DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from Http

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from Http ISOLATION, CHARACTERISATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME COMPOUNDS FROM RAPANEA MELANOPHLOEOS (L.) MEZ. by THABILE LUKHELE Dissertation in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree MASTER in CHEMISTRY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE of the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor : Prof. R.W.M. Krause Co-supervisor : Mrs D.K. Olivier DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation, which I herewith submit for the research qualification MASTERS DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY to the University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Technology, is, apart from the recognised assistance of my supervisors, my own work and has not previously been submitted by me to another institution to obtain a research diploma or degree. _______________________________ on this ____ day of _______________ (Candidate) _______________________________ on this ____ day of _______________ (Supervisor) _______________________________ on this ____ day of _______________ (Co-supervisor) i DEDICATION This work is a true reflection of God‟s greatness, immeasurable love and faithfulness. It is dedicated to my family without whose support I would never have been able to complete it. Bo Mhlantiwendlunkhulu, thank you for your support, you mean the world to me. To my dearest dad; QomazithawaNgwane, Nabonyoni yasindvwa sisila kusuka esihlahleni, thank you for believing in me and always supporting me. You are my pillar of strength and my inspiration. To my lovely mom; Dlamini wekunene, Langeni lekutsenga eSwatini, a big thank you for your love, prayers and always reminding me that there is an end to every process. To my late big sister, thank you for your love. I know you would have been very proud of this work. Wherever you are, you will always be a bigger part of my life, I miss you dearly. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and institutions are sincerely acknowledged for their invaluable contributions towards the success of this work: My supervisors, Professor R.W.M Krause and Mrs D.K. Olivier for their supervision, advice and guidance throughout this work. Professor Sandy van Vuuren for her assistance with the biological tests. Dr Anna Moteete for helping with the deposition of herbarium specimens. Mr Gugu Mavuso from the University of Swaziland and Ms I Johnson for their assistance with plant collection. My friends, Bheki, Dumie, Innocent, Mfanaleni, Nikiwe, Njabu, Unathi, and Vinny for their support, love and for always offering a shoulder to lean on. From the bottom of my heart, thank you for being a part of my life, it‟s an honour and a blessing. My colleagues, Dr Derek Tantoh Ndinteh, Mr Smart Mpofu and Xavier Siwe Noundou for being the best lab mates. I am grateful for your advice; help with some experiments and of course the crazy moments we shared. May God richly bless you and your families. The University of Johannesburg through the Postgraduate Bursaries for financial support. The Almighty God, for providing me with the opportunity and forever engulfing me with his love. Even when I pass through fire I know you are there and in the darkest hour you shine as bright as day because you alone are God. iii ABSTRACT The continued use and popularity of plant based traditional medicine necessitates scientific validation of the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants through phytochemical and pharmacological screening as well as the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds. Since the pharmacological effectiveness of medicinal plants is affected by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, studies on the variations on chemical composition and biological activity are important as well. These provide a scientific rationale for using plants from different regions for the same medicinal purposes and allow traditional healers and consumers to make informed decisions with regard to the collection and use. Rapanea melanophloeos is a popular medicinal plant from the Myrsinaceae family widely distributed in southern Africa. It‟s bark, fruits and rarely the leaves are used traditionally for ailments ranging from stomach disorders, respiratory problems to disorders of the nervous system. Available chemical information reports on the accumulation of benzoquinones as major compounds, as well as some triterpenoid saponins and tannins. In view of the plant‟s wide distribution and medicinal use of different plant parts, this study comparatively evaluated the chemical composition of various crude extracts of the leaves, fruits and bark of plants collected from six localities. This was coupled with antibacterial tests to evaluate the therapeutic potential of different solvent extracts of the leaves, fruits and bark as well as the isolation of bioactive compounds from the fruits. Plants were collected from six different localities between Swaziland and South Africa and sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as a series of increasingly polar solvents. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Gas-Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used to obtain a semi-quantitative chemical composition profile of different extracts. The TLC fingerprints of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the accumulation of non-polar terpenes, benzoquinones, saponins, tannins and flavonoids in the three plant parts. Slight variations in the chemical composition of the leaves, bark, and fruits were noted. Some components occurred in specific plant parts and others iv occurred in all three plants. The chemical profile of the leaves and bark were quite comparable in most instances with the fruits showing a generally different profile. This confirms previous literature reports on the comparability of leaves and the bark accounting for interchangeable use in traditional medicine. From GC-MS analysis five compounds were observed to accumulate in the three plant parts with considerable quantitative variations and random plant to plant variations. Three of these were tentatively identified as (-)-spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide and α-cardinol. Caryophyllene oxide was identified as the major compound in the leaves and the fruits and as expected the concentrations of the five compounds were the highest in the fruits and lowest in the bark. Screening for amino acids using GC-MS provided some insight into the traditional uses of the plant for neuroactive disorders. About 29 free amino acids (standard and non- standard) were identified and quantified in all plant parts. These showed minor qualitative variations and remarkable quantitative variations between the leaves, fruits and the bark. The fruits accumulated higher amino acid concentrations as compared to the leaves and the bark. HPLC analysis as well showed minor differences in the chemical profile of the leaves, fruits and bark. Three major compounds were observed to occur in the leaves, fruits and bark with minor variations in their quantities. No distinct geographical trend was noted except for random plant to plant variations within and between populations. Broad spectrum antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the bark, fruits, and leaves against B. cereus, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa was noted. This provides an important basis for the justification of traditional medicinal uses of the plant against skin, stomach and respiratory infections. The highest activity was noted against gram positive strains with the fruit exhibiting superior activity than the bark and leaves. Medium polar compounds extractable with ethyl acetate were the most active, while the polar compounds (extractable in methanol) were somewhat surprisingly the least active. In all extracts compounds are likely to work synergistically to effect the observed activity, since no individual compound was active from the bio-autography assays. v Although no single bioactive compound was localized from an auto-biography assay, an attempt was made to isolate some compounds from the fruits. About six compounds were isolated; two from the polar fraction and four from the non-polar fraction. Interestingly, preliminary spectroscopic analysis showed the lack of a benzoquinoid skeleton in five of the isolated compounds although benzoquinones, which are characteristic of Myrsinaceae plants were identified by TLC. From spectral analysis, one compound was successfully characterised as pentacos-4- ene-6,7-dione. Re-isolation of the remaining four compounds so as to fully resolve their structures is continuing in our lab. Overall the study provided some justification into the traditional medicinal uses of R. melanophloeos. Although the leaves, fruits and bark showed some variations in their chemical profile, they don‟t have a pronounced effect on the antibacterial activity as all plant parts showed good antibacterial activity. Plants from different localities as well had similar chemical profiles only with minor quantitative variations and comparable antibacterial activity. vi CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS Some of the work in this dissertation has been presented in conferences and prepared for publication. Conference presentations: Lukhele T., Krause R.W.M., Olivier D.K., Isolation, Characterization and Biological Activity of Some Compounds from R. melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Oral Presentation. University of Johannesburg, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Annual Postgraduate Symposium. 22 October 2008. Lukhele T., Krause R.W.M., Olivier D.K., Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Some Compounds from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harvesting Impacts on Commonly Used Medicinal Tree Species (Catha
    botha.qxd 2004/10/05 09:53 Page 1 Harvesting impacts on commonly used medicinal tree species (Catha edulis and Rapanea melanophloeos) under different land management regimes in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, South Africa J. BOTHA, E.T.F. WITKOWSKI and C.M. SHACKLETON Botha, J., E.T.F. Witkowski and C.M. Shackleton. 2004. Harvesting impacts on com- monly used medicinal tree species (Catha edulis and Rapanea melanophloeos) under different land management regimes in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, South Africa. Koedoe 47(2): 1–18. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458. Harvesting of products from plants in the wild is widespread throughout southern Africa. Particularly important products are plant parts used in traditional medicine. However, the impacts of harvesting practices are rarely quantified, with as yet insuffi- cient generic rules across species and life forms. This limits the predictive ability to monitor and manage the affected populations. This paper examines the harvesting impact on two popular woody medicinal species used throughout sub-Saharan Africa, namely Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. (bushman’s tea) and Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. (Cape beech). In both species, basal diameters, heights, and the number of size classes in the harvest- ed populations were lower than in unharvested. Densities of harvested populations were higher in both species, including densities of young plants, but the frequency of indi- viduals in larger size classes was lower. The populations of both species being harvest- ed for medicinal products appeared to be withstanding the current levels of harvesting, but the population structure of C. edulis populations being harvested for poles on the roadside and near human settlements had been substantially altered.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Responding to An
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENT PLANT PEST-PATHOGEN COMPLEX ACROSS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SCALES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES with an emphasis in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Shannon Colleen Lynch December 2020 The Dissertation of Shannon Colleen Lynch is approved: Professor Gregory S. Gilbert, chair Professor Stacy M. Philpott Professor Andrew Szasz Professor Ingrid M. Parker Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Shannon Colleen Lynch 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract x Dedication xiii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 References 10 Chapter 2 – Host Evolutionary Relationships Explain 12 Tree Mortality Caused by a Generalist Pest– Pathogen Complex References 38 Chapter 3 – Microbiome Variation Across a 66 Phylogeographic Range of Tree Hosts Affected by an Emergent Pest–Pathogen Complex References 110 Chapter 4 – On Collaborative Governance: Building Consensus on 180 Priorities to Manage Invasive Species Through Collective Action References 243 iii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table I Insect vectors and corresponding fungal pathogens causing 47 Fusarium dieback on tree hosts in California, Israel, and South Africa. Table II Phylogenetic signal for each host type measured by D statistic. 48 Table SI Native range and infested distribution of tree and shrub FD- 49 ISHB host species. Chapter 3 Table I Study site attributes. 124 Table II Mean and median richness of microbiota in wood samples 128 collected from FD-ISHB host trees. Table III Fungal endophyte-Fusarium in vitro interaction outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Bark Re-Growth and Wood Decay in Response to Bark Stripping for Medicinal Use
    Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use By Ntombizodwa Ngubeni Thesis presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology at the Faculty of AgriSciences University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Dr Shayne Jacobs Co-Supervisor: Prof. Thomas Seifert February, 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration ` By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: Date: 13/02/2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights res ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Plants have been used for centuries to treat a wide range of ailments in the history of all civilizations. However, a growing interest in medicinal plants requires appropriate management to prevent over-exploitation of target species. The challenge for scientists is to find equilibrium between resource exploitation and the maintenance of viable populations of target species. Sustainability of use requires an understanding of the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of resource use and the interaction between these factors. This research focuses on the ecological and socio-cultural aspects required to underwrite species-specific sustainable harvesting systems for bark used for traditional medicine. The social survey conducted in the form of structured interviews with traditional healers reported 69 plant species used for medicinal purposes in the southern Cape.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biodiversity of the Virunga Volcanoes
    THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE VIRUNGA VOLCANOES I.Owiunji, D. Nkuutu, D. Kujirakwinja, I. Liengola, A. Plumptre, A.Nsanzurwimo, K. Fawcett, M. Gray & A. McNeilage Institute of Tropical International Gorilla Forest Conservation Conservation Programme Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................ 4 LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF PHOTOS........................................................................................................................... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 7 GLOSSARY..................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER ONE: THE VIRUNGA VOLCANOES................................................................. 11 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 THE VIRUNGA VOLCANOES ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2 VEGETATION ZONES .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Competition Effects in an Afrotemperate Forest Thomas Seifert1*†, Stefan Seifert1†, Armin Seydack2, Graham Durrheim2 and Klaus Von Gadow1†
