-Taxonomic Studies on Indian Species of the Genus Ixora (Rubiaceae)
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of PhflosophM IN Botanii
BY TARIQ HUSAIN
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1984 .\i^ ^^^--^^.^. # F%-%.
•M. D3QIQ ,S
DS616 CERTIFICATE
Itils IB to certify that the 4issex:t^tion entitled "Tixonbralc StaAieg on Indian Species o£ the gentts Ixora CEobiaceae) * submitted to ttm Alisaiti «ttsliin University, Aliaarft^ imder oar siip^rvieion in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the awara of the degree of Master of Philosspl^, is a bonafide work carried oat by Mr* Tariq liu&ain* Mo part of the dissertation has been pt&lished or EuOsmitted for any other degree or diploma*
-\Jo^^ /4'ii^ WAEAHAT HOSAIN SXtERNAI* SUPERVISOR INTEKSAIi SUPERVISOR SClHJTiST ©EtARtMEOT OF BOTI^y KA'TIONAL BOtmiCM. RESEARCH ALIGARH MUSLIM UBrlVSRSItY IKSTITOTE ALIOARH - 202 001 LOCKNOW - 226 OCl ACKMOWhE-DGEHEBtS
I mt fchanicftti to my sapervieors Car. S«R« taal^ Sci^itist,,, National Botanical Research Instlt^ite, l.ucKm>w arid Or« Haizahafc Htieain, Depars^eiit ©f Botany, JUlgarh ijiislia ttrii'^ersifcy, Migarh, for suggesting the pmhlem^ guiaance «in
I am further iadefetea to the c«S.l«8« for a tTunior Research ipeliowship and to th© Mr-ector, National Botanical Research ICnstitiit© for pro*vi4iii9 laboratory facilities*
Msiny thanks are due to Mrs* Vlffila l^adhya anJ m* S»H* ¥islM»akarma for preparihg the illustratJUms and to *&•• A»K* l>i:toey for his help with the scanning Electron fttcroecopf •
I tender my sincere thanks to Mr* T.K* shajEwa an<3 to Mr* I'rflsmod Kt^ar for the help in photography anS to 1 pr* D*K# l^reti and or* S*K« srivaetava for their healthy ( Btiggestions and kind help* 1 I mf sincere thank© are extended to Wr* S«li* Kapoor, kead, TaxonoiBif and Herbarium Discipline, N.B.R*!*, to or* P*S*H* Wian, Scientist, N*8*R*1*, and to or. H.^ Khan, Scientist,, Birljal Safcsii feetitute of Palaeobotany for their sontinuoQs encouragement* Xn &Mlt,iou^ I mi most gratefal 60 the Dlrecfeor.
I ari4 curators of the following herbairia who loaned speclB^ns i eria niaae th< facilities available for study* Central National M©rbarl«m iCM4j mthaxivm^ Botanical ^arey of lijdia, Shillong iMsm)t Herbarina Botanical sarv^ of Iiiaia, OolKbatore (MH)i i»rbar±«ro. Botanical survey of Inila,
port Blair (&BIJ); liejEibarliim of the forest Research Institute, Deliradan (JDD)/ Kerberitaa, Birbal Bmfmi Instltate of pala^^botaciy CBS1I») . CONTENDS ^ttm «*»* •«» mm 4MK HMT «iw» 4ti» Page !*>•
2. aaril^ OF I,ITE8ATaRE •••, 4 3. Oi^lSSlFICAtSOH •••. IS 4. Har£R2Al, -MD MEmODS •••• 21 5. NOTES OH l«OI8?H01^Gy .••• 33 6. WOOD m^mm •»•• 38
7« tEi^ ^mmmL STUDIES •..• 40 S. POLLEN mmW&lD^ .••. 42 f. mi^RMWixm Mm EaJLooy ••*• 43 io« crioLDOir .... 48 II. msckwwaw op IHE eaius .... so 12. iSUMERATlO« OF SPECIES .... 52 13. SUSQESTIONS lOa flJRtHlR WORK .... 5f 14« R£F£a£»CES •••• 61 t| . . I M f R o p u c y I o K.
The prm&omlRimtly fcropieal geotis lyara 1,. m»mpritmm abo«t ^O si^ciejB,
flowers ©£ m^ms of the jspeci®e ^r^ Q£i&c®4^* It ^^U3MS Ite mmXm «3istxibtttloB iti tihe toa^aan & Mioofoair Islands, astifchern and wesfcena ^artg of India MI^ IS r€pjpesente4 by c«*3i ^>ecies in &he Indi®!} auiaosntifi^iit*
Sl»»w# fiowers of various si^eies, arranged in csompaql; branches mak@ many g^^;l©s of ©ils gen as fa-wsarit© g&rdmn thrutos* fh© «r\rergr®®n foliag© and jh ro«n M^art from Ita ornamental Qualities,, Xxora h* i© iKport«nt ffle^icinallf too. Fio«srs of Ixora ftav®tta Jtedr. tvt !• arbor©* Rosds* ®x Sm*y po«n With a view to stuSy tlie g&nms Ixora l^ fr<» the jQadiau sabooatlnefsfe, all the aiateirlal lodged In varJkstas Indian herbaria -m^B exesftiisecl antS it becaa»e evMent, that the geatts B©esis revlslom* The coaf^sioa te noiseficlatare and «ais*ir«pjp©seiitatioii of loformatioii 6t«e t^ »iai^ei3tl£lcatioi3 of d largs laun^r of tn^imi Gpsci&B is another important faetor that proE^ta^ to take i^ e5^st®»atic stadies of the Hool5»r*6 "flora of Briti^ I«4ia*, the Bsapitira optis Oil InsSi^i plant© served tti^fttl purpose for it© perted* Vaetlf changed floristle as well as vegetatioual pattern© now have reo^red this work out*dated« Pijfoliehed i^ientlfie interest in Ixora %• has been aoBtlf of descriptive aceoonts of soii^ new ^©siea €End ctmck lists in ffiaatiai and regional florlstic ^QoowmtB* tlmm hav© hmen th© prlmarf s>iarc« of iafor^atioiQ aboat ti^ geniis bat the^ have be«n regiooal in lEbope and provide limited ingight into the variability within tim various species, never iijvol^ins a asaipreheneiv® ^nthetic @&u4y of Mil %h& Incilaa ^eeies* i?6t%h«w (lf?8), Jeio (lit©2) moQag others Isav© eaphaalzetf fctse iiee ror the s9k& of convenience review of IXteratuire has been divided into three periods to facilitate distinctioti o£ different eras* period 1 <«Jpto 1882 M» Carl liinnaetts (1707-1778) regarded as ^e father of taxoi^osiic botany ai^d zooloqf ^vised a nev ^etem of classi fication knoMa as his so-called sexual i^stent* £.ate in 1737 Linnaeus' well known *Qtnara Bl&ntanum* Mas published* In 1 this book for the fir^t time ti^ definition and description of the genus ti^ra L* was yiven* Later his farooue bcxsk the * Species gjantanutn * appeared in 17S3« the two specie® of lacora t- he described were !