DOCSLIB.ORG

Pathogen Pressure Puts Immune Defense Into Perspective Nicholas P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pathogen Pressure Puts Immune Defense Into Perspective Nicholas P Integrative and Comparative Biology, volume 51, number 4, pp. 563–576 doi:10.1093/icb/icr011 SYMPOSIUM Pathogen Pressure Puts Immune Defense into Perspective Nicholas P. C. Horrocks,1 Kevin D. Matson and B. Irene Tieleman Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands From the symposium ‘‘Bridging the Gap Between Ecoimmunology and Disease Ecology’’ presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2011, at Salt Lake City, Utah. 1E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from Synopsis The extent to which organisms can protect themselves from disease depends on both the immune defenses they maintain and the pathogens they face. At the same time, immune systems are shaped by the antigens they encounter, both over ecological and evolutionary time. Ecological immunologists often recognize these interactions, yet ecological immunology currently lacks major efforts to characterize the environmental, host-independent, antigenic pressures to which all animals are exposed. Failure to quantify relevant diseases and pathogens in studies of ecological immunology http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/ leads to contradictory hypotheses. In contrast, including measures of environmental and host-derived commensals, pathogens, and other immune-relevant organisms will strengthen the field of ecological immunology. In this article, we examine how pathogens and other organisms shape immune defenses and highlight why such information is essential for a better understanding of the causes of variation in immune defenses. We introduce the concept of ‘‘operative protection’’ for understanding the role of immunologically relevant organisms in shaping immune defense profiles, and demonstrate how the evolutionary implications of immune function are best understood in the context of the pressures that diseases and pathogens bring to bear on their hosts. We illustrate common mistakes in characterizing by guest on December 9, 2011 these immune-selective pressures, and provide suggestions for the use of molecular and other methods for measuring immune-relevant organisms. Integrating immunology and ecology Many factors influence, and can generate variation The immune system bridges the divide between in- in, immune responses: these include sex, nutritional ternal and external environments, integrating an or- status, social dominance, exercise, and seasonality, as ganism’s physiology and environment. In doing so, well as trade-offs in resource allocation between the the immune system acts as a barrier to infection and immune system and other physiological systems such disease, identifying threats and coordinating neces- as reproduction (Sadd and Schmid-Hempel 2009; sary responses. Despite its complexity, immunolo- Schulenburg et al. 2009). Over both ecological and gists have elucidated many of the cellular processes evolutionary timescales, however, the most enduring and specific mechanisms that allow the immune selective pressures on the immune system are the system to function. Yet our knowledge of how evo- myriad challenges posed by everything that lutionary pressures shape immune systems is still immune systems encounter. Particularly important incomplete. in terms of evolution are interactions between the Ecological immunology promotes the use of im- immune system and organisms with the ability to munological measures to test ecological and evolu- live in, or on, a host and the potential to evolve in tionary hypotheses. The field arose from a desire to response to current immune defenses. We refer to explain the variation in immune function that is ob- the specific suite of components that generate these served within and among individuals, populations, evolutionary and ecological selective forces on the and species, across environments and over time. immune system as the ‘‘immunobiome’’ and their Advanced Access publication June 20, 2011 ß The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: [email protected]. 564 N. P.C. Horrocks et al. Fig. 1 A representation of the antigenic universe, which consists of all the possible antigens that any immune system could ever encounter. This universe includes antigenic, immunogenic, inflammatory, and toxic agents. Within the antigenic universe is the immu- nobiome. The immunobiome contains all the living organisms that can live in or on a host and with the potential to evolve in response to immune defenses. The immunobiome does not include other immuno-reactive particles such as dust that cannot multiply. Two major components of the immunobiome, in terms of the evolution of the immune system, are commensals and pathogens. Since some Downloaded from commensals may be pathogenic under suitable conditions, these groups are not mutually exclusive. Immunobiome components that fall outside these two categories (dotted area) include environmental microbes such as ‘‘pseudo-commensals’’ (Rook 2009), which although regularly encountered by hosts, do not gain any benefit from their temporary association with a host, yet may still shape regulatory circuits of the immune system. Scaling of the different subsets is arbitrary. