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The Saproxylic Database: an Emerging Overview of the Biological Diversity in Dead Wood

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The Saproxylic Database: an Emerging Overview of the Biological Diversity in Dead Wood THE SAPROXYLIC DATABASE: AN EMERGING OVERVIEW OF THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN DEAD WOOD 1 2 Jogeir N. STOKLAND & Evgeniy MEYKE RÉSUMÉ. — La base de données saproxyliques : l’émergence d’un aperçu de la diversité biologique du bois mort. — Les pays nordiques (Norvège, Suède, Finlande et Danemark) développent une base de données commune, en anglais, avec des informations spécifi ques sur l’écologie des espèces saproxyliques. La base de données contient maintenant des informations sur environ 6000 espèces et ce nombre devrait avoisiner 7000 dans un proche avenir. Les principaux groupes d’organismes sont les Ascomycètes, les Basidiomycètes, les Coléoptères, les Diptères et les Hyménoptères. Le présent article décrit la structure de la base de données, l’information qui y est entrée pour chaque espèce et les différentes qualités de bois mort auxquelles les espèces sont associées. De plus il montre comment la base de données peut être utilisée et visualisée pour différents usages; quelques exemples de sorties de données sont fournis. Enfi n l’article décrit les utilisations potentielles, la maintenance et les plans de développement de la base de données dont son accessibilité sur Internet. Mots-clés: Base de données, pays nordiques, espèces saproxyliques. SUMMARY. — The Nordic countries Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark are developing a shared English-written database with species-specifi c information about the ecology of saproxylic species. The database now contains information for about 6000 species and the number is expected to approach 7000 species in the near future. The main organism groups are Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. This paper describes database structure, information that is entered for each species and different qualities of dead wood that the species are associated to. Furthermore, the paper describes how the database can be searched and viewed for different uses, and it gives some examples of data output. Finally, the paper describes potential uses, maintenance, and development plans including making the data- base accessible on Internet. Keywords: Database, Nordic countries, sproxylic species. Dead wood is a key feature in natural forest ecosystems. Studies from unmanaged boreal forests indicate that dead wood makes up 20-30% of the total timber biomass (Syrjanen et al., 1994; Sippola et al., 1998), and up to 70% in recently disturbed areas (Krankina & Harmon, 1995). The amount of dead wood in North-European natural boreal forest varies between 60 and 80 m3/ ha, depending on latitude and altitude (Siitonen, 2001; Hahn & Christensen, 2004). In Central European temperate forest and mountain mixed forests, the amount of dead wood in natural forest conditions varies between 130 and 210 m3/ha (Hahn & Christensen, 2004). These amounts of dead wood represent forest conditions that have prevailed on our planet for many millions of years. During this period a large number of species have evolved to utilize this historically abundant resource base. These organisms are either directly involved in the degradation of dead wood, or they interact with the decomposers through fungivory, predation or parasitism. 1 University of Oslo, Natural History Museum. P.O. Box 1172. Blindern. N-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: evgeniy.meyke@helsinki.fi Rev. Écol. (Terre Vie), suppt. 10, 2008. – 37 – In the Nordic countries there is a strong tradition to study the biological diversity in dead wood, rooted in classic works on beetles (Saalas, 1917; Palm, 1951, 1959) and fungi (Eriksson, 1958; Eriksson & Strid, 1969). Recently, such publications and unpublished data have been compiled in a database on the ecology of species living in dead wood (Dahlberg & Stokland, 2004). After the initial compilation a network of about 40 experts, mainly on different insect and fungus groups, have continued to update the database. Here, we present this work with emphasis on database structure and information content. Furthermore, we give some examples of output and suggest various uses of the database. MATERIAL AND METHODS BIOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE The aim of the saproxylic database is to compile species-specifi c ecological information for all multi-cellular species that depend on decaying wood and to make this information available for different uses. The principal organism groups are Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Furthermore, the database includes other insect groups (e.g. Hemiptera and Lepidoptera), additional invertebrate groups (e.g. mites and pseudoscorpions), vertebrates, mosses and lichens. Nearly all wood-inhabiting species live in terrestrial ecosystems (forests or parks), but some utilize wood submerged in freshwater or marine environments. Such aquatic species are also included in the database. The database and experts judgements indicate that the total species richness of wood-inhabiting species in the Nordic countries is close to 7000 (Tab. I). By the end of 2007, the number of species in the database was about 6000. TABLE I Number of wood-associated species in different organism groups in Scandinavia1. The numbers are based on counting individual species or expert assessments Fungi Ascomycetes 750 Basidiomycetes 1270 Lichens 220 Insects Coleoptera (beetles) 1400 Diptera2 1000 - 1200 Hymenoptera2 800 - 1000 Other insects2 > 200 Other species groups Acarina (Mites)2 300 - 500 Nematodes2 > 100 Myxomycetes2 150 Mosses 90 Vertebrates 54 Total 6400 - 7000 (1) The numbers are based on data from Finland, Norway and Sweden. (2) The species numbers in these groups are expert assessments. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden represent the “target countries” for which the database provides species information. However, the database also includes information from surrounding countries (Fig. 1), especially for species that are rare or poorly studied within the Nordic countries. With time the database may be extended to cover a wider range of target countries. DATABASE STRUCTURE The database is organized as a relational database structure with the following main tables: a) reference library, b) species occurrences, c) locality objects, d) wood attributes, e) species interactions, f) generic species information (Fig. 2). In a recent upgrading, the database was moved to a new software platform using Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and C# as implementation tools and MySQL as database engine. – 38 – Figure 1. — The geographical areas showing the four target countries and the most important countries representing the empirical basis for the saproxylic database. Figure 2. — The main tables of the saproxylic database with lines showing how the tables are connected through linking fi elds. – 39 – The reference library is a table with a record for each information source used by the database. Publications in scientifi c journals, biological society journals and various reports represent the most important information sources. The database also includes information from unpublished data sets (from research projects, master studies and PhD studies). Such data sets often become available after the data have been analysed and the intended publications have been made. Finally, the database contains information from museum collections, individual fi eld observations, and expert judgments based on many years of fi eld experience. The species occurrence table essentially contains information about a species that is recorded in a place, with further links to ecology information in the wood attribute and species interaction tables, and more detailed geographical information in the locality table. The wood attribute and species interaction tables contain all the ecological information in the database. The wood attribute table contains information that documents species associations to different wood attributes. The species interaction table documents relationships between species at higher trophic levels depending on dead wood through their saproxylic hosts, prey species or symbiotic species (Fig. 3). It is a rule to specify the geographical origin for each primary record. The geographical areas follow the defi nitions of Brummitt (2001), and form a global, hierarchical system where the basic unit typically corresponds to a country (Fig. 1). Figure 3. — Number of beetle species in Norway and Sweden that prefer or occur on individual tree species or genera. The generic species table contains one and only one record for each species in the database. These records contain taxonomic position (Kingdom, Order, Family, etc.) the standard nomenclature (valid Latin name), national status (known or not known from each target country), and degree of wood dependency (obligate or facultative saproxylic). PRIMARY SPECIES RECORDS The species occurrence, wood attribute and species interaction tables contain the primary species records. Each species occurrence record has a RefID link to the information source stored in the reference library. The species name contains the standard name, whereas used name specifi es the name used by the information source (if different from the standard name, e.g. old information using outdated nomenclature). The comments fi eld is a free text paraphrasing the information from the information source and is translated into English when the source uses another language. Development stage specifi es which part of the life cycle is documented (larva, pupa, adult; for fungi: mycelium, fruit- body). Each species occurrence record is linked
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