MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

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THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this state, shall be the trustee of this state - Laws of Missouri, 1899; Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri, 2000, chapter 183. OFFICERS, 2004-2007 RICHARD FRANKLIN, Independence, President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, First Vice President JAMES R. REINHARD, Hannibal, Second Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM JR., Columbia, Third Vice President DONNA G. HUSTON Marshall, Fourth Vice President HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia, Fifth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Sixth Vice President and Treasurer GARY R. KREMER, Jefferson City, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla Avis G TUCKER, Kansas City

TRUSTEES, 2002-2005 CHARLES B. BROWN, Kennett W. GRANT MCMURRAY, Independence CHARLES W. DIGGES, SR., Columbia THOMAS L. MILLER, SR., Washington COLIN LONG, Waynesville BONNIE STEPENOFF, Cape Girardeau JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield PHEBE ANN WILLIAMS, Kirkwood

TRUSTEES, 2003-2006 JOHN L. BULLION, Columbia BRIAN K. SNYDER, Independence JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis DALE REESMAN, Boonville

TRUSTEES, 2004-2007 W H. (BERT) BATES, Kansas City VIRGINIA J. LAAS, Joplin CHARLES R. BROWN, St. Louis EMORY MELTON, Cassville DOUG CREWS, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City WIDGET HARTY EWING, Columbia BRENT SCHONDELMEYER, Independence

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. RICHARD FRANKLIN, Independence, Chairman BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia DOUG CREWS, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood CHARLES R. BROWN, St. Louis VIRGINIA J. LAAS, Joplin LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCIX, NUMBER 4 JULY 2005

GARY R. KREMER LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

LISA WEINGARTH Information Specialist

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Receipt of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is a benefit of membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail [email protected]; Web site www.umsystem.edu/shs. Periodicals postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 2005 by The State Historical Society of Missouri

COVER DESCRIPTION: Missouri's waterways have long played a central role in summertime recreational activities. This 1950s postcard depicts two young women sunbathing beside a stream in the Ozarks. The photo essay "Having a Grand . . . Vacation," beginning on page 317, features more images from the Society's collection of individuals, groups, and families enjoying summer in the state. [Massie, Missouri Resources Division, SHSMO 007918] EDITORIAL POLICY

The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to 77;e Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts, prefer­ ably in Microsoft Word, on a disk or CD. Two hard copies still are required. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts, exclusive of footnotes, should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American Histoiy, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American Histoiy.

Manuscript submissions should be addressed to Dr. Gary R. Kremer, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298; or e-mail [email protected].

BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN PATRICK HUBER University of Missouri-Rolla University of Missouri-Rolla

WILLIAM E. FOLEY VIRGINA J. LAAS Central Missouri State University Missouri Southern State University Warrensburg Joplin

ALAN R. HAVIG BONNIE STEPENOFF Stephens College Southeast Missouri State University Columbia Cape Girardeau

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia CONTENTS

EXPLOSION OF THE STEAMBOAT SALUDA: TRAGEDY AND COMPASSION AT LEXINGTON, MISSOURI, 1852 By William G. Hartley and Fred E. Woods 281

T. K. WHIPPLE AND THE LITERARY MOVE TO AMERICA By Lewis O. Saum 306

"HAVING A GRAND . .. VACATION" 317

NEWS IN BRIEF 338

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS 339

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES 345

BOOK REVIEWS 351

Kaplan, Fred. The Singular Mark Twain. Reviewed by Alan Havig.

Fiedler, David. The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II. Reviewed by Joel Rhodes.

Stepenoff, Bonnie. Thad Snow: A Life of Social Reform in the Missouri Bootheel. Reviewed by Patrick Huber.

BOOK NOTES 355

Carnahan, Jean. Don't Let the Fire Go Oat!

Ferrell, Robert. Collapse at Meuse-Argonne: The Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division. Potts, Louis W, and Ann M. Sligar, Watkins Mill: The Factory) on the Farm.

History of Scott County, Missouri.

Zink, Wilbur A. 77 All Started with a Tornado: Memories of My Home Town: "The Prairie Queen, " Appleton City, Missouri, St. Clair County.

