Programming Languages
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Typology of Programming Languages E Early Languages E
Typology of programming languages e Early Languages E Typology of programming languages Early Languages 1 / 71 The Tower of Babel Typology of programming languages Early Languages 2 / 71 Table of Contents 1 Fortran 2 ALGOL 3 COBOL 4 The second wave 5 The finale Typology of programming languages Early Languages 3 / 71 IBM Mathematical Formula Translator system Fortran I, 1954-1956, IBM 704, a team led by John Backus. Typology of programming languages Early Languages 4 / 71 IBM 704 (1956) Typology of programming languages Early Languages 5 / 71 IBM Mathematical Formula Translator system The main goal is user satisfaction (economical interest) rather than academic. Compiled language. a single data structure : arrays comments arithmetics expressions DO loops subprograms and functions I/O machine independence Typology of programming languages Early Languages 6 / 71 FORTRAN’s success Because: programmers productivity easy to learn by IBM the audience was mainly scientific simplifications (e.g., I/O) Typology of programming languages Early Languages 7 / 71 FORTRAN I C FIND THE MEAN OF N NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER OF C VALUES GREATER THAN IT DIMENSION A(99) REAL MEAN READ(1,5)N 5 FORMAT(I2) READ(1,10)(A(I),I=1,N) 10 FORMAT(6F10.5) SUM=0.0 DO 15 I=1,N 15 SUM=SUM+A(I) MEAN=SUM/FLOAT(N) NUMBER=0 DO 20 I=1,N IF (A(I) .LE. MEAN) GOTO 20 NUMBER=NUMBER+1 20 CONTINUE WRITE (2,25) MEAN,NUMBER 25 FORMAT(11H MEAN = ,F10.5,5X,21H NUMBER SUP = ,I5) STOP TypologyEND of programming languages Early Languages 8 / 71 Fortran on Cards Typology of programming languages Early Languages 9 / 71 Fortrans Typology of programming languages Early Languages 10 / 71 Table of Contents 1 Fortran 2 ALGOL 3 COBOL 4 The second wave 5 The finale Typology of programming languages Early Languages 11 / 71 ALGOL, Demon Star, Beta Persei, 26 Persei Typology of programming languages Early Languages 12 / 71 ALGOL 58 Originally, IAL, International Algebraic Language. -
Cobol/Cobol Database Interface.Htm Copyright © Tutorialspoint.Com
CCOOBBOOLL -- DDAATTAABBAASSEE IINNTTEERRFFAACCEE http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cobol/cobol_database_interface.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com As of now, we have learnt the use of files in COBOL. Now, we will discuss how a COBOL program interacts with DB2. It involves the following terms: Embedded SQL DB2 Application Programming Host Variables SQLCA SQL Queries Cursors Embedded SQL Embedded SQL statements are used in COBOL programs to perform standard SQL operations. Embedded SQL statements are preprocessed by SQL processor before the application program is compiled. COBOL is known as the Host Language. COBOL-DB2 applications are those applications that include both COBOL and DB2. Embedded SQL statements work like normal SQL statements with some minor changes. For example, that output of a query is directed to a predefined set of variables which are referred as Host Variables. An additional INTO clause is placed in the SELECT statement. DB2 Application Programming Following are rules to be followed while coding a COBOL-DB2 program: All the SQL statements must be delimited between EXEC SQL and END-EXEC. SQL statements must be coded in Area B. All the tables that are used in a program must be declared in the Working-Storage Section. This is done by using the INCLUDE statement. All SQL statements other than INCLUDE and DECLARE TABLE must appear in the Procedure Division. Host Variables Host variables are used for receiving data from a table or inserting data in a table. Host variables must be declared for all values that are to be passed between the program and the DB2. They are declared in the Working-Storage Section. -
Review Thanks!
