Does Public Policy Reduce the Number of Environmental Infractions in Protected Areas? a Case Study: Serra Do Mar State Park, Brazil

$Does Public Policy Reduce the Number of Environmental Infractions in Protected Areas? a Case Study: Serra Do Mar State Park, Brazil$

Does Public Policy Reduce the Number of Environmental Infractions in Protected Areas? A Case Study: Serra Do Mar State Park, Brazil

Authors: Carolina dos S. Daher, Allan Yu Iwama, Lúcia da C. Ferreira, and Teresa C. Magro Source: Natural Areas Journal, 39(4) : 400-408 Published By: Natural Areas Association URL: https://doi.org/10.3375/043.039.0403

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Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Natural-Areas-Journal on 10 Dec 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP) Research Article Does Public Policy Reduce the Number of Environmental Infractions in Protected Areas? A Case Study: Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil

Carolina dos S. Daher,1 Allan Yu Iwama2,4 Lu´ cia da C. Ferreira,1 and Teresa C. Magro3 1Center for Environmental Studies and Research / State University of Campinas, Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil (NEPAM/UNICAMP) 2Universidad de Los Lagos, Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Polıticas´ Publicas´ (CEDER), Osorno, Chile 3Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil

4Corresponding author: [email protected] Associate Editor: Dominick DellaSala

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of environmental infractions (EIs) in the ‘‘Nucleo´ Caraguatatuba’’ (NuCar) division of the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM in Portuguese) in Brazil. This region, NuCar, of the PESM is a protected area with potential for economic and tourism development. Between 2000 and 2016, 117 environmental infractions were registered according to three sources of data: (1) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, (2) Forestry Foundation database, and (3) DataGeo, a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) combining environmental and socioeconomic database spatial/environmental data for the state of Sao˜ Paulo. The three most common violations were deforestation, irregular occupation, and heart of palm extraction. Geospatial analysis of the data focused on the main roads and trails and different zones defined by the Park Management Plan corresponded to these areas of increased access. As well as suggestions for increased control and surveillance of cluster areas to restrict opportunities for EIs, this paper also discusses other aspects of management that influence the number of violations in protected areas. These include open, respectful communication between residents and park management to reduce conflict and enacting the socio-environmental park program and the PESM management. Index terms: Atlantic forest; conflicts; geospatial analysis; management plan

INTRODUCTION ment of protected areas or territorial plans through standardized circulation of technical documents for monitoring and surveil- Illegal activity and human settlements in the Serra do Mar lance. State Park (PESM in Portuguese), Brazil, currently impact Despite useful data processing tools to support management around 6% of the total area, according to the Management Plan of protected areas, there is a lack of systematic tools combining (SMA 2006). Human presence in protected areas often threatens remote sensing and GIS analysis and even when this analysis the ecosystem through illegal activities such as the cultivation of exists, it is not shared with the community/users. The objective nonnative flora, breeding of nonnative fauna, hunting, and of this study is to identify patterns or relationships between deforestation, among others (Laurance 2009; Metzger 2009; environmental infractions (EIs) and nearby infrastructure and Delelis et al. 2010). To assess human impact, geospatial areas in the NuCar/PESM region. The data are based on all EIs techniques in a Geographic Information System (GIS) are often issued and recorded between 2000 and 2016. The analysis used to map protected areas. Spatial analysis using a GIS is identifies (1) areas with concentrated recorded infractions and increasingly exploited in social and environmental analyses (2) influential vectors/factors on the frequency of EIs. Geo- (Nagendra et al. 2006; Southworth et al. 2006; Batistella and processing techniques were used to identify causal/correlating Moran 2008; Gross et al. 2009; Santos and Schiavetti 2014) to relationships in the spatial distribution of EIs. This article aims map the changes within a certain area. Geoprocessing techniques to contribute to and advance the debate on public policy and integrated with remotely sensed imagery have been successfully issues of the management of protected areas including social/ employed in establishing and managing protected areas by setting priorities for conservation actions, monitoring conser- cultural conflicts within and surrounding NuCar/PESM. vation targets, and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies (Gross et al. 2009). In the case of PESM, the Spatial Protected Area: The ‘‘Nucleo´ Caraguatatuba’’ (NuCar) of the Data Infrastructure (SDI - DataGeo [http://datageo.ambiente.sp. Serra do Mar State Park gov.br/]) has been an important data visualization tool to Brazil defines protected areas as Conservation units, Indige- understand land use changes, protected areas overlapping with nous Lands, and other areas that are not part of the National infrastructure projects, and others. The Environmental Man- System of Protected Areas (SNUC, in Portuguese; Brasil 2000). agement Integrated System (SIGAM in Portuguese: http://sigam. These protected areas use preservation strategies to mitigate ambiente.sp.gov.br/sigam3/) is also used and supports manage- human impacts on ecosystems, and maintain biodiversity

