A Dictionary of Named Effects and Laws a Dictionary of Named Effects and Laws in Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics
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Purification, Purity, and Freezing Points of Twenty-Nine Hydrocarbons of the API-Standard and API-NBS Series' by Anton J
•c. FIGURE 27. Effect of testing conditions on structure of copper initially as annealed. Longitudinal sections etched in 3.5 parts glacial acetic acid and 4.5 parts nitric acid (cone), and 2 parts absolute alcohol, X750. rest Remarks Tempera- Strain ture rate ° F %/1,000 hr A 300 36. 4 Structure near axis of specimen 0.10 in. from position of complete fracture. B 300 8.3 Do. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Vol. 45, No. 2, August 1950 Research Paper 2122 Purification, Purity, and Freezing Points of Twenty-Nine Hydrocarbons of the API-Standard and API-NBS Series' By Anton J. Streiff,'~:i Laurel F. Soule,"- Charlotte M. Kennedy,'2 M. Elizabeth Janes,-;! Vincent A. Sedlak,2 Charles B. Willingham,4 and Frederick D. Rossini! This report describes the purification and determination of freezing points and purity of the following 29 hydrocarbons of tin- API-Standard and A.PI-NBS scries: 2,2,4,6,6- pentamethylheptane; i, I ,'2-i rimethylcyclopropane; cis-2-hexene; ci8-3-hexene; 2-methyl-l- pentene; 4-methyl-l-pentene; 3-methyl-trans-2-pentene; 4-methyl-cis-2-pentene; 4-methyl trans-2-pentene; 4,4-dimethyl-l-pentene; 4,4-dimei hyl-<rons-2-pentene: 2,3,3-trimei hy]-l- butene; tran8-4-octene; L-nonene; L-decene; L-undecene; L,3-butadiene;l,2-pentadiene; I ,ci8-3-pentadiene; I ,<rans-3-pentadienej l ,4-pentadiene; 2,3-pentadiene; 2-me1 hyl- L,3-buta- diene (isopreue); L,5-hcxadiene; 2,3-dimethyi-1,3-butadiene; l-<ii nenyl-1-cyclohexene- (4-vinyl- L-cyclohexene); cis-decahydronaphthalene; ^rons-decahydronaphi halene; 2,3-dihy- droindene (indan). -
GREEN SYNTHESIS and CHARACTERIZATION of SODIUM Supported by CYANIDE from CASSAVA (Manihot Esculenta CRANTZ)
GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SODIUM Supported by CYANIDE FROM CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) E. B. AttahDaniel1*, P. O. Enwerem2, P. G. Lawrence1, C. U. Ofiwe 3, S. O. O. Olusunle4 and A. R. Adetunji5 1Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, PMB 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, River State University, PMB 5080, Mkpoluorowurukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 3National Agency for Science & Engineering Infrastructure, Centre of Excellence, Nanotechnology and Advanced Material, Akure x, Ondo State, Nigeria 4Engineering Materials Development Institute, PMB 611 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria 5Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: January 09, 2020 Accepted: February 24, 2020 Abstract: This study was carried out to develop a green, simple and cost-effective route for synthesis of sodium cyanidevia aquohydrolysis of linamarin a cyanogenic glucoside found in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Two procedures were employed and compared, the acid hydrolysis method and direct (aquo) hydrolysis. The CN– ion released was reacted with Na+ via ion exchange to replace the hydroxyl ion (OH–) and yielded NaCN. The NaCN was crystallized via evaporation in an air ventilated oven by maintaining the temperature of the reaction solution at 100oC. The crystalized salt was quantified using the modified Vogel’s Argentometric method of cyanide quantification. The concentrations were found to be 10.56 mg/g for whole tuber, 13.92 mg/g for tuber tissue and 4.5 mg/g for cassava peels. Analyte grade sodium cyanide purchased off shelf was used as a reference. The crystals were characterized using, X-ray diffraction analysis; the X-ray diffractogram confirmed the products from acid hydrolysis was a cyanogen (CN2CN2) while the product from direct hydrolysis was sodium cyanide. -
Synthetic Applications of Organoboranes