CS 242 Thanks! Review Teaching Assistants • Mike Cammarano • TJ Giuli • Hendra Tjahayadi John Mitchell Graders • Andrew Adams Tait Larson Final Exam • Kenny Lau Aman Naimat • Vishal Patel Justin Pettit Wednesday Dec 8 8:30 – 11:30 AM • and more … Gates B01, B03 Course Goals There are many programming languages Understand how programming languages work Early languages Appreciate trade-offs in language design • Fortran, Cobol, APL, ... Be familiar with basic concepts so you can Algol family understand discussions about • Algol 60, Algol 68, Pascal, …, PL/1, … Clu, Ada, Modula, • Language features you haven’t used Cedar/Mesa, ... • Analysis and environment tools Functional languages • Implementation costs and program efficiency • Lisp, FP, SASL, ML, Miranda, Haskell, Scheme, Setl, ... • Language support for program development Object-oriented languages • Smalltalk, Self, Cecil, … • Modula-3, Eiffel, Sather, … • C++, Objective C, …. Java General Themes in this Course Concurrent languages Language provides an abstract view of machine • Actors, Occam, ... • We don’t see registers, length of instruction, etc. • Pai-Lisp, … The right language can make a problem easy; Proprietary and special purpose languages wrong language can make a problem hard • Could have said a lot more about this • TCL, Applescript, Telescript, ... Language design is full of difficult trade-offs • Postscript, Latex, RTF, … • Expressiveness vs efficiency, ... • Domain-specific language • Important to decide what the language is for Specification languages • Every feature -
SETL for Internet Data Processing
SETL for Internet Data Processing by David Bacon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Computer Science New York University January, 2000 Jacob T. Schwartz (Dissertation Advisor) c David Bacon, 1999 Permission to reproduce this work in whole or in part for non-commercial purposes is hereby granted, provided that this notice and the reference http://www.cs.nyu.edu/bacon/phd-thesis/ remain prominently attached to the copied text. Excerpts less than one PostScript page long may be quoted without the requirement to include this notice, but must attach a bibliographic citation that mentions the author’s name, the title and year of this disser- tation, and New York University. For my children ii Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Jack Schwartz, for his support and encour- agement. I am also grateful to Ed Schonberg and Robert Dewar for many interesting and helpful discussions, particularly during my early days at NYU. Terry Boult (of Lehigh University) and Richard Wallace have contributed materially to my later work on SETL through grants from the NSF and from ARPA. Finally, I am indebted to my parents, who gave me the strength and will to bring this labor of love to what I hope will be a propitious beginning. iii Preface Colin Broughton, a colleague in Edmonton, Canada, first made me aware of SETL in 1980, when he saw the heavy use I was making of associative tables in SPITBOL for data processing in a protein X-ray crystallography laboratory. -
A Politico-Social History of Algolt (With a Chronology in the Form of a Log Book)
A Politico-Social History of Algolt (With a Chronology in the Form of a Log Book) R. w. BEMER Introduction This is an admittedly fragmentary chronicle of events in the develop ment of the algorithmic language ALGOL. Nevertheless, it seems perti nent, while we await the advent of a technical and conceptual history, to outline the matrix of forces which shaped that history in a political and social sense. Perhaps the author's role is only that of recorder of visible events, rather than the complex interplay of ideas which have made ALGOL the force it is in the computational world. It is true, as Professor Ershov stated in his review of a draft of the present work, that "the reading of this history, rich in curious details, nevertheless does not enable the beginner to understand why ALGOL, with a history that would seem more disappointing than triumphant, changed the face of current programming". I can only state that the time scale and my own lesser competence do not allow the tracing of conceptual development in requisite detail. Books are sure to follow in this area, particularly one by Knuth. A further defect in the present work is the relatively lesser availability of European input to the log, although I could claim better access than many in the U.S.A. This is regrettable in view of the relatively stronger support given to ALGOL in Europe. Perhaps this calmer acceptance had the effect of reducing the number of significant entries for a log such as this. Following a brief view of the pattern of events come the entries of the chronology, or log, numbered for reference in the text. -
Modern Programming Languages CS508 Virtual University of Pakistan
