2.1 Bruchia Vogesiaca SCHWÄGR. Code: 1385 Anhang: II

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2.1 Bruchia Vogesiaca SCHWÄGR. Code: 1385 Anhang: II 2.1 Bruchia vogesiaca SCHWÄGR. Code: 1385 Anhang: II KLAUS WEDDELING, GERHARD LUDWIG & MONIKA HACHTEL, Bonn Namen: D: Vogesen-Bruchmoos, Vogesen-Faulköpfchen, Vogesen-Bruchie E: Common Small Candle Moss F: Bruchie des Vosges Systematik/Taxonomie: Bryophyta, Bryopsida, Dicranidae, Dicranales, Bruchiaceae. Synonyme: Bruchia longicollis D. C. EATON, Saproma vogesiacum (SCHWÄGR.) BRID., Voitia vogesica (SCHWÄGR.) DUBY Kennzeichen/Artbestimmung: (zusammengestellt nach BONNOT 1967, BONNOT 1968, RUSHING 1986, CAO & GAO 1988, SÉRGIO et al. 1998): Das akrokarpe, bräunlich-grüne Moose Laubmoos (Abb. 2.1) wächst i.d.R. herdenbildend und besitzt ein Dauerprotonema. Die im Sommer zwischen Mai und September fruchtende, vermutlich sommerannuelle Art (schriftl. Mitt. Frahm) ist mit Sporogon nur zwischen 5 und 14 mm hoch. Das beblätterte Stämmchen macht davon nur etwa 1,7 mm aus, die schwach schopfig angeordneten, ganz- randigen Blättchen erreichen Längen von 1,8–4,7 mm. Sie sind lang zugespitzt, in der unte- ren, eiförmigen Hälfte bis 1 mm breit, im oberen Abschnitt sehr schmal und z. T. ventral zusammengerollt. Die deutlich entwickelte Rippe tritt apikal aus. Die oberen Laminazel- len sind linear bis unregelmäßig geformt, 36–64 µm lang und 12–20 µm breit. Bruchia ist autözisch und bildet in basalen Knospen Antheridien, apikal Archegonien. Die gelbliche Seta ist lang über die Blätter herausgehoben, die zylindrisch-birnenförmige, bis 3 mm lange Kapsel hat einen charakteristischen Hals, der bis zu 50 % ihrer Länge ausmacht. Ein Kapseldeckel ist bei der kleistokarpen Art nicht differenziert, die mitriforme Kalyptra glatt. Die mit 24–30 µm Durchmesser relativ großen Sporen haben eine warzige Oberflächen- struktur. Angaben zur Chromosomenzahl konnten nicht ermittelt werden. Eine vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt über protonemabürtige Gemmen (SÉRGIO et al. 1998). Differenzie- rende Merkmale gegenüber den 12 Arten des Subgenus Sporledera (RUSHING 1986) sind vor allem die warzigen Sporen (vgl. BONNOT 1968, RUSHING 1985) und die bis 7 mm lange Seta. Die morphologisch nächststehende, ebenfalls dem Subgenus Bruchia ange- hörende Bruchia flexuosa LESQ. ist durch kürzere Blätter und eine weniger stark zusammengezogene obere Blatthälfte unterschieden. Abbildungen der Art finden sich bei z. B. SÉRGIO et al. (1998, Abb. 1 u. 2, S. 56: Habitus und Protonema-Gemmen) und CAO & GAO (1988 Fig. 1, S. 452: Blätter, Laminazellen und Querschnitte). Areal/Verbreitung: Welt: Bruchia vogesiaca ist in Europa, Nordamerika und China wahrscheinlich von weni- ger als 30 Lokalitäten nachgewiesen worden. Die Vorkommen liegen in Höhenlagen zwi- schen der collinen Stufe (Oberpfalz, SW Frankreich) und etwa 1800 m (Portugal). Das Areal der Art kann als ozeanisch-collin (-submontan, amphiatlantisch) beschrieben werden (DÜLL 1984). In Nordamerika sind nur wenige Funde aus dem Staat New York bekannt (Höhenlage etwa 900 m ü. NN), die Nachweise stammen von vor 1950 (RUSHING 1986, CRUM & ANDERSON 1981 und Herbarbeleg in NY). 