ú 7lt) f SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF ORGANOBORANES A Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Uníversity of Adelaide by Roger Murphy, B.Sc. (Hons.) Department of Organíc Chemistry L976. CONTENTS Page SUMMARY (f) STATEMENT (fií) PUBL ICATIONS (iv) ACKNOI^JLEDGEMENTS (v) CHAPTER 1. Synthesis of Products Isolated from the Hydroboration-Cyanidation of Unsaturated Terpenes. / 1.1 Introduction. 1 L.2 Synthesis of Products Derived from L2 Geraniol. 1.3 Synthesis of Products Derived from L7 LÍnalyl AceËate. L.4 SynthesÍs of Products Derived from 22 Myrcene. CHAPTER 2. Cyanidation of Dialkyìboranes and Borinic Acids and Esters. 2.L Introduction. 43 2.2 Cyanidation of Dialkylboranes. 50 2.3 Cyanidation of BorÍnic Acíds and EsËers. 65 CHAPTER 3. Silver(I) 0xidation of Organoboranes. 3.1 Introduction. 70 3.2 Cycl-izatlon of Díenes vía Intramolecular 76 Alkyl Coupling. 3.3 AÈtenpted Reduction of Intemedl-ates 84 Obtaíned by Reaction of Organoboranes with Alkalíne SÍ1ver nltrate. CHAPTER 4. Asymmetric Induction by Hydroboration with Optical ly Active Dial llyl boranes. 4.L Introductlon. 88 4.2 AËterpted Resolution of (t)-414,6- 96 Trfnethylcaprolactam and (t)-4 16 16- Tr lmethylcapro lactam. 4.3 Attempted Resolutíon of (1)-31515- 100 Trinethylcyclohexanone . 4.4 Asynrmetric Hydroboratfon of 6r7-Dihydro- 110 416 r6-trTmethyl-5H-azepínone and 3r5,5- TrirneËhylcyclohex-2-enone (Isophorone) . CHAPTER 5. Experimental. 5.1 General. 118 5.2 I^Iork described in chapter 1. L2T 5.3 Ilork described in chapter 2. 163 5.4 Work descríbed ín chapËer 3. 178 5.5 lJork described Ín chapter 4. -
4.3 Synthetic Graphite
BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMMUNICATION FAKULTA ELEKTROTECHNIKY A KOMUNIKAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY ÚSTAV ELEKTROTECHNOLOGIE THE EFFECT OF ELECTRODE BINDERS TO ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS BACHELOR'S THESIS VLIV POJIV NA ELEKTROCHEMICKÉ VLASTNOSTI ZÁPORNÝCH ELEKTRODOVÝCH HMOT BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE AUTHOR András Zsigmond AUTOR PRÁCE SUPERVISOR Ing. Jiří Libich, Ph.D. VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE BRNO 2016 BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Department of Electrical and Electronic Technology Bachelor thesis Bachelor's study field Microelectronics and Technology Student: András Zsigmond ID: 154915 Year of study: 3 Academic year: 2015/16 TITLE OF THESIS: The Effect of Electrode Binders to Electrochemical Properties of Negative Electrode Materials INSTRUCTION: Get acquaint with Lithium-Ion batteries and their charactericti electrochemicla properties. Study operation principle of Litihum-Ion battery along with intercalaction process. Lead experiments which involve different kinds of binders and their using in electrodes. REFERENCE: Podle pokynů vedoucího práce. Assigment deadline: 8. 2. 2016 Submission deadline: 2. 6. 2016 Head of thesis: Ing. Jiří Libich, Ph.D. Consultant: doc. Ing. Jiří Háze, Ph.D. Subject Council chairman WARNING: The author of this bachelor thesis claims that by creating this thesis he/she did not infringe the rights of third persons and the personal and/or property rights of third persons were not subjected to derogatory treatment. The author isfully aware of the legal consequences of an infringement of provisions asper Section 11 and following of Act No 121/2000 Coll. on copyright and rights related to copyright and on amendments to some other laws (the Copyright Act) in the wording of subsequent directives including the possible criminal consequences asresulting from provisions of Part 2, Chapter VI, Article 4 of Criminal Code 40/2009 Coll. -
Exploitation Strategic Plan and Business Model - Final
