23 92 2 36 ( )

Agriolimax agrestis L. (: Limacidae) *1 2

1 ([email protected] ) : *2 91 12/ 12/ : 90 11/ :1/

. . - . . . pH . 67 56 (6 ) 6 5 pH . 60 . 6 4 . . 50 60 50 40

28/3 44/1 44/2 Km

17/1 24/1 Km . . 94/0 . : p- ) nitrophenyl- α- D-glucoside ( . . ١ (. 1994 ) EC ) . 14 α ( 3.2.1.20

1 - Terra & Ferreira 24 ... :

(. 1969 β . 14 (Caucasotachea lencoranea (Stylommatophora: )) . (Arion ater L. (: Arionidae)) ) Incilaria bilineata (Gastropoda: .( 1994 Philomycidae) pH ) ١ . 1389 ؛ 1962 ٢ . .( 1998 - - Agriolimax agrestis L. . . ) ٣ 1993 .) ٧ - .( 2008 ) (

. achatina ( Stylommatophora: A. ater A. fulica )) (Pila ovata Olivier

. (Architaenioglossa: Ampullariidae)) . (Lymnaea natalensis (Hygrophila: Lymnaeidae)) (Biomphalaria sudanica . (Hygrophila: Planorbidae)) (Bulinus africanus (Hygrophila: . B. nasutus Planorbidae)) ٤ 5 1976 )

6 1962 2007 1 - Evans & Jones 2 - Yamasaki & konno 3 - Esen 4 - Umezurike 5 - Hu et al. 7 - George et al. 6 - Coles

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. . ١ .( 2000 ) A. agrestis . . ) 20 1( . . . (IPM) . IPM . . 1 Agriolimax agrestis . . + 4 . A. agrestis 15 (rpm) 13000 . . .

1 - Sharma & Ortiz 26 ... :

. /0 156 : 10 25/15/25 /0 625 /0 312 ١ . (1977 ) ٢ pH ) ( 2010 pH 04/0 p-nitrophenol α-D- 10 . 12 3 p-nitrophenol glucopyranosid 115 . ß-D- glucopyranosid 12 3 pH 37 . 37 45 3 170 04/0 25 10 37 20 115 45 600 . 20 . 25/0 600 . 25/0 . 405 10 : Microplate reader Stat Fax 405 3200 10 . 04/0 115 . ( pH ) pH = 5 65 55 45 35 25 15 ) . 75( 45 3 37 . . 20 . . pH

. 1 - Siegentaler 2 - Ghadamyari et al.

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glucopyranoside (4-MU αG) Km) 3 ( Vmax ( Vmax Km) . . UV 80 40 20 10 5 5/2 . 10 ٣ ( 1976 ) 45 . pH= 6 115 . 30 20 15 0 25/0 600 405 ( Vo) . 02/1 ) Vmax Km . 4 . ( 1993 A. native-PAGE agrestis - ١ ٢ 1(. ) ( 2002 ) ( 1964 ) . ٥ . ٦ % 4 ) . (% 10 Stylommatophora . 4 100 . 1/0 ٧ .( 2002 ) 10 ( pH= )5/6 4-methylumbelliferyl- . ß-D-glucopyranoside (4-MUßG) 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D- 3 - Bradford 4 - Buccal bulb 5 - Oesophagus 6 - Midgut gland 1 - Davis 7 - Dimitriadis 2 - Tokuda et al. 28 ... :

H. . lucorum . . . . ٦ .( 1996 ) A. ater .( 1 ) . - 30 Helicidae 14 20 ١ .( 2001 ) Archachatina ventricosa . (Stylommatophora: ) . 6 ± 1/0 pH α .( 1962 ) β A. fulica ٢ ٣ . 1980 ) 26/0 .( 1994 1997 (. 2007 ) (Helix lucorum L. (Stylommatophora: A. fulica A. agrestis . Helicidae)) ٤ .A achatina . ٥ . .( 1992 ) 24

.( 2007 ) 1 - Baker 2 - Colas 3 - Leparoux et al. 4 - Crop 6 - Flari & Lazaridou-Dimitriadou 5 - Flari & Charrier