• cocscinea l Williaro f^xburgh had arrived in Madras in 1776 as an Aciny surg^n in British Service* la 1793 Itoxburgh was sent to Calcutta fes succeed Robert Kjfd (first Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Oarden)* In 1814 when ill health drove hiia to leave ln^i&^ the record of the plants which he kept was easily transformed into his ,'ltortus Bengalensis* or a catalogue of the Plants growing in the honourable East India soapany Sotanic Garden at Calcutta* In this book he listed about fourteen species of Ixora t,* also u^riaer Tetrandria 'Flora Sndica* <182D, 1832) or the aescriptlon of Itiaian 9ls.nt.e toy William aosOdurgh was publisftea after the ddath of Ro3{i>yrgh« Ho^^urgh mUrm^ tim gmnuB Ixora L* a£ follows* "£Rft>ryo er«^t, ctirveiS. and furaishea with a pericaarp". Eighteen species of I^ra h» wei« Ascribed in this book inclufiing thirteen new* ttm new ^>eeie6 ©f the getiu8 Ixora I^ publi^ed by him are. X» falgene Roids., !• ooiReifolia ao3ds«, J« brachiata Rcaeb., £• ba^efeata aosib*, 1* <^h^^3.ata Rosda., J» villosa Itoxb., jC« acMsainata Roxb., iL rogea «all« in m%h* I tbs^m&B Henry C&le»brooke <17§S-1837> succeeded i^3^ux^h «lu> ajide^ to the Flora Indioa the vernacular names of the plante alrea*^ dtescribed. Nathaniel wallich i«Matlllch*s ottwsri^al list" or "wall, list** CSfcaflea^ jraxonoiaic I«iterafetir©, ffegntim "Wfegefe^lle 52»4^« lt#7)« 'thlB cafcalovjue consists of 914© s|^cl@s« Tim species of %h& g©n«s iKora !»• ar© listed ficsro RUR^jeris 6l20-6t66» M«s#a of so»e new ^>eci©g aj@uti«n«d SM this Catai^go© Wc&t !• iKatoniana wail* ex 0. Don, !• aqteiseiBsilIs Wall* mx 0» &5IJ, J» oKyphylla wall. <^ a. Oon, ^u flnlay^niana »all- ex S» Bon. KobejTt Wight CltSfe-lSia) <|aall£ie«l in Jteaicloe at Edinburgh aod George iynaott walker fl79f-l@68> e ^IKJOI felloM of wiyht^ wiGtit conjointly their ejjcetlleat *»CQ&womuB rlora« peoinsulc® Indiae Oriental is* ©n tlie «at#rlala that Wigtet had ferougfet back iiith lii« fra« Indiii. fte first ^p»ltm@ appeared in 1834* Mt@r Wight*# rettarn tc? I«4ia the work was arrested at a poiot which would hsw® bees one-third of the *iiol©- ^i?eiite©n ss»ecles of Iscora !,• were described in this hooK alongwlth eritical not®©* l^m tw© While in «ss©cistloii with Williaia If^aker^ Wight ^©^©loped & aesire fco iiiastrate the flora of te^la* Oat of that aeslr© were born mahy of the books, thm moBt Important being th« *Xeon&e plantarmn iodia© Qri@Qtalis* p^li^#d in 183S*S3 ifi ©ix volJM@s» Qeorf© Con <1798-1856) a Brifeii^ plant ©oH^:tor mn6 aurserym^n poblij^ed hie fanous boolc often cited &B * Aagastin de f^ndoll^s (1778-1841 > a S^iss botanist publishe«l his book *pr©dromQs Syetaroatis oatiiralis reqni v#Qetabilis*« Voiiaae four that app®are * iiortas Siubarbanas Calcattensis* or a catalogue of the plants which «ere cultivated In the Hon* East loaia COi^any's Botanical Garden, Calcutta mad !« the ^raanpore Botanical Garden w&tm cleecrlbed hy J*o. yoight in the year { i845« "Twenty ^ecles of Ixora !.• were 4^«}erlbed in this book. George ffenjcy Kendriek l^waites (I8l!-t882), as a young laan eamea his living by accxsuntancy* He was appsintea to succeed SariSier ixi Osylon* sir Jogeph Hooker nan^d Ixora ithwaitesii Bimkm f. to this renowned botanist. 8 Mlexsn^t 0ihmn tiho had be^^ incfctarge of t!ie Dapari Oard^sn in Foorts tjcom iBM to 1647 pt&>li£hea several p&pece on ecotiosiic plants* In 1847 he eosservator of Forests for the Presiaer^sy. »•*• Dalzell lias un<^r oibsofi* It was not antii i86t that their joint Piora* appeared* Four species® ©f labors L. were aesc^rilaed in this book. i suipia lotra (1833-1878) was appointed to the post of curator of the Hexbariwi, at the aayal Botanic Garden, Calcutta* After taking service in Calctttta he started 1 piablishing through the Asiatic Society on Indian plants 'chiefly of Bengal, m his *gorest Flora of British Bnrma* I(1877) and «a>ntributions towards oyr knowledge of the Burraese Flora* (pt. 2) Kurz records twenty six i^pecies of Ixora h» from Burma. Sir *?oi^ph Dal ton Ijtooker CiSio) eairaerated thirty- seven i^secies of the genus Ixora x». Four new species were also Ascribed. Csily t%io n^nely !• thwaitesii Hk.f. and X. ^ohneoni l&»f. are found in the Indian suiba^ntinent. Period XI <18S3-1932) The eetahlislsnent of the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta un^r iSeorge King in 1890 as its first director and Centres for botanical motk at Saharanpur, Wx^mbs^ alongwith 9 %h& ooQtrlbiitions of Oooke, Duthie, Gapaible,^ and others marked the highlights during the closing of the ifth osntwcy* Mm Iffiportant aGhlett^iRent was the completion o£ the seven volumes o£ the iffi^numental * Flora of British India* under the general ^"' III II I ir liliiTi liiiimi ^ • »i ii II «>Mii«M«>MaaK ^ editorship of Hooker at Kew. Henry frJjnen published his fanoas *iianook of the Flora of Cteylon'* Vte enumerated five species of Ixora L- wiyi dem;riptions and Keys in part II that appeared in 1894» f I I King was succeeded fey uavid S>rain in l©97« [•Contributions to Indian Botany* which was a ^ampiiation of reprints from Periodicals was published in 