Exploitation strategic plan and business model - final Deliverable 8.4 © Copyright 2019 The INTMET Consortium Project Funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme. Grant Agreement No 689515 EXPLOITATION PLAN-FINAL D8.4 PROGRAMME H2020 – Environment and Resources GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER 689515 PROJECT ACRONYM INTMET DOCUMENT Deliverable 8.4 TYPE (DISTRIBUTION LEVEL) ☒ Public ☐ Confidential ☐ Restricted DUE DELIVERY DATE M36 DATE OF DELIVERY January 31 2019 STATUS AND VERSION NUMBER OF PAGES WP / TASK RELATED WP 8, task 8.4, 8.5 WP / TASK RESPONSIBLE MinPol AUTHOR (S) Prof. Dr. Horst Hejny, Dr. Angelika Brechelmacher, Prof. Dr. Günter Tiess PARTNER(S) CONTRIBUTING FILE NAME Exploitation strategic plan and business model - final DOCUMENT HISTORY VERS ISSUE DATE CONTENT AND CHANGES 1.0 30/01/2019 First Revision 1.1 31/01/2019 Small corrections ClC final 31/01/2019 for submission DOCUMENT APPROVERS PARTNER APPROVER CLC Francisco Sánchez 2 | 34 EXPLOITATION PLAN-FINAL D8.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. BUSINESS MODEL .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 BASIC IDEA ............................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Notes Electrochemistry FG Vylechmann, Ph.D
N O T E S E L E C T R OC H E M I S T R Y . l E HMANN PH . D . F . G v C , y N EW YORK ’ MCGRAW PUBLI SHIN G COMPAN Y 1 906 CHA LE R S H. SEN FF A TO KEN OF EST EEM AN D REGARD P R E F A C E . T HE principal aim kept in view in the preparation o f these notes has been the giving o f a clear and con cise presentation o f the general prin ciples which un derlie electro chemical science . Endeavor has been made to meet the needs of students entering upon the study o f electro chemistry an d o f chemists interested in the application of electrical energy to chemical problems . The literature o f electro chemistry counts as its o wn a ' number of standard works which treat in detail the theories of the scien ce , the methods of electro chemical analysis , and D f e . the applications of el ctro chemistry i fering from these , the present notes aim merely to offer a general survey of the subject , to serve as an introduction to its study and to aid in the securing of a proper understanding and appreciation u of the work along individ al lines . ha s In the chapter on ele ctrote chnolo gy , spe cial endeavor bee n made to secure the most recent and reliable data and full advantage has been taken o f the information given in leading techni cal journals and in the excellent monographs o f s : E m Wasseri er Lo u Foer ter lektro che ie g s ngen , and of : E Wright lectri c Furnaces and their Industrial Applications . -
Part I. a New Synthesis of Dihydrojasmone. Part II
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 Part I. A New Synthesis of Dihydrojasmone. Part II. Dehydration Studies of Some Cycloalkanols. Ronald Joseph Allain Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Allain, Ronald Joseph, "Part I. A New Synthesis of Dihydrojasmone. Part II. Dehydration Studies of Some Cycloalkanols." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1529. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1529 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69- 17,093 ALLAIN, Ronald Joseph, 1940- PART I. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROJASMONE. PART H. DEHYDRATION STUDIES OF SOME CYCLOA- LKANOLS. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Chemistry, organic University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part I. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROJASMONE Part II. DEHYDRATION STUDIES OF SOME CYCLOALKANOLS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry by Ronald Joseph Allain B.S., Louisiana State University, 1965 M.S., Louisiana State"University, 1966 January, I969 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Electrolytic Reduction Hydrometallurgy
Metallurgy ,2nd Part C9 ,4th Sem Dr Sukla Chakladar Associate Professor,RNKWC,Midnapopre Electrolytic reduction For more reactive metals like Na,Mg ,Al etc cannot be reduce by carbon reduction process. So they can be reduced by electrolysis and these metals are not obtained by electrolysis from aqueous solution of their salt. So in these cases electrolytes are molten salts. Some e.gs Metal Electrolyte Reaction at the electrodes Na NaOH (Castner’s Process) At Cathode Na++e Na At anode 4OH- 2H2O+O2+4e NaCl(Down’s Process) Na++e Na(at Cathode) - 2Cl Cl2+2e(at Anode) Mg Molten MgO Mg2+ +2e Mg(Cathode) 2- O 1/2O2+e(Anode) 2+ MgCl2 Mg +2e Mg(Cathode) - 2Cl Cl2+2e(Anode) 3+ 2- Al Alumina(Al2O3,Na3AlF6+CaF2) Al2O3 2Al +3O Al3++3e Al(Cathode) 