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Global Communication Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends

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Global Communication Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends Global Communication Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends SECOND EDITION Thomas L. McPhail äjk Blackwell \wß Publishing Contents Preface xi List of Abbreviations xv 1 Global Communication 1 Introduction 1 Global War on Terrorism and 9/11 3 Latin American Media 6 China: The Growing Impact of the Media 10 The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) 12 Electronic Colonialism Theory (ECT) 16 What is Electronic Colonialism Theory (ECT)? 23 World-System Theory (WST) 24 The Connection: Electronic Colonialism and World-System Theories 30 Communication Forces Among Nations 31 Format for the Balance of the Book 34 Development Research Traditions and Global Communication 39 Introduction 39 Development Journalism/Communication 40 The Economic Growth Model 44 The Research Traditions 47 Western Research Failings 51 New Departures 53 Postscript 55 American Multimedia Giants 59 Introduction 59 Time Warner 61 Disney 68 Viacom 75 News Corporation 78 General Electric 84 Dow Jones & Company 88 Gannett Company, Inc. 89 Wal-Mart 90 Conclusions 90 Non-US Stakeholders of Global Communications Systems 95 Introduction 95 Cultural Imperialism 95 The United States of Europe (USE) 97 Other Foreign-Based Multimedia Corporations 109 Bollywood: India's Film Industry 115 Conclusions 116 I CONTENTS 5 Global Issues, Music, and MTV 120 Introduction 120 Global Television 122 The International Music Industry 129 MTV: The Dominant Global Music Connection 133 Conclusions 138 6 CNN International: Role, Impact, and Global Competitors 142 Introduction 142 CNN 145 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 159 Deutsche Welle 164 EuroNews 165 Channel News Asia (CNA) 166 US Department of State and IBB 166 Voice of America (VOA) 167 Worldnet Television and Film Service 168 Office of Cuba Broadcasting 168 Conclusions 171 7 The Roles of Global News Agencies 175 Introduction 175 Reuters 176 The Associated Press 179 United Press International 183 Agence France Presse 184 Bloomberg 185 Dow Jones & Company 186 Xinhua 187 CONTENTS • Vll Inter Press Services 188 Conclusions 190 8 Media in the Middle East and North Africa by Ralph Berenger 192 Introduction 192 Liberal-democratic press 201 The Nature of Arab News ' 202 Transnational Newspaper Publishing 205 Transnational Broadcasting 206 Advertising and Public Relations 215 Conclusions 217 9 The Role of Global Advertising 226 Introduction 226 Omnicom Group Inc. 230 WPP Group 232 Interpublic Group of Companies Inc. 233 Dentsu Inc. 234 Publicis Group 235 Havas Advertising 237 Conclusions 237 10 The Message: The Role of International Organizations 241 Introduction 241 UNESCO: Backdrop for the NWICO Debates 243 Identifying the Issues and Taking Sides 245 The Nonaligned Movement 246 Latin America Meetings 247 The 19th UNESCO General Assembly, Nairobi, 1976 248 The New International Economic Order (NIEO) 249 Vlll • CONTENTS The Debate Begins in Earnest 250 UNESCO in the 1980s 254 UNESCO Without the United States 257 New Era, Leaders, and Strategy 258 UNESCO in the 1990s 261 The United States' Reaction 262 A New Focus 262 Mayor's Successor: An Asian Leader 263 Conclusions 264 The Medium: Global Technologies and Organizations 268 Introduction 268 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 269 International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) 278 ITU's Changing Role and Expectations 280 World Trade Organization (WTO) 284 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 285 Conclusions 287 The Internet: The New Frontier 290 Introduction 290 Background 291 The World Wide Web 294 Internet Timeline 296 Impact of the Internet 299 The Internet and Global Television Issues 302 The Internet and Hollywood Films 304 Internet Users 305 CONTENTS • IX Computer Viruses 307 Blogging 308 ICANN 309 Conclusions 310 13 Summary and Conclusions 316 Introduction 316 Summary 318 NWICO 319 Electronic Colonialism Theory 320 World-System Theory 322 ECT Plus WST 324 Conclusions 327 Select Bibliography 333 Index 340 X • CONTETNS .
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