THOMAS ADÈS Tevot for Large Orchestra

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THOMAS ADÈS Tevot for Large Orchestra THOMAS ADÈS Tevot for large orchestra Op. 24 (2007) © 2014 by Faber Music Ltd First published in 2014 by Faber Music Ltd Bloomsbury House, 74–77 Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DA The score is reproduced from the composer’s autograph manuscript Cover image reproduced by courtesy of Getty Images Printed in England by Caligraving Ltd All rights reserved ISBN10: 0-571-53674-3 EAN13: 978-0-571-53674-0 Permission to perform this work in public must be obtained from the Society duly controlling performing rights unless there is a current licence for public performance from the Society in force in relation to the premises at which the performance is to take place. Such permission must be obtained in the UK from Performing Right Society Ltd, 29–33 Berners Street, London W1P 4AA Tevot was commissioned by the Stiftung Berlin Philharmoniker and The Carnegie Hall Corporation The world premiere was given at the Berliner Philharmonie by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Sir Simon Rattle on 21 February 2007. The United States premiere was given at Carnegie Hall, New York City by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Sir Simon Rattle on 14 November 2007 Tevot is recorded by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Sir Simon Rattle on EMI Classics 4 578132 Duration: 20–25 minutes To buy Faber Music publications or to find out about the full range of titles available please contact your local retailer or Faber Music sales enquiries: Faber Music Ltd, Burnt Mill, Elizabeth Way, Harlow CM20 2HX England Tel: +44 (0)1279 82 89 82 Fax: +44 (0)1279 82 89 83 [email protected] fabermusicstore.com ORCHESTRA 5 flutes† (III–V=piccolos‡, III=bass flute) 5 oboes (IV=cor anglais, V=bass oboe) 5 clarinets in Bb (II=Eb clarinet, IV=Eb clarinet, clarinet in A & optionally basset clarinet, V=contrabass clarinet in Bb) 4 bassoons contrabassoon 8 horns in F 5 trumpets in C (I=piccolo trumpet ad lib.) 3 trombones 2 tubas timpani (2 players) 2 sets of 5 or 6 drums including 4 large timpani and small rototom (6” drum) percussion (6 players) see over harp piano (=celesta) strings † all 5 flutes with low B extension ‡ player allocation: flute 3=piccolo 3, flute 4=piccolo 2, flute 5=piccolo 1 The score is notated in C Orchestral parts available on hire from the publishers PERCUSSION REQUIREMENTS glockenspiel, xylophone, vibraphone, marimba, crotales, tuned anvils (small cylindrical ) , tuned tins/pans/cans , 4 large handbells , tubular bells or bell plates (or bells) , 3 further bell plates (or bells) ad lib., 7 tuned gongs , clash cymbals, side drum, tenor drum (with snares), log drum, large gong if available (low C#), tam-tam, bass drum NOTE The title of this one-movement symphony, Tevot (tey-VOT), means ‘Vessels’. In modern Hebrew, the word is used for bars of music. Also, in the Bible, (tey-VA) is the word for the Ark of Noah, and the cradle in which the baby Moses is carried on the river. T A Tevot THOMAS ADÈS © 2014 by Faber Music Ltd .