    Seifert et al. Forest Ecosystems 2014, 1:13 http://www.forestecosyst.com/content/1/1/13 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Competition effects in an afrotemperate forest Thomas Seifert1*†, Stefan Seifert1†, Armin Seydack2, Graham Durrheim2 and Klaus von Gadow1† Abstract Background: Information about competition responses is mainly available for monospecific stands or mixed stands with a small number of species. Studies on complex multi-species and highly structured forest ecosystems are scarce. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to quantify competition effects and analyse competition responses in a species-diverse afrotemperate forest in South Africa, based on an observational study with mapped tree positions and long-term diameter increment records. Methods: The sensitivity to competition was analysed for individual species and involved the calculation of the slope of the linear relation between the value of a competition index (CI) and diameter growth as a measure of sensitivity. In a next step different competition indices were combined and tree diameters were grouped in three classes as surrogates for canopy status and ontogenetic stage. Results: Five competition indices were found to be effective in showing sensitivity to competition for a number of canopy and sub-canopy species. Significant linear regressions were fitted for 18 of a total of 25 species. Species reactions varied significantly in their sensitivity to the different CIs. The indices were classified as belonging to two groups, those that responded more to local crowding and those that are more sensitive to overtopping, which revealed species-specific sensitivities to both factors. The analysis based on diameter classes revealed that species clearly changed their sensitivity to crowding or overtopping depending on diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapanea Melanophloeos | Plantz Africa About:Reader?Url=
    Rapanea melanophloeos | Plantz Africa about:reader?url=http://pza.sanbi.org/rapanea-melanophloeos pza.sanbi.org Rapanea melanophloeos | Plantz Africa Introduction The graceful Cape beech is a hardy tree for a large, coastal garden setting, and for windy areas. Description Description This is an evergreen tree, 4-18 m high. The mature leaves are leathery and dull, dark green, paler below. They are simple, oblong-lanceolate, about 100 mm long, have reddish leaf stalks are and clustered mainly at the end of the branches. When young, leaves are pale green and maroon. Small, whitish or creamy yellow clusters of flowers appear on the branchlets in June to December. The fruits are thinly fleshed and spherical in shape, green when young and purple when matured. It is not uncommon to find flowers and fruit on the same tree. Fruits start appearing three months after the flowers. Conservation Status Status 1 of 4 2016/12/15 12:20 PM Rapanea melanophloeos | Plantz Africa about:reader?url=http://pza.sanbi.org/rapanea-melanophloeos R. melanophloes is not threatened or endangered; this is attributed to its wide distribution. Distribution and habitat Distribution description The Cape beech is widely distributed throughout southern Africa from the southern Cape to Zambia, and the east coast to the tropics. It is found along the damp areas of mountain and coastal forests or swamps and bush clumps. The Cape beech does well in coastal areas where winds are strong; it is fairly drought- tolerant. R. melanophloes and R. gilliana are the two known species of Rapanea in South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Tight Control of Nitrate Acquisition in a Plant Species That Evolved in an Extremely
    Tight Control of Nitrate Acquisition in a Plant Species that Evolved in an Extremely Phosphorus-Impoverished Environment M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan1*, Ricarda Jost1, Mutsumi Watanabe2, Rainer Hoefgen2, Hans Lambers1 & Patrick M. Finnegan1 1School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; 2Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D- 14476, Germany * Author for correspondence: M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan Tel: +61 430079374 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Abstract Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) has evolved in an extremely phosphorus- (P) limited environment. This species exhibits an exceptionally low ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and low protein and nitrogen (N) concentration in its leaves. Little is known about the N requirement of this species, and its link to P metabolism, despite this being the key to understanding how it functions with a minimal P budget. Hakea prostrata plants were grown with various N supplies. Metabolite and elemental analyses were performed to determine its N requirement. Hakea prostrata maintained its organ N content and concentration at a set-point, independent of a 25-fold difference nitrate supplies. This is in sharp contrast to plants that are typically studied, which take up and store excess nitrate. Plants grown without nitrate had lower leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, indicating N deficiency. However, H. prostrata plants at low or high nitrate availability had the same photosynthetic pigment levels, and hence were not physiologically compromised by the treatments. The tight control of nitrate acquisition in H. prostrata retains protein at a very low level, which results in a low demand for rRNA and P.