Natural Areas Journal | www.naturalareas.org 2019 | Volume 39 | Issue 4 | 400 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Natural-Areas-Journal on 10 Dec 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP) Natural Areas Journal, 39(4):400–408 401

Figure 1.—Study area (shaded area): ‘‘Division Caraguatatuba’’ (NuCar) of the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM), Sao˜ Paulo state, Brazil.

(Delelis et al. 2010) as well as maintain indigenous sociocultural on scientific guideline requirements, spatial planning, and customs. political or economic opportunism (Margules and Pressey 2000; The Serra do Mar State Park was established in 1977 (Sao˜ Pressey and Cowling 2001; Novaes et al. 2003; Silva et al. 2012). Paulo 1977) and covers approximately 315,390 ha. The 10 Protected areas are often created excluding the participation of administrative divisions (Bertioga, Caraguatatuba, Cunha, local people. The exclusion of local inhabitants in the dialogue Curucutu, Itariru, Itutinga-Piloes,˜ Padre Doria,´ Picinguaba, concerning protected areas can result in a lack of cooperation or Santa Virgınia,´ and Sao˜ Sebastiao)˜ are currently managed by the direct contravention of new regulations, thus contributing to Forestry Foundation. These Park divisions, which have their own continued environmental degradation of the protected area management headed by a park manager, are commonly called (Wells and Brandon 1992). Conflict in protected areas between Nucleos´ and will be referred to as such throughout this article. inhabitants and protection/management agencies is historically The Caraguatatuba administrative division manages ‘‘Nucleo´ rooted in social and cultural differences, as well as land issues Caraguatatuba’’ (NuCar), the focus of this study (Figure 1). The (Brito 2000; Ferreira et al. 2002; Ferreira 2004; Southworth et al. PESM was created with the ‘‘aim of ensuring full protection of 2006; Pimentel and Magro 2011). Many established parks in flora, fauna, and natural beauty; to ensure its use for educational, Brazil, even with administrative infrastructure, have outstanding recreational, and scientific objectives; and is characterized by land issues that have led to institutional, legal, and crime being an integral protected area’’ (SMA 2006). problems (Azevedo 2002; SMA 2009). The Atlantic Forest, extending along the Atlantic coast of The 55,000 ha that comprise the NuCar zone overlap with the Brazil, is considered a biodiversity hotspot characterized by high municipalities of Paraibuna, Natividade da Serra, and Caragua- levels of concentrated biodiversity, landscape/environmental tatuba, including 78% of the municipality of Caraguatatuba diversity, and requiring urgent preservation action (Myers et al. (SMA 2006). The NuCar/PESM is part of an area that has high 2000; Laurance 2009; Metzger 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009). The potential for environmental protection but also for the creation of protected areas has been instrumental in preserving expansion of economic and industrial activity. This industrial natural resources despite major challenges to create them based activity is largely due to oil and gas exploitation of the Pre-Salt