Landon, Donald D. Daring to Excel: The First 100 Years of Southwest Missouri State University.

McMillen, Margot Ford, and Heather Roberson. Into the Spotlight: Four Missouri Women.

History & Families: Polk County, Missouri.

Kirkendall, Richard S., ed. Harty's Farewell: Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Presidency.

INDEX TO VOLUME XCIX 358

WITH PEN OR CRAYON Inside Back Cover SHSMO 242981 Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda: Tragedy and Compassion at Lexington, Missouri, 1852

BY WILLIAM G. HARTLEY AND FRED E. WOODS*

On April 9, 1852, the aging sidewheeler steamboat Saluda, loaded with passengers and cargo heading up the Missouri River, exploded at Lexington, Missouri. Loss of life and limb was so horrific that the disaster received wide­ spread newspaper coverage then and significant commentary since in Missouri county histories and books about western steamboating.1 Scholars have described the event as "the most terrible disaster that ever occurred on the

*William G. Hartley is an associate research professor of history at Brigham Young University's Smith Institute, Prove He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in history at BYU and has completed doctoral course work at Washington State University. Fred E. Woods is a professor at BYU specializing in Mormon migration. He holds degrees from BYU and received his PhD from the University of Utah. Hartley and Woods co-authored a book titled Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, pub­ lished by Millennial Press in 2002. Histories of the Saluda explosion include Dan H. Spies, "The Story of the 'Saluda': A Rescript of the Biggest and Most Fatal Steamboat Explosion on the Missouri River" (typescript, University of Missouri-Columbia, [pre-1965]), and William G. Hartley and Fred E. Woods, Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda (Riverton, UT: Millennial Press, 2002). See also "Steam Boiler Explosion," in History of Ray County, Mo. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Co., 1881), 377, and Walter Williams, ed., A History of Northwest Missouri (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1915), 1: 159. 282 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri."2 That claim, however, cannot be verified because newspapers at the time and historians since have put forth veiy different estimates of passenger numbers and casualties. The Saluda disaster "has become a legend of the river. Much has been written about it and much romancing has been done."3 Several questions linger like hazy smoke around the Saluda's story: How many passengers were on board when the boat left St. Louis? How many when it exploded? Who were they? Where were they headed? How many, by name, can be identified as killed or missing? What became of the sur­ vivors? What did they say about the tragedy? Other matters also deserve revisiting, such as: What was the condition of the Saluda? What caused the explosion? Who is to blame? How did Lexington residents respond to the tragedy? The authors have drawn from their recent and ongoing research in an attempt to answer those questions and properly position the Saluda disas­ ter in the history of America's inland waterways. Through scouring newspapers published in towns along the Missouri River, searching court records in Lexington, checking census and vital records, and culling genealogical data relating to passengers, officers, and crew, the authors estimate that 55 percent of the Saluda's passengers on the day of the explosion (an estimated 97 of 175) were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints (Mormons or LDS) heading west. Of 54 persons identified by the authors as dead or missing, 28 were Mormons. Most of the Mormon survivors continued to Utah, where several wrote firsthand accounts of the disaster or a rel­ ative wrote the survivor's stoiy. The authors have located and studied more than two dozen such accounts in Utah repositories and family collections.4 In 2002, the sesquicentennial year of the disaster, the findings were published in Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, prompting readers to submit new informa­ tion relating to the incident.5 What follows is an analysis of the Saluda disaster based on the authors' research and information subsequently received.

2 Phillip E. Chappell, A History of the Missouri River (Kansas City, MO: Bryant & Douglas, 1905), 87. In "The Story of the 'Saluda,'" Spies called the incident "the biggest and most tragic disaster in all of Missouri river steamboating" (p. 24). John Edward Hicks called it "the greatest tragedy in the history of the Missouri River." Early Days on the Missouri River (Kansas City, MO: Indian Creek Books, 2000), 62.