2- - 3O 3/2O2+3e (Anode) Hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy involves extraction of metal from ore by preparing an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal and recovering the metal from the solution. The operations usually involved are leaching, or dissolution of the metal or metal compound in water, commonly with additional agents; separation of the waste and purification of the leach solution; and the precipitation of the metal or one of its pure compounds from the leach solution by chemical or electrolytic means. It involves extraction of less electropositive or less reactive metals like gold and silver. Powdered ore is first dissolved in a suitable reagent by complex formation e.g. Ag2S+4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2]+Na2S 4Au+8NaCN+2H2O+O2 4Na[Au(CN)2]+4NaOH Now a strong electropositive metal added to above salt solution from which metal is obtained. -
CHANGING TECHNOLOGY Ln a CHANGING WORLD the CASE of EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY 1
CHANGING TECHNOLOGY lN A CHANGING WORLD THE CASE OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY 1 Fathi Habashi 2 ABSTRACT Smelting of ores for metal extraction is an ancient art in our civilization. New technology is being introduced, but forces of resistance are sometimes so strong to permit a radical change. While the iron and steel, zinc, aluminum, and gold industries are responding to change, the copper and nickel industries seem to be more conservative. Key words: iron, steel, copper, pressure hydrometallurgy, gold, alurninum, zinc, nickel, sulfur dioxide, elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, pyrite, arsenopyrite. ' XVII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa - I Simpósio sobre Química de Colóides- Aguas de Sao Pedro- SP, Brazil , August 23-26. 1998. :· Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Lavai University, Qut:bec City, Canada 49 INTRODUCTION Extractive metallurgy today is usually divided in two sectors: ferrous and nonferrous because of the large scale operations in the ferrous [1). Steel production in one year exceeds that of ali other metais combined in ten years. As a result, metallurgists in the nonferrous sector usually do not participate in the activities of iron and steel makers and vice versa. This is a pity because for sure one can leam from the other. ln fact, the copper industry adopted many technologies used first in iron and steel production. For example, when Bessemer invented the conventer in 1856 it was adopted in the copper industry ten years !ater, and when high grade massive copper sulfide ores were exhausted and metallurgists were obliged to treat low-grade ores, the puddling furnace was adapted in form of a reverberatory furnace to treat the flotation concentrates. -
Tackling Key Engineering Challenges in Liquid Metal Batteries
Tackling Key Engineering Challenges in Liquid Metal Batteries: Temperature and Mass Transport by Rakan F. Ashour Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by Professor Douglas H. Kelley Materials Science Program Arts, Sciences and Engineering Edmund A. Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Rochester Rochester, NY 2019 ii Dedication To my daughter Ayah Ashour iii Table of Contents Biographical Sketch vi Acknowledgments vii Abstract viii Contributors and Funding Sources x List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Grid scale energy storage 1 1.2 Electrochemical energy storage 5 1.2.1 Electrochemistry notations and terms 5 1.2.2 Overview of existing technologies 6 Lead-Acid batteries 6 Lithium ion batteries 7 Sodium-Sulfur batteries 8 1.3 The liquid metal battery 9 1.4 Objectives 12 1.4.1 Reducing operating temperature 12 1.4.2 Understanding transport phenomena across scales 13 iv 1.4.3 Linking electrochemistry and magnetohydrodynamics 14 Chapter 2: Low Temperature Sodium Based Liquid Metal Batteries. 16 2.1 Review of Thermodynamics. 16 2.1.1 From the first law to battery voltage. 16 2.2 Previous work on sodium based liquid metal batteries. 