Figure 2.—Environmental infractions between 2000 and 2016 (Daher et al. 2013; DataGeo SMA 2017).

area, on the Northern coast of Sao˜ Paulo, which started in 2003. identified by the municipality (ID) and coincides with the The logistical infrastructure will expand to meet increasing spatial location (coordinates of the registration); demands placed on the Tamoios road, the main road connecting within the state of Sao˜ Paulo with coordinates but excluding a regions within Sao˜ Paulo state to the northern coast. The ‘‘New municipality code; Tamoios’’ expansion project plans to implement a dual up to 50 m beyond municipal or state boundaries; carriageway and a new road crossing the PESM. The direct fishing infractions within the Sao˜ Paulo state marine effects will be the reduction of vegetation cover and fragmen- boundaries. tation of forest remnants (EIA 2010; Teixeira and Iwama 2017). The details of EIs were grouped according to (1) geographic The increased access to NuCar/PESM through Tamoios road is location (coordinates); (2) year; and (3) type of violation: likely to precipitate an increase of violations such as hunting and deforestation (DF), irregular settlements (IS), heart of palm extraction of heart of palm and of plants, placing a greater extraction (HPE), hunting (HU), environmental contamination burden on PESM management. leaks (L), sand mining (SM), irregular construction (IC), unlawful possession of weapons (IW), farming (F), cultivation of MATERIALS AND METHODS nonnative ﬂora or breeding of nonnative fauna (SPEX) (Daher et al. 2013; Datageo 2017). Data, between 2011 and 2017, were obtained from (1) the The organized data were registered by the Forest Foundation Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE 2011), (2) and the Environmental Military through monitoring and the Forestry Institute database (IF 2011), and (3) the DataGeo surveillance. In 2012, the Integrated Monitoring System (SIM in database (SMA 2017). Using a Geographic Information System Portuguese) was created to integrate the monitoring and (GIS) the data were organized spatially according to (1) surveillance activity of different institutions (SMA, 2012 - Law pathways (state and urban roads), (2) trails and infrastructures resolution 76/2012). Consequently, the database is divided in of the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM), (3) PESM boundaries, two groups: (1) before (2000–2011) and (2) after SIM (2012– municipalities boundaries, and (4) zoning and buffer zones of 2016); the implications of the number of EIs registered is the PESM. discussed in later sections. The EI data for (1) were organized The Environmental Infractions (EIs) registered by the and analyzed by Daher et al. (2013). The EI data for (2) also Environmental Police (Forestry Foundation database and includes all control operations (monitoring and surveillance, DataGeo) for the period 2000–2016 were organized according data analysis, systematization) and are also available in the to location (geographic coordinates), year, and type of DataGeo database. violation. The spatial distribution of EIs was based on the The EI data containing the textual coordinates (X and Y) of geodata from the Integrated Environmental Management each violation was reformatted into spatial points with their System (SIGAM) and excludes EIs committed outside the attributes (coordinates, type of EI, and year of violation) using studied areas (SMA 2017). the ‘‘Add Delimited Text Layer’’ and ‘‘Creating/Editing’’ tools in The four criteria for infractions to be considered are: the open software Quantum GIS (QGIS).

Figure 3.—Environmental infractions by type of violation (2000–2011).