3 Hicks, Early Days, 62. 4 The authors have located personal writings by or about Mormon passengers or eyewit­ nesses Henry Ballard, George Henry Abbot Harris, James May, Matilda Wiseman Hutchings, Louisa Sargent Harris, William Rowland and daughters, Harry and Rhoda Brown and children, Eli Kelsey, Abraham O. Smoot, William and Sarah McKeachie and children, Jonathan Moreton, Job and Ally Moreton, Emma Randall, Selina Roberts, Alexander and John Gillespie, John Sargent, Thaddeus Wilton Huff, the Thomas and Mary Ann Darlow family, and others.

s Since the publication of Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, the authors have received information identifying twelve more Mormons on board, including two who died because of the accident (Job and Ally Moreton) and two who died not long afterward, apparently at Council Bluffs (Mary Ann Darlow and her infant son, Jared). Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 283

By 1852 the aging Saluda carried a busy, long, and wounded past. Its hull had been built in Cincinnati in 1846 and towed to St. Louis. There, owner and captain William H. Boyce had workmen install boilers and engines taken from his sunken steamboat Windsor three months earlier. Boyce named the new boat the Saluda, which he called "a fine specimen of river craft." The boat was 179 feet long, nearly 27 feet wide, had two 30-foot-long boilers, two engines, and two paddle wheels measuring 20 feet in diameter, each with 10 foot-long buckets (paddle blades).6 Before the Saluda turned two, it struck a snag near Rocheport, midway across Missouri, and sank. Submerged, it became surrounded by a sandbar. Boyce sold the vessel to a Boonville resi­ dent who dug it out, refloated it, salvaged and sold some of the cargo, and had the boat repaired in St. Louis. The Saluda was back in service by February 1848, still powered by the original boilers and engines.7 By 1851, Peter Conrad was owner and master of the boat, and by 1852 he was co-owner with Anthony Bennett. One week before the Saluda's fateful voyage, Conrad sold Bennett's half interest to Captain Francis T Belt, the boat's master, for $1,200 (approximately $29,472 in 2005 dollars).8 As a packet boat, the Saluda made regularly scheduled runs up and down the Missouri. At the time of the explosion, the boat's six-year-old hull and even older engines and boilers made it an old vessel by contemporaiy steam­ boat standards. The average life of a Missouri River steamboat was about three years.9

6 Spies, "Story of the 'Saluda,'" 3; "The Saluda," St. Louis Weekly Reveille, 8 June 1846, 884, which noted that the boat was a "fine new steamer" and "a beautiful craft"; "The Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Reporter, 29 April 1846,3. Boyce probably named the vessel after his native village, Saluda, on Virginia's Rappahannock River. Robert O. Day, "Steamboat Saluda Disaster" (unpublished paper, in authors'possession, April 1992), 1.

7 "The Steamer Saluda Raised," Columbia Missouri Statesman, 25 February 1848; Frederick Way Jr., comp., Way's Packet Directory, 1848-1994, rev. ed. (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1994), 416; W. J. MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims: Vessels Wrecked from the Beginning of Navigation to 1925," pt. 3, Missouri Historical Review 21 (July 1927): 581-593.

* Conrad to Belt, bill of sale, 22 March 1852, in Conrad and Bennett, Appellants, v. Belt's Administrator, Respondent, 22 Reports of Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri 166(1855). An 1852 dollar was equivalent to $23.66 in 2003. Figures are not yet available for 2004 and 2005 dollars, but allowing for inflation at the average rate of the previous three years (.50), the ratio in 2005 would be close to $24.56, meaning $1,200 in 1852 would equal approximately $29,472 in 2005. See John J. McCusker, "Comparing the Purchase Power of Money in the United States (or Colonies) from 1665 to 2003," Economic History Services (2004), http://eh.net/hmit/ppowerusd/dollar_question.php.

' "In 1850 ... a Missouri River boat had only a three-year life expectancy because of the greater hazards on that tempestuous stream." James Neal Primm, Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980, 3rd ed. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1998), 163. William Lass found that the average lifespan for St. Louis steamboats in 1848, which included more than Missouri River steamboats, was 5.7 years. Most were either demolished or abandoned between 4 and 8 years of age. Lass, "The Fate of Steamboats: A Case Study of the 1848 St. Louis Fleet," Missouri Historical Review 96 (October 2001): 5. 284 Missouri Historical Review

