Pakistan Journal of Special Education (PJSE) Vol. 10, 2009 ISSN No. © Department of Special Education, University of Karachi 1818-2860 AN INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL SPORTS ACTIVITIES FOR DISABLED INDIVIDUALS
ABDUL KARIM MUGHAL Assistant Professor & Principal Government College of Physical Education, Karachi
Abstract
Physical activities in the civilization have been a part of an individual’s daily life and it may be remember a that various types of disabilities in human are recoded in the history due to the congenital or accidental causes. They are labeled indicated on the basis of their type like exceptional, adopted, mental retardation, hearing impairment, visual handicap, physical handicap. After the stabilization of world unity “Human rights” is only way to finish the discrimination among the humans of the world and the United Nations Organization (UNO) is commented to follow the human rights charter. In this connection international federations and other sports promotional organizations are engaged to facilitate disabled people of the world with organized sports in the six disability category and a verity of sports discipline under the classification system, 400 athletes of the 23 countries. The same games were held at Beijing in China in 2008 with the participation of 3951 athletes of 146 countries of the world were awarded to 472 medals, 262 men and 176 women participant in the game held in 1960 for disabled people are introduced hosted by Italy at Rome.
Introduction of Disabilities
Disability is a condition which does not allow an individual to perform his/ her all usual physical or mental functions. This usually means a permanent state, like blindness, but in some cases is temporary. In recent times society and the law have dictated that people with disabilities should be accommodated and encouraged to operate to their maximum potential and have the right to participate in societal and governmental activity without impediments. Sports, Games and other physical and recreation activities are used as social act among the human. Participation in these activities is a right of every man and women without any discrimination that he or she is disabled or not.
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The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) “a disabled person is someone who has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.”The DDA definition is an inclusive definition that tends to capture both the largest and broadest estimate of people with disabilities. It describes a disability as a condition which limits a person’s ability to function in major life activities – including communication, walking, and self-care – and which is likely to continue indefinitely, resulting in the need for supportive services.
The United Nations defines disability as “Any restriction or lacking within the range considered normal for a human being”.
The United States Census Bureau also uses a broad definition of disability. Starting with the DDA definitions, the Census Bureau then expands its definition to identify people 16 years old and over as having disability if they meet criteria given by the UN.
According to the World Health Organization, in the context of health experience, between impairment, disability and handicap:” Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. Disabled people do not form a homogeneous group. For example, the mentally ill and the mentally retarded, the visually, hearing and speech impaired and those with restricted mobility or with so-called ''medical disabilities'' all encounter different barriers, of different kinds, which are handle in different ways.
Historical Background
In primitive era disabled persons of the community had no facilities of participation in sports and other physical activities like toady. A well known Greek physician and medical author Clodius Galon (130-200 AD) for the first time for used exercise as tool of treatment for the rehabilitation of handicapped (1).
In the Dark Ages, a person different in behavior or appearance was thought to be witch or possessed of the devil and were handed over to the religious doctrine. The product continued up-to the period of renascence.
In the middle ages a desire for social reform brought multitudes of movement to improve life. Reforms for peace, prisons, the poor, temperance, insanity and many other social and moral problems were organized in first decade of the 19th century. However, the main impact for aiding the physically handicapped did not occur until early 20th century.(2) Sports club for deaf established in Berlin in 1888 (3).
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After World War I, physiotherapy and sports medicine became as important as orthopedic and internal surgery. Sport for people with a physical disability was introduced after World War II, to assist the medical and psychological needs of the large number of injured ex-servicemen, -women and civilians. In researching new methods to minimize the consequences of their immobility, it provided a new and great possibility for reviving the idea of sport as a means of treatment and rehabilitation. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, created the idea of the “Stock Mandeville Games” which was first staged in 1948 with the involving veterans of World War II heaving a spinal cord injury in Stoke Mandeville, England (3), competition for wheelchair athletic were listed on program of the games.