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/ ability to shape immune defenses as ‘‘immunobiotic immunology. Rather than being relegated to anony- pressure’’ (Fig. 1). Understanding the interactions of mous, yet highly relevant sources of variation, the the immune system with immunobiomes is essential diverse constituents of the immunobiome and the for helping to explain patterns of immunological evolutionary pressures they exert must be seen as variation. central to ecoimmunological studies (Bordes and In light of immunological costs, animals should Morand 2009; Sadd and Schmid-Hempel 2009; match their immune defenses (any anatomical, Graham et al. 2011; Pedersen and Babayan 2011;). chemical, physiological, or behavioral barrier main- by guest on December 9, 2011 tained by an animal that inhibits or controls the es- Interactions with entire immunobiomes tablishment and reproduction of any element of the shape immune defenses, but pathogens immunobiome within or on the animal) to the threats that they face (Sheldon and Verhulst 1996; and commensals are particularly Tschirren and Richner 2006). However, the nature important of immunobiomes is poorly understood. For exam- Animals live in diverse and variable environments ple, does their basic composition differ among envi- and their immune systems must interact with and ronments? Which components most strongly shape respond to equally diverse and variable immuno- immune defenses in which hosts? Understanding biomes. However, across immunobiomes, two cate- these issues will be central to solving broader chal- gories of organisms that lie at all points along a lenges in immunology such as the consequences of continuum from benign, or even beneficial, to harm- emergent infectious diseases (Jones et al. 2008) or the ful, are expected to be particularly important sources consequences for health of altering commensal mi- of immunobiotic pressure (Fig. 1). At the detrimen- crobial communities (Blaser and Falkow 2009). We tal end of this continuum are pathogens. These propose that to advance ecological immunology, microparasites (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists) measures of the immunobiome that are independent and macroparasites (e.g., helminths, ticks, and lice) of immune indices should be developed and incor- can potentially harm host tissues through their in- porated into future studies. Much as data on avail- herent ability to breach immune defenses that nor- ability of food are required for an understanding of mally restrict other organisms. Pathogens seek to diet selection (e.g., Belovsky 1981) and environmen- circumvent host immune defenses and may disrupt tal temperature profiles are required for explaining normal immune processes (Tortorella et al. 2000; heat balance (e.g., Tieleman and Williams 2002), Finlay and McFadden 2006). This might include im- knowledge of immunobiomes and immune stimuli munosuppression (Babu et al. 2006; Jackson et al. is essential when testing hypotheses in ecological 2009) or shifting of the immune system toward a Pathogen pressure and immune defense 565 specific mix of defenses (Maizels and Yazdanbakhsh protection from infection and enhancement of fitness 2003). to an animal in the wild? We advocate that levels of Of equal importance to the evolution of the immune defense be considered relative to the immu- immune system, commensals normally sit at the nobiotic pressures that are encountered by an organ- benign end of the pathogenicity spectrum. ism, focusing on effectiveness of protection rather Benefitting from intimate associations with their than upon magnitude of response (see also e.g., host, commensals can also modulate immune re- Viney et al. 2005; Graham et al. 2011; Pedersen sponses and play an essential role in development and Babayan 2011). We refer to this of the immune system (Rakoff-Nahoum et al. 2004; immunobiome-specific assessment of immune de- Mazmanian et al. 2005; Rook 2009; Round and fense as ‘‘operative protection.’’ Operative protection Mazmanian 2009). Different commensal communi- encompasses the fitness-enhancing protection against ties might offer distinct advantages or disadvantages immunobiotic pressure (and immunopathology) af- in terms
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cell Mediated Immunity After Ocular Ark-Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination
    Cell mediated immunity after ocular Ark-type infectious bronchitis virus vaccination by Rucha Shamsunder Gurjar A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama May 7, 2013 Keywords: Infectious bronchitis virus, chicken, interferon gamma, granzyme A, perforin, mucosal immunity Approved by Frederik W. van Ginkel, Chair, Associate Professor of Pathobiology Haroldo Toro, Professor of Pathobiology Vicky L. van Santen, Professor of Pathobiology Abstract Infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) is an endemic pathogen of poultry industry causing considerable economic losses by reducing quality and quantity of egg and meat production in chickens. In spite of intensive vaccination programs, outbreaks of IB occur and are difficult to control due to serotypic heterogeneity among IB viruses. Although antibodies are important for controlling IBV, accumulating evidence indicates that cytotoxic T cell responses are very important in the initial phase of an immune response to IBV. To better understand the cell-mediated immune responses induced by IBV vaccination, we evaluated IBV-specific immune responses in mucosal and systemic immune compartments after vaccination with an Arkansas (Ark) type vaccine. Chickens were ocularly immunized with 3x105 or 3x104 50% embryo infectious doses of the Ark- type IBV vaccine at 3 and 7 weeks of age. Lymphocyte counts in conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT), Harderian glands (HG) and spleen showed that IBV-specific immune response in secondary lymphoid tissues followed the pattern of a lag, expansion, and contraction phase as has been reported for mammals. The proportion of CD3+CD44+ T cells in the spleen, HG and CALT, as measured by flow cytometry, showed a significant (p value <0.05) increase between 9-11 days after vaccination.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative and Comparative Biology Advance Access Published May 16, 2014 Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, Pp
    Integrative and Comparative Biology Advance Access published May 16, 2014 Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, pp. 1–10 doi:10.1093/icb/icu046 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology SYMPOSIUM The History of Ecoimmunology and Its Integration with Disease Ecology Patrick M. Brock,1,* Courtney C. Murdock† and Lynn B. Martin‡ *Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK; †Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, PA, USA; ‡Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA Downloaded from From the symposium ‘‘Methods and Mechanisms in Ecoimmunology’’ presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2014 at Austin, Texas. 1E-mail: [email protected] http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/ Synopsis Ecoimmunology is an example of how fruitful integrative approaches to biology can be. Since its emergence, ecoimmunology has sparked constructive debate on a wide range of topics, from the molecular mechanics of immune responses to the role of immunity in shaping the evolution of life histories. To complement the symposium Methods and Mechanisms in Ecoimmunology and commemorate the inception of the Division of Ecoimmunology and Disease Ecology within the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, we appraise the origins of ecoimmunology, with a focus on its continuing and valuable integration with disease ecology. Arguably, the greatest contribution of ecoimmunology to wider biology has been the establishment of immunity as an integral part of organismal biology, one that may be at Cornell University Library on September 2, 2015 regulated to maximize fitness in the context of costs, constraints, and complex interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Founding Fish: Gene Duplication Contributes to Immunological Diversity in Bottlenecked Populations of Introduced Rainwater Killifish
    FOUNDING FISH: GENE DUPLICATION CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS OF INTRODUCED RAINWATER KILLIFISH A Thesis submitted to the faculty of A 5 San Francisco State University 3(o In partial fulfillment of MS the requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Biology: Marine Biology by Danielle Nicole Desmet San Francisco, California December 2015 Copyright by Danielle Nicole Desmet 2015 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read FOUNDING FISH: GENE DUPLICATION CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS OF * INTRODUCED RAINWATER KILLIFISH by Danielle Nicole Desmet, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Science in Biology (Marine Biology) at San Francisco State University. C. Sarah Cohen, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Eric