Belt, thirty-five, had spent much of his life on the river and was an "expe­ rienced boatman,. . . well known on the rivers as an able commander, and . . . endeared to all who knew him for his kindness and generosity." Like Belt, both of the Saluda's pilots had river expertise. First Pilot Charles La Barge had grown up in the St. Louis area—the La Barges were one of the oldest families in St. Louis. Charles had six siblings, one of whom was Joseph La Barge Jr., a well-known Missouri River steamboat captain. Charles gained his initial expe­ rience as a pilot from Joseph. The Saluda's second pilot was Louis Guerette, a brother of Charles La Barge's wife.'0 At the time of the explosion, the Saluda had at least 23 officers and crew members on board. SALUDA OFFICERS AND CREW MEMBERS Captain Francis T. Belt (co-owner) First Clerk Ferdinand C. Brockman First Pilot Charles La Barge Second Clerk Jonathan Blackburn Second Pilot Louis Guerette Steward John Talbott Pilot Lewis Tebo Barkeep Peter Conrad (co-owner) First Engineer John Evans Asst. Barkeep Mr. Laynell Second Engineer Josiah Clancey Watchman John Connor Carpenter Charles Evans Mariner John Summerton Mate William Hemler Deckhand Ephraim Howell Mate William Emory Firemen 3 unnamed whites 3 unnamed African Americans Sources: Extracted from Hartley and Woods, "Appendix B: The Saluda Passenger/Officer/Crew List" in Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, 73-78; F. C. Brockman, protest, 10 April 1852, County Clerk's Office, Lafayette County Courthouse, Lexington. The "Big Muddy" is America's longest river and proved the most diffi­ cult to harness.11 A Sioux City, Iowa, newspaper once joked, "Of all the vari­ able things in creation, the most uncertain of all are the action of a jury, the state of a woman's mind, and the condition of the Missouri River." No mat­ ter the craft, elaborate or spartan, dangers were ever present. The worst were snags, submerged tree trunks or branches, but floating sheets of ice also caused major damage, as did explosions.12

10 "Died," St. Louis Missouri Republican, 12 April 1852, 2; Hiram Martin Chittenden, Histoiy of the Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River: Life and Adventures of Joseph LaBaige (New York: F. P. Harper, 1903; repr., Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, 1962), 13, 124.

" In Wild River, Wooden Boats: True Stories of Steamboating on the Missouri River (Stoddard, Wl: Heritage Press, 2000), Michael Gillespie notes that U.S. Army topographical engineers set the length of the Missouri River at 2,824 miles in 1861, which would make it the longest river in North America (p. 37). Experienced riverman Phillip E. Chappell, in "A History of the Missouri River," Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society 10 (1905-1906), estimates the length of the river to be 2,574 miles (p. 237).

12 Quoted in Rudolph J. Gerber, "Old Woman River," Missouri Historical Review 56 (July 1962): 328. See also MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims," pt. 1, Missouri Historical Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 285

During the 1850s—part of the "golden era" of steamboating—many steamboat owners amassed fortunes. For them, potential high profits out­ weighed the risks of the river. Saluda co-owners Belt and Conrad expected 1852 to be a very profitable year. Although the Saluda blew up before the two men could capitalize, more people poured west to Oregon, California, and Utah that year than in any other in the histoiy of the overland western emigration. Steamboat passenger traffic boomed.13 In early 1852, St. Louis, the primary terminus and transfer port for freight and passengers heading up or down the Mississippi River and coming from the Ohio and other major rivers, bustled with river business. The levee was piled high with barrels, bales, boxes, cases, and luggage. Horse-drawn wag­ ons and taxis plodded by, ticket offices and warehouses drew business, and on busy days hundreds of businessmen, immigrants, boat crews, soldiers, and visitors congested the levee space.14 Amid this shoreline kaleidoscope of activities, the Saluda was one of many steamboats waiting to earn money.