1955 wurde die Art ein einziges Mal auch in der Provinz Fujian, China, nachgewiesen (CAO & GAO 1988). Der Schwerpunkt ihrer Verbreitung liegt demnach in Zentral-, West- und Südwest-Europa (s. u., Verbrei- tungskarten in BONNOT 1967 und SÉRGIO et al. 1998). EU: Westeuropa: Eine Übersicht der Nachweise in Frankreich gibt BONNOT (1967): Am Hohneck in den Vogesen liegt die Typuslokalität, von der die Art auch später noch mehr- 215 fach bis 1914 nachgewiesen wurde (z. B. BAUR 1899). Spätere Angaben von hier sind nicht belegt (schriftl. Mitt. Frahm). Die Art wurde in den Vogesen zuletzt 1984 bei La Saulotte gefunden (FRAHM 2002). Weitere Meldungen von Bruchia vogesiaca stammen aus der Haute-Saône, der Saône-et-Loire (DISMIER 1906), von der Creuse, der Haute-Vienne, aus der Corrèze, aus der Gironde und schließlich von der Landes (BONNOT 1967). Eine neu- ere Zusammenstellung der Fundorte in Ost- und Zentralfrankreich findet sich im Internet- angebot des französischen Umweltministeriums (MINISTÉRE DE L’ECOLOGIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2002). Genauere Angaben zu diesen Fundorten liegen nicht vor, doch vermutlich handelt es sich jeweils um nur eine Lokalität. Südeuropa: SÉNECA & SÉRGIO (1992) und SÉRGIO et al. (1998) stellen die Funde auf der westlichen Iberischen Halbinsel zusammen: 1928 wurde die Art im spanischen Galizien nachgewiesen, in den achtziger Jahren außerdem von RIVAS (1988) für die Provinz Salamanca belegt. Auch aus Portugal gibt es mehrere Belege aus neuerer Zeit (SÉRGIO et al. 1998). Alpen und Zen- traleuropa: In Österreich wurden „… wenige Exemplare …“ der Art von SAUTER (1874) im Juni 1840 in einem Waldsumpf NW des Bades St. Thoma bei Ried im Inntal (Oberös- terreich) nachgewiesen. Bereits wenig später konnte Sauter Bruchia hier nicht mehr wiederfinden. Seither konnte auch GRIMS (1999) die Art trotz intensiver Nachsuche nicht mehr bestätigen. D: In Deutschland war B. vogesiaca nur aus der Oberpfalz (Bayern) bekannt. PRIEM (1874) belegte „… mehrere und hinlänglich gute Exemplare“ an einem Grabenrand innerhalb einer Feuchtwiese unterhalb der Eisenhütte „Wechsel“ bei Nittenau. Immerhin war die Art hier „… in großer Menge …“ (FAMILLER 1898) vorhanden, so dass Priem Belege an Inter- essierte verschicken konnte. FAMILLER (1898) beobachtete das Vorkommen in den Folge- jahren, im August 1897 waren nach Aushebung und Verbreiterung des Grabens „… nur wenige Pflänzchen mit noch unreifen Kapseln“ zu finden, 1898 war das Vorkommen erlo- schen. Bruchia hat sich über 20 Jahre an dieser Stelle gehalten. Nach FAMILLER (1911) konnte Priem die Art auch an Gräben bei Sulzmühl nachweisen. Leider gibt es zu diesem Vorkommen keine genaueren Angaben. Seit dieser Zeit gilt Bruchia in Deutschland als ver- schollen. Es bleibt festzuhalten, dass Bruchia vogesiaca in neuerer Zeit nur in Frankreich und auf der Iberischen Halbinsel nachgewiesen wurde. Verantwortung Deutschlands: Bruchia vogesiaca hat ihren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in Europa; die Nachweise in Nordamerika und China sind als Einzelfunde einzustufen und in neuerer Zeit nicht bestätigt. Daher sind die europäischen Staaten, insbesondere Frankreich und Portugal, in besonderem Maße für ihren Erhalt verantwortlich. Da die Art in Deutsch- land aktuell nicht mehr nachgewiesen wurde, trägt die Bundesrepublik zunächst die Ver- antwortung dafür, dass die historischen