1906» In this book five ^ecies of Ixora h* were mentioned. i The exploratory phase and the floristic invectigatl regional floras. J.s» g^ible*g •Piora of the pgeeiaency of ^4raa* parfc 4 (1^21) contained the dej^rlptlon of 17 sp^sles of ^e geims Ixora t>« eulongwith a k©y to the The early part of the 2oth Oentory however, raarikeGl th« <^ciijie of fcotanical activity in the various regional *parfca©sta arjd %hm vlxtaai aiaolltion of the Botanical survey of Incii®^ E^urlog 1937, th^-@ S(r«i8 ® temporarf lull in interest §o£ taxonoiBic etadies ^hfi exploratory i»ork. l^eriofamily atibiac@ae tma differentiated mmi^, new epsci&B of th© genus iKora L. In his F«P®^ entitled 'The Ijg&ra species of Bmma and thi ^daaaa Islanije* in idie Joantial of Botany, lajiri^ five j^^clee i»©re entmer©t#d fro® Burma and seven from the jtfKiaraana» He retaarlced, «ae tto© c»llectl©iis OR which thlg sta% was based wer® not very large, these figures, two, are to be takea as provisional only** BreB^kiamp (1938, 19S§) adde^ eo«a© wore species to tim oM list of the Ixpras ixxm larma mid ^^ernmi Islands* v^ provide I ©in c Ok i § m 2 i4<^ It m J< M oS fi o S0 i U f 5 s I -8 % § I I a^ CO (A }>. c d H H M ? ^ i4 I HI 1 H I i (H «0 a I iim*mf« 14 n 51 0 c ^1 « <9 %i ^1 ts rl •rl •rt 1^ *^ @ 1 g il 43 »-< .-< 3 c 4> ^ il 1 ^ # <8 3 ^ 4^ 9 ^ N4 a 4^ tj 1-4 1 »( U H 3 2 Of SI 9 1 M g •H Q t 0 3 •H c •;g n > i I a •8 «8 0 8 i f-4 ^ y Q 44 * i ^ 0 «4 H Ct ® s 4» s * • O r^ ti irt GO Ol © m in m 0i e Ok « 9 c 9 t m e 9 a 0 >« i p» CO 09 €0 9 » m G G el E.J.H. Oa£mer Ci94l> i4iHe x^vlsinq ^^ Malayan I^or«e In •Oar^en*® Ballefein Slmapor©' prepared « key based aaiuif^ «ti tJi© <^Xoar of %he aot&lls. ana th^ frsgrauce or scenteleesoess of the flow@r«« m% ©f twentf-ofje sur»@se s^eeies lie r®v4sei§ aiK>«fc eigljfe are cowson to the Qopal cJiano*"® Mlfcra (tt48l tevestlgateJ the i^rphology of tti« stipule® frora the ptaoa point of origin and development. 1?hothathri (1960) recorded Ixora appcin@a !»• ffisra ^daffldfi Islands during a botanical ^jscploration tour in 1959* Santapaa and Merchant (I9fel) s#hile re^igJteg fete RubJacea^ of ^Borobey gave iKsmexielafcuaral eh&ag&s for .©osi© of the i^ecie® I of the g©ntis« faritosh dhtaJtraborty (1979) laade Intewslve sary^ey of Katchai Islands daring the years 1974 to if77 which resulted ia the ptiblication of *A cootrlhmtican to the Flora ^of Katchal IslandB in ^daman and Nlcobars*, £. grandifolia %oll» & Hsrr. was reported by him from Kartehal Islands. Bljoy Kjrishna m\4 Ratna Datta (1979) reported !• nigricatsa ,R. Br* from ^slpaigari and Darjeelihg district© of west Kar & Panisrahi <1963) stated that the family 'mMi&c^^<& Is best represented ia th© tropical and stfts^tropical ,evergr«eii aad seinieyergraen forastg, eoa^erativaly l#e« 14 abimdiaat. ,ia a«cl'«|yo«c f©.rests aniS frssslau-d vegs^tafcion* It is ffl©st pDorLy i'ep£«-.0@nteia In tefflperate altifciKleg anei ^Itogettoer abseisfe from^ sufoaiplne- MI.I3 alpine sltaatloii;s» ^Ijco-gf fiisl.ay,^Qi.ai3Q Sf.sil« eu s. ©ois fees ;be®u reporte©^ fey %^mi &B 'S n@W''reeo£'4 for Mmm^^rn India* ^19815 E.R* Rao m& Biml (1981)^ YoganarsiiaJja (ItSl) are the other jc^lcjaai floristic-; aecso-yftts dealing' als© nith varlo«© specie© of tfee g«nmB* 15 ChhSSlWlC&TlQW Senfehai and Hookjer <1873) divided tbe £s«lly Rytol^seae into thra# series* Series A im further aivicteiS lot© t«o sab- series, s<3te»erles ©ti« is representad by mix tribes &nd subseries two by four tribes- Series B is repre^uted by only two tribes whereas Series C is agaiti divided Into tMQ Si3tos®rleg» S«bssries one is represented by ii'^m trib«g sai& Subs^rle® two by eight tribes* Tli«© fainlly Rt^laceae is r^pressntei by ti*©nty five tribes in all, Oeous .^ora i,. ,bas been placed under the tribe Ii Comparing it with tli€ ovary and the slia|» of the calyx teeth. the third groii^ has been ftyurfchar divi^a Into tn© on the b&sls ©£ fefee lengtlt of the p^ it fittidser ©f ®iM*s©ilial classifications have been pjToposea for tfm R^iaceae. m^y are^ in general^ he separat^Ql iofco two gcoups* @ traditional one which was ^4yocate« fttore refin©a treatiaents of tr^iSitional classification ar« thos© of De omiolle ClSJO) and Schuaiiam C1891). werhaia I (1912) and Standley (1930) have each adopted, with minor iaodifications, gchtaasnn*® classification. Sch*wiann diviaed the f i«ily into two Sabfarailies according to the number of seeds per loeule. siibfaroily cinctonoideaTS was defined by the presence of numeroag seeds per locule, end StAjfamily cspffepideae by the pre^nce of one seed ^r locale. The tribes were based principally upon the type of fruit and nature of the seeds. The genera broaght together by thesse characters are in aiany cases unrislated (Ver^oont l§58, lireaekanq? 