Modern Programming Languages (CS508) VU Modern Programming Languages CS508 Virtual University of Pakistan Leaders in Education Technology 1 © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan Modern Programming Languages (CS508) VU TABLE of CONTENTS Course Objectives...........................................................................................................................4 Introduction and Historical Background (Lecture 1-8)..............................................................5 Language Evaluation Criterion.....................................................................................................6 Language Evaluation Criterion...................................................................................................15 An Introduction to SNOBOL (Lecture 9-12).............................................................................32 Ada Programming Language: An Introduction (Lecture 13-17).............................................45 LISP Programming Language: An Introduction (Lecture 18-21)...........................................63 PROLOG - Programming in Logic (Lecture 22-26) .................................................................77 Java Programming Language (Lecture 27-30)..........................................................................92 C# Programming Language (Lecture 31-34) ...........................................................................111 PHP – Personal Home Page PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (Lecture 35-37)........................129 Modern Programming Languages-JavaScript -
R from a Programmer's Perspective Accompanying Manual for an R Course Held by M
DSMZ R programming course R from a programmer's perspective Accompanying manual for an R course held by M. Göker at the DSMZ, 11/05/2012 & 25/05/2012. Slightly improved version, 10/09/2012. This document is distributed under the CC BY 3.0 license. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 for details. Introduction The purpose of this course is to cover aspects of R programming that are either unlikely to be covered elsewhere or likely to be surprising for programmers who have worked with other languages. The course thus tries not be comprehensive but sort of complementary to other sources of information. Also, the material needed to by compiled in short time and perhaps suffers from important omissions. For the same reason, potential participants should not expect a fully fleshed out presentation but a combination of a text-only document (this one) with example code comprising the solutions of the exercises. The topics covered include R's general features as a programming language, a recapitulation of R's type system, advanced coding of functions, error handling, the use of attributes in R, object-oriented programming in the S3 system, and constructing R packages (in this order). The expected audience comprises R users whose own code largely consists of self-written functions, as well as programmers who are fluent in other languages and have some experience with R. Interactive users of R without programming experience elsewhere are unlikely to benefit from this course because quite a few programming skills cannot be covered here but have to be presupposed. -
Verifiable Semantic Difference Languages
Verifiable Semantic Difference Languages Thibaut Girka David Mentré Yann Régis-Gianas Mitsubishi Electric R&D Centre Mitsubishi Electric R&D Centre Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Europe Europe Cité, IRIF/PPS, UMR 8243 CNRS, PiR2, Rennes, France Rennes, France INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt Paris, France ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION Program differences are usually represented as textual differences Let x be a strictly positive natural number. Consider the following on source code with no regard to its syntax or its semantics. In two (almost identical) imperative programs: this paper, we introduce semantic-aware difference languages. A difference denotes a relation between program reduction traces. A s = 0 ; 1 s = 0 ; 1 difference language for the toy imperative programming language d = x ; 2 d = x − 1 ; 2 while (d>0) { 3 while (d>0) { 3 Imp is given as an illustration. i f (x%d== 0) 4 i f (x%d== 0) 4 To certify software evolutions, we want to mechanically verify s = s + d ; 5 s = s + d ; 5 − − that a difference correctly relates two given programs. Product pro- d = d 1 ; 6 d = d 1 ; 6 } 7 } 7 grams and correlating programs are effective proof techniques for s = s − x 8 8 relational reasoning. A product program simulates, in the same programming language as the compared programs, a well-chosen The program P1 (on the left) stores in s the sum of the proper interleaving of their executions to highlight a specific relation be- divisors of the integer x. To that end, it iterates over the integers tween their reduction traces. While this approach enables the use from x to 1 using the variable d and accumulates in the variable s of readily-available static analysis tools on the product program, it the values of d that divide x. -
Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing
//? VCr ~ / Ct & AFML-TR-77-145 )R^ yc ' )f f.3 Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing Office of Developmental Automation and Control Technology Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 January 1977 Final Technical Report, March— December 1977 Distribution limited to U.S. Government agencies only; Test and Evaluation Data; Statement applied November 1976. Other requests for this document must be referred to AFML/LTC, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 Manufacturing Technology Division Air Force Materials Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 . NOTICES When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement opera- tion, the United States Government thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawing, specification, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto Copies of this report should not be returned unless return is required by security considerations, contractual obligations, or notice on a specified document This final report was submitted by the National Bureau of Standards under military interdepartmental procurement request FY1457-76 -00369 , "Manufacturing Methods Project on Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing." This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. FOR THE COMMANDER: DtiWJNlb L. -