J. Routman, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Vanessa Miller-Sims, Ph.D. Adjunct Faculty FOUNDING FISH: GENE DUPLICATION CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS OF INTRODUCED RAINWATER KILLIFISH Danielle Nicole Desmet San Francisco, California 2015 Population bottlenecks, and subsequent loss of genetic diversity, are a common occurrence for introduced species. The MHC Class IIDB locus must constantly adapt to detect shifting pathogen communities and is used in this study to assess functional diversity in 2 regions with introduced populations of Rainwater killifish, Lucania parva. L. parva was likely introduced to San Francisco Bay from the Pecos River, New Mexico through a series of sport fish stockings to southern then northern California during the 1940’s and 1950’s. Demographic patterns of San Francisco and New Mexico populations were assessed using microsatellite, D-loop and MHCIIDB diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Clark Fessler BIS Paper
    UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Recontextualizing the behavioral immune system within psychoneuroimmunology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s57p910 Authors Clark, Jason A. Fessler, Daniel M.T. Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Recontextualizing the Behavioral Immune System Jason A. Clark Daniel M.T. Fessler Recontextualizing the Behavioral Immune System within Psychoneuroimmunology (Paper accepted For publication in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences) Introduction The concept oF the behavioral immune system (BIS) picks out an important set oF phenomena, viz., the relationships between the immune system and psychological mechanisms that manage the threat oF disease, and research using the concept makes valuable and novel contributions to the larger Field. However, our enthusiasm is tempered by the recognition that (a) there are ambiguities in the BIS concept and it has been used in a variety oF (sometimes inconsistent) ways, (b) some oF phenomena it has identiFied are already well characterized in other disciplines that have received inadequate attention by BIS researchers, and that (c) these disciplines oFFer a broader theoretical contextualization oF these phenomena. We argue that the BIS should be recontextualized within and integrated with such research programs. More speciFically, we believe that the BIS should be set within the Framework of psychoneuroimmunology. While neuroimmunology encompasses both peripheral and central nervous systems, and psychoimmunology Focuses on the interactions between speciFically psychological variables and immune Function, psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) highlights the contributions oF the central 1 Recontextualizing the Behavioral Immune System nervous system, and the ways in which the brain mediates interactions between psychology and the immune system.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 60, Number 3, Pp
    Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, volume 60, number 3, pp. 732–741 doi:10.1093/icb/icaa098 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology SYMPOSIUM Methodological Considerations for Assessing Immune Defense in Reproductive Females Chloe C. Josefson ,*,†,1 Sarah Zohdy‡ and Wendy R. Hood† Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/3/732/5894975 by Auburn University user on 30 April 2021 *Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; †Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; ‡School of Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA From the symposium “Reproduction: the female perspective from an integrative and comparative framework” presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2020 at Austin, Texas. 1E-mail: [email protected] Synopsis One of the key foci of ecoimmunology is understanding the physiological interactions between reproduction and immune defense. To assess an immune challenge, investigators typically measure an immune response at a pre- determined time point that was selected to represent a peak response. These time points often are based on the immunological responses of nonreproductive males. Problematically, these peaks have been applied to studies quanti- fying immune responses of females during reproduction, despite the fact that nonreproductive males and reproductive females display fundamentally different patterns of energy expenditure. Previous work within pharmacological research has reported that the response to the commonly-used antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) varies among indi- viduals and between females and males. In this heuristic analysis, we characterize antibody responses to KLH in females with varying reproductive demands (nonreproductive, lactating, concurrently lactating, and pregnant).
