Environmental Impact Assessment (Draft) February 2016 IND: Bihar New Ganga Bridge Project Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, Government of Bihar for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 29 February 2016) Currency unit – Indian rupees (INR/Rs) Rs1.00 = $ 0.01454 $1.00 = Rs 68.7525 ABBREVIATIONS AADT - Annual Average Daily Traffic AAQ - Ambient air quality AAQM - Ambient air quality monitoring ADB - Asian Development Bank AH - Asian Highway ASI - Archaeological Survey of India BDL - Below detectable limit BGL - Below ground level BOD - Biochemical oxygen demand BSRDCL - Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited BOQ - Bill of quantity CCE - Chief Controller of Explosives CGWA - Central Ground Water Authority CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CO - Carbon monoxide COD - Chemical oxygen demand CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CSC - Construction Supervision Consultant DFO - Divisional Forest Officer DG - Diesel generating set DO - Dissolved oxygen DPR - Detailed project report E&S - Environment and social EA - Executing agency EAC - Expert Appraisal Committee EFP - Environmental Focal Person EHS - Environment Health and Safety EIA - Environmental impact assessment EMOP - Environmental monitoring plan EMP - Environmental management plan ESCAP - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific GHG - Greenhouse gas GIS - Geographical information system GOI - Government of India GRC - Grievance redress committee GRM - Grievance redress mechanism HFL - Highest flood level IA - Implementing Agency IMD - Indian Meteorological Department IRC - Indian Road Congress IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature IVI - Important value index IWTA - Inland Waterways Authority of India LHS - Left hand side LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas Max - Maximum Min - Minimum MJB - Major bridge MNB - Minor bridge MOEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MORSTH/ - Ministry of Road Surface Transport and Highways MORTH N, S, E, W, - Wind Directions (North, South, East, West or combination of NE, SW, Two directions like South West, North West) NW NGO - Non-governmental organization NH - National Highway NOC - No Objection Certificate NOx - Oxides of nitrogen NPL - National Physical Laboratory, U.K. NBWL - National Board for Wildlife PAH - Project Affected Household PAP - Project Affected Persons PAS - Protected Areas PCC - Portland Cement Concrete PCR - Public Community Resources PCU - Passenger Car Units PD - Project Director PM - Particulate Matter PIU - Project Implementation Unit PPE - Personal protective equipment PMAE - Project Management and Authority Engineer PPT - Parts per trillion PPTA - Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PUC - Pollution Under Control PWD - Public Works Department R & R - Rehabilitation and Resettlement RCC - Reinforced cement concrete RHS - Right hand side ROB - Road Over Bridge ROW - Right of way RSPM - Respirable suspended particulate matter SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SC - Scheduled Cast – Name of a community in India SEIAA - State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority SEMU - Social and Environmental Management Unit SH - State highway SIA - Social Impact Assessment SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide SOI - Survey of India SPCB - State Pollution Control Board SPL - Sound Pressure Level SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPS - ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 ST - Scheduled Tribes – Name of a community in India TA - Technical assistance TDS - Total dissolved solids TSS - Total Suspended Solids UA - Urban Agglomeration UIDSSMT - Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency UT - Union Territories WHC - Water holding capacity WWF - World Wildlife Fund ZSI - Zoological survey of India WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dB(A) – A-weighted decibel ha – hectare km – kilometre km2 – square kilometre KWA – kilowatt ampere Leq – equivalent continuous noise level µg – microgram m – meter MW (megawatt) – megawatt PM 2.5 or 10 – Particulate Matter of 2.5 micron or 10 micron size NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. I A. Introduction i B. Description of the Project i C. Description of the Environment ii D. Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Mechanism iv E. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures iv F. Conclusions and Recommendations v I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 A. Background 1 B. Project Rationale 2 C. Environment Category and Scope of the EIA Study 4 D. Methodology Adopted for the EIA Study 7 E. Structure of the Report 8 II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS ..............................................10 A. National (India) Environmental Policy Framework 10 B. Social Regulatory Requirements of India and State 13 C. International Treaties and Relevance to the Project 13 D. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement Requirements 15 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................19 A. Type of Project 19 B. Location and Features of the Proposed Project 19 C. Engineering Surveys and Investigations 21 D. Projected Traffic for the Design 21 E. Components of the Project 21 F. Proposed Alignment and Conceptual Plan of Project Components 25 G. Cost of the Project and Implementation Arrangement 31 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...........................................................................32 A. Physical Environment 32 B. Ecological Environment 64 C. Socio-Economic Environment 86 D. Socio-Economic Profile of Project Affected Person 92 V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES..................................................96 A. Construction Activities and Rating of Impacts 96 B. Anticipated Environmental Impacts 98 C. Key operational stage impacts 123 D. Cumulative and Induced Environmental Impacts 141 E. Environmental Enhancement Measures 148 VI. CLIMATE CHANGE RISK AND ADAPTATION FOR GANGA BRIDGE .......................... 151 A. Review of Related Literature 151 B. Predicted High Flood Level 153 C. Testing for Non-Stationarity 155 D. Return Periods vs. Return Levels 157 E. Design Flood for River Ganga at Patna 158 F. Adaptation Measure 159 G. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 160 VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................. 162 A. Introduction 162 B. ‘With Project’ and ‘Without Project’ Scenario 162 C. Alternative Alignments/Locations 166 D. Engineering / Technological Alternatives 169 VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS, INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM .............................................................................. 174 A. Public Consultations 174 B. Public Disclosure 191 C. Grievance Redress Mechanism 191 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT .... 194 A. Introduction 194 B. Impacts and Mitigation Measures 194 C. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Program 195 D. Environmental Reporting System 197 E. Institutional Arrangement 198 A. Roles and Responsibilities 199 B. Environmental Safeguards Budget 206 X. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 209 LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX 1: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST ............................ 211 ANNEX 2: COMPARISON OF WB AND GOI AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ............ 216 ANNEX 3: COMPARISON OF WB EHS AND GOI AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL STANDARDS .. 217 ANNEX 3A. INDIAN STANDARD DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATION: IS 10500:1991 ....... 218 ANNEX 4: DETAILS OF TREES TO BE CUT ......................................................................... 219 ANNEX 5: RECORD OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ............................................................. 229 ANNEX 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................ 254 ANNEX 7: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES .............................................................................. 295 ANNEX 8 : TREE PLANTATION AND MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES .................................... 299 ANNEX 9: GUIDELINES FOR BORROW AREA MANAGEMENT........................................... 301 ANNEX 10: GUIDELINES FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................. 303 ANNEX 11: GUIDELINES FOR WASTE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT ............................ 306 ANNEX 12: DETAILS OF TRANSECT WALKS CONDUCTED IN THE PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA .............................................................................. 308 ANNEX 13: SOIL, WATER, AIR, AND NOISE QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS ALONG THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT .............................................................................. 312 ANNEX 14: COPY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE FOR THE