Review 2\ (January 1927): 215-242; ibid., pt. 2, Missouri Historical'Review21 (April 1927): 455- 480; ibid., pt. 3, Missouri Historical Review 21 (July 1927): 581-607. MacDonald identified 441 riverboat wrecks from the beginning of steamboat navigation to 1925 and listed the causes as snags (240), ice (79), fire (49), bridges (17), explosions (10), and other causes (72).

u Lawrence Everett Giffen, "Golden Years of Steamboat Transportation, 1850-1860," in "Walks in Water": The Impact of Steamboating on the Lower Missouri River (Jefferson City, MO: Giffen Enterprises, 2001), 128-137. Chappell called 1850 to 1860 the "golden era" of steamboating. History of the Missouri River, 80. Steamboat historians, however, do not agree on the precise years the golden era of steamboating spanned. For a chart of yearly overland trail totals see John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans- Mississippi West, 1840-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 120.

14 Charles van Ravenswaay, "Years of Turmoil, Years of Growth: St. Louis in the 1850's," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 23 (July 1967): 303-324; Primm, Lion of the Valley.

St. Louis Levee, 1855 SHSMO 004324

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The Missouri River's late March ice floes prevented steamers from starting upriver, spelling daily earning losses for the steamboat's co-owners. Since 1848, St. Louis had been a major transfer point for Mormons head­ ing upriver to reach wagon train outfitting camps at or near Kanesville (now Council Bluffs), Iowa.15 For the 1852 emigration season, Eli Kelsey and David Ross, agents for the Latter-day Saints, had come from Kanesville to assist St. Louis arrivals. On January 10, the tall sailing ship Kennebec had embarked from the Bramley Moore Dock in Liverpool, England. On board was an organized company of 333 Mormons. After reaching New Orleans, the company spent twelve days ascending the Mississippi River on the Pride of the West. They disembarked at St. Louis on March 26.16 To save the new arrivals who were immediately continuing their journey (about one-fourth of the company) food and lodging costs in the city, Kelsey and Ross felt an urgency to book steamboat passage for them to Kanesville as soon as they exited the Pride of the West. The majority of the group stopped in St. Louis to work and earn money before resuming their journey to Utah. When the two men approached Captain Belt, saying they needed passage to Kanesville for about 100 Mormons, the promise of profits apparently made the risks posed by river ice seem worth taking. Belt agreed to transport the group, leaving on March 30.17 When word spread that the Saluda was available, scores of Mormons signed up, as did a number of others eager to reach towns upriver or to start for the California gold fields. Henry Ballard, a young LDS sheepherder from Scotland with two sheep dogs, considered the Saluda "another old worn out steam boat" similar to the Pride of the West that he had just left. William Dunbar, emigrating from Scotland with his wife, Helen, and two children, judged the Saluda to be "not one of the best boats on the river by any means." With him were friend Duncan Campbell, Duncan's wife, Jane, and their two young boys. Mormon emigration officer Abraham O. Smoot went with Kelsey to examine the boat. "On finding that it was an old hulk of a freight boat," Smoot said, "I strongly advised him against having anything to do with it."18

15 Stanley B. Kimball, "The Saints and St. Louis, 1831-1857: An Oasis of Tolerance and Security," BYU Studies 13 (Summer 1973): 489-519. An excellent study of LDS maritime his­ tory, including river steamboat travels, is Conway B. Sonne, Saints on the Seas: A Maritime Histoiy of Mormon Migration, 1830-1890 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983).

16 "Sailing of the Kennebec," The Latter-Day Saints 'Millennial Star, 1 February 1852,41- 42; Andrew Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," The Contributor 13 (July 1892): 408-414. 17 Dean L. McLeod, "James Ross: The Experiences of a Scottish Immigrant to America," Family Heritage 1 (December 1978): 178-179, 182-183; "Steamboats Advertised to Leave This Day," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 30 March 1852, 3. The Saluda is one of eighteen boats listed. Two on the list were going up the Missouri to St. Joseph.