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Immune Response to an Endotoxin Challenge Involves Multiple Immune Parameters and Is Consistent Among the Annua
    2573 The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 2573-2580 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.083147 RESEARCH ARTICLE Immune response to an endotoxin challenge involves multiple immune parameters and is consistent among the annual-cycle stages of a free-living temperate zone bird Arne Hegemann1,*, Kevin D. Matson1, Maaike A. Versteegh1, Auxiliadora Villegas2 and B. Irene Tieleman1 1Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands and 2Conservation Biology Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) SUMMARY Trade-offs between immune function and other physiological and behavioural processes are central in ecoimmunology, but one important problem is how to distinguish a reallocation of resources away from the immune system from a reallocation or redistribution within the immune system. While variation in baseline values of individual immune parameters is well established, studies in wild animals on multiple parameters during an immune response are lacking. It also remains to be tested whether and how immune responses correlate with baseline values that vary, for example, over the course of an annual cycle. We studied immunological responses to an endotoxin challenge in skylarks (Alauda arvensis), a partial migrant bird breeding in temperate zones. We compared birds injected with the endotoxin LPS with un-injected controls, characterizing immunological responses with leukocyte profiles, titres of lytic enzymes and natural antibodies, and concentrations of haptoglobin and heat shock proteins. We did this in five annual-cycle stages to test whether the response varied throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Demonstration of a Parasiteinduced Immune Response
    Experimental demonstration of a parasite-induced immune response in wild birds: Darwin’s finches and introduced nest flies Jennifer A. H. Koop1, Jeb P. Owen2, Sarah A. Knutie1, Maria A. Aguilar1 & Dale H. Clayton1 1Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 2Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 Keywords Abstract Antibody, defense, ecoimmunology, Geospiza fortis, invasive species, Philornis Ecological immunology aims to explain variation among hosts in the strength downsi. and efficacy of immunological defenses. However, a shortcoming has been the failure to link host immune responses to actual parasites under natural condi- Correspondence tions. Here, we present one of the first experimental demonstrations of a parasite- Jennifer A. H. Koop, Department of Biology, induced immune response in a wild bird population. The recently introduced University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. ectoparasitic nest fly Philornis downsi severely impacts the fitness of Darwin’s Tel: +1 (520) 626-9315; Fax: +1 (520) 621- finches and other land birds in the Galapagos Islands. An earlier study showed 9190; E-mail: [email protected] that female medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) had P. downsi-binding Present address antibodies correlating with presumed variation in fly exposure over time. In the Jennifer A. H. Koop Ecology and Evolutionary current study, we experimentally manipulated fly abundance to test whether the Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona fly does, in fact, cause changes in antibody levels. We manipulated P. downsi 85721 abundance in nests and quantified P. downsi-binding antibody levels of medium ground finch mothers, fathers, and nestlings.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Consequences of Flavivirus Infection in the Collared Flycatcher Tanja M
    Strand et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:13 DOI 10.1186/s12862-018-1121-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Breeding consequences of flavivirus infection in the collared flycatcher Tanja M. Strand1,4*, Åke Lundkvist1, Björn Olsen2 and Lars Gustafsson1,3 Abstract Background: The breeding consequences of virus infections have rarely been studied in avian natural breeding populations. In this paper we investigated the links between humoral immunity following a natural flavivirus infection and reproduction in a wild bird population of collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). We analyzed plasma from 744 birds for antibodies and correlated these results to a number of reproductive components. Results: Nearly one third (27.8%) of the sampled collared flycatchers were found seropositive for flavivirus. Males had significantly more frequently flavivirus antibodies (32.3%) than females (25.1%). Seropositive females differed significantly from seronegative females in four traits: they had earlier lay date, higher body weight, higher survival rate and were older than seronegative females. The females did not differ in clutch size, number of fledged young or number of recruited young. Seropositive males had female partners with earlier lay date, i.e. the males bred earlier and they also produced more fledged young than seronegative males. In contrast, the males did not differ in clutch size, number of recruited young, male weight, age or survival. Interestingly, seropositive males had larger ornament, forehead badge size, than seronegative males. Conclusions: Collared flycatchers with an antibody response against flavivirus were more successful than birds with no antibody response, for any of the measured life history traits. The positive link between flavivirus antibody presence and life-history trait levels suggest that it is condition dependent in the collared flycatcher.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Evasion, Immunopathology and the Regulation of the Immune System