Recommended publications
  • Download Booklet
    THE TWENTY-FIFTH HOUR COMPOSER’S NOTE the same musical stuff, as if each were a THE CHAMBER MUSIC OF THOMAS ADÈS (b. 1971) different view through a kaleidoscope. ‘Six of Nearly twenty years separate the two string the seven titles’, he has noted, ‘evoke quartets on this record, and all I have been able various vanished or vanishing “idylls”. The Piano Quintet (2001) * to discover over this time is that music only gets odd-numbered are all aquatic, and would splice 1 I [11.43] more and more mysterious. I am very grateful if played consecutively.’ 2 II [4.35] for this enjoyable collaboration to Signum, Tim 3 III [3.00] Oldham, Steve Long at Floating Earth, and my In the first movement the viola is a gondolier friends the Calder Quartet. poling through the other instruments’ moonlit The Four Quarters (2011) World Premiere Recording 4 I. Nightfalls [7.06] water, with shreds of shadowy waltz drifting 5 II. Serenade: Morning Dew [3.12] Thomas Adès, 2015 in now and then. Next, under a quotation 6 III. Days [3.50] from The Magic Flute (‘That sounds so 7 IV. The Twenty-Fifth Hour [3.51] The Chamber Music delightful, that sounds so divine’ sing of Thomas Adès Monostatos and the slaves when Papageno Arcadiana (1993) plays his bells), comes a song for the cello 8 I. Venezia notturno [2.39] These three works are not only in classic under glistening harmonics. The music is 9 II. Das klinget so herrlich, das klinget so schon [1.22] genres but themselves becoming classics, with stopped twice in its tracks by major chords, 0 III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heraclitian Form of Thomas Adès's Tevot As a Critical Lens
    The Art of Transformation: The Heraclitian Form of Thomas Adès’sTevot as a Critical Lens for the Symphonic Tradition and an original composition, Glimmer, Glisten, Glow for sinfonietta A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Music Composition and Theory David Rakowski and Yu-Hui Chang, Advisors In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Joseph Sowa May 2019 The signed version of this form is on file in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. This dissertation, directed and approved by Joseph Sowa’s Committee, has been accepted and approved by the Faculty of Brandeis University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Eric Chasalow, Dean Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation Committee: David Rakowski, Brandeis University Department of Music Yu-Hui Chang, Brandeis University Department of Music Erin Gee, Brandeis University Department of Music Martin Brody, Wellesley College, Department of Music iii Copyright by Joseph Sowa 2019 Acknowledgements The story of my time at Brandeis begins in 2012, a few months after being rejected from every doctoral program to which I applied. Still living in Provo, Utah, I picked up David Ra- kowski from the airport for a visit to BYU. We had met a few years earlier through the Barlow Endowment for Music Composition, when Davy was on the board of advisors and I was an intern. On that drive several years later, I asked him if he had any suggestions for my doc- toral application portfolio, to which he immediately responded, “You were actually a finalist.” Because of his encouragement, I applied to Brandeis a second time, and the rest is history.
    [Show full text]
  • Calder Quartet
    CAL PERFORMANCES PRESENTS PROGRAM Sunday, October 2, 2011, 3pm Franz Liszt (1811–1886) Petrarch Sonnet No. 123 (I’ vidi in terra angelici Hertz Hall costumi) from Années de Pèlerinage, Deuxième Année: Italie for Piano (1845) Calder Quartet Adès The Four Quarters for String Quartet (2010) Nightfalls Benjamin Jacobson violin Serenade: Morning Dew Andrew Bulbrook violin Days Jonathan Moerschel viola The Twenty-fifth Hour Eric Byers cello with Adès Quintet for Piano and String Quartet, Thomas Adès, piano Op. 20 (2000) PROGRAM Cal Performances’ 2011–2012 season is sponsored by Wells Fargo. Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) Three Pieces for String Quartet (1914) Dance: Quarter note = 126 Eccentric: Quarter note = 76 Canticle: Half note = 40 Thomas Adès (b. 1971) Mazurkas for Piano, Op. 27 (2009) Moderato, molto rubato Prestissimo molto espressivo Grave, maestoso Adès Arcadiana for String Quartet (1994) Venezia notturna Das klinget so herrlich, das klinget so schön Auf dem Wasser zu singen Et... (tango mortale) L’Embarquement O Albion Lethe INTERMISSION 6 CAL PERFORMANCES CAL PERFORMANCES 7 PROGRAM NOTES PROGRAM NOTES Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) music at the time. He later explained the move- prominence—the piano solos Still Sorrowing American premiere at Santa Fe Opera in July Three Pieces for String Quartet ment’s inspiration in an interview with Robert and Darknesse Visible, the song cycles Five Eliot 2006 and has been announced for the 2012– Craft: “I had been fascinated by the movements Landscapes and Life Story, Catch and Living Toys 2013 Metropolitan Opera season. Composed in 1914. Premiered on November 8, of Little Tich, whom I had seen in London in for chamber orchestra—and in 1993 he was ap- The distinguished critic Andrew Porter 1915, in Chicago by the Flonzaley Quartet.