21 2.3 Experimental methods 23 2.3.1 Salt Preparation 23 2.3.2 Electrode Preparation 26 2.4 Results and Discussion 26 2.4.1 The Binary NaOH,NaI system 26 2.4.1 The Ternary NaNH2,NaOH,NaI system 30 2.5 Summary 45 Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics of Liquid Metal Batteries 48 3.1 MHD of liquid metal batteries 48 3.2 Governing Equations 52 3.2.1 Thermal Convection: The Rayleigh- Bénard Instability 53 3.2.2 Electromagnetically Driven Flows 55 3.2.3 Flows Driven by Electromagnetic and Buoyant Forces 58 3.3 Experimental Methods 59 3.4 Results & Discussion 61 3.5 Summary & Engineering Implications 72 Chapter 4: Linking Electrochemistry and Fluid Dynamics 75 v 4.1 Kinetics of mass transport in liquid metal batteries. -
An Evaluation of Ferdinand Hurter's Contribution to the Development of the Nineteenth Century Alkali Industry
AN EVALUATION OF FERDINAND HURTER'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ALKALI INDUSTRY CYRIL ARTHUR TOWNSEND A thesissubmitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsof Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1998 FERDINAND 11URTER 1844 - 1898 ABSTRACT Ferdinand Hurter was an industrial chemist and one of the earliest chemical engineers. He was born in Switzerland in 1844 and, after obtaining his Doctorate in chemistry at Heidelberg University, he came to England in 1867. He joined Gaskell Deacon & Co, a major Leblanc alkali manufacturer in Widnes, the leading alkali town in Britain, as Works Chemist. During the next thirty years, the most successful period in the history of the Leblanc alkali industry, he devoted his considerable talents, both practical and theoretical, to developing and improving a wide range of processes. He was the author of a large number of publications and patents, and has been described as the first person to put the British chemical industry on a truly scientific basis. When the British Leblanc alkali manufacturers amalgamated in 1890 to form the United Alkali Company, Hurter was appointed to the prestigious position of Chief Chemist, in which post he served until his early death in 1898. He was a leading figure in a number of learned societies, and also took an interest in technical education. The accusationby certain historians that, in the 1890's,Hurter advised the United Alkali Company not to adopt the electrolytic process for manufacturingalkali, and thus causedthe declineand eventual demise of the Leblancindustry, is fully investigated.It is concludedthat the allegationwas substantiallyunfounded. -
The Merck Index
Browse Organic Name Reactions ● Preface ● 4CC ● Acetoacetic Ester Condensation ● Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis ● Acyloin Condensation ● Addition ● Akabori Amino Acid Reactions ● Alder (see Diels-Alder Reaction) ● Alder-Ene Reaction ● Aldol Reaction (Condensation) ● Algar-Flynn-Oyamada Reaction ● Allan-Robinson Reaction ● Allylic Rearrangements ● Aluminum Alkoxide Reduction ● Aluminum Alkoxide Reduction (see Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction) ● Amadori Rearrangement ● Amidine and Ortho Ester Synthesis ● Aniline Rearrangement ● Arbuzov (see Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction) ● Arens-van Dorp Synthesis ● Arndt-Eistert Synthesis ● Auwers Synthesis ● Babayan (see Favorskii-Babayan Synthesis) ● Bachmann (see Gomberg-Bachmann Reaction) ● Bäcklund (see Ramberg-Bäcklund Reaction) ● Baeyer-Drewson Indigo Synthesis ● Baeyer-Villiger Reaction ● Baker-Venkataraman Rearrangement ● Bakshi (see Corey-Bakshi-Shibata Reduction) ● Balz-Schiemann Reaction ● Bamberger Rearrangement ● Bamford-Stevens Reaction ● Barbier(-type) Reaction ● Barbier-Wieland Degradation ● Bart Reaction ● Barton Decarboxylation ● Barton Deoxygenation ● Barton Olefin Synthesis ● Barton Reaction http://themerckindex.cambridgesoft.com/TheMerckIndex/NameReactions/TOC.asp (1 of 17)19/4/2005 20:00:21 Browse Organic Name Reactions ● Barton-Kellogg Reaction ● Barton-McCombie Reaction ● Barton-Zard Reaction ● Baudisch Reaction ● Bauer (see Haller-Bauer Reaction) ● Baumann (see Schotten-Baumann Reaction) ● Baylis-Hillman Reaction ● Béchamp Reduction ● Beckmann Fragmentation ● Beckmann Rearrangement