RESULTS For this same period, the majority of violations were deforestation (DF; n ¼ 29, or 31.5 %), irregular settlements (IS; n The Environmental Infractions in a Protected Area (Serra do ¼ 14, or 15,2 %), and heart of palm extraction (CPE; n ¼ 13, or Mar State Park) 14.1 %). Between 2000 and 2016, 117 environmental infractions (EIs) Other violations were classified according to hunting, were registered, based on the 2000–2011 period (Daher et al. environmental contamination leaks, sand mining, unlawful 2013) and the 2012–2016 period in the database (DataGeo; SMA construction, unlawful possession of weapons, farming, and 2017) for the NuCar area (Figure 2). cultivation of nonnative flora and breeding of nonnative fauna, During the period 2000–2011, 62% (57) of EIs were registered some of which were recurrent in the study area (Figure 3; Daher in the same location with multiple violations (e.g., unlawful et al. 2013). possession of weapons, hunting, and deforestation), while 38% When the Serra do Mar State Park implemented the new (35) of EIs were one type of violation per location registered. In Management Plan to regulate environmental zoning uses in other words, different violations by the same offender are often 2006, we noted increased EIs in distinct areas. We used kernel concentrated in the same location (e.g., the same person will density (.0.6 EIs per km2) to identify clusters of EIs in the unlawfully hunt and extract heart of palm in the same area) or region close to the Tamoios road (SP-099). The clusters are because many violations are correlated (for example, hunting is grouped according to proximity to each other within certain also associated with unlawful possession of weapons). locations. Cluster C1 (next to Tamoios road with altitudes 700–

Figure 4.—Spatial distribution of the environmental infractions in the study area: (a) 2000–2011 (Daher et al. 2013); (b) 2012–2016 (DataGeo and SIGAP SMA 2017).

800 m) intersects the boundaries between the PESM and maximum distance of 2 km from the road/trail (Daher et al. neighboring cities Paraibuna and Natividade da Serra. Other 2013). groups of clusters of EIs recorded were C2 and C3. C2 clusters The data registered following SIM (2012–2016) presented a are located next to Tamoios road, close to peri-urban areas (at fourth cluster in addition to clusters C1, C2, and C3 in Figure 4a. altitudes ranging between 40 and 120 m) and at the start of Figure 4b shows clusters C2 and C4 next to Tropeiros trail. In Tropeiros trail (from 0.15 to 0.30 EIs per km2). C3 clusters are the 2012–2016 period, we observed an increase of concentration located next to the start of Park road between Caraguatatuba and of EIs in cluster C2 (next to Tamoios road and Tropeiros trail), Sao˜ Sebastiao˜ (at altitudes of 80–120 m and 300–380 m), on the which may be related to the improvements in the infrastructure 2 of Tamoios road. The greatest concentration of EIs are recorded Park road (from 0.15 to 0.45 EIs per km ), and two in the in the first 100 m (n ¼ 23) of roads/trails, 500 m (n ¼ 24), 1000 NuCar/PESM area in the direction of Sao˜ Sebastiao˜ (Figure 4a m(n ¼ 21), 1500 m (n ¼ 3), and more than 1500 m (n ¼ 14). The gives a visual representation of the cluster groups). concentration of offences correlates with (1) easier access for Daher et al. (2013) included the distances between EIs and offenders and (2) increased presence of surveillance agents in roads/trails. From 2000 to 2011, 75 EIs (84.8 % of all EIs) ranged these ranges. Other influential factors of the occurrence and up to 1500 m away from roads/trails. These results show that EIs registration of EIs are due to the implementation of the tend to concentrate (81.5%) in the first 1000 m from roads/ management plan of Serra do Mar Park (in 2006). The actions trails. Of the EIs registered, distances 1500 m beyond the trail included (1) restricted the opening or extension of existing represented only 15.2% (14 EIs) of the total (92 EIs) between trails/access in a Zone of Extensive Use (ZEU), (2) the Integrated 2000 and 2011. The farthest instances of EIs were identified at a Monitoring Systems (SIM, in 2012), (3) the implementation of a