    [Show full text]
  • Adès: Asyla, Tevot, Polaris, Brahms
    Thomas Adès (b 1971) Page Index Asyla, Op 17 (1997) Tevot (2005–6) 3 Programme Notes 6 Notes de programme Polaris [Voyage for Orchestra] (2010) 9 Einführungstexte Brahms (2001) 12 Sung text Thomas Adès conductor 13 Composer / conductor biography London Symphony Orchestra 16 Soloist biography 18 Orchestra personnel lists (1997) Asyla, Op 17 22 LSO biography / Also available on LSO Live 1 I. 5’50’’ 2 II. 6’34’’ 3 III. Ecstasio 6’35’’ 4 IV. Quasi leggiero 5’02’’ 5 Tevot (2005–6) 20’19’’ 6 Polaris [Voyage for Orchestra] (2010) 13’30’’ 7 Brahms, Op 21 (2001) 5’05’’ Total time 62’55’’ Recorded live in DSD 128fs, 9 March (Tevot, Polaris, Brahms) & 16 March (Asyla) 2016, at the Barbican, London James Mallinson producer Classic Sound Ltd recording, editing and mastering facilities Jonathan Stokes for Classic Sound Ltd balance engineer, audio editor, mixing and mastering engineer Neil Hutchinson for Classic Sound Ltd recording engineer Booklet notes / Notes de programme / Einführungstexte © Paul Griffiths Translation into French / Traduction en français – Claire Delamarche Translation into German / Übersetzung aus dem Englischen – Elke Hockings © 2016 London Symphony Orchestra, London UK P 2016 London Symphony Orchestra, London UK 2 Programme Notes Next comes a slow movement, whose descents upon descents are begun by Thomas Adès (b 1971) keyed instruments and soon spread through the orchestra, led at first by bass Asyla, Op 17 (1997) oboe. There may be the sense of lament, or chant, echoing in some vast space – though a central section is more agitated and dynamic. There follows the club Asyla are places of safety.
    [Show full text]
  • STANDING WAVE TIME DISTANCE MEMORY Sunday November 23, 2014 Pyatt Hall Welcome to Time Distance Memory, the Rst Concert of Standing Wave’S Exciting 2014-2015 Season
    St and ing W a ve S o c ie ty p r e s e n t s STANDING WAVE TIME DISTANCE MEMORY Sunday November 23, 2014 Pyatt Hall Welcome to Time Distance Memory, the rst concert of Standing Wave’s exciting 2014-2015 season. Tonight we are thrilled to be premiering a much-anticipated piece by our Programme good friend, the marvellously talented Jennifer Butler. With its alternating periods of utter chaos and complete peace, Stolen Materials/Stolen Time invites us into the tenderly solipsistic world of childhood. Thomas Adès’ 1991 work Catch takes us on a similar though notably more neurotic journey. In fact, all the music on tonight’s program ushers us into the deepest regions of the composers’ imaginations. Claude Vivier transports the listener to an imaginary south paci c island in his 1977 work Pulau Dewata, which was inspired by the music of the Indonesian gamelan ensembles he encountered on his travels. Catch The crunching and sighing sonic landscape that is George Thomas Adès (1991) Crumb’s 1965 masterpiece Eleven Echoes of Autumn, evokes a fantastically off-kilter natural world. Jordan Nobles’ Walking clarinet, violin, cello, piano in Claude’s Footsteps, an arrangement of Claude Debussy’s Des pas sur la neige, rounds out tonight’s program. Walking in Claude’s Footprints* Rebecca Whitling, Standing Wave Jordan Nobles (2014) flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano, percussion Standing Wave Christie Reside flute Stolen Materials/Stolen Time* Jennifer Butler (2014) A-K Coope clarinet flute/recorder, clarinet/recorder, violin, cello, piano, percussion Rebecca Whitling violin intermission Peggy Lee cello Allen Stiles piano Eleven Echoes of Autumn (Echoes I) George Crumb (1965) Vern Grif ths percussion Eco 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sonnings Musikpris 2015 Thomas Adès