    Immune evasion, immunopathology and the regulation of the immune system. Gabriele Sorci, Stéphane Cornet, Bruno Faivre To cite this version: Gabriele Sorci, Stéphane Cornet, Bruno Faivre. Immune evasion, immunopathology and the regulation of the immune system.. Pathogens, MDPI, 2013, 2 (1), pp.71-91. 10.3390/pathogens2010071. hal- 01118543 HAL Id: hal-01118543 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118543 Submitted on 27 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Pathogens 2013, 2, 71-91; doi:10.3390/pathogens2010071 OPEN ACCESS pathogens ISSN 2076-0817 www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens Review Immune Evasion, Immunopathology and the Regulation of the Immune System Gabriele Sorci 1,*, Stéphane Cornet 2,3 and Bruno Faivre 1 1 Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; E-Mail: [email protected] (B.F.) 2 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33 (0)3 80 39 90 28; Fax: +33 (0)3 80 39 62 31.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Developmental Exposures Shape Trade-Offs Between Acquired and Innate Immunity in Humans
    256 original research Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health [2016] pp. 256–269 article doi:10.1093/emph/eow022 Early developmental exposures shape trade-offs between acquired and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/2016/1/256/2802679 by guest on 29 September 2021 innate immunity in humans Alexander V. Georgiev,* Christopher W. Kuzawa and Thomas W. McDade Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA *Correspondence address. Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Tel: 8474915402; Fax: 8474871778; E-mail: [email protected] Received 02 March 2016; revised version accepted 22 July 2016 ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Life history theory predicts resource allocation trade-offs between competing functions and processes. We test the hypothesis that relative investment towards innate versus acquired immunity in humans is subject to such trade-offs and that three types of early devel- opmental exposures are particularly salient in shaping adult immunophenotype: (i) pathogen exposure, (ii) nutritional resources; and (iii) extrinsic mortality cues. Methodology: We quantified one aspect each of innate and acquired immune function, via C-reactive protein and Epstein–Barr virus antibodies, respectively, in a sample of 1248 men and women from the Philippines (ca. 21.5 years old). Early developmental exposures were assessed via long-term data col- lected prospectively since participants’ birth (1983–4). We calculated a standardized ratio to assess relative bias towards acquired versus innate immune function and examined its relationship to a suite of predictors via multiple regression. Results: In partial support of our predictions, some of the measures of higher pathogen exposure, greater availability of nutritional resources, and lower extrinsic mortality cues in early life were associated with a bias toward acquired immunity in both men and women.
    [Show full text]
  • Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions
    Viruses 2014, 6, 1317-1335; doi:10.3390/v6031317 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions Tony Schountz 1,* and Joseph Prescott 2 1 Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA 2 Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-970-491-7350; Fax: +1-970-491-8326. Received: 10 January 2014; in revised form: 19 February 2014 / Accepted: 24 February 2014 / Published: 14 March 2014 Abstract: Hantaviruses are hosted by rodents, insectivores and bats. Several rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two diseases that share many features in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas. It is thought that the immune response plays a significant contributory role in these diseases. However, in reservoir hosts that have been closely examined, little or no pathology occurs and infection is persistent despite evidence of adaptive immune responses. Because most hantavirus reservoirs are not model organisms, it is difficult to conduct meaningful experiments that might shed light on how the viruses evade sterilizing immune responses and why immunopathology does not occur. Despite these limitations, recent advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics will have a dramatic impact on understanding reservoir host responses to hantaviruses by employing a systems biology approach to identify important pathways that mediate virus/reservoir relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • The Drivers and Consequences of Spatial Patterns in Wildlife Immune Defence
    Received: 22 March 2019 | Accepted: 6 November 2019 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13166 REVIEW Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence Daniel J. Becker1,2 | Gregory F. Albery3 | Maureen K. Kessler4 | Tamika J. Lunn5 | Caylee A. Falvo6 | Gábor Á. Czirják7 | Lynn B. Martin8 | Raina K. Plowright6 1Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; 3Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; 4Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; 5Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; 7Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany and 8Department of Global and Planetary Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Correspondence Daniel J. Becker Abstract Email: [email protected] 1. The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space and is Funding information a key determinant of infection risk in humans, domestic animals and threatened National Science Foundation, Grant/Award wildlife. Because the immune system serves as the primary barrier to infection, Number: DEB-1716698, IOS-1257773 and IOS-1656618; Defense Advanced Research replication and transmission following exposure, we here consider the environ- Projects Agency, Grant/Award Number:
    [Show full text]