An international movement was born with the participation of Netherlands in the competition held in 1952. Rehabilitation sport evolved rather quickly to recreational sport and the next step to competitive sport was only a matter of some years.The global Special Olympics movement started on 20 July 1968, when the First International Special Olympics Games were held at Soldier Field, Chicago, Illinois, USA. But the concept of Special Olympics was born much earlier, when Eunice Kennedy Shriver organized a day camp for people with intellectual disabilities at her home in 1962.
From the late 1980s, organizations began to include athletes with disabilities in sporting events such as the Olympic Games. However, many sports are practiced by persons with a disability outside the formal sports movements, for example: Wheelchair basketball, Wheelchair dancing, Weightlifting, Swimming, and many other sporting activities.
United Nations and Global Sports
According to the UN World Program of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (ACDP), a proposal for the implementation of recreation and sports considered was the importance and the need of the time for the rights of disabled persons. United Nations declared that Member states should ensure that disabled persons have the same opportunities for recreational activities as other citizens. This involves the possibility of using restaurants, cinemas, theatres, libraries, etc., as well as holiday resorts, sports arenas, hotels, beaches and other places for recreation. Tourist authorities, travel agencies, hotels, voluntary organizations and others involved in organizing recreational activities or travel opportunities should offer their services to all and not discriminate against disabled persons. This involves, for instance, incorporating information on accessibility into their regular information to the public sports. The importance of sports for disabled persons has becoming increasingly recognized. Member States should therefore encourage all forms of sports activities of disabled persons, inter alias through the provision of adequate facilities and the proper organization of these activities.
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The annual observance of the International Day of Persons with Disabilities on 3rd December, targeted to promotion of understanding of disability issues, the rights of persons with disabilities and gains to be derived from the integration of persons with disabilities in every aspect of the political, social, economic and cultural life of their communities. The Day was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982.
Categories of Disability in Sports
Include amputee, cerebral palsy intellectual disabilities, wheel Chan, Visually Impaired & les Autres.
These disability categories are recognized and apply to both summer and winter Paralympics. Within these six disability categories the athletes compete in the variety of the games according to their differing level of impairment. 1. Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb. 2. Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination. 3. Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behavior. (This category is currently suspended). 4. Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair. 5. Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial visual, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. 6. Les Autres: Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide. The name for this category is in French meaning others.
International Sports and Disabled
Deaflympics Special Olympics World Sports Paralympics Games
Deaflympics Sports: The Deaflympics are more than just the world's second oldest multiple sports games after the Olympics. They are also among the world's fastest growing sports events. Formal international competition in deaf sport began with the 1924 Paris Silent Games, organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds, CISS (The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf). These games evolved into the modern Deaflympics, governed by the
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CISS. The CISS maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports. Winter Deaflympics were added in 1949. The Summer and Winter Deaflympics are sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee, IOC.
Officially, the games were originally called the "International Games for the Deaf" from 1924 to 1965, but were sometimes referred to as the "International Silent Games". From 1966 to 1999 they were called the "World Games for the Deaf", and occasionally referred to as the "World Silent Games". From 2000, the games have been known by their current name "Deaflympics" often mistakenly called the "Deaf Olympics.
