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Novel Shear Thickening and Magnetorheological Materials and Their Application in Controllable Electrolytes University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Novel shear thickening and magnetorheological materials and their application in controllable electrolytes Gangrou Peng University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Peng, Gangrou, Novel shear thickening and magnetorheological materials and their application in controllable electrolytes, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4694 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Novel Shear Thickening and Magnetorheological Materials and Their Application in Controllable Electrolytes PENG, GANGROU SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, MATERIAL & MECHATRONIC FACULTY OF ENGINEERING INFORMATION SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 2016 Abstract Abstract Shear viscosity is used as a parameter that characterizes the energy dissipation rate under shear loading. For instance, shear viscosity for Newtonian fluid is an intrinsic material parameter and independent of shear rate. Through the method of suspending small particles inside of the Newtonian fluid, particle concentration is formed and exhibits a number of rheological phenomena, for instance, shear thinning, shear thickening, thixotropy, yielding, and shear induced aggregation. In some occasions, the energy dissipation rate decreases with the increasing shear rate, which means decreased shear viscosity and corresponding shear stress increases below linearity with the respect to shear rate, it is defined as shear thinning. To the other end of the spectrum, another type of non-Newtonian behavior, in which a steep rise in shear viscosity is observed and corresponding shear stress increases faster than linearity with respect to shear rate, it is defined as Shear Thickening (ST). Although this counter intuitive phenomenon of ST was initially viewed as a problem, for instance, complicating and limiting the rate of industrial processes which involved combination of high shear rates and highly concentrated suspensions such as paper coating and pumping of slurries, the unique material properties, such as increased energy dissipation together with increased elastic modulus, make the shear thickening materials very favorable candidates for damping and shock absorption applications. Consequently, engineers and colloid scientists have endeavored to study the science and practical problems of the shear thickening materials. More recently, it is widely proposed that when engineered into composite materials, Shear Thickening Fluids (STFs) can be controlled and harnessed, and thus triggers the development of large number of novel fluids or elastomer materials featuring shear thickening, which in turn broaden the horizon of shear thickening study, and the application of the shear thickening phenomenon is greatly widened as a result. Magnetorheology (MR) is a concept referred to as magnetic sensitive particles initiated reversible wide range change in mechanical properties and even phase i Abstract alternation through the formation of chain like alignments under external magnetic field. It has been intensively studied and widely applied in modern mechanical products and civil infrastructures, as it bears huge potential as a simple, quiet, and rapid-response interface between electronic control and mechanical systems. In this thesis, we propose a novel magnetorheological shear thickening fluid (MRSTF), which exhibits dual function of both magnetic controllable mechanical properties as well as shear thickening behavior in a unified system. As revealed by the systematic experimental study, including steady shear, oscillatory shear, stress relaxation and strain creep tests, the mechanical properties of MRSTF are investigated; and different working modes of the proposed MRSTF are clearly defined. Besides, the experimental results indicate that effective manipulation of shear thickening behaviour may be realized by adjusting magnetic force precisely, thanks to the adoption of magnetic sensitive components in MRSTF. Moreover, experiments have also been conducted to study the potential to apply both ST and MR concepts to new generation gelled or solid electrolyte that features controllability, safety, high conductivity and improved impact resistance together with the application of ionic liquids (ILs) An ionic liquid shear thickening fluid (ILSTF) is presented where obvious shear thickening behavior is achieved on top of the original Newtonian behaviour of the IL medium. An improved conductivity is also observed at certain condition. Thus, it indicates successful adoption of ST phenomenon to novel liquid electrolyte. A liquid form magnetorheological electrolyte (MR electrolyte) is also developed, where the phase of the material could be reversibly controlled by external magnetic field between liquid and semi-solid without negatively affecting conductivity, which is beneficial in protecting electro-chemical devices adopting such novel electrolyte against mechanical abuse. Lastly, an elastomeric counterpart of MR electrolyte, namely magnetorheological ionogel (MR ionogel), is presented as a novel solid electrolyte, which eliminates the necessity of in-use magnetic field thus streamlines the complexity of systems that ii Abstract adopt such material. This is due to the fact that MR ionogel exhibits affinity to specific fabrication condition, which allows pre-defined physical properties. On the whole, this research has contributed towards a better understanding of the mechanism and hybridisation of the concepts of magnetorheology and shear thickening, as well as being a worthy discussion of the application of novel smart materials in electrolyte study. The list of publication arising from the thesis is as following: Ding, J., Tracey, P. J., Li, W., Peng, G., Whitten, P. G., & Wallace, G. G. (2013). Review on shear thickening fluids and applications. Peng, G. R., Li, W., Tian, T. F., Ding, J., & Nakano, M. (2014). Experimental and modeling study of viscoelastic behaviors of magnetorheological shear thickening fluids. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, 26(2), 149-158. Ding, J., Peng, G., Shu, K., Wang, C., Tian, T., Yang, W., & Li, W. (2015). Novel reversible and switchable electrolytes based on magnetorheology. Scientific reports, 5. Tailoring of physical properties of ionogel from magnetic prospective (in preparation) iii Acknowledgement Acknowledgement The Author wishes to express sincere gratitude and appreciation to the project principle supervisor Prof. Weihua LI for his invaluable advice, encouragement, and friendship throughout this research work. Without their help and support, it is impossible to complete this thesis. The gratitudes also extends to other supervisors Dr. Jie DING and Prof G. WALLACE, for their instruction, encouragement and kind support during the thesis work. Sincere appreciation to Dr. Tongfei TIAN, Dr. Jun ZHANG, Dr. Rahim MUTULU. and all the other researchers in the researching groups guided by Prof. Weihua LI and Prof. Gursel ALICI for kind sharing of knowledge and suggestion on the project. The experience of working with these most talented minds and the friendship forged in years of PhD research is the most valuable treasure for my future career. Special thanks to Dr. Caiyun WANG, Mr. Kewei SHU and Mr. Yu GE for their support, discussion and training in electro-chemical knowledge. My most sincere gratitude is given to my family for their constant dedication and support all through the years. Thanks also extend to University of Wollongong, MMM school of the Faculty of Engineering Information Science and AIIM for the use of facilities and kind support during my PhD research. Thank you for the kind examination of anonymous examiners, their comments are invaluable. i Contents Contents Novel Shear Thickening and Magnetorheological Materials and Their Application in Controllable Electrolytes ............................................................................................... 1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................
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