    Credit: Mamiko Tsusuki September 2015 Sonnings Musikpris 2015 Thomas Adès 1 Månedens tema Årets modtager af Sonnings Musikpris er den engelske komponist, dirigent og pianist Thomas Adès. I den anledning sætter DR Klub Klassisk i september måneds tema fokus på Thomas Adès som komponist med udvalgte værker, der viser forskellige sider af hans vidtspændende produktion. Sonnings Musikpris overrækkes ved en festkoncert i DR Koncerthuset 8. oktober 2015. Koncerten transmitteres direkte på P2 og genudsendes søndag d. 11. oktober kl. 12.15. Desuden vil koncerten blive videostreamet live på dr.dk/p2 og senere sendt i TV på DR K. Links og litteraturhenvisninger Links & litteraturhenvisninger er udvalgt specielt til brug i bibliotekernes lytteklubber. Listen er ikke udtømmende – der findes andet, som man selv kan opsøge, hvis man vil. Da der kun findes sparsom information om Thomas Adès på dansk, er hovedparten af links og litteraturhenvisnin- ger på engelsk. Tekst og Redaktion: Marianne Ljungberg & Lise Anker-Møller 2 Thomas Adès af Jens Cornelius, DR En af verdens fineste priser inden for klassisk musik, Léonie Sonnings Musikpris, tildeles den engelske kom- ponist, dirigent og pianist Thomas Adès. En brillant 44-årig musiker, der kan alt, og som ikke er bange for at vise det. Thomas Adès er født og uddannet i London. Han dukkede op som en sensation i engelsk musikliv i 1990’erne med operaen "Powder her face" og orkesterværket "Asyla". Engelsk musik har altid bakset med et ry for konservatisme, og her kom så en flot ung mand, der frygtløst gennemkværner alle klassiske traditioner, til- sat jazz, pop og world music.
    [Show full text]
  • Music Inspired by Astronomy, Organized by Topic an Annotated Listing by Andrew Fraknoi
    Music Inspired by Astronomy, Organized by Topic An Annotated Listing by Andrew Fraknoi © copyright 2019 by Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Borresen: At Uranienborg Cage: Atlas Eclipticalis Glass: Orion Connections between astronomy and music have been proposed since the time of the ancient Greeks. This annotated listing of both classical and popular music inspired by astronomy restricts itself to music that has connections to real science -- not just an astronomical term or two in the title or lyrics. For example, we do not list Gustav Holst’s popular symphonic suite The Planets, because it draws its inspiration from the astrological, and not astronomical, characteristics of the worlds in the solar system. Similarly, songs like Soundgarden’s “Black Hole Sun” or the Beatles’ “Across the Universe” just don’t contain enough serious astronomy to make it into our guide. When possible, we give links to a CD and a YouTube recording or explanation for each piece. The music is arranged in categories by astronomical topic, from asteroids to Venus. Additions to this list are most welcome (as long as they follow the above guidelines); please send them to the author at: fraknoi {at} fhda {dot} edu Table of Contents Asteroids Meteors and Meteorites Astronomers Moon Astronomy in General Nebulae Black Holes Physics Related to Astronomy Calendar, Time, Seasons Planets (in General) Comets Pluto Constellations Saturn Cosmology SETI (Search for Intelligent Life Out There) Earth Sky Phenomena Eclipses Space Travel Einstein Star Clusters Exoplanets Stars and Stellar Evolution Galaxies and Quasars Sun History of Astronomy Telescopes and Observatories Jupiter Venus Mars 1 Asteroids Coates, Gloria Among the Asteroids on At Midnight (on Tzadik).