Table 1 Showing Program (1924 – 2017) Summer Deaflympics
Year Games Host City Country 1924 I Paris France 1928 II Amsterdam Netherlands 1931 III Nürnberg Germany 1935 IV London United Kingdom 1939 V Stockholm Sweden No games were held between 1940–48 due to World War II 1949 VI Copenhagen Denmark 1953 VII Brussels Belgium 1957 VIII Milan Italy 1961 IX Helsinki Finland 1965 X Washington DC United States 1969 XI Belgrade Yugoslavia 1973 XII Malmö Sweden 1977 XIII Bucharest Romania 1981 XIV Köln West Germany 1985 XV Los Angeles United States 1989 XVI Christchurch New Zealand 1993 XVII Sofia Bulgaria 1997 XVIII Copenhagen Denmark 2001 XIX Rome Italy 2005 XX Melbourne Australia Taiwan (Republic of China) 2009 XXI Taipei (competing as Chinese Taipei) 2013 XXII Athens Greece 2017 XXIII Barcelona Spain
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Table 2 Showing the Program (1949 – 2015) Winter Deaflympics
Year Games Host City Country 1949 I Seefeld Austria 1953 II Oslo Norway 1955 III Oberammergau Germany 1959 IV Montana-Vermala Switzerland 1963 V Åre Sweden 1967 VI Berchtesgaden Germany 1971 VII Adelboden Switzerland 1975 VIII Lake Placid United States 1979 IX Méribel France 1983 X Madonna di Campiglio Italy 1987 XI Oslo Norway 1991 XII Banff Canada 1995 XIII Ylläs Finland 1999 XIV Davos Switzerland 2003 XV Sundsvall Sweden 2007 XVI Salt Lake City United States 2011 XVII High Tatras Slovakia 2015 XVIII Vancouver Canada
Table 3 Disciplines of Deaflympics Sports
Summer Deaflympics Sport Winter Deaflympics Sport Athletic Badminton Alpine Skiing Basketball Beach Cross Country Skiing Volley ball Bowling Curling Football Cycling Ice Hockey Judo karate Orienteering Snowboard Shooting Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Volleyball Water Polo Wrestling Fresstyle Arestling Greco-Roman
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Special Olympics World Games
The Special Olympics World Games are an international sporting competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities, organized by Special Olympics. Like the Olympic Games and the Paralympics Games, the Special Olympics World Games include summer and winter versions, and are held every four years. The first International Special Olympics Summer Games were held in Chicago, Illinois, USA, in 1968.
The first International Special Olympics Winter Games were held in February 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA. In 1991, the name was officially changed from International Special Olympics Summer or Winter Games to Special Olympics World Summer or World Winter Games.
Host Cities and Name of Countries
Table 4 Showing Program from 1968 International Special Olympics Summer Games to 2011
A Summer Special Olympics World Games Year Games Date Host City Country 1968 I July 20 1968 Chicago, Illinois USA 1970 II August 13-15 1970 Chicago, Illinois USA 1972 III August 13-18 1972 Los Angeles, CA USA 1975 IV August 8-13 1975 Mt. Pleasant, Michigan USA 1979 V August 8-13 1979 Brockport, New York USA 1983 VI July 12-18 1983 Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA 1987 VII July 31-August 1 1987 South Bend, Indiana USA 1991 VIII July 19-27 1991 Minneapolis & St. Paul, Minnesota USA 1995 IX July 1-9 1995 New Haven, Connecticut USA 1999 X June 26-July 4 1999 Durham, North Carolina USA 2003 XI June 21-29 2003 Dublin Ireland 2007 XII October 2-11 2007 Shanghai China 2011 XIII June 25- July 4, 2011 Athens Greece B From 1977 International Summer Olympics World Winter Games Year Games Date Host City Country 977 I February 5-11 1977 Steamboat Springs, Colorado USA 1981 II March 8-13 1981 Smugglers' Notch and Stowe, Vermont USA 985 III March 24-29 1985 Park City, Utah USA 989 IV April 1-8 1989 Reno, Nevada and Lake Tahoe, California USA 993 V March 20-27 1993 Salzburg and Schladming Austria 997 VI February 1-8 1997 Toronto and Collingwood, Ontario Canada 001 VII March 4-11 2001 Anchorage, Alaska USA 005 VIII February 26 – March 4 2005 Nagano Japan 009 IX February 6-13 2009 Boise, Idaho USA
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Table 5 Disciplines of Special Olympic Games
Summer Deaflympics Sport Winter Deaflympics Sport Athletic Badminton Alpine Skiing Tennis Beach Cross Country Skiing Volley ball Bowling Figure skating Football Cycling Snowshoeing Bocce Sailing Snowboarding Table tennis Roller skating Short track speed skating Power lifting Team handball Floor hockey Volleyball Gymnastics Equestrian Softball Golf
Paralympics Games
The International Paralympics Committee (IPC) is the global governing body of the Paralympics Movement. Founded on 22 September 1989, the IPC is an international non-profit organization formed and run by 165 National Paralympics Committees (NPCs) from five regions and four disability specific international sports federations (IOSDs). The IPC Headquarters and its management team are located in Bonn, Germany. The IPC organizes the summer and Winter Paralympics Games, and serves as the International Federation for nine sports, for which it supervises and co-ordinates the World Championships and other competitions. The IPC aims to promote the Paralympics values, which include courage, determination, inspiration and equality.