1§©6). Th® b>, tmd^rm ciossifications are those proposed by VsracoiJsnt (I9se) and by Ir^R^kaiap (1946). V6r^teK3«rt divided the family into tt»r®a stja&farailies, n«m«ly atateioidgae. CinGhonoi<3eae and aiettardoid©«#. h&ms4 on the presenc® or 17 ^sence of rapMds and of albufiaen which are correlated with other cdiaracfc^rs sach as ^sgfclvatioQ of corolla, ^lltilar i strtKitore of the toirg, Imtecoetyly^ ntintoer of ovules per locale, tfp® of fruit and tesfe^ cell stracture* tlie tribes i«@r© dfeflne<3 bf th© ottiuber of OW^I&B per locale, plaeent&tJon, type of fralt and pollen atructor*. This Bymt^mn wms based I principally tjpon a iitaited liuradber of geoera from th® old «oria (Brei^lc^np lf66. Petit 1964, V^r^ieourt itS8). The •aenas Ijfora L« h^s be^n placed in st^fawlly cinelionoiaeae •under the tribe Qaffeea©. Br^^i@kaap*s classification (1966) is similar to jthat of ¥er«Scottrt, mm t.tm B&^ character© wer# mtilized. i-The fflain sSiff^&renc® is that Br^nelcsiap recogulssefi eleimn sida-ffaille6 instead of tbrse. Tim Etisioldeae aofi the qtaet t^ar<^i#e^@ are «alntslnect mor« or 1©SB as circii« ^'^^^ ^M^SSB* ^ Mvided th® geatts lat© the fellowiag sectlonst 18 sectla«i It Ixorastg^a Brea. •WiiMMmiii wiwmniwmmmimmmmimmr lafloreisceac© eubsessile or aKi><3terafcely peaooctilate^ ©rect* Calj^ t-sftae i^ort^ hm% aistinet. Cferolla rea, orange, of ^^fep yellow, in ctiitlvatedt varieties mm&%iMBB white* atsmens nitcii shorter tliai t!i@ icor©lia»lol>fesi «i»ti»r - c^ll ©isort* i) !• Jayaoiea CB1*> DC. 3) 1- 2n£lore£6i^K;& mbseesile er nodierately |»e<3tan€iilmte, ereet -or j»>^ing* Bri^ts & Irrd^steolee narctw* Flowers white ©r pinlt* Stsaens asaally about as long ds id4« corolla - lol^si anther - cells long. Styl@ gleibroos» 1) I* «n€laii^asi« Brem« 2) 1* tilsetitoa 8rei». 3> jL# rc^^barghii Balii^r. 4) J* oigricaBg Sr* 19 6) !• &cvmin&ta fiosds* 7) J» tigriomusfcaac Brmm* 8> _!• goalpageoais Erem. section Ills cailainydanfehufi 83?^B« Typust J* utri£^llafca Kds. et Val. This section Secfeion Vs ismphorion Bcem* JjEifiojtascence siiortl/ pedunculate^ sifepaalculafee. Flowers BBJalli csorolla rst at all bearaed afc the throat* 1) 1* arborea Ro^lbM ©34 ^« 2> X« iorachieta Itoxb. 3) !• notoniane wall, ex G« Don section Vis Payettopsis Breai. T/pusj J. blumei goll* et itor. Inflorescence subsesglle, trlchotofsouslF or, rarely pentactotornouel/ corymbose/ the basal branchletB subtended by rudimentiary leaves ccaanec- ted by enlarged stipules* Corolla tube never bearded* 1) !• grand!foila 2oll* et Mor. M* Crietiua Sajxia Kirkferlde (1982) presented a pi-eliralnary phylogeny for the Neotropical Rublacese* The sequence of su^famiiieB Clnchonoideae, JtetArheotdea© and R<±>ioideae, atteropts to stow their natural affiisities and phylogeny* Ascordlng to his classification l3cora L* comes tiiider subfamily cinchotioideae tribe Coffeeae* 21 41 m.M.t- & mt ,a-i,.....Ji w s « © ^ » # © s I i I list ey.^iiga:j» B^a^im li»itfe )8^»ii^«> *SSJSM. * fiexfesf'lw..,, eotaa4e#l aairv(^ #f W^Mm^ milling* ;t® « .ae^-«ri §M& -'•*' ^f^iriiffli^ 'iiai.l^ii«l, mQtmM^^ umm&^eti tmm%.i%mtM^ Pi. IS Map n^smimg impQttm&% Xn^iaii i^M^^iM tsQamXt^M dicing tlm ^u^* PLATE - 1 if 72° 7^ 80° IF arf" 92^ 96° his IMPORTANT INDIAN HER&ARIA CONSULTED KM 100 0100 300 -32° 1 1—I—I—I /•^ ^ \ l,OEHRADUN ^''^^ '^ r^">'^-, @ LU (3)ALLAHBA-0 •" \. , SHILLONG 22 «) Le^ Epidecmal Studies (SEMi 0«e or fe«o sp^slmens wera stuale^ for the ieai epidermal and follen stttdlea in tite ca^ of species with restricted aietribution or those which «iere represeDted by only a few herbariuwi sheets* on the other hand^ for the tmicit v.ari^le an^ «iGiee|}resd species ap to as inany %& five spectoene per species were tise^ for sttidy* &mXl pieces of leaf B% KOH solution was prepared ^id the dried leaf samples were placed in t^is solution for 24 hours* this was done to clear the leaf samples from dirt and to f ree it from any fungal ^owthe what^sever* Mt®r clearing with $% K©M, the material wes ^hydrated through ethaiol series (froia 30 percent to absolute)• pollar pieces were then placed on microscope slides and the excess alcohol blotted*. J^other slide 23 was placed on top sn6 ellpj^d to tije feci;feem slide by 'Jsa ^llp*. th® leaf material, fiefetenei betvire^ ^fewo elides, was ariea in an oven at 60^C for about two h©«rs« After oven cfryinf, small pities ol leaf, aboat o.a cai .^:aare were c«it from the strips* Two pieces of ma'terial, one facing abaxial surface &nS the other a^axial were mouRteS side by sifiie pn tbe speciaien with thf lielp of stubs using 4lot«ible side«l adhesive tape* %eci%ei}s were then coated with a thin film of goia Caboot ^30**^) in as Ion spatter coater i^mh - ^fC - lia3>* <^atei fipeeimsas were exaroine^ with ^B0'I*«JSH*3'S€ scannihg electciori' microscope at ao accelaratisg voltage of lo K¥' at joo pa- apertiire. The Imafe was observed at different magnifications, and photographs were taken on 6wm 120 filro ttsing 100 seeon ^^ ^Q3.1en ntorphologj^ (ss^ For pollen laorphological studies pollen grains from dry hejifeariara materials were selected, care was taken to ^lect only BJature buds and not open flowers to extract the anthers, &B there is a possibility of contaminatioii of the anthers iti an open flower* imthers were selected fro» the .raateriai and crushed on a finely unshed brass scret^n spread on a fuiaiel, standing in a test tube* 7C^» alcohol was added to the test tube 24 containing the anthere* Tim Mxfcare WAS centrlfuged for 2-S fltinutes at oormal g^ieed* ^oshol was decanted a£t@r centri£uglng« (Eaciai acetic aci4 was then added to the ttest tybe containing the anthers* Hie process of centri^aging wae