Insights Into Pathophysiology of Punding Reveal Possible Treatment
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Molecular Psychiatry (2010) 15, 560–573 & 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1359-4184/10 www.nature.com/mp PERSPECTIVE Insights into pathophysiology of punding reveal possible treatment strategies A Fasano1 and I Petrovic2 1Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy and 2Institute of Neurology CSS, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia Punding is a stereotyped behavior characterized by an intense fascination with a complex, excessive, nongoal oriented, repetitive activity. Men tend to repetitively tinker with technical equipment such as radio sets, clocks, watches and car engines, the parts of which may be analyzed, arranged, sorted and cataloged but rarely put back together. Women, in contrast, incessantly sort through their handbags, tidy continuously, brush their hair or polish their nails. Punders are normally aware of the inapposite and obtuse nature of the behavior; however, despite the consequent self-injury, they do not stop such behavior. The most common causes of punding are dopaminergic replacement therapy in patients affected by Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cocaine and amphetamine use in addicts. The vast majority of information about punding comes from PD cases. A critical review of these cases shows that almost all afflicted patients (90%) were on treatment with drugs acting mainly on dopamine receptors D1 and D2, whereas only three cases were reported in association with selective D2 and D3 agonists. Epidemiological considerations and available data from animal models suggest that punding, drug-induced stereotypies, addiction and dyskinesias all share a common pathophysiological process. Punding may be related to plastic changes in the ventral and dorsal striatal structures, including the nucleus accumbens, and linked to psychomotor stimulation and reward mechanisms. Possible management guidelines are proposed. Molecular Psychiatry (2010) 15, 560–573; doi:10.1038/mp.2009.95 Keywords: addiction; cocaine; dopamine; impulse control disorders; Parkinson’s disease; punding Introduction The behavior is reported as soothing or calming and is associated with an intense curiosity. While in- The term ‘punding’ (from Swedish slang; literally volved in their chosen activity, punders withdraw translates into ‘block-head’) was first used to define a into themselves, become tacit and unresponsive, and distinctive stereotyped behavior in amphetamine and give the impression of absent-mindedness, becoming cocaine addicts in California1 and Denmark.2 Punding irritable when distracted from their tasks. Punders are is a peculiar stereotyped behavior characterized by an normally aware of the inapposite and obtuse nature of intense fascination with a complex, excessive, non- their behavior and recognize that time and money goal oriented, repetitive activity such as manipulation spent on their behaviors is excessive and inappropri- of technical equipment, handling, examining or ate; despite the consequent self-injury, they do not sorting through common objects, grooming, hoarding stop the behavior.3,4 Therefore, devastating psychoso- or engagement in extended monologes devoid of cial consequences can arise. content.3,4 Men tend to repetitively tinker with Although it was first described in the 1970s,1 the technical equipment such as radio sets, clocks, phenomenon has only recently come to the attention watches and car engines, the parts of which may be of physicians through the first report of punding in a analyzed, arranged, sorted and cataloged but rarely patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD), triggered by put back together. Women, in contrast, incessantly dopaminergic replacement therapy (DRT).5 PD is a sort through their handbags, tidy continuously, brush neurodegenerative disorder with motor and nonmotor their hair or polish their nails (Figure 1). disturbances. Neuropsychiatric symptoms include fluctuations in mood, anxiety, apathy, depression, psychosis, cognitive deficits and dementia. In addi- Correspondence: Dr A Fasano, Department of Neuroscience, tion, in the past decade, a set of complex behaviors Istituto di Neurologia, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo related to the use of newer nonergolinic dopamine Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome 00168, Italy. (DA) agonists has been recognized in PD patients. E-mail: [email protected] 6 Received 22 July 2008; revised 28 July 2009; accepted 18 August These include pathological gambling, hypers- 2009 exuality,7 compulsive shopping8 and compulsive Punding: from pathophysiology to management A Fasano and I Petrovic 561 CDEFG HIJKLMNO PQRST UVWXYZAAABACADAEAFAGAHAIAJ AK ALAMANAO AP AQAR AS AT AU AVAWAX AY AZ BA BB BCBDBE BF BG 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Figure 1 Punding is characterized by behaviors often arising from prepotent idiosyncratic habits, pastimes or subject’s previous occupation. Therefore, office workers and clerks may shuffle papers or fiddle purposelessly with computers while a seamstress may collect and arrange buttons. This figure shows the Microsoft Excel sheet continuously modified by a male Parkinson’s disease punder, previously employed as a bank clerk. eating.9 These disorders have been classified within relevant case series referenced by these publications overlapping psychiatric categories focusing on phe- were included. Sex, age at presentation of punding, nomenology, particularly among the impulse control disease duration, type and dose of medications used, disorders (ICDs).10 These symptoms may be related occurrence of dyskinesias and presence of co-morbid primarily to PD pathology, and secondarily to com- psychopathology, including dopamine dysregulation pensatory mechanisms, treatments, unrelated co- syndrome (DDS), psychosis and other ICDs, were morbid disorders or underlying individual (heredi- recorded for each case. For PD cases, the levodopa tary, biological or psychological) vulnerabilities.10 equivalent daily dose was calculated based on the Punding is included among these recently recog- theoretical equivalence used in previous studies.12 nized disorders, albeit in the past it was probably underestimated; in fact, descriptions of repetitive behaviors such as ‘obsessive–compulsive behavior’ or Prevalence of punding ‘hypomania’11 can be found in the literature. Evans In Rylander’s original description of 154 patients who et al.3 screened an unselected population of PD abused methylphenidate, punding was found in 40 outpatients for these behaviors and drew on the cases (26%);1 later, it was also reported to occur with original phenomenological descriptions of punding. cocaine dependence.13 In our previous study on However, punding remains a poorly characterized cocaine addicts, we found a prevalence of 8%.14 condition and many authors categorized it with the Nowadays, the most common cause of punding is ICDs, thus indicating an association with new DA- PD. Miyasaki et al.15 found a prevalence of 1.4% using agonist use for the overall group.8 Little data are a patient-rated questionnaire, whereas Evans et al.3 available on this topic. In this paper, we review the directly interviewed patients and found a prevalence current medical literature on punding, describe the of 14%. Another study not specifically designed to clinical features, propose a pathophysiological model detect punding reported a prevalence of 3%.8 This and discuss management guidelines. disparity has been attributed to the differences in populations enrolled for study but could also be Methods and review criteria explained by the contrasting referral and assessment procedures used. According to the studies available to PubMed literature searches using the terms ‘punding’ date, the prevalence of punding is not lower than that or ‘obsessive–compulsive behavior’ were carried out of other well-investigated conditions such as patho- for the period before January 2008. Additional logical gambling.16 Molecular Psychiatry Punding: from pathophysiology to management A Fasano and I Petrovic 562 Clinical phenomenology of punding and difficulties in as racing thoughts, feelings of grandiosity or classification distractibility. Punding is a senseless, repetitive behavior that has Punding is more likely to be classified within ICDs not been sufficiently described. The only mention in or among ‘repetitive and reward-seeking behavior the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental syndromes’ (RRSBS), considered analogous to the Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)17 ICDs.4 Despite systematic screening that did not indicates ‘stereotypical and repetitive behaviors’ in indicate a significant association of punding with amphetamine intoxication. Hence, it has been ICDs,8,14 another study found a positive correlation pointed out that ‘the classification of repetitive between a punding scale and impulsivity measured behavior disorders is debated, and the current by means of the Barratt impulsivity scale.21 Among nosology may be inadequate’.18 the reported PD punders, one or more ICDs were Punding shares some similarities with obsessive– reported in 13 of 22 cases (59.1%) (Table 1), a compulsive disorder (OCD) because it may be con- prevalence much higher than the 2–8% estimated sidered as a form of compulsion; behaviors are value reported in other PD series.10 complex and repetitive, and it may result in isolation Similarly to ICD cases, punding is characterized by from or conflict with other people.19,20 Obsessions are (1) an increasing sense of tension immediately