the monitoring, control, and management of Conservation Units. Specific elements are: 172/2012 (FF 2012): allows the environmental police and conservation unit manager greater autonomy to expedite infractions in PESM and buffer zone; 179/2013 (FF 2013): created the Environmental Infringement Finding Notice (ACIA in Portuguese) as a formal tool, providing information to the park manager and other institutions; 243/2016 (FF 2016): mandatory use of SIGAM throughout the Forest Foundation, to standardize circulation of technical documents; 202/2017 (FF 2017a): established meetings to discuss protected areas in the state of Sao˜ Paulo to provide a space/arena to present, discuss, and disseminate experiences to strengthen management; 260/2017 (FF 2017b): standardized document registration in SIGAM. The creation of the Integrated Monitoring System (SIM in Portuguese, SMA 2012 - Law 76/2012) and the Environmental Figure 5.—Timeline of public policy and environmental infractions in Management Integrated System (SIGAM, Law FF 243/2016) the NuCar zone of the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM). were particularly important frameworks for the control/registration of EIs in NuCar/PESM. socio-environmental program and Environmental Management The positive effect of systematizing violation registration is Integrated System (SIGAM, in 2016), and (4) improving apparent in the significant rise of EI registrations following SIM surveillance and data systematization. implementation. In the 2000–2006 period before SIM, only 13 Despite the increased surveillance, the results suggest that EIs were registered compared to 104 EIs between 2006 and 2016 more monitoring is required for the 1000 m range from trails/ after. roads, as well as the revision of mediation strategies in Park Despite the improved registration of EIs associated with the guidelines when working with residents in participatory implementation of park management programs/legislation activities. following 2006, the available data do not include unregistered infractions or incorrectly registered infractions in the period Forest Foundation Legislation and the Socio-Environmental 2006–2016. The authors draw attention to the following, Interaction Program regarding the survey data/register: The Socio-Environmental Interaction Program (Programa de Before the data systemization by SIGAM and SIM, infractions Intera¸cao˜ Socioambiental in Portuguese) of the PESM manage- registered during 2000–2011, organized by Daher et al. (2013), ment plan (SMA 2006) was formulated in 2013 as a prototype do not include complete information. Of the 232 EIs registered project. The program seeks to address complex issues sur- during that time, only 92 contained complete information: rounding natural resources, land use, and conservation areas. It coordinates, type of infraction, year. Consequently, approxi- integrates the efforts of the Environmental Monitoring Coordi- mately 60% of the data recorded by the environmental police nation (‘‘Coordenadoria de Fiscaliza¸cao˜ Ambiental’’—CFA) between 2000 and 2011 could not be spatially analyzed due to with organizations of the Sao˜ Paulo State Environmental incomplete or incorrect information, including coordinates. Systems (the Forest Foundation, Forestry Institute, Environ- Both periods pre- and post-SIM probably underestimate actual mental Military Police, CFA, and Institute of Botany). instances of infractions due to unreported violations. After The Socio-Environmental Interaction Program is also relevant 2012, with the data systematization (SIGAM and SIM), it to public policy by establishing control procedures and would be reasonable for the Forestry Foundation to estimate environmental monitoring in protected areas. Control proce- the number of EIs excluded due to errors in the collection or dures and environmental surveillance can be considered recording of the violation. This measure could optimize the potential management tools to establish autonomy in inspec- monitoring system and support decision-making in Park tions for the management of protected areas. management, as well as ensuring transparency and access to Following the creation of the Socio-Environmental Interac- information (required by Law 12,527/2011). tion Program, the NuCar/PESM created two working groups: In the future, the use of raw data, collected by the (1) Environmental Education and (2) Integration and Mobili- environmental military police and Forest Foundation, could zation. The legislation of the Forest Foundation Ordinance improve representativeness of EI analyses, while training officers (Portaria Normativa da Funda¸cao˜ Florestal in Portuguese—FF) to use the registration system will mitigate invalid data to were some of the most important measures created to support registration problems.

