Physiotherapy and Airway Clearance Techniques and Devices

Home , Chest physiotherapy, Postural drainage

PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2006) 7S, S220–S222

Physiotherapy and airway clearance techniques and devices

Maggie McIlwaine*

BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada

The focus of this talk is on the use of airway clearance siotherapy consisting of postural drainage, percussion techniques to assist in the removal of secretions from the and vibration for a mean of 57 minutes. He suggested that lungs with particular emphasizes on their use in the NICU chest physiotherapy needs to be of 1-hour duration to be and PICU setting. Until the early 1990’s the term, ‘‘Chest effective. Physiotherapy’’ was synonymous with the terms, ‘‘airway Thomas et al.4 attempted to review the use of vibration clearance techniques, or postural drainage and percussion’’ in airway clearance. The physiological literature suggests a with the latter being the traditional method of airway rationale to support the use of vibrations with a frequency clearance used by Physiotherapists. Over the past 15 years, of <60 Hz., by improving mucociliary transport and altering it has been recognized that we must be more compre- the thixotropic property of mucus.5 However, there are hensive in our approach to the cardiopulmonary system few clinical trials examining the effect of vibration as an Modalities now used by Physiotherapists to treat cardio- adjunct to PD. pulmonary pathology include airway clearance techniques, exercise, positioning, re-education of breathing, thoracic mobility exercises and inhalation therapy. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF There are currently a number of airway clearance POSTURAL DRAINAGE AND techniques available for use, although not all of them have PERCUSSION been validated by scientific data. Postural drainage and percussion was first described by William Ewart in Until recently, it was thought, there were no detrimental 19011 who referred to it as ‘‘empty bronchus treatment effects to performing PD&P. As a result PD&P was often by posture in the bronchiectasis of children’’. To enhance over prescribed with the rationale, ‘‘lets try it, as it can only clearance of secretions chest wall clapping or percussion help’’. However, recent studies have suggested that PD&P 6 was added to postural drainage. Flower2 showed mechan- may have a detrimental effect on patients. Button et al. ical percussion increases intra-thoracic pressure, but no demonstrated that PD&P performed in head down posi- studies have been performed to examine the effects of tions may aggravate gastro esophageal reflux in infants with 7 manual percussion. Physiological rationale for the use of CF. As a result of this study, Button et al. modified PD postural drainage to assist in the clearance of secretions is positions to no tipping and recently published the results of based on the use of gravity to assist with the mucociliary using these modified non tip positions over a five year action. However, for gravity to be effective, the patient period in patients with CF, showing improved outcomes. would have to be placed in head down positions for In the NICU, PD&P has been associated with neurolo- between 60–100 minutes. MacKenzie et al.3 in a study gical sequalae. Three studies have reported conflicting on 42 ventilated patients, were able to demonstrate an results on neurological outcomes following neonatal chest increase in total lung compliance following chest phy- physiotherapy. One study from New Zealand reported neurological sequelae following the use of chest physiother- 8 * Tel.: +1 6048752123. apy. Two other studies could not find any correlation E-mail address: [email protected]. between chest physiotherapy and negative neurological

1526-0542/$ – see front matter ß 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.197 PHYSIOTHERAPY AND AIRWAY CLEARANCE TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES S221 outcomes. In the New Zealand paper, vigorous percussion Necessary oxygenation is required during chest physiother- was performed by nurses in the low birth weight infant apy and suctioning to prevent hypoxemia. <1000 grams. In the other 2 papers only gentle physiotherapy using vibrations was performed in the LBW infant and CURRENT AIRWAY CLEARANCE no neurological sequelae was reported.9,10 Rib fractures are another complication to be aware of in TECHNIQUES the very young paediatric patient with the incidence being Over the past 20 years, other airway clearance techniques reported as 1:1000 infants median age 3 months treated for have been developed which utilize ventilation to get the air 11 bronchiolitis and Pneumonia. Other adverse reactions to behind the secretions and then the expiratory airﬂow to 12 PD&P include bronchospasm, changes in cardiac rhythm, mobilize the secretions up the airways. These newer and raised intracranial pressures in head-down positions. techniques have been scientiﬁcally validated.21