repeated« tmtil acetic acid was also decanted* Acetol/eis fixture -fteefeslyeis was mainly ^ne %iO clear the poil®ti grain® and to make the sculptoring pattern of the exlne clear for viewing* After acefeolyeis, acetic acid was again added to the test tube contaljsing the pollefi grains, centrifuged and decanted ultiaiateiy, the pollen grains were washed with distilled water 3 to 4 tiaiee* For SJEH studies the pollen grains were dehydrated in the alcohol series (30%, S0^# 10%^ 90%^ ^solute alcohol)^ Th& pollen grains were kept in -^solute alcolK3l for ftirther studies* 25 fiolien grains »er® fl«>uut€d on the specl^ti st-obs with the help of fine €aplllerl@a using double si^S adhesive tape. sp©elB»eas i^re men coated with a thin film of gold (about 200 A) in an Ion <^iitter coater <^iGl,-JFC»100>• Ctoated specimens were examined with JiEOS»--^SW-35 (Scanning electron micris(KJpe at an acc^l erst log voltage of lo KV* at lOO pn aperture* The image was observed at different magnifications, and photographs were taken on OR^O i:^ film using too seconds scan time* 2* Organisational Work a) Card Index i> Indi®K to Mames of Taata Ml pta>llshed na»es frora the index Kewensls and relevant floras and monographs^ if any, ^ere scrutinized and listed on sheets* Eaah p«dblished name with a taxonomic status froro family down to subforma w^a put on a separate sheet and the sheet® arranged alph^setic^illy* Th& following detadls were entereds The latest correct nsme according to the I*c*B*N* (ed* l§75) with full reference of author(s), basionym, if any, and synonyms to the names accepted in the "Flora of British India*, and references to the latest n^nographe/revisions, if any. S>lant neraes wilth coniblnation mt validly published, ambiguous or confused aaa^s, illegitimate or invalidly publi^ed n&&&s and naaaeB if any, unacooBjpanled by a deecrlption of 26 4c«eMerattlon &mS ear®f ally ..eriter©)3* • *Jie tf p® of tlse t,^©ia ^"^^ _^ •Site foiJUawiag la.lio,nii«t.li3n was imem£^t®%&A' Ja tbe- fef-pe |is> l^foeit^ in ifliic^ Ii^rliari^ {€> Pie&rlkti^ioa €t@» till m m»i\w mivmimmmmirmkmmammmiim The f«.ilow:lii9 it®R,s of iiife'ina©t.l®,a w®'S:& -entered, on tfe* ^©sifisn earas* • Hi) In^fe3ir to &iter&fc4ur® W?sife« it«5rf eapSs «rj:ang# aafe#fs> (•©> the •^bi^-visfclon ©f tiae |i«(bl4€at,.,i©a* tfm piito.liGiit.l.©ag tier© sea^eliid fciaerotiglilf: ifa Giur«m©l©fi€ial ofsec :t»siRtalfiin.t •# list ©f anavaiiabl^ boeks for later gearetaliag)" &*r t*ie f©ll0iiinf i^i#ilst ^ItatiQns la %tm ta^mm of fta»»s as feo naB©^ of tbe sMfeter, f«&r of ptitollcafclen.,, ^lareirlstion ®f title^. ais4 paf#© ©l»eeltel iGi©t.«s «iier® ii#€#g®a-r^ f 1) Mafeegiais at,., fe:Siijg S®for« oaBweaeing fcit* *K»rk a sefficien.tlf r@pr#s®ofca* tl¥e dti-i ^liS'tia'ate ciolli^iti^ U&B- tos separat® sm^ for ret^m-^te^ o£ mn^cMently braken parts i,h} M&^h ^®@% was ch@cke ffee Rteatiiaaed pRsesd^ures »«r@ followed for all *iiicoiiing* ra^fceriai* ifeen lacorparatlag new raafcerlsl,,, it w«B m&^m' s«r« that, the •owuer^ip ©f tfae gteeet was elrea-ely marked 011 ifei if •j:i©fe •alrealtf markejl^ s speeial •pfeueii mark •«©s maae %©• f aeiiifea;fee- «.te©-ir separation @tii^» li> I 3. St-ijiy of.itdfeeri-^ a) ^rtii» of material. tim. h^is. ©f the material was sorted liisited ^6»3tiD:i^. of 03fl^3Jt:^l@ {na%€rial t-laat. 'cspmlci' hm easily ,E«gioii wer® ^srfeed: ©'iit. into the saall@sfe i»J a»st teo^o^geneoa-g «mlt-s whicli were ^ieftM^t from' Bmi^h &%hm^* ?r@@.amttl@n was %lie It©£lbair4iam l^el-ojr in litejr^i».yre wMcit @©yl.4l res^r ao-es is«@rk tme^riticai an^ ^^^cotii ham^* It wae ©onvenleMt. tm stsrt ij)itii 3 feif fCK^d fiitd ^^itpJL«t@' speciffien agaii^^t -«fli:iei% %be otiner consisti^i of ti©:SKSge^®©tts .©peclwens*, ISios© wiilGh. -^©wea the m&Bt j:«®@nd9Jlsiiea t^ @^}i. other w%£®. plaeeil ^lose.'St*' fe) Aii-aiysie of.. .aiategial ,m&_,&m^'ieiiQm&l i Baeli pile of jj^^teitaiens was a»alyz-ei (detail witlioiit flialclo-g. m^f iMiSg®msut oa its ta^DO«»Rie rask, afloptifjg d ©eh'Kne f-oir th& 4e:i^3jripti!^i- ©f ® iie©tyl©^J©no--tts plaat* Ml t^ ,^3@c,la«tn6 -of each file v®£® mn&lyzmS mm feh« final •Ma3-i»ot4c«o eh^M«i€ter aigfet :^ .to fee jBigii,if.ic«iit^ ©r at l«#-.st a new-, ©n®. .stigtot prave »g.®f^l for airea:af JcaO'iwi. efeareG.ter,sw :• flie^: .wisre stii#le^ in: .d©tail« 30 •espeelallf of tft© f lowejrs w*s raeHeessACf • This -wae 'i©!!© ,3?^ expan^log tim mst&tt&l ta Jsolllag water for 2*3 mimutes* •'The .planfe par^s were -ejeaKiliie^S' -onjer a- Mi»3c#lar dlss«it.it^^ wier<^sc©pe» -M,! ^S^fe^ils- ^tsepfc mol&m: aa :flow«r s»ece stasied -ftoa, ^«telp4« Ciritieal ©b!iterva.fei©,iis ©n variations of ^^jti&uB parfe.© «©!»• ©©%«4 and •eorrelafce^ •©gainst %..lje toaefegiswiijl ©f tflfi.e.ir@rafc b^lfe#%e .©laa g^ofraphi^al feat«ires« Tile ais^secfcesi perfes were thea Jrieere, feldedi .in a cle«ri sjap^r and kmpt !«%© «to© enveieps afct«che to tiae- glseefe* Provi..gio.Bal teat pre©l.s@, isiilforffl. 4#.^;ripfcions were prepared!. "Skis i^rvai a® a #«Me for d#l imltafelos aad evalasfeion ©f feiie t«K@ -asa felie soiaree fer ttee iiaal dteeeriptlon. e> £vala#%ioQ o.