. NXP Communities has a dedicated area for mobile also be coordinated with real-time cellphone apps that use robotics, and that’s where interactive support can be found. ® authentication over Bluetooth to ensure your package finds you. With a little effort and Open-source software and hardware mean the drone you build ❝ is truly yours. There is no hidden source or binary files. It’s also Keeping People Safe clarity on regulations, small Grocery delivery is convenient, but critical uses can be found fun to learn to fly the drone and test new sensor peripherals in medical and first-responder applications. The coronavirus changes to our infrastructure already supported in PX4. As an engineer or programmer, the pandemic has also highlighted critical areas where mobile could pave the way for excitement also comes knowing you can extend the software. robots could ensure efficient delivery of medical supplies and PX4 uses various modern middleware and provides a publish- future mobility. subscribe system architecture. A uORB messaging API allows inter-thread and inter-process communications. MAVLink ❞ protocol and MAVSDK tools allow offboarding control. Also supported is a Real Time Publish Subscribe Protocol (RTPS) bridge for ROS/ROS2 (robot operating system) running on a Linux-based companion computer such as an NXP i.MX 8M Mini applications processor. Figure 1: Improved resolution heat sensor mapping DRONE DEVELOPMENT KIT - NXP HOVERGAMES The PX4 flight stack itself runs on NuttX real-time operating system (RTOS), with some direct peripheral drivers used to meet the demanding real-time position control requirements. because modern processors such as NXP’s K66 and i.MX NuttX brings a very nice Portable Operation System (POSIX) RT1060 MCUs have significant processing power on their own. interface to embedded systems and makes a comfortable Modern robots are made from a distributed architecture of environment for developers familiar with Linux. This modern multiple processors and can function well even without a Linux architecture employs publish-subscribe messaging systems companion computer. Two or more powerful processors, such and a POSIX RTOS. Some PX4 functions can even migrate as the K66 FMU and i.MX RT1060 running at a 600GHz and to a Linux companion processor. Typically, the FMU needs to the NXP Rapid-IoT module with a gas sensor attached, could deal with the challenging real-time requirements of keeping easily follow and sniff vapor trail autonomously. The i.MX RT the vehicle airborne and level and reflex-like responses such could perform collision avoidance by OpenMV vision, while the as stopping short of slamming into a wall. Still, higher-level flight management unit (FMU) could log this mobile-IoT data to detect and avoid planning functions are done in a Linux SDcard. In addition to local logging, key results could stream companion computer. The lines do become blurred sometimes live via an NXP OL2385 SigFox radio.

24 Smart Mobility and the Technologies Paving the Way NXP 2021 25 Indeed this is just a hypothetical situation. Can you do this spectrometers. There was even a lighting detector system, Future developments (i.MX RT, i.MX 8M, and i.MX with a $500 (USD) drone that you built yourself? Yes! We know where the lightning’s intensity and location are tracked in real- 8M plus devices, UAVCAN, BMS–and the future of because it has already been demonstrated in competition– time, and guiding the drone to areas to inspect for possible autonomous systems) HoverGames. fire-starts Figure( 1). At NXP, a small mobile robotics team (Figure 3) prepares HoverGames Competition When NXP also launched the HoverGames competition solutions for drones and rovers. Although competitions such internally to NXP teams, the result was a creative demonstration HoverGames is a global online coding competition with a as HoverGames might be fun, it is still a serious business to of projects including: social theme behind it. Our first competition theme, “Fight get more developers engaged in robotics. NXP is working to demonstrate the value of high reliability and functionally safe Fires with Flyers,” saw 200-plus teams and over 1,000 • Using CO2 sensors to detect and map possible fires components from NXP in these vehicles. participants following worldwide. Solutions ranged from radio • Detecting human gestures using a google TPU and i.MX8 communications extenders to sensing people in distress. Many New experimental development boards and enablement are • A working SigFOX network from the drone team’s concept designs could be further developed to help always being prepared: firefighters and first responders with their dangerous jobs. • High accuracy positioning using our new automotive • RDDRONE-BMS772 an experimental battery management Ultrawideband devices. One example highlights the value of this low-cost drone as a system for small robotics mobile sensor platform. By mounting a low-cost heat sensor • UCANS32K146 multipurpose CAN-FD and UAVCAN V1.0 and scanning an area in an exact grid pattern, the sensor’s development node sufficient resolution is increased to where a higher resolution heat map can be generated. Other fascinating drone • An optimized PX4 flight controller is taking advantage of the ❝ 600MHz i.MX RT1060 crossover MCU performance Other fascinating drone projects include using AI to classify projects include using AI to fires from the air and a vision system capable of locating classify fires from the air and It takes time to develop these specialized tools and prepare humans in disaster conditions. At the same time, another code in collaboration with the PX4 community before they are team designed a system that can infer the fire class and the a vision system capable of available as standard development tools. Contact HoverGames@ agent from data collected in flight by chemical sensors and nxp.com if you think you are ready to be an early adopter. locating humans in disaster Figure 3: Congratulations to the winning team from NXP Singapore: There are, of course, plenty of off-the-shelf development tools as conditions. Matthias Viertler, Kevin Chia, Audrey Eng, Liew Boon Yeow, TP Chew, Steven Neo, Srinivasa Rao Chilaka,and Anadaraman Sankaran (not well, such as the i.MX RT1060 and i.MX RT1010 EVKs crossover ❞ pictured) MCUs. They are excellent options for multicore flight controllers, brushless direct current (BLDC) motor controllers, or other peripherals where you can get raw gigahertz performance at an attractive price. ■

HOVERGAMES DRONE SYSTEM SOLUTION

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Figure 2: Lighting intensity and location detection system (Google Maps)

I.MX RT CROSSOVER MCUs

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