NEW EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE VENTILATION USE OF PERCUSSION AND Ventilation may be altered by a variety of methods. The VIBRATION IN NON-TIPPED method chosen will depend upon the patient, lung pathol- POSITIONS ogy and the level of co-operation from the patient. Simple positioning in side lying will alter ventilation to a As a result of the research concerning the detrimental specific lung. Prone positioning will increase PaO2 by as effects of PD&P, the practice of Physiotherapy in relation to much as 10%, due to enhanced ventilation, although prone PD&P in Canada has changed. No longer are head-down positioning is not very practical in the PICU setting. Ventila- positions used to assist in secretion removal, rather patients tion will be improved by an inspiratory vital capacity are placed in positions to optimize ventilation to specific maneuver with a three second breath hold. This maneuver lung regions. It has been speculated that the redistribution allows air to get behind secretions and avoids ventilator of ventilation, as occurs with a change in body position, asynchronism. It utilizes the principles of interdependence might alter the local airway patency and gas/liquid and collateral ventilation. 13,14 pump. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that Several airway clearance techniques incorporate these the physiological basis on which the concept of PD was breathing manoeuvres. The Active Cycle of Breathin- originally developed, may not be the only mechanism for g(ACBT) utilizes both a deep inspiration with or without the improvement seen with changes in position as used in a 3 second breath hold, while Autogenic drainage uses only PD positions. This hypothesizes is partly supported by the 3 second breath hold. The three second breath hold is 15 Lannefors and Wollmer who noted that more secretions very useful in post-operative patients or patients who have were cleared from the dependant lung rather than from the restrictive lung disease. uppermost lung during postural drainage. Breath stacking performed with a one way valve and Ambu mask is another method used to increase ventilation AIRWAY CLEARANCE TECHNIQUES and get air behind secretions in patients with restrictive lung IN NICU disease who are unable to take a full inspiratory effort independently, i.e. neuromuscular patients and spinal cord For this Paper, eighteen studies were reviewed and sum- patients. marized. Three systematic reviews could find no evidence The Positive Expiratory Pressure Mask (PEP) increases to support the routine use of prophylactic airway clearance ventilation by applying a positive pressure of 10–20 cms H2O techniques for neonates. There was some evidence to at the mouth. FRC is increased during breathing through the indicate the need for physiotherapy in neonates with device and air moves behind secretions by use of collateral CXR changes and/or mucus plugging.16,10,17 ventilation. The Flutter and Acapella devices both utilize There was substantial evidence to support the use of positive expiratory pressure but the Flutter is based on physiotherapy to prevent post-extubation atelectasis and different physiological principles which decreases FRC during reintubation18,19 however, physiotherapy needs to be given use. This has been shown to have detrimental effects.22 2 hourly to obtain this effect. NIPPV and Nasal CPAP are High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) or both effective evidence based treatments to facilitate wean- the ‘‘Vest’’ does not allow for increasing ventilation to a ing and extubation of preterm infants.20 As physiotherapy particular lung region. may have deleterious consequences, it should only be initiated by a physiotherapist after careful assessment and EXPIRATORY AIRFLOW an initial treatment to assess the effects of the treatment and modifications necessary to accommodate the fragile state of The use of the expiratory airflow to mobilize the secretions the patient. Only gentle physiotherapy with vibrations should up the airway has proven to be very effective. Lung be performed in the low birth weight infant <1000 grams. volumes, intra-bronchial pressures and pleural pressures S222 M. McILWAINE are all adjusted to create optimum airflow to mobilize the 4. Thomas J, DeHueck A, Kleiner M, Newton J, Crowe J, Mahler S. To secretions. vibrate or not to vibrate: Usefulness of the mechanical vibrator for clearing bronchial secretions. Physiotherapy Canada 1995; 47: 120– Huffing uses a strong expiratory airflow which com- 125. presses the airways and squeezes the mucus up the airways. 5. King M, Phillips DM, Gross D. Enhanced tracheal mucus clearance with It is based on the equal pressure point theory. ACBT and PEP high frequency chest wall compression. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: both use huffing to mobilize secretions up the airways. Care 511–515. needs to be taken to avoid too strong a compression leading 6. Button BM, Heine RG, Catto-Smith AG, Phelan PD, Olinsky A. Postural drainage and gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants with cystic to bronchospasm. AD works well when hyperinflation is fibrosis. Arch of Dis in Child 1997; 76: 148–150. present such as in Asthma, bronchiolitis, and cystic fibrosis. It 7. Button BM, Heine RG, Catto-Smith AG, Olinsky A, Phelan PD, utilizes lower expiratory flow rates, avoiding airway com- Ditchfield MR. Chest physiotherapy in infants with cystic fibrosis. pression, and exhaling into expiratory reserve volume. In Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 35: 208. infants or when a patient is on a ventilator it can be 8. Harding JE, Miles FKI, Becroft DMO, Allen BC, Knight DB. Chest physiotherapy may be associated with brain damage in extremely performed passively on the patient by the Physiotherapist. premature infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 1998; 132: 440–444. Oscillating devices such as the Flutter and HFCWO 9. Beeby PJ, Henderson-Smart DJ, Lacey JL, Rieger I. Short- and long- have a twofold effect on secretion clearance. Oscillation has term neurological outcomes following neonatal chest physiotherapy. J been shown to decrease the viscoelastic properties of Paediatr Child Health 1998; 34: 60–62. mucus hence making it easier to mobilize up the airways. 10. Lacey JL. Chest physiotherapy. Department of Neonatal Protocol Book 2000; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. The second effect of the oscillations is to cause short bursts 11. Chalumeau M, Foix-L’Helias L, Scheinmann P, Zuani P. Rib fractures of increased acceleration of the expiratory airflow which after chest physiotherapy for bronchiolitis or pneumonia in infants. assist in mobilizing the secretions up the airways. Pediatric Radiology 2002; 32: 644–647. In patients with a neuromuscular disorder or a spinal 12. Naylor JM, Chow CM, McLean AS. Cardiovascular responses to short- cord injury, assisted coughing may be helpful to assisting in term headdown positioning in healthy young and older adults. Phy- siotherapy Research International 2005; 10: 32–47. mobilizing secretions up the airways. 13. Menkes H, Britt J. Rationale for physical therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122(suppl 2): 127–213. UPPER AIRWAY SECRETION 14. Oberwaldner B. Physiotherapy for airway clearance in paediatrics. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 196–204. CLEARANCE 15. Lannefors L, Wollmer P. Mucus clearance with three chest physiotherapy regimes in cystic fibrosis. A comparison between postural drai- When secretions are mobilized to the upper airways, a nage, positive expiratory pressure and physical exercise. Eur Resp J strong cough will clear the secretions. If the patient is unable 1992; 5: 748–753. to cough, suctioning may be required in the very ill patient. 16. Flenady VJ, Gray PH. Chest Physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in In patients with a neuromuscular disorder or a spinal cord babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation. (Cochrane injury, a coughalator is very effective in clearing secretions Review). In: The Cochrane Library 2006; 1: Oxford Update Software. 23 17. Lewis JA, Lacey JL, Henderson-Smart DJ. A review of chest phy- from the larger airways. siotherapy in neonatal intensive care units in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 1992; 28: 297. CONCLUSION 18. Bloomfield FH, Teele RL, Voss M, Knight DB, Harding JE. The role of neonatal chest physiotherapy in preventing postextubation atelectasis. Physiotherapists now have a variety of airway clearance J Pediatr 1998; 133: 269–271. techniques and devices available for use. Applying them to 19. Al-Alaiyan S, Dyer D, Khan B. Chest physiotherapy and post-extubation atelectasis in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996; 21: 227–230. the patient takes expertise not only in knowing the tech- 20. Halliday H. What interventions facilitate weaning from the ventilator? niques but in understanding the physiology behind the A review of the evidence from systematic reviews Paediatric Respir Rev techniques and being able to adapt and apply the techni- 2004; 5(suppl A): S347–S352. ques to the individual patient. The Physiotherapist also 21. Langenderfer B. Alternatives to percussion and postural drainage. 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