£ ch&raet'ers snd #eiialfcafcion ©f tax's ' ,j„.il,.._[jwiwwlinii«—•••••••iiiiiii—iiw^M iinanrrf'f • ••fin-'iiiiit-BiiirMnrritiiiimniiiiiiTirrfti" mr ii' •iWnnT-irm"'—T'-Trmiiir'MM.i •niniiiiiWiiiri Tr""ir-ifn'irr liim n—iiT-mi Ithim was ^^ crax of the wiml^ w©rJc« ©aallfeafelve cheraefeers mere glireii preferenee over Bimfi as th® BOBEtoer of lateral nerves mn tim leav«s^ whl^h were laore sigiil£leao,t iia «aeli groap w®re #ta<3i«sdi febafe mrm often miss©<3« l^r fclae •ieilialfcatioii of .sp«el#s,- tfe@ prowistenal .•^e'^srl^tlons thiis prepares froii tlie asalysls of raafc-erials was t^lie basis for d-et,©e.tiiig, break In eo-etiaaifey- ©f variation. 4) t^piflcation aQji. €iQ«pletio-ft. -of . ie^weatatlQii («) ftae eorrecfc naaje w©s est«bll©h©a fey w3-£kliif ©at •ti»@ ,^:tt©a|fmy of each taxou frcwa, tbe lii<3©x of ra.fi®©3i#: ^ thoiot^h 31 saaixli of fei^ ^TP^ of each taxon isas fflade hy aoasoltiing I ©rlglnal profeologues, Icones efcc.^fl 4eei@iiafeed« I l^plf Icatlofi W&8 ea^ eBOogls if « l^lofeFpe had been originally elesiguafced? else a l.ec'feotyije m&m cteogen fEoW' I sfflong tlie orlgioal collectione» tisle. Msjrk r#<|eiired bath khe material. .a«- TMs part ©DtisletB of iiifcc©<3uefcioii^ ireview of llterafeiiire^ ijofeee oij. elasslfie^tion, aafeerlal & methods ihorphological criteria, an«t©my^ psiyaoloff, aistirltettfei©n ana ecol©^ and .eyt©lofy» a ^tailed generic de^^ripfel^R is followed by erjianerafeiGa of species* Tim name of felie tas;©n recogfiiaed is menfciorae^ first^ followed fey its fe^sionpss and i^noeyias* flowering tsnfl fraiting tijne and ^istribatien of each tajton is briefly iii •M O f 1 S OH m & SL W M # t # © If ga|4fcs f?tje hd< of Iag»ra JU isj^eie-s is si#.»ejr.lbe(i ©s that <®f 3 asidli tree ititi) # ffail, .ti©t le&smlf mw^smh&% eraokei '6%effi aeil. % i^mimglf h3s:muGh&i cr&im* species atfeatetfi^. the ;d3.ii@ji^slQBs of a. ineilltiis-sisBea tree- ai*e less o@pi»0'f}^ Mt :iiot [9@£y £- :m«li«ble iiif©im.ati©Q- with £mg&M to tlie o©-^ ©f Isranehin© ie ^aw&ss ffee Xm&v®B are o^|^)0.sit#» A p©t,jL©le l# tuittally 'preseiJt,, ibiit 'ee«sile i«aves «r© lievisrfeheless i«»t '^'sj^ rajre* •la several mpsmXmm^^ irs- -ifiMcfe aoimiillf tb# ieav®® are |>etiolete^ 'a pair of i^seile iea'snt© is foaa^ at the Nt.se' ©f the- peaaocle* 'Mi^ri tJfee- teaeai brafjcjiilets of tlie ieflorese^nee &tm siibtenaed •fef leavss^ tiie; latter tcso .are as « rule mssM&i they re^enble in this .res|>ect to the or4ina£ir toraefe and bractolec,. which are alwaye sessile* ']^e petiole is &mn&llf more or l@£'s ^ooBOdve or oatialiiC(il'at#, the froo^^@''@Kt@{3#ifi3@ as- ^a- .rtiie ,@^Aewhat Q|ttO' the lai^rib*' f)^; bliiid# ie hs-jettaseome to -oariaceon'S •itt textar© varies in .£or» froia feeDa ife Is i©ffi@felia«s sllflifeif fc&iciiensd* protrn^&s &n %h& apper gide as « rule* Ttoe l.«%ersl i»©irv®-s ©re ttsttallf essilf ^igtiiifal.#ii^.ie,, e^spe©l.ally ©a t^ie l©wer sMe* The tmrti^f neinres af« .lax-ir ©^ ffl©ie® ©r lees a<&nselr reiULa«tla^ei inonf %bose i^ajriogijig from i,h^ midrlQ^ Stipalesa tlie s.tipiil@e m£B -of th'# saess' kliiS ae ^o^ found iu fctee mtimic genejra of -febe Ix©g#ae* • It .envelope-. Ila.ira M:& ^m sQwmtlM&B pKBn^t^ -omS in m^m •$^mi®B a lsir@© pacfe^ of the lfjii#:r starface Is covered l>^ a Ulll^f p«fe@seeij©@*, fl» pje©.sei*se- ©r ^afeseiice of these haijre is pc€^&hly 0f feaxoaomie l»p3urt:«@©#«., la Ix#re.ag 9reii,er,ally fel*e^ gfclpmles itire -nsa-i?® ©,r less pe£®ist,e!jrife4 ftoe lower feffacts are s©E^feto©s pr©vi4®^ wltfe rtt4ira®n%srf <31sjancfc sttpales,^, the •apper l3rac-2.ti.© ao^i br$ct^e©iee are mlm&.fe ex^tipalafee* lafloreeeeia©©-!- ftee .imilQ-re'm&m&m is always %ei»iiial* 1te# ehoofee hf vhMM the lhfl©r©'®ceii€?« 1© prQ^oee^ is always fjr^-©a# .In majoritf ©f the species fcli® liifloreEcettce. is trtehotaffionsly 35 i2©ry^3os©^_ feliafe is thm fiffBt pair of hxtmtmhlmt amA.Mb® HJ® length ©f tlie 'p^^taael© .riiow« a wi^ rauf-e of v.ariaMllfef« ^ some groaps th© InfloreseiSiiee im nm&clf sessile ©r stiortiy |>e#ttnelate., lis ©tteer groape th© peaancle i®. Bi:tKsii laager, «i M, mm& grottps the isaift pair or se>^i^tifl^s felie two main .pairs of fcr©ncrhl#t.s #r# tfee ©alf ©oe# nhicJa #r# ©ppG».site MiA a«t.t«2«iat®^j fete Oi'tfeer feraiieliii.ete-feelaif ii€sl^fil«&r. • .art,icialate.., tor ®i^r ^ffipietely ©pppglt®* S>'«.rall©.l wittj this etiaag® Ira etrtactttjee gQe.s -a re^aetlaa,' ©f tjje_ brisete arad '.fera^gtsal^s. fim redttctio-ti, ©f the bracts is farfelMir @mmmp&mi®d. by a efe.aB#e in- fehe,ir :posltJtea» tis^ -ar^ no' Xmigm^ •bo«i®^@d: t# the bit:g@ of tJje torasaGhlets erwS ^dieels, byt tJ»ey are, -©speeiallF towards tl^ peripli@.£f, «©ra ©r lesis lrregti,.larif seatter€si over the fersuchlets an.d pedieei® stteieh. thef are ®ttfip©seil t# sabteiid* fh© froctps ia whidfe •this tfp® of Infioregeiejic© oeetirs Is io«na In- Jlsi.s -aaii f arttier, #««twar«S'.s« ISils re^iBb.l@s that of |iayetta.»- Ttie baeal braoGhlets ©f tlie iiifiore,seefiee Is ©ftea g.abt©ad©# bf re^iae-^ er raiiaeatsr^- leay-ts* 36 b@£fis#pli£'odite^, l>r<0&4S'd£%»i2a.^, M^'tiB&mQSphiG.,^ ^mal&mm@l* aiviiei t& feto« bds«, hmt la -s^e f.roaps a •ilstltiet %^m Is less pofall©! wl%h fcfe^fe #f fehe to£-®ste end braet-^©!©*. te ©p^s atsfelvafeJUsn i» fflor® -coiwion* la S&SB® 6p©ci©« t&h©y are ©earIf ItivIsifol® &r r#pl«e@i 1^ siiert, fe.