DISCUSSION The Division Picinguaba/PESM (Simoes˜ 2010; Simoes˜ et al. 2011) has experience in creating spaces for communication The space–time analysis of EIs in NuCar study area indicates between park management and the community through working clusters of infractions and increased infraction registration groups, which engage and inform people about the different following implementation of the PESM management plan and types of infractions (deforestation, extraction of heart of palm, the Socio-Environmental Interaction Program (Daher et al. and hunting, among others) and their threat to biodiversity and 2013), supporting the effectiveness of tools for monitoring and the ecosystem. surveillance (Figure 5). Nana and Tchamadeu (2014) draw attention to the impor- Geospatial analysis, which integrates spatial data from tance of local communities acting in accordance with the different data sources (roads/tracks, violations, buffers and management policies of the protected area. The authors, who density maps, kernel density), reveals areas of concentrated EIs. worked in Mount Cameroon National Park (Africa), argued that This analysis is an important tool to inspect and manage the local community should be included in decision-making protected areas through prioritizing high-risk areas and processes through a group of community facilitators, which optimizing management resources. The kernel density estima- reduced the number of EIs. In the case of Serra do Mar State tion identified conflict zones in areas adjacent to the Nucleo´ Park (Brazil), the meetings of the Advisory Council of Protected Caraguatatuba NuCar area of the PESM, showing concentrated Areas have the potential to integrate local community spokes- pockets, or clusters, of EIs near main roads and/or trails, cutting persons (Brasil 2000). The relationship between park manage- through protected areas. Roads/trails are well-established sources ment, local landowners, and residents in protected areas is of concern for park management and resource specialists (Esque complex (Mannigel 2008; Bockstael et al. 2016). Several et al. 2016). Greater access is allowed by roads/trails, such as the investigations in Serra do Mar State Park and Serra da Bocaina Tamoios road (SP-099), Pavoeiro trail, and Park road (‘‘Rio National Park (Simoes˜ 2010; Simoes˜ et al. 2011; Ugarte and Pardo’’ trail), resulting in both increased rates of infractions and Ferreira 2012; Bockstael et al. 2016) demonstrate many aspects surveillance in the first 1000 m. In the case of NuCar/PESM, a pertinent to the engagement of communities with the Park and buffer of 1 km alongside road and trail accesses is clearly technical managers relevant to the Nucleo´ Caraguatatuba/PESM. necessary given the development projects directly impacting the These include open communication, the opportunity and Serra do Mar State Park and its boundaries (EIA 2010; Teixeira capacity to participate, representation and decision-making, and Iwama 2017). conflict management (Bockstael et al. 2016), and credibility There are two general approaches to mitigate conflict and building (Simoes˜ 2010) to share decisions and effectively manage threats to protected areas (Ayivor and Ntiamoa-Baidu 2015; the protected areas. Anaya and Espirito-Santo 2018; Soliku and Schraml 2018). The Frequently, the actions of residents of the local community are first is the (1) re-categorization of the Park as a Restricted considered to be EIs due to problems concerning lack of Protected Area. This exclusionary approach focuses on financial income, lack of viable alternatives, lack of under- community resettlement. In the case of PESM, this would standing of the importance and value of conservation in require significant capital injection from the central government protected areas, and a poor relationship between community to implement a comprehensive resettlement program and to members and officers/officials (Lotter and Clark 2014). Castilho provide adequate compensation to all affected persons. Despite et al. (2018) noted the importance of both management actions the cost of resettlement, a mosaic pattern of protected areas and local attitudes toward hunting and deforestation in the could be useful to redefine the boundaries of settlement areas management of the protected area in the Southern Bahian without reducing biodiversity (Delelis et al. 2010; Simoes˜ 2010). Atlantic Forest. The second strategy is to (2) engage communities. This Following the example of the Southern Bahian Atlantic forest, inclusionary approach comprises training programs in activities integrated action between NuCar/PESM park management and ecologically compatible with the protected area. In the Nucleo´ the public could help address the clusters of EIs identified Caraguatatuba/PESM, the Socio-Environmental Interaction through geospatial analysis. Program brings together resident communities and park management to reduce the pressure on natural resources. The CONCLUSIONS focus is to encourage sustainable practices by residents who have been in the Park prior to its creation (1977). These residents are In summary, while the increase of registration of EIs, not illegally in the area but present in the Temporary following the implementation of SIM and SIGAM, is a positive Occupation Zone (TOZ) of the PESM, the use of which is step forward, there is still room for improvement. Park regulated (SMA 2006; Simoes˜ 2010; Simoes˜ et al. 2011; Daher et programs and new legislation can only be effective when they al. 2013). The Socio-Environmental Interaction Program seeks include the local communities affected by these changes. A more to manage the specific conflicts surrounding the use of resources aggressive monitoring agenda targeting areas with clusters of EIs in the protected area. Additionally, Law 60,302/2014 establishes to improve surveillance efficiency combined with informing and the Information and Management System for Protected Areas engaging park users about the importance of protecting and Environmental Interest of the State of Sao˜ Paulo—SIGAP resources and maintaining biodiversity will help reduce the (Alves et al. 2014), which has the potential to engage number of violations. communities in the monitoring and mapping of EIs within the The systematization of EI data is necessary for accurate and protected area. reliable records, which, combined with monitoring platforms