    [Show full text]
  • DVD Extra 10. Thomas Adès and Tal Rosner in Conve
    CTP Template: CD_DPS1 COLOURS Compact Disc Booklet: Double Page Spread CYAN MAGENTA Customer YELLOW Catalogue No. BLACK Job Title Page Nos. IN SEVEN DAYS NANCARROW STUDIES for piano and orchestra with moving image (2008) Nos. 6 & 7 Thomas Adès music Conlon Nancarrow, arr. Thomas Adès Tal Rosner visuals Tal Rosner and Sophie Clements visuals 1. Chaos – Light – Dark [8.25] 8. Study No. 6 [3.39] 2. Separation of the waters into sea 9. Study No. 7 [10.00] and sky [4.14] THOMAS ADÈS & ROLF HIND pianos 3. Land – Grass – Trees [5.35] Recorded in Kings Place Hall 2 on 12 June 2011 Arrangement commissioned by Fondazione Katia 4. Stars – Sun – Moon [3.16] & Marielle Labèque www.fondazionekml.org Published by Schott Music GmbH & Co. KG, Mainz Fugue 5. Creatures of the Sea TOTAL TIMINGS: [42.36] and Sky – [3.05] 6. Creatures of the Land [2.29] DVD Extra 7. Contemplation [1.53] 10. Thomas Adès and Tal Rosner in conversation NICOLAS HODGES piano Recorded at the Southbank Centre, London on 3 August 2011 THOMAS ADÈS conductor Filmed and Produced by Kieran Morris of De Novo Arts LONDON SINFONIETTA Facilitated by Marshall Marcus Recorded live in concert at Birmingham Symphony Hall on 11 March 2011 Commissioned by the Southbank Centre, London and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Association Published by Faber Music Ltd Generously supported by Simon Yates and Kevin Roon In Seven Days performed as part of a London Sinfonietta UK tour supported by Sound and Music Engineered and Produced by Ian Dearden of Sound Intermedia Project Management by Claire Stevens Design - Darren Rumney P2011 Signum C2011 Signum www.signumrecords.com 20 1 291.0mm x 169.5mm CTP Template: CD_DPS1 COLOURS Compact Disc Booklet: Double Page Spread CYAN MAGENTA Customer YELLOW Catalogue No.
    [Show full text]
  • Thinking Irrational, Thomas Adès and New Rhythms Huw Belling
    Thinking Irrational Thomas Adès and New Rhythms Huw Belling 2010 Critical Project Submitted by Huw Belling in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Music degree in Advanced Composition, Royal College of Music, Summer 2010. Supervisor, Dr Jean-Philippe Calvin MM, DMA Thinking Irrational, Thomas Adès and New Rhythms Huw Belling Table of Contents Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 3 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 II. Precedents and antecedents ...................................................................................................... 5 III. The 'Pleasures of Allusion’ .......................................................................................................... 7 IV. Finding voice and drama ........................................................................................................... 17 V. A new complexity ..................................................................................................................... 24 VI. In several ways .......................................................................................................................... 38 VII. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 47 Select Bibliography...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Week 6 2016–17 Season Britten Sibelius Adès
    2016–17 season andris nelsons music director week 6 britten sibelius adès season sponsors seiji ozawa music director laureate bernard haitink conductor emeritus lead sponsor supporting sponsor thomas adès artistic partner The most famous 19th-century American painter you’ve never heard of Through January 16, 2017 mfa.org/chase “William Merritt Chase” was organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; The Phillips Collection, Presented with generous support from The Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Foundation Washington, DC; the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia; and the Terra Foundation for American Art. for the Arts, Inc., and the Deedee and Barrie A. Wigmore Fund in honor of Malcolm Rogers. Additional support from the Betty L. Heath Paintings Fund for the Art of the Americas, and the The exhibition and its publication were made possible with the Eugenie Prendergast Memorial Fund, made possible by a grant from Jan and Warren Adelson. generous support of the Terra Foundation for American Art. William Merritt Chase, The Young Orphan (An Idle Moment) (detail), 1884. Oil on canvas. NA diploma presentation, November 24, 1890. National Academy Museum, New York (221-P). Table of Contents | Week 6 7 bso news 1 5 on display in symphony hall 16 bso music director andris nelsons 18 the boston symphony orchestra 21 brahms’s orchestral voice by jan swafford 2 8 this week’s program Notes on the Program 30 The Program in Brief… 31 Benjamin Britten 39 Jean Sibelius 47 Thomas Adès 65 To Read and Hear More… Guest Artists 69 Thomas Adès 71 Christianne Stotijn 73 Mark Stone 74 sponsors and donors 88 future programs 90 symphony hall exit plan 9 1 symphony hall information the friday preview on november 4 is given by bso assistant director of program publications robert kirzinger.