@«t.h. ffea msjpf iu Is ^3cfejr©r6«lif eofilortee#« IPI^ ssl'^sc-i^^^peil c©r©ll.a la ommallf is filled mltM n&fs%-ms» t.b© eocolla- fe^e Is alviaf s sferalght au4 usttalif rather aar«jw» Ife© Isagtta- ranges imm & $mw iBllliaie'fereg fe© several c®©tlia©-tres» la seversl G&E©® it hsa b®®© f©uii4 tM% It i« evea ,sterti#r i;h«i feto« lofees #c as loag .«.s %lie latter, the feifla© Is U:sm«llf gl^roas la.glie» It «af be pwb@sc-enfe or tlabr©«:® oafe®!^* fti© tt-pp>er pai'fe liowever is ^>«®%iae® deadly feear#e^» fj^e l«^5©s 1© fead &m ^xtm^mlf c©afcr©.%eJ# in ©pee flower thmf are ©Ifelier spreadlaf &md tl&%^ ©r .je^fl«:s#i and 37 tteis asttally revolute. they vacy fjroR* llnaair t© aei|rly ^rbicaiaJTv 7iie top is obttiee^ eubobtaee or actite» They are sometimes sliglitly beared near <&h€ entraiace o£ tlie t^e« l!he stamfeQs are either as long or nearly as long as the corolla lobes or much shorter* fheir filaments are jBhort &n4 ttsually glabrous* The iitnthere «iire segittate and the Gonnaetlve is ©piculate or aristate* sessile anthers hav^ also be<^ observedi in sofl^ ^ecies* The fllifona style may be entirely glabroas or the Inolia^ed part is sometimes <:overe(§ with ^rea^ing heirs* The escserted |>drt {the sti^al is as long as or slightly longer than the etemeos^ completely separate mtA usiaslly distinctly recr*srve<3. The ovary shows the same str^icttire as that of Pavetta L« It is always bilocular and the flesi^ placeritas in which the ovales are deeply immersesi, ae^ inserteiS on the tapper part of the septiiB. Tte ovules in JKora hm are always iKJlitary* •fraitst ttee drupe is either globose or somewhat eompresse*!* It is tasyially red or green* 38 .#:::0-D.-?m'W M.Tm «.ir jiia@iri©:i^: ftii^i^da^ liicsJLiiiIng t^te g^fiiiB jjifflafe 1&« ilam$^\.^tmm l€m 'msmt M -"iini;iii|-|»llllifilil. 3m .#ii>gii».i*iii^II.jiu IiRr piiii»i»y -iiMiiiiM>ii«!#iji!iP!<>Hi^ -m0M"'«^*'i^\f**** iyifDilliwHi.TftwBj'grrijijiiiiiiipiiit,- •'m^.mi^\immmm•' »«iM"^t|*pi!iM'H iijiTCiin'iiiiii niiniinii in fiiiinir:iiiiiiii.Tiiirii|i>ni.>» -iiujir iiim njniimiiiinuvj.; • • -^, ..' . • ^ ' mmmimmmmtpmi'jimiamie ^^ ^^»« Wt^' «*i?^fcii«t® ®f .sel#i^tii« uls® varies ,ift il*ii^ h M AW BP I © -E R M A. h S t W » 1 Fiaa% tait©.n©injf to&m mnimt^mm a gresfe manQf chaoges since It w-as flr#fe ^reets^. as a ®ei®n.fcl£,ic' 41sc:lpllae in fch@ seveataeitM eerafcurf, #»« ©f ttws m«Jojr 6©ntjrll>y,t.,teg factors bmimq ti4€ ilseio¥@£y of -ta^e u-&m of r»®%*' f.l#14e ©f iuvestlf atloa to eti^l@fl^»t the ol#» Mtix>ttfli .many #arlle,jr ^ttl^rs h#id Indicated the posaitol© iral.tt® of anstomisal <:^araejt®-jrs la ©lassifiedtlon, it wa.s thm y#ar 1863 ttet flr.tt sam th© pMa^lleatters ©.f a treatise., ia which th© anatoi^ of fch@. plant was «mpl©f«i ia s;p@elfle ^Istiijctlott*. tto© mslwrn^B ©f lisglef it fr«iitl*ii Pirn n&turllG^n Plmammm^ f«ffiillen Ci8S?*i9lS) li*eltt:iad a r@lati¥alj Isjrg® atto««it oj ®i#ts3a»lc#l ani tregetativ© i^rpho- logle-al .ii«t#lls« Prltsdh (li©S} #av© ais ac^s^unt of th© ase •o:f, .anatoffile-«l chsraet&rs f©ir sfstematle ptirp©ses, sui th® t.iaxoiK3i»le -y.al.a@ ®f ©pMeiaB'al iwrpltelogy, ,is well :#sss'ifflent®d li3 botaalciii literature whleh imm h&mi reviewed fey staee <196S)« ii(3.yi«3©4 (If71) Mmw attentloa to Vim lrap©j?tanee anS iaipact of S-IM im th® st«% of isyst««atiG problewt* Ia©§f siirface ©tiiiy of ,M^J^ coGclti^a t» <»!•• 2., Figs* 1, 2) revealed that th@ l#«vr©® ©rg Wfpoet©ro«tie J;»@« stoaata air# laeklog on tto«s «ff>er surfaee. W^ i© te the fo£» 0f fl»s f£^aiittles &m the apper ©lirise® #alyi stem-ata arm 41 feltjisfee'd at fctoe- l^vel ©f leaf siirfa©ei st^mafc^ ©llltJfeieal t© globose &m4 mm££mmtM4 hy cafeteulsr gtrlafeiofi,®? «ell feo-an.di«ri®S' ar© clesir oa the tt^>®r ettrfaee ©alf.^ Fig* «<• l« M&Kidl surfaoe.^ n &Q©s 1* ^dx:iai mr.£«c@, X #@©* PLATE-2 42 B g,„o I., u E n M 0 a g w 0 i o ® f Foil eft 'Hiorptoeilogy of Ryi)iaGiea#' tmm been jefeaMea (19S8>. BahasSttT ii.S§4>, I*ewl© (l©i4), SaJx figs 1, 2> has jfeveale^ thafc. the pallea grains are Froiafce Sph^roiial j fig* - !• ^li^tie wl^i, K 4©©®f PLATE-3 43 9 m t. B t ttt m ti t t&n, h m w E C 0 % .© © ¥ Braehfpyis Btem*, met* 0s!^.m&f$mt.TmB M-mm*^ mmt,m mi^bm&tmm^ plm^ 4* timsm are -fereatiii .ae ^i^iri- !• seel^* jE^gjgfcirtjp lipiffi* ^msiste of five ^iNsJi^s* :l^Qg» Ba^gl^a i^ji) 'iU ^^ ^^#^ ^spS t& Mii«(#i3 & wS^ms^m-ie Iml&fi&m in tke ^^h MmB%» tmosM. irnvmimm iit san^^,. tmm^ smA mim^ «@il«« 2* Mim%* B!tm^tw^m WxmA*. esn^iats €»€ @%bt, Bpmims^ iGvtr ef irj^.ieh mmmlf iM^iem jaas^ttrgteij S&li^r*. Z« a@di@si%»'«i« Bi^^*. i:* ae^iti«^'# Ho^bo aii4 ^* l;igri^^i?fegQi Bsm^*- ^% £&m%rM%B& to %hB i?oirt^ "mmtmmi ..regions of M^im.,, >^fa gf^j^aggfaii Bai a slightly wiser range of distxilHition from Matiipar, west Bengal to Bangla Dei^ while t* fcigriomastax Br^tt* is confined to Bangla Oe^i« Xaiora nigricans R* Br« show a wiae range o€ diGtribution* Its area extends from South India (KamataJca, T^ail fiadta, Kerala) to Nest (Maharashtra) i^to ilorth Eastern region Ixora andaroensie Brem* is en^^ic to the Andaman & Nioobar Islands whereas J* ptlhirama Br^i* extends its distribution to «©st Bengal and Sangla Desh. Xxora tibetana area, has only been recorded from llbet* Scora tibetana Brem., %• yoalparensis Br®B., I* tigrio' mtist^t Breni., 1* rsad&argbii Balakr. and 1* aetiainata Roxb. are usually ^ond at hig^ altitades from 1S00-2G©0 r^tres. I^e altitudinal range of Ixora pateir^wia Brem. is from ^a level to ^^O metres* 3. s^^t. Chlaroydanthus Brem* consists of three species. Ixora capitaaliflora Brem* and J« maltibractesta Pearson ex King & Oaable occurs in Jyndaman & uio^bar Islands* the latter is andeoaic to the Island and extends to Soath 1?s»nas@erini, Mal€^ peninsula and !