und andere potenzielle Wuchsorte regelmäßig auf das Vorkommen der Art hin abgesucht werden. Sollte Bruchia wieder aufgefunden werden, wäre Deutschland stark verantwortlich für ihren Erhalt am Nordostrand des Areals. Biologie/Ökologie: Bruchia vogesiaca ist an feuchte bis nasse, offenerdige Kleinstandorte in Mooren, Feuchtwiesen und Waldsümpfen, an Quellen, Gräben und Bächen in meist montaner Höhenlage und ozeanisch geprägtem Klima gebunden. Hier kann sie sich auf offenen, torfig-humos-sandigen, stets sauren, z. T. nähr- und stickstoffreichen Substraten insbesondere an Störstellen – entstanden z. B. durch Sedimentumlagerung bei Hochwäs- sern oder durch Viehtritt und Erdbewegungen – etablieren. In Nordamerika wurde sie auch auf feuchtem, sich zersetzendem Holz in Moorbereichen gefunden (zusammengestellt nach LIMPRICHT 1885, HERZOG 1926, CRUM & ANDERSON 1981, CAO & GAO 1988, SÉNECA & SÉRGIO 1992, MEINUNGER & NUSS 1995, SÉRGIO et al. 1998). MÜLLER (1853) und KUMMER (1873) geben auch Funde auf tierischem Dung an. Über die Aus- 216 breitungsbiologie von B. vogesiaca liegen wenig gesicherte Daten vor. BONNOT (1967) diskutiert die Koinzidenz des Bruchia-Areals mit den Zuglinien europäischer Wasser- und Watvögel zwischen Süddeutschland und der Iberischen Halbinsel. Er vermutet eine (schwer nachweisbare) Verschleppung von Substratresten durch die Zugvögel und nennt Beispiele für die räumliche Nähe ihrer Rast- und Brutgebiete sowie dem Vorkommen von B. vogesiaca. SÉRGIO et al. (1998) bezweifeln dies, da die Art sonst ihrer Meinung nach häufiger sein müsse. Sie halten eine (lokale bis regionale) Ausbreitung über Fließgewässer für wahrscheinlicher. Frahm (schriftl. Mitt.) hält auch eine Fernverbreitung durch Wind für möglich, wie sie auch für andere kleistocarpe Arten nachgewiesen sei (z. B. Archidium ohioense). Für die lokale Dispersion der Art sind aber sicher die Substratverschleppung durch Vieh und Sedimentumlagerungen bei Hochwasserereignissen und starken Nieder- schlägen anzunehmen. Die Lebensstrategie von B. vogesiaca ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Lebensdauer von ein Moose bis zwei Jahren, hohe Investition in sexuelle Vermehrung und häufige Sporophytenbildung, gering entwickelte asexuelle Reproduktion, erste Reproduktion im ersten bis zweiten Jahr, relativ große Sporen, kurzrasiger Wuchs sowie Pioniercharakter der Habitate mit geeigne- ten Wuchsbedingungen auch im Sommerhalbjahr. Die Art gehört demnach vermutlich zum Typ einer „short-lived shuttle species“ (DURING 1979, SÉRGIO et al. 1998, DIERSSEN 2001) oder einer „annual shuttle species“ (schriftl. Mitt. Frahm). Als Begleitarten an fran- zösischen Fundorten von Bruchia nennen BONNOT (1967) und FAMILLER (1898) die Moose Pleuridium palustre, Atrichum tenellum, Ditrichum lineare, Trematodon ambiguus und Jungermannia gracillima, sowie die Gefäßpflanzen Calluna vulgaris, Lycopodiella inundata, Drosera intermedia und D. rotundifolia, im Massif Centrale außerdem Sphag- num auriculatum, Sph. palustre, Aulacomnium palustre und Dicranum bonjeanii. SÉNECA & SÉRGIO (1992) und SÉRGIO et al. (1998) fanden an Fundorten in Portugal als Begleit- arten u. a. Pohlia proligera, Polytrichum formosum, P. commune und Scapania undulata, ferner
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