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Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk of Orissa Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk of Orissa

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Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk of Orissa Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk of Orissa ARTISANAL MARINE FISHERFOLK OF ORISSA ARTISANAL MARINE FISHERFOLK OF ORISSA Study of Their Technology, Economic Status, Social Organization and Cognitive Patterns Includes an Annotated Bibliography on Artisanal Marine Fisheries in India Edited by U. TIETZE VIDYAPURI Balubazar, Cuttack-753002 First Published December, 1985 Published by Sri Pitamber Misra at Vidyapuri, Balubazar, Cuttack 753 002 and Printed by Sri Dibakar Misra at Goswami Press, Alamchand Bazar, Cuttack-753002. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The articles presented in this book are based on studies conducted within the framework of the SIDA-funded small-scale fisheries project of the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Our thanks go to Mr. L. O. Engvall, Programme Director, who not only allocated the resources necessary to carry out the work but also gave valuable advice with regard to the chapter on environment and technology and was always available for discussions and comments. We thank Dr. B. Raychaudhury of the Anthropologi- cal Survey of India who has been a permanent source of inspiration to the authors and whose profound knowledge of the fisherfolk castes of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and of their traditional occupations helped the authors a great deal. We would like to thank the officials of the Directo- rate of Fisheries of Orissa, and the Marine Fisheries Extension Service, Orissa-particularly Mr. G. S. P. Misra, Mr. B. S. Durgaya, Mr. R. K. Das, Mr. A. N. Sethy, Mr. S.R. Das and Mr. R. P. Nanda for their wholehearted support and able advice while preparing and conducting the study. We would also like to thank the enthusiastic field survey investigators- Mr. K. Ethiraj, Mr. B. K. Panda, Mr. R. Radhakrishnan, Ms. Theresa, Mr. B. Ch. Barik, Mr. P. C. Mohanty, Mr. S. Mitra, MS. A. Mohanty, Mr. H. Srivastava, Mr. K. M. Dei, Mr. S. Misra, Mr. S. Shekar and Mr. G. Ch. Das. Last, but not the least, we would like to thank Mrs. P. Gordon, Mrs. M. Paul and Mrs. K. Yourey for their secretarial assistance. The photographs in the book were taken by E. Amalore, M. H. Kalavathy and U. Tietze. CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction by U. Tietze . 1 2. Fishing Technology and Fishermen’s Perception of their Marine Environment by C. Cunningham/P. Mohapatra/U. Tietze . 7 7 2.1 Marine Environment . 9 2.2 Fishing Gear and Methods . 9 2.2.1 Gillnets . .. 2.2.1.1 Gillnets used by Artisanal Fishermen in North Orissa ... 11 2.2.1.2 Gillnets used by Artisanal Fisherfolk in South Orissa . 14 2.2.1.3 Conclusions . .. 17 2.2.2 Encircling Nets, Boat Seines and Beach Seines . 18 2.2.2.1 Encircling Nets of North Orissa . .... 20 2.2.2.2 Boat and Beach Seine of South Orissa . .. 23 2.2.2.3 Conclusions . 26 2.2.3 Tidal Wallnets . 27 2.2.4 Liftnets ... 28 2.2.5 Handlines and Longlines .. .. 29 2.2.6 Cast Nets . 31 2.3 Artisanal Marine Fishing Craft of Orissa . .. 31 2.3.1 Fishing Craft of North Orissa . 32 2.3.2 Fishing Craft of South Orissa . .. .. 34 ( ii ) PAGE 2.4 Development and Distribution of Tradi- tional Fishing Craft and Gear . 36 2.5 Fishermen’s Perceptions of their Marine Environment . 40 2.5.1 Perceptions of Oriya Fisherfolk in North Orissa . .. .. 42 2.5.2 Perceptions of Telugu Fisherfolk in South Orissa . .. 48 3. Ethnical and Socio-Cultural Background of Marine Fishing Communities in Orissa by M. H. Kalavathy . 59 3.1 Caste Background of Artisanal Fisherfolk .. .. .. 59 3.1.1 Fisherfolk Castes of South Orissa .. 59 3.1.2 Caste Background of Fisherfolk of North Orissa .. 62 3.2 Habitation and Settlement Pattern . 67 3.2.1 Habitation and Settlement Pattern of Fisherfolk in North Orissa . 67 3.2.2 Habitation and Settlement Pattern of Fisherfolk in South Orissa . ... 70 3.2.3 Infrastructural Facilities . 71 3.3 Festivals and Rituals of Telugu Fisherfolk of South Orissa .. 73 3.3.1 Worship . 73 3.3.2 Festivals . 77 3.3.3 Rituals associated with Fishing . 79 4. Family Structure, Socialization and Cognitive Patterns in Different Economic Strata of Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk by M. H. Kalavathy/U. Tielze . 80 ( iii ) PAGE 4.1 Present Stage of Development of Artisanal Marine Fishing Economy and Economic Stratification . 80 4.2 Family, Socialization Process and Cognitive Patterns in Different Economic Strata of Artisanal Marine Fisherfolk of South Orissa . 88 4.2.1 Economic Stratification and Family . 88 4.2.1.1 Family Type and Size of Family . 91 4.2.1.2 Formation and Breakup of Families . 94 4.2.1.3 Division of Labour in the Family . 97 4.2.1.4 Decision-making Pattern .... 