^rth Sumatra* Ixora f inlayeoniana Kail* is usually encountered in KaoiataXa, Kerala and Tamil Hadu in the Sotath, Uttar PradesJi in the Korth, West Bengal and Assaai in the msrth East ®n& the 45 AQd^nan & Hios^bar Islands in the South Eastejcti region* iKora iBttltibraefceata pdarson ex King and dfaiBfele and X,« capitulifXpra B£^» are uetiall^ foisfid at low altitutias from sea tevel to 20 metres. Ixora fihlaysoriia»a Wall, ie £ound at high altitudes &B well ae low altitudes from Sea Le^ei to ISOO iiaatres. 4« s»:t« Otobactrata Brem. consists of only t,w> species naa^tly iKora hyiaenopfaylla Br<^« and !• baxbata llojRb* fhe fooser is endamic to the Andaman & l^ic^ar Islands Klwreae the latter occurs in the mdm^&n ^ llicobar Islands and Uttar Pradesh* Data ©n tl» ecology of varioyjs species representing this section is in-j^fficient, and no field studies are at h^}d, to help reach a conclusion* 5* sect* j^pltorion Br^^a* is represented by five ipecies in India* Three o£ its secies niraely la^ra ipai^tta jytdr*, ]L* by^cfaieta Rcatb* and jt* andalata i^xb* occur in partically the whole of India several 6p€»sies o£ this section occur in Clay*ioaiit soils {Z* pavetta todr*, !• brachiata iloxb* and J* bruanescens Kurz) and flouri^ in red sails of South India* Ixora notoniana 46 wkll« mi ©• tiOR grows best la jc©^ coil* Ixora teirtmnesGeng Karss is foaai growinf in coaseal limes%©fie© of tlm ^^emat* & Nic^bair Islands* Ttm aitit'ttfiieal rs^fe o£ ^i^oirs, i»jraeliia%it: ^xb* is t£©m Sea l^vel to 1^)0 m@tr©e, #£ 1* tio^niana witll* friMft 1?00 to ^ISO nitres an4 !• mj^Mlatm l&xfc* froai 4 as to 12S© metres* §• Sect* g-ayettopsis Brem* a ifej:y irap^rtaat section is ir'^|»reseBt««3 ia ladla toy only Iscoga. graaiifolia ®&11* & Morr* alongwith it© varieties* Ml m£e endemic to th© fetdaman aisd Mieobar Islaa^s* Data on the eeology of thi© speeies Is not available* Distribtitl^ii ©I ixora "L* speeieg in India has been sfioifn in -Qharfc 2* o in 47 «^S9TJfO ra ©X©5aM Oi n^eM TT®^il "* •Mi»«BiMniMaB ©5(5^«i2jr®X t^aa^p^jr^ ©jntipisr « spiiexsi SA'FpesKye'i 18 »Ta ^ uecBwa *««® CM C o 9jf?ms©jre^^ O qsi^ej^d o a tiet^siefe^ w o q>BJf»fllD « o u Q misQ^tH O K o M jfidfO^j « 0 C paex®6^i @ o o *3 i|S^i&j<3 leqaeuttJ^ inpr^S en I t&6«0g %99m m o J^TS «^ 0 © tistfpeja J©%5|i| © mr^ 9tmta^n 10 ClfTO h Q Q t Fagerlind it921f}^ Shaiasa mn4 Cha^terje® iimo}^ Mitra and I3ufeta (1S&?5 «a»fi Hehra aana Sawa (1969) have made chramosoroe coanfcs for various species of the geaas I.xpra t.« They have e©u«i«3 fthe basic ctiroiaoEome nimber for the geitas to be K « 11 (tabJL® 3 ^« liable 3 Sisaroory of chroiuosoitte nuaiser of the genus Is^ra h* fSemom ) <:hr$»^£ome { Re£©r^ences unH iirinri nnriTiiini.-iiiiii ..i » m in 22 Witra lu, fiufeta if. 1967# 22 «ehre, P»tu ^ Bawa K«s,. 19i©-: f« Gocclft^^g Llnii« 22 Fagerlina 1937. !• acumiti^ita Roxb« 22 Fagerllnd 1937 GhatterJl,T. 1960em 22 ChattfsrJi^T* I9^c. 22 Fagerlifid 193? chatterji.t. tf60c. I* congeeta f^:^* 22 fatgerllnd 1937 1 Im flniaysotiiana Mall« 22 Rafhuan^ f*&» ftaiig#is#ainy, 1941 <3jattejrjl,T. i96GC9 49 ^n- ilTiii -I II I ji 'ill] III r I1..I1I. in • 22 it Matter j, l,,f** i#®3(e«.- 22 ' faf^rlind if37 2a FagerLiiid- 1937 22 ' iSw' «?|-iiiri Hill iiiijiiiiiiiiaiii liii* I • I« :fo®@a Wmil* 33 22 fagerllniS* if$? aa Faf©rlifii it3t# f.* si^.a^ssilis MIIH 12 I 22 ffiaerllnd. 1937 50 11 o B s jg » I r y. I 0 m .0; r ir n n .0- s is p g ,. f 1754) I M* -mil m^mtm sm&mBR, ik ti7S9)i m* m 2mm%& cmtm mmsmm^^ m (ii3o),i pc», pmm* m^ 4.Si (is3o|.f wmm*m% mm*- «••. ^M* PI* ti, i, us rtetaii »I1L. «fe-^ FSi^m^ Wat* l>m.. «ai8. 1^, 4, l©ir, .••ml ••! «•—M • ,»• w saroachia tm*^ WmOrm m.. 478 (t©3c^^ i p-anefaeria Msfi«oiiK. in ^em» :te^. hftm Ji^ 2231 jdaan^atleirg viell* irt Bw.U. so©;.. •'Iiia.ia.- 'HQBIS* IK. frpti®:i J* coe^gjuea i,. in Ife. eetiaaEifil. (^>. »tis«^ Srife*) Emct jshrjisa <>r ^siialJl tjreeg. i»esve,e opposite, :alin&«% k •i^oi'fe ©faeatli^ aeedle • lilt®, acoffltnat®* teflejceecenctt 51 ojT 4* Fig* '^ !• Habit, x 3 ; 2» Fortiori of 'IT a twig, K 3 7 3« Innei: siirfac*! o£ a gtipuie, X 7? 4« Calyx with bracteoie, X 10? S. Flower, X 2i 6« Jtofclner and filam^ife, X 10^ SfeigHia and stFle, X 3? Frttit, K 5. PLATE -5 I • I 52 12 , S M W HE R„A t I 0 n 0 F SPECIES ^ora £KstaiiinatiitfiniH()i«iiiiiirt»*ffl^'i*i « $io3^< glowers it gjrialtsi ^«mary*- BeG;®ifeei:, I:sistrij5atl0nt Maoipor, West Bengali Bangla ©e©h. !• I9^r4t a«i(^aBe£i$ie M3P(m» 3* I»pgj3 gaitfagaantlaa Brass* Flowerg & Friiitet April • •^'anaary. MstrAJbttfciont «e©t Bengal- 4'« Ixora barba^a ft^b» ex SB« 1 iniiii jg. Millar ilir'iir.r' 'iM. iSSS gjoyere 4 graltei lipril *• fseceaiber* S»rade©h« (