The organization has a democratic constitution and structure, made up of elected representatives. The four IOSDs are: CPISRA: Cerebral Palsy International Sport and Recreation Association IBSA: International Blind Sports Federation INAS-FID: International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability IWAS: International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
The word "Paralympics" derives from the Greek preposition "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and the word "Olympics" (the Paralympics being the parallel Games to the Olympics). The word Paralympics was originally a pun combining 'paraplegic' and 'Olympic', however with the inclusion 'parallel' and 'Olympic' to illustrate how the two movements exist side by side.
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Table 6 Disciplines of Paralympics Games
Summer Paralympics Games Winter Paralympics Games Archery Athletics Alpine Skiing Basketball ID Boccia Ice sledge hockey Bowls Cue sports Ice sledge racing Cycling Equestrian Nordic Skiing Football 5-a-Side Football 7-a-Side Goal ball Judo Nine-pin bowling Power lifting Sailing Shooting Showdown Swimming Table tennis Ten-pin Bowling Tomball Tennis Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Volleyball
Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair tennis Wheelchair dance sport Wheelchair rugby
Olympic style games for athletes with a disability were organized for the first time in Rome in 1960 these games were known a Special Olympic Games and were continuously organized. Since 1988 they were called Paralympics.
Table 7 Showing Program of from (1960 to 2016) Summer Paralympics Games
Host of Summer Paralympics Games Year Games City Country 1960 Summer Paralympics I Rome Italy 1964 Summer Paralympics II Tokyo Japan 1968 Summer Paralympics III Tel Aviv Israel 1972 Summer Paralympics IV Heidelberg West Germany 1976 Summer Paralympics V Toronto Canada 1980 Summer Paralympics VI Arnhem Netherlands Stoke Mandeville United Kingdom 1984 Summer Paralympics VII New York United States 1988 Summer Paralympics VIII Seoul South Korea 1992 Summer Paralympics IX Barcelona Spain 1996 Summer Paralympics X Atlanta United States 2000 Summer Paralympics XI Sydney Australia 2004 Summer Paralympics XII Athens Greece 2008 Summer Paralympics XIII Beijing China 2012 Summer Paralympics XIV London United Kingdom 2016 Summer Paralympics XV Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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In Toronto in 1976, other disability groups were added and the idea of merging together different disability groups for international sport competitions was born. In the same year, the first Winter Paralympics Games took place in Sweden in 1976.
Table 8 Showing Program of from (1976 to 2014) Winter Paralympics Games (WPG)
Winter Paralympics Games Year Games Host City Country 1976 Winter Paralympics I Örnsköldsvik Sweden 1980 Winter Paralympics II Geilo Norway 1984 Winter Paralympics III Innsbruck Austria 1988 Winter Paralympics IV Innsbruck Austria 1992 Winter Paralympics V Albertville France 1994 Winter Paralympics VI Lillehammer Norway 1998 Winter Paralympics VII Nagano Japan 2002 Winter Paralympics VIII Salt Lake City United States 2006 Winter Paralympics IX Turin Italy 2010 Winter Paralympics X Vancouver Canada 2014 Winter Paralympics XI Sochi Russia
Table 9 Showing Game for the Disability Group
Other Disability Sports Extremity Games Blind cricket Skateboarding Golf Wakeboarding Blind golf Rock Climbing Hand cycling Surfing Motor Cross Kayaking BMX Biking
Summary and Conclusion
A glimpse of sport activities for disabled reflects that for disabled has been practiced since long time, but the boost occurred from 1982, the observance of International Day for disabled.
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