    [Show full text]
  • London's Symphony Orchestra
    London Symphony Orchestra Living Music LSO COMPOSER FOCUS THOMAS ADÈS Wednesday 9 March 2016 7.30pm Barbican Hall Thomas Adès Polaris Brahms Violin Concerto INTERVAL Thomas Adès Brahms Thomas Adès Tevot Thomas Adès conductor Anne-Sophie Mutter violin Samuel Dale Johnson baritone Generously supported by the Atkin Foundation Concert finishes approx 9.50pm Wednesday 16 March 2016 7.30pm London’s Symphony Orchestra Barbican Hall Thomas Adès Asyla Sibelius Violin Concerto INTERVAL Franck Symphony in D minor Thomas Adès conductor Christian Tetzlaff violin Concert finishes approx 10pm 2 Welcome 9 & 16 March 2016 Welcome Living Music Kathryn McDowell In Brief Welcome to the LSO, where we are delighted to LSO 2016/17 SEASON NOW ON SALE see Thomas Adès, one of Britain’s leading and most original composers, return to the podium. He Booking is now open for the LSO’s 2016/17 season. conducts two programmes of his own works, which Full listings for all concerts taking place between are heard alongside pieces from other composers September 2016 and July 2017 can be found on who have inspired Adès throughout his life. the LSO website, along with details of how to purchase tickets. In the first concert, we hear Polaris, Tevot and Brahms, Adès’ ‘anti-homage’ to the composer, for which we lso.co.uk/201617season welcome baritone soloist Samuel Dale Johnson, who makes his LSO debut. This follows a performance of Brahms’ own Violin Concerto, performed by soloist A NEW FAMILY OF LSO CONDUCTORS Anne-Sophie Mutter, a great friend of the LSO. The second concert opens with Adès’ breakthrough The LSO was delighted to announce last week that work Asyla, which among other pieces makes Gianandrea Noseda will become LSO Principal Guest reference to Franck’s Symphony in D minor, which Conductor alongside Daniel Harding from August we hear later in the programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Beethoven: Symphonies Nos 1-3; Barry
    CD1 Symphony No. 1 i n C m a j o r, Op. 21 L U D W I G V A N B E E T H O V E N 1 I. Adagio molto – Allegro con brio 8.52 2 II. Andante cantabile con moto 6.56 3 III. Menuetto. Allegro molto e vivace 3.54 4 IV. Finale. Adagio – Allegro molto e vivace 5.17 Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 36 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 5 I. Adagio molto – Allegro con brio 11.45 6 II. Larghetto 9.56 7 III. Scherzo. Allegro 3.56 8 IV. Allegro molto 6.08 9 Beethoven GERALD BARRY 17.35 Total timing 74.21 2 Britten Sinfonia Thomas C CD2 Adès Conductor 4ZNQIPOZ/PJO&¿BUNBKPS Op. 55 ‘Eroica’ LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Nicolas Hodges 1 I. Allegro con brio 15.27 Piano 2 II. Marcia funebre. Adagio assai 13.42 3 III. Scherzo. Allegro vivace 5.40 Mark 4 IV. Finale. Allegro molto 10.18 Stone Baritone 5 Piano Concerto GERALD BARRY 22.41 Total timing 67.48 www.signumrecords.com 3 I. Adagio molto – Allegro con brio V II. Andante cantabile con moto III. Menuetto. Allegro molto e vivace IV. Finale. Adagio – Allegro molto e vivace What an extraordinary journey Beethoven’s nine symphonies outline. Which other composer can claim to have taken such monumental leaps over a period of just 24 years and nine symphonic works? Between his First Symphony and his Ninth, Beethoven bids farewell to the classical era and ushers in the age of romanticism, he alters the long- held form and harmonic framework of the symphony, and in his Ninth he does the unthinkable – he introduces the voice to an instrumental work.
    [Show full text]