Parallel Functional Programming with APL
Parallel Functional Programming, APL Lecture 1 Parallel Functional Programming with APL Martin Elsman Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen DIKU December 19, 2016 Martin Elsman (DIKU) Parallel Functional Programming, APL Lecture 1 December 19, 2016 1 / 18 Outline 1 Outline Course Outline 2 Introduction to APL What is APL APL Implementations and Material APL Scalar Operations APL (1-Dimensional) Vector Computations Declaring APL Functions (dfns) APL Multi-Dimensional Arrays Iterations Declaring APL Operators Function Trains Examples Reading Martin Elsman (DIKU) Parallel Functional Programming, APL Lecture 1 December 19, 2016 2 / 18 Outline Course Outline Teachers Martin Elsman (ME), Ken Friis Larsen (KFL), Andrzej Filinski (AF), and Troels Henriksen (TH) Location Lectures in Small Aud, Universitetsparken 1 (UP1); Labs in Old Library, UP1 Course Description See http://kurser.ku.dk/course/ndak14009u/2016-2017 Course Outline Week 47 48 49 50 51 1–3 Mon 13–15 Intro, Futhark Parallel SNESL APL (ME) Project Futhark (ME) Haskell (AF) (ME) (KFL) Mon 15–17 Lab Lab Lab Lab Project Wed 13–15 Futhark Parallel SNESL Invited APL Project (ME) Haskell (AF) Lecture (ME) / (KFL) (John Projects Reppy) Martin Elsman (DIKU) Parallel Functional Programming, APL Lecture 1 December 19, 2016 3 / 18 Introduction to APL What is APL APL—An Ancient Array Programming Language—But Still Used! Pioneered by Ken E. Iverson in the 1960’s. E. Dijkstra: “APL is a mistake, carried through to perfection.” There are quite a few APL programmers around (e.g., HIPERFIT partners). Very concise notation for expressing array operations. Has a large set of functional, essentially parallel, multi- dimensional, second-order array combinators. -
10 Programming Languages You Should Learn Right Now by Deborah Rothberg September 15, 2006 8 Comments Posted Add Your Opinion
10 Programming Languages You Should Learn Right Now By Deborah Rothberg September 15, 2006 8 comments posted Add your opinion Knowing a handful of programming languages is seen by many as a harbor in a job market storm, solid skills that will be marketable as long as the languages are. Yet, there is beauty in numbers. While there may be developers who have had riches heaped on them by knowing the right programming language at the right time in the right place, most longtime coders will tell you that periodically learning a new language is an essential part of being a good and successful Web developer. "One of my mentors once told me that a programming language is just a programming language. It doesn't matter if you're a good programmer, it's the syntax that matters," Tim Huckaby, CEO of San Diego-based software engineering company CEO Interknowlogy.com, told eWEEK. However, Huckaby said that while his company is "swimmi ng" in work, he's having a nearly impossible time finding recruits, even on the entry level, that know specific programming languages. "We're hiring like crazy, but we're not having an easy time. We're just looking for attitude and aptitude, kids right out of school that know .Net, or even Java, because with that we can train them on .Net," said Huckaby. "Don't get fixated on one or two languages. When I started in 1969, FORTRAN, COBOL and S/360 Assembler were the big tickets. Today, Java, C and Visual Basic are. In 10 years time, some new set of languages will be the 'in thing.' …At last count, I knew/have learned over 24 different languages in over 30 years," Wayne Duqaine, director of Software Development at Grandview Systems, of Sebastopol, Calif., told eWEEK. -
Language-Level Support for Exploratory Programming of Distributed Virtual Environments
In Proc ACM UIST ‘96 (Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology), Seattle, WA, November 6–8, 1996, pp. 83–94. Language-Level Support for Exploratory Programming of Distributed Virtual Environments Blair MacIntyre and Steven Feiner Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 {bm,feiner}@cs.columbia.edu http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~{bm,feiner} Abstract resulted in an unmanageable welter of client-server relation- ships, with each of a dozen or more processes needing to We describe COTERIE, a toolkit that provides language- create and maintain explicit connections to each other and to level support for building distributed virtual environments. handle inevitable crashes. COTERIE is based on the distributed data-object paradigm for distributed shared memory. Any data object in COTE- We spent a sufficiently large portion of our time reengineer- RIE can be declared to be a Shared Object that is replicated ing client-server code that it became clear to us that our fully in any process that is interested in it. These Shared implementation of the client-server model was unsuitable Objects support asynchronous data propagation with atomic for exploratory programming of distributed research proto- serializable updates, and asynchronous notification of types. The heart of the problem, as we saw it, was a lack of updates. COTERIE is built in Modula-3 and uses existing support for data sharing that was both efficient and easy for Modula-3 packages that support an integrated interpreted programmers to use in the face of frequent and unantici- language, multithreading, and 3D animation. Unlike other pated changes.