29 92 2 36 ( )

1 ( ± )Agriolimax agrestis (µmol/min/mg protein) (µmol/min/mg protein) 18/5 ± 12/0 a 04/3 ± 1/0 a 69/1 ± 02/0 c 42/1 ± 08/0 b 16/4 ± 02/0 b 69/1 ± 03/0 b ( ) 5% pH . pH 67 56 6 ٢ .( 2000 ) pH 2(. ) pH 55 5/5 A. fulica 6 5 .( 2008 ) 3(. ) 6 4 45 30 45 pH 50 30 56 pH . .( 1389 ) Perna viridis Linnaeus ) 40 35 pH ١ .( 1389 ( 1990 ) 5/5 pH Iolaus bilineata . . 5/45/5 55 60 . 45 4(. ) 55 45 60 50 40 . 50 - .( 5 )

2 - Zeng & Cohen 1 - Teo & Sabapathy 30 ... :

pH 2 Agriolimax agrestis ( ) 5%

31 92 2 36 ( )

pH 3 Agriolimax agrestis ( ) 5%

32 ... :

4 Agriolimax agrestis ( ) 5%

33 92 2 36 ( )

5 Agriolimax agrestis ( ) 5%

A. ater ١ ) A. columbianus . (. 1997 pH pH (Ariolimax 50 5 A. fulica columbianus (Stylommatophora: A. ater Arionidae)) .( 2007 ) ( ) pH ( ) . ( 7 5 pH ) 1 - James et al. 34 ... :

A. Km . 55 5/5 A. fulica fulica (. 2008 )

/0 224 Vmax Km (. 2007 ) - V K Km max m A. A. agrestis - . fulica 2 Vmax Km . 84/9 Km 11/0 Vmax Km . . /0 042 10 48/ Km ) Km ( 1389 . Km p- A. agrestis nitrophenol ß-D- glucopyranosid . . Vmax /K m .( 2 ) Vmax /K m . (A. achatina ) . 2/0 04/0 K - 2/0 m ١ .( 2004 ) Km A. agrestis . ) (7 10 1/0 A. 6(. ) agrestis 1 - Akpon & Umoh

35 92 2 36 ( )

2 Agriolimax agrestis

Vmax /K m Vmax Km (mM) Vmax /K m Vmax Km (mM) (µmol/min/m (µmol/min/mg g protein) protein) 51/4 6/5 ± 1/0 a 24/1 ± 05/0 a 82/1 46/4 ± 09/0 a 44/2 ± /0 1 b 23/2 91/2 ± 08/0 b 94/0 ± 03/0 a 01/2 62/6 ± 2/1 b 28/3 ± 15/0 a 56/2 3± 06/0 c 17/1 ± 07/0 a 89/0 29/1 ± 02/0 c 44/1 ± 06/0 c .( ) 5% α-glu ß-glu a b

( ß-glu ) ( α-glu ) 6 . Agriolimax agrestis . 92/1 36 ... :

. A. C ) 2 achatina . D 82000 A. agrestis . ( 41000 . 56/5 pH .( 1976 ) . A. achatina 41000 82000 1 . (. 1976 ) A. . agrestis pH . 60 40 Km . . . Km Km

1 - Aestivating snails

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. 1389 . . . . 1. . Caucasotachea lencoranea (Stylommatophora: Helicidae) . 281 271 :( 41)2 .

2. Akpon, E.J., and Umoh, I.B. 2004. Inhibitory activity of seed extract from Picralima nitida, (Staph) on ß-D-glucosidase. Biokemistri, 16(2): 72-78.

3. Barker, G.M. 2001. The biology of terrestrial molluscus. Cromwell Press, pp: 558

4. Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry , 72: 248- 254.

5. Colas, B. 1980. Kinetic studies on β- fucosidase of Achatina balteata . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 613: 448-458.

6. Coles, G.C. 1969. Isoenzymes of snail livers-I. Hydrolysing enzymes and peroxidase. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 29(1): 403-411.

7. Davis, B. J. 1964. Disc electrophoresis II. Method and application to human serum proteins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 12: 404- 427.