    [Show full text]
  • De Zalze Plant List
    DE ZALZE ESTATE REGENERATIVE PLANT LIST - 20 AUGUST 2020 Groundcovers Grasses Restios Ferns Bulbs Succulents Climbers Shrubs Shrubs / small Trees PLANTLIST HOUSES: KLIPHEUWEL - WHITE PLANTING COMPLETED trees Low growing flowering plants Agapanthus africanus 'Albus' (white) African lily (Albus) Coleonema album Cape May Hypoestes aristata (White) Ribbon bush Myrsine africana Cape Myrtle Pelargonium peltatum (white) Ivy-leaved Pelargonium Plectranthus verticillatus Money plant Plumbago auriculata (white) Cape Leadwort Scabiosa drakensbergensis (white) Drakensberg Scabious Watsonia borbonica 'Snow Queen' White Bugle Lily PLANTLIST HOUSES: GENERAL Trees Acokanthera oppositifolia Bushman's Poison Canthium mundianum (= Afrocanthium gilfillanii) Rock Alder Celtis africana White stinkwood Diospyros whyteana Bladder-Nut Kiggelaria africana Wild Peach Nuxia floribunda Forest Elder Olea europaea subsp. africana Wild Olive Pittosporum viridiflorum White Cape Beech Rapanea melanophloeos Cape Beech Rothmannia capensis Wild Gardenia Rothmannia globosa September Bells Sideroxylon inerme White Milkwood Zanthoxylum capense Small Knobwood Small Trees/Shrubs Buddleja saligna (shade) False Olive Buddleja salviifolia (sun) Sagewood Burchellia bubalina Wild Pomegranate Buxus macowanii African Box Cassine peragua Cape Saffron Crotalaria capensis Cape Rattle-Pod Dais cotinifolia Pompon Tree Diospyros glabra Fynbos Star-apple Grewia occidentalis Cross-Berry Gymnosporia buxifolia Spikethorn Halleria lucida Tree Fuchsia Indigofera natalensis Forest Indigo Maurocenia
    [Show full text]
  • Download [PDF File]
    Toreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World U.S. D-T. pf,,„,ç^^,^^ AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 197 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World An Annotated List by Parley Spaulding, formerly forest pathologis Northeastern Forest Experiment Station Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 197 August 1961 U.S. DEPAftTÄffiNT OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Two publications have been indispensable to the author in prepar- ing this handbook. John A. Stevenson's "Foreign Plant Diseases" (U.S. Dept. Agr. unnumbered publication, 198 pp., 1926) has served as a reliable guide. Information on the occurrence of tree diseases in the United States has been obtained from the "Index of Plant Dis- eases in the United States" by Freeman Weiss and Muriel J. O'Brien (U.S. Dept. Agr. Plant Dis. Survey Spec. Pub. 1, Parts I-V, 1263 pp., 1950-53). The author wishes to express liis appreciation to Dean George A. Garratt for providing free access to the library of the School of Forestry, Yale University. The Latin names and authorities for the trees were verified by Elbert L. Little, Jr., who also checked the common names and, where possible, supplied additional ones. His invaluable assistance is grate- fully acknowledged. To Bertha Mohr special thanks are due for her assistance, enabling the author to complete a task so arduous that no one else has attempted it. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, iTs. Government Printing Ofläee- Washington 25, D.C. — Price $1.00 *^ CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 The diseases 2 Viruses 3 Bacteria 7 Fungi 13 Host index of the diseases 279 Foreign diseases potentially most dangerous to North American forests__ 357 m Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World INTRODUCTION Diseases of forest trees may be denned briefly as abnormal physi- ology caused by four types of factors, singly or in combination: (1) Nonliving, usually referred to as nonparasitic or site factor; (2) ani- mals, including insects and nematodes; (3) plants; and (4) viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbaceous Angiosperms Are Not More Vulnerable to Drought-Induced Embolism Than Angiosperm Trees Frederic Lens, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Chloé E
    Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than angiosperm trees Frederic Lens, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Chloé E. L. Delmas, Constant Signarbieux, Alexandre Buttler, Hervé Cochard, Steven Jansen, Thibaud Chauvin, Larissa Chacon Doria, Marcelino del Arco, et al. To cite this version: Frederic Lens, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Chloé E. L. Delmas, Constant Signarbieux, Alexandre But- tler, et al.. Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than angiosperm trees. Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists, 2016, 172 (2), pp.661-667. 10.1104/pp.16.00829. hal-02638426 HAL Id: hal-02638426 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02638426 Submitted on 28 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Plant Physiology Preview. Published on June 7, 2016, as DOI:10.1104/pp.16.00829 1 short title: Embolism resistance in herbs 2 3 Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism 4 than angiosperm trees 5 6 Frederic Lensa, Catherine Picon-Cochardb, Chloé E. L. Delmasc, Constant Signarbieuxd,e, 7 Alexandre Buttlerd,e, Hervé Cochardf, Steven Janseng, Thibaud Chauvinf,h, Larissa 8 Chacon Doriaa, Marcelino del Arcoi, Sylvain Delzonj 9 10 aNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Myrtales</I> in China: Phylogeny, Host Range, And
    Persoonia 45, 2020: 101–131 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.04 Cryphonectriaceae on Myrtales in China: phylogeny, host range, and pathogenicity W. Wang1,2, G.Q. Li1, Q.L. Liu1, S.F. Chen1,2 Key words Abstract Plantation-grown Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) and other trees residing in the Myrtales have been widely planted in southern China. These fungal pathogens include species of Cryphonectriaceae that are well-known to cause stem Eucalyptus and branch canker disease on Myrtales trees. During recent disease surveys in southern China, sporocarps with fungal pathogen typical characteristics of Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the surfaces of cankers on the stems and branches host jump of Myrtales trees. In this study, a total of 164 Cryphonectriaceae isolates were identified based on comparisons of Myrtaceae DNA sequences of the partial conserved nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA, internal transcribed spacer new taxa (ITS) regions including the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal DNA operon, two regions of the β-tubulin (tub2/tub1) gene, plantation forestry and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene region, as well as their morphological characteristics. The results showed that eight species reside in four genera of Cryphonectriaceae occurring on the genera Eucalyptus, Melastoma (Melastomataceae), Psidium (Myrtaceae), Syzygium (Myrtaceae), and Terminalia (Combretaceae) in Myrtales. These fungal species include Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Celoporthe syzygii, Cel. eucalypti, Cel. guang­ dongensis, Cel. cerciana, a new genus and two new species, as well as one new species of Aurifilum. These new taxa are hereby described as Parvosmorbus gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia)
    FOREST & LANDSCAPE WORKING PAPERS 62 / 2011 Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) VOLUME 2 Description and Tree Species Composition for Forest Potential Natural Vegetation types R. Kindt, P. van Breugel, J.-P.B Lillesø, M. Bingham, Sebsebe Demissew, C. Dudley, I. Friis, F. Gachathi, J. Kalema, F. Mbago, V. Minani, H.N. Moshi, J. Mulumba, M. Namaganda, H.J. Ndangalasi, C.K. Ruffo, R. Jamnadass and L. Graudal Title Potential natural vegetation of eastern Africa. Volume 2: Description and tree species composition for forest potential natural vegetation types Authors Kindt, R., van Breugel, P., Lillesø, J.-P.B., Bingham, M., Sebsebe Demissew, Dudley, C., Friis, I., Gachathi, F., Kalema, J., Mbago, F., Minani, V., Moshi, H.N., Mulumba, J., Namaganda, M., Ndangalasi, H.J., Ruffo, C.K., Jamnadass, R. and Graudal, L. Collaborating Partner World Agroforestry Centre Publisher Forest & Landscape Denmark University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg [email protected] +45-3331500 Series - title and no. Forest & Landscape Working Paper 62-2011 ISBN ISBN 978-87-7903-551-5 Layout Melita Jørgensen Citation Kindt, R., van Breugel, P., Lillesø, J.-P.B., Bingham, M., Sebsebe Demissew, Dudley, C., Friis, I., Gachathi, F., Kalema, J., Mbago, F., Minani, V., Moshi, H.N., Mulumba, J., Namaganda, M., Ndangalasi, H.J., Ruffo, C.K., Jamnadass, R. and Graudal, L. 2011 Po- tential natural vegetation of eastern Africa. Volume 2: Description and tree species composition for forest potential natural vegetation types. Forest & Landscape Working Papers no. 62-2011 Citation allowed with clear source indication All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]