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Securitising Bulgarians and Romanians in British Print Media? This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Pencheva, Denny Title: Securitising Bulgarians and Romanians in British print media? General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Securitising Bulgarians and Romanians in British print media? 4/2/2019 Denny Pencheva Word count (excluding references): 76, 761 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) IN THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW, SCHOOLOF SOCIOLOGY, POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (SPAIS). Abstract This thesis is driven by two inter-related research questions: why have Bulgarian and Romanian nationals gained prominence in British national newspapers, and how can the securitisation approach advance our understanding of textual representations of intra-EU mobilities. The research examines six British national newspapers: three tabloids (Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Sun) and three broadsheets (Guardian, Telegraph and Times). The thesis has put forward the overarching argument that Bulgarians and Romanians have gained prominence in British print media because their ability to exercise the freedom of movement principle, to obtain employment and to access welfare and public services, has been securitised against the backdrop of negative categorical assumptions about Bulgarians and Romanians, as well as their home countries. The research focuses on the years 2006 and 2013, which are understood as years of transition. During both years the topic of the actual and hypothetical mobility of Bulgarians and Romanians was high on news and political agendas. 2006 was the year before Bulgaria and Romania joined the European Union (EU). It was just two years after the largest so far round of Eastern EU Enlargement, which saw the EU accession of ten countries, eight of which post-communist. Politically, it was defined by New Labour’s pragmatic, evidence-based migration policies. 2013 was the year before the transitional work restrictions for Bulgarian and Romanian nationals were to be waived, thus granting Bulgarian and Romanian nationals’ full access to the UK labour market. In July 2013, Croatia joined the EU. In terms of political circumstances, the new Coalition government (Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) has explicitly stated its commitment not only to control, but also to substantially reduce the levels of EU migration. The British political context was marked by the increased political significance of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) steering the political agenda towards stronger right-wing populism, and the slow recovery after the 2008 global economic crisis amidst austerity cuts. The research is conceptually-driven and employs the work of the Copenhagen School on securitisation, as well as Maria Todorova’s work on Balkanism. In terms of method, the thesis makes use of a mixed methodological approach, which combines a quantitative component (NVivo 10, Sketch Engine) and a qualitative component (Thematic analysis). The research analyses the two research questions across four core themes: imminent immigrants, social raiders, stealing jobs, and transnational vagabonds. 1 2 Acknowledgments To my family To Bogi 3 Author’s declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: ............................................................. DATE:.......................... 4 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. 3 Author’s declaration ................................................................................................................................ 4 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9 The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: who and what is European? .............................. 10 Aim and relevance of the research .................................................................................................... 12 Why the United Kingdom? From economic optimism to political anxiety ...................................... 13 Why Bulgarians and Romanians? ................................................................................................. 14 Why print media? .............................................................................................................................. 15 Intra-EU migrations .......................................................................................................................... 16 Securitisation of migration ................................................................................................................ 18 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework of analysis ...................................................................................... 24 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 24 The Copenhagen School and the challenges of the new security agenda ..................................... 24 Securitisation..................................................................................................................................... 25 Referent objects ............................................................................................................................ 27 Speech Acts ................................................................................................................................... 29 Balkanism ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Balkanism and Identity ................................................................................................................. 35 Imagining the Balkans .................................................................................................................. 36 Locating the Balkans ..................................................................................................................... 41 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 3: Data and method of analysis............................................................................................... 43 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Sampling and corpus building .......................................................................................................... 43 Key criterion: time ........................................................................................................................ 45 Newspapers ................................................................................................................................... 46 LexisNexis UK .............................................................................................................................. 47 5 NVivo 10 ......................................................................................................................................
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