8. Dimitriadis, V.K. 2001. Structure and function of the digestive system in Stylommatophora. In Barker, G.M. (ed), The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing. pp: 237-258.

9. Esen, A. 1993. Beta glucosidase: biochemistry and molecular biology. American Chemical Society of Washington Press. pp: 250.

10. Evans W.A.L., and Jones , E.G. 1962 . Carbohydrates in the alimentary tract of the slug Arion ater L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 5(3): 149-160.

11. Flari, V., and Charrier, M. 1992. Contribution to the study of carbohydrases in the digestive tract of the edible snail Helix lucorum L. (Gastropoda: : Stylommatophora) in relation to its age and its physiological state. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 102 (2): 363-372.

12. Flari, V., and Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, M. 1996. Evolution of digestion of carbohydrates in the separate parts of the digestive tract of the edible snail Helix lucorum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) during a complete 24-hour cycle and the first days of starvation. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 165(7): 580-591.

13. George, F., Back, E.J., and Gatehouse A.M.R. 2008. Characterisation of midgut digestive proteases from the maize stem borer Busseola fusca Derick. Pest Management Science, 64:1151–1158. 38 ... :

14. Ghadamyari, M., Hosseininaveh, V., and Sharifi, M. 2010. Partial biochemical characterization of alpha and beta glucosidases of lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lep.: Pyralidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 333(3):197- 204.

15. Hu, Y., Luana, H., Hao, D., Xiao, H., Yang, S., and Yang, L. 2007. Purification and characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing ß-D-glucosidase from the China white jade snail ( Achatina fulica ). Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40: 1358– 1366.

16. Hu, Y., Luan, H., Zhou, K., Ge, G., Yang, S., and Yang, L. 2008. Purification and characterization of a novel glycosidase from the china white jade snail ( Achatina fulica ) showing transglycosylation activity. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 43: 35–42.

17. James, R., Nguyen, T., Arthur, W., Levine, K., and Williams, D.C. 1997. Hydrolase (β-glucanase, α-glucanase and protease) activity in Ariolimax columbianus (banana slug) and Arion ater (garden slug). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 118: 275–283.

18. Leparoux, S., Padrines, M., Placier, G., and Colas, B. 1997. Characterization of a strictly specific acid β- galactosidase from Achatina achatina . Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1336: 522-532.

19. Leparoux, S., Fortun, Y., and Colas, B. 1994. Synthesis of β-galactosyl– (hydroxy amino acid) derivatives usings β–galactosidase acivity of Achatina achatina digestive juice. Biotechnology Letters, 16: 677-682.

20. Sharma, H.C., and Ortiz, R. 2000. Transgenics, pest management, and the environment. Current Science, 79: 421–437.

21. Siegentaler, U. 1977. Eine einfache & rasche methode zur bestimmung de alpha– glucosidase (saccharase) in honing. Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Lebensmittel- untersuchung un Hygiene, 68: 251– 258.

22. Teo, L.H., and Sabapathy, U. 1990. Preliminary report on the digestive enzyme present in the digestive gland of Perna viridis . Marine Biology, 106: 403– 407.

23. Terra, W.R., and Ferreira, C. 1994. Insect digestive enzym properties, compartmentalization and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 109(1): 1-62.

24. Tokuda, G., Saito, H., and Watanabe, H. 2002. A digestive β-glucosidase from the salivary glands of the termite, Neotermes koshunensis (Shiraki): distribution, characterization and isolation of its precursor cDNA by 5'- and 3'-RACE amplifications with degenerate primers. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 32(12): 1681- 1689.

25. Umezurike, G.M. 1976. The beta-glucosidase in the gut contents of the snail Achatina achatina . Biochemical Journal, 157(2): 381-387.

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26. Yamasaki, Y., and Konno, H. 1998. Purification and properties of α- glucosidase fom slugs. Bulletin of the Research Institute for Bioresources Okayama University, 5: 121-127.

27. Zeng, F., and Cohen. A.C. 2000. Partial characterization of α-amylase in the salivary glands of lygus hesperus and L. Lineolaris . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 126: 9-16.