109 4.2.1.4.1 Verbalization of Family Matters . 109 4.2,1.4.2 Participation in Discussion of Family Matters . 112 4.2.1.4.3 Participation in Decision-making . 112 4.2.2 Economic Stratification and Socialization . 115 4.2.2.1 Educational Status of Children . 116 4.2.2.2 Initiation into Work . 117 4.2.2.3 Expected Behav iour of Children . 117 4.2.2.4 Expectations of Children’s Future Occupation ... 122 4.2.3 Economic Stratification and Cognitive Patterns . 124 4.2.3.1 Perception of Future of Trade . 124 4.2.3.2 Perception of Nature . 125 4.3 Family, Socialization Process and Cognitive Patterns in Different Economic Strata of Oriya and Bengali Artisanal Marine Fisher- folk of North Orissa . 127 4.3.1 Economic Stratification and Family . 128 (iv) PAGE 4.3.1.1 Family Type and Size of Family ... 128 4.3.1.2 Division of Labour in the Family . 129 4.3.1.3 Decision-making Pattern . 133 4.3.1.3.1 Verbalization of Family Matters . 133 4.3.1.3.2 Participation in Discussion of Family Matters . 135 4.3.1.3.3 Participation in Decision-making . .. 135 4.3.2 Economic Stratification and Socialization . 136 4.3.2.1 Initiation into Work . 136 4.3.2.2 Expected Behaviour of Children .... 139 4.3.3 Economic Stratification and Cognitive Patterns .... 144 4.3.3. I Perception of Future of Trade . 145 4.3.3.2 Perception of Nature . 146 4.4 Summary . 147 5 The Influence of Traditional Caste Occupation on Present Economic and Occupational Status, Perception of Nature and Trade, Child Socialization and Religious Practices and Rituals By R. Ray/U Tietze . 151 5.1 Economic and Occupational Status . 152 5.2 Perception of Nature and Trade . 156 5.3 Child Socialization . 159 5.4 Religious Practices and Rituals . 161 5.4.1 Religious Practices and Rituals related to Fishing . 119 5.4.2 Rituals for Children . 164 5.5 Summary . 166 (v) PAGE References . 168 List of Tables Chapter 2 Table 1 : Fishing Craft and Gear- districtwise . 38 3 Table 1 : Demographic Data-districtwise . 66 4 Table 1 : Distribution of Assets in Ganjam and Puri Districts of Orissa . 84 Table 2 : Distribution of Assets in Cuttack and Balasore Districts of Orissa . 85 Table 3 : Family Type vs. Economic Stratum . 93 Table 4 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Labourers’ Group . 98 Table 5 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Small Owner Group . 99 Table 6 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Big Owner Group ... 100 Table 7 : Distribution of Work among Women (Female Respondents) . 102 ‘Table 8 : Distribution of Work among Men (Male Respondents) . 104 Table 9 : Verbalization of Family Matters . 107 Table 10 : Participation in Discussion of Family Matters (Men’s Percep- tion) 110 Table 11 : Participation in Discussion of FamilyMatters (Women’s Perception) 111 (vi) PAGE Table 12 : Participation in Decision-making (Men’s Perception) . 113 Table 13 : Participation in Decision-making (Women’s Perception) . 114 Table 14 : Educational Status of Children of Schoolgoing Age vs. Eco- nomic Stratum . 116 Table 15 : initiation into Work . 118 Table 16 : Expected Behaviour of Children vs. Economic Stratum . 120 Table 17 : Expectations of Chi ldren’s Future Occupation vs. Econo- mic Stratum . 123 Table 18 : Perception of Future of Trade vs. Economic Stratum . 124 Table 19 : Perception of Causes for Cyclone vs. Economic Stratum . 126 Table 20 : Perception of Causes for good/ poor Catch VS. Economic Stratum . 126 Table 21 : Family Type vs. Economic Stratum . 128 Table 22 : Size of Family vs. Economic Stratum . 128 Table 23 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Labourer Group . 130 Table 24 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Net Owner Group . 131 Table 25 : Division of Labour in House- hold-Boat and Net Owner Group . 132 ( vii ) PAGE Table 26 : Verbalization of Family Matters vs. Economic Stratum . 134 Table 27 : Participation in Discussion of Family Matters vs. Economic Stratum . 137 Table 28 : Participation in Decision- making vs. Economic Stratum . .. 138 Table 29 : Initiation into Work vs. Eco- nomic Stratum ... 140 Table 30 : Expected Behaviour of Children vs. Economic Stratum ... 142 Table 31 : Expectation towards Son’s Future Occupation vs. Economic Stratum .... 144 Table 32 : Economic Stratum vs. Perception of Future of Trade .... 1 4 5 Table 33 : Perception of Causes of Cyclone vs. Economic Stratum ... 146 Table 34 : Perception of Reasons for Good/ Poor Catch vs. Economic Stratum .... 146 5 Table 1 : Traditional Caste Occupation vs. Present Occupational Status ... 152 Table 2 : Traditional Caste Occupation vs. Economic Status . 153 Table 3 : Traditional Caste Occupation vs. Ownership of Fishing Technology . 154 Table 4 : Traditional Caste Occupation vs. Variety of Fishing Craft and Gear . 155 Table 5 : Reasons for Good and Poor Catch .... 157 ( viii ) PAGE Table 6 : Causes of Cyclones . 157 Table 7 : Perception of Future of Trade . 158 Table 8 : Initiation into Work vs.
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