and GIS, provide information to inform park policy and Bockstael, E., N.C.F. Bahia, C.S. Seixas, and F. Berkes. 2016. management decisions. Participation in protected area management planning in coastal Accordingly, the authors recommend an interdisciplinary and Brazil. Environmental Science & Policy 60:1-10. participatory approach that combines continued surveillance Brasil – Lei n.8 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998. 1998. Dispoe˜ sobre as ˜ and registration of EIs while encouraging the participation of san¸coes penais e administrativas derivadas de condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente, e da´ outras providencias,ˆ 1998. ,http:// local communities to reduce the instances of violations and www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9605.htm. collective actions—through common strategies of access to Brasil – Lei n.8 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. 2000. Institui o Sistema natural resources and participation—in the social and political Nacional de Unidades de Conserva¸cao˜ da Natureza e da´ outras spheres (Ferreira 2004; Ostrom 2007; Lockwood 2010; Simoes˜ et providencias,ˆ 2000. ,http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/ al. 2011; Engen et al. 2017; Castilho et al. 2018). L9985.htm. Brito, M.C.W. (2000). Unidades de Conserva¸cao:˜ inten¸coes˜ e resultados. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sao˜ Paulo: Annablume, 230. Castilho, L.C., K.M. De Vleeschouwer, E.J. Milner-Gulland, and A. This research was supported by CAPES, FAPESP [2008/58159-7; Schiavetti. 2018. Attitudes and behaviors of rural residents toward different motivations for hunting and deforestation in protected 2010/18501-8] and FONDECYT/CONICYT [N. 3180705]. Many areas of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Tropical Conser- thanks to Carlos Zacchi from the Forestry Foundation (FF). vation Science 11:1-14. Special thanks to Leonardo R. Teixeira for suggestions. Special Daher, C.S., A.Y.I. Mello, L.C. Ferreira, T.C. Magro, and C. Zacchi thanks to English reviewers Sarah Lambert and Djalma Borges. Neto. 2013. Ana´lise Geoespacial para a gestao˜ de a´reas protegidas (Nucleo´ Caraguatatuba/Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar). Revista Carolina dos Santos Daher is an Ecologist with a Master’s in Parques, n.2. ,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ Protected Areas Management and a Ph.D. student at the Center for 260337080_Analise_geoespacial_para_a_gestao_de_areas_ Environmental Studies and Research of the State University of protegidas_Nucleo_CaraguatatubaParque_Estadual_da_Serra_do_´ Campinas (UNICAMP). Mar. Delelis, C.J., T. Rehder, and T.M. Cardoso (Orgs.). 2010. Mosaicos de Allan Yu Iwama is an Environmental Engineer, MSc in Remote a´reas protegidas: reflexoes˜ e propostas da coopera¸cao˜ franco- Sensing and Ph.D. in Environment and Society. He is currently a brasileira. In: Caroline J. Delelis, Tatiana Rehder, Thiago M. 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