18 Reminiscences and Diary of Henry Ballard, in summary preceding April 1, 1852, entry, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City, UT; Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 410-414. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 287

Smoot witnessed the boardings and noted a few days later that about 110 Mormons had gone aboard.19 Most were English and Scottish emigrants. First Clerk Ferdinand C. Brockman, who survived the boat's explosion, later attempted to account for all passengers. He had a name list—whether partial or complete is not clear—of 38 cabin passengers, but the records of deck pas­ sengers, the majority on board, disappeared in the explosion. Brockman's cabin roster shows 14 passengers traveling to Independence, 1 to Liberty, 3 to Kansas City, 5 to Weston, 6 to St. Joseph, 1 to Iowa Point, and 7 to Kanesville/Council Bluffs (2 of whom were LDS).20 Published statements about the Saluda offer widely differing passenger totals, ranging from 100 to 600.2' The authors' research indicates that about 213 people boarded the boat in St. Louis, including the crew of 23 and about 110 Mormon emigrants. A week after the explosion, a steamboat passenger said he

" Smoot to Brigham Young, 14 April 1852, in "Terrible Accident—Explosion of Steamer Saluda—75 Lives Lost," Salt Lake City Deseret News Weekly, 29 May 1852, 3. Smoot, who saw the boardings in St. Louis and was in Lexington at the time of the explosion, seemed to have the most reliable data, so the authors have used his "about 110" estimate. Thomas Wrigley, an LDS official in St. Louis, believed that about 70 Mormons boarded there, but the authors have identified 81, proving his estimate low. "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 10 April 1852, 2. Another Mormon official in St. Louis, Isaac Higbee, noted on March 30 that "about 100" Mormons went on the Saluda. Reminiscences and Diaries of John Sommers Higbee, 30 March 1852, LDS Church Archives.

20 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 408-414; Lexington Express "Extra," 13 April 1852, as reprinted in "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 17 April 1852. The April 13 "Extra" provided the most responsible and detailed contemporary account of the tragedy and was widely reprinted throughout the state.

21 Colonel James Hale, an eyewitness, recalled that 250 Mormons were aboard. See William Young, Young's Histoiy of Lafayette County, Missouri (Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen & Co., 1910), 1: 394. According to Walter Williams between 500 and 600 were on board at St. Louis. Histoiy of Northwest Missouri, 1: 159. SHSMO 062816

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had heard that the Saluda passengers included about 60 men bound for California.22 At least 13 Mormons, and perhaps a few other passengers, disem­ barked at stops before Lexington. Some travelers may have boarded during the stops. It was reported that "the bulk" of cabin passengers went ashore, frus­ trated, at Lexington during the Saluda's forced layover there. Best estimates are that about 175 persons were on board at the time of the explosion.23 The boat also carried "very valuable" cargo, including "goods, groceries, assorted merchandise, furniture" as well as the passengers' equipment and belongings. Overall, the boat left St. Louis with "cargo well and sufficiently stored and secured, was well manned, victualled, appareled, furnished and appointed and was in all respects fitted and suited for the trip."24 When the Saluda shoved off from St. Louis on March 30, its side paddles propelled it up the Mississippi twenty miles, where it entered the Missouri River. Its goal, Kanesville, lay 783 miles away, but along the way it would pass or stop at St. Charles (45 miles from St. Louis), Jefferson City (174), Brunswick (292), Lexington (372), Liberty (427), Kansas City (457), Weston (504), and St. Joseph (566). The trip to Kanesville normally required ten days, with good river conditions and average steamboat performance. What stops the Saluda made during this trip remain unknown, except for one at Brunswick, 80 miles downriver from Lexington, where 13 Mormons disem­ barked to buy cattle to herd to outfitting camps at Kanesville.25 On Sunday, April 4, the Saluda reached Lexington, almost halfway to Kanesville. There, the boat lacked sufficient power to push around a haz­ ardous north-jutting horseshoe where the current "created a treacherous 'cross-over' from the north bank to the south bank along the Lexington bluff. This was the Lexington Bend, a well-known hazard to river men of the day"26

22 Account of Andrew Jackson Hinman, a passenger on the St. Ange, in S & D Reflector 12 (September 1975): 8. 23 See Hartley and Woods, "Appendix B," in Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, 73-78.24 Brockman, protest. The document is signed by five Saluda employees: Ferdinand C. Brockman, clerk; William Hemler, mate; Charles Evans, carpenter; John Connor, watchman; John Talbott, steward; and Ephraim Howell, deckhand. See also "Sion!!" St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 10 April 1852, 2. 24 Brockman, protest. The document is signed by five Saluda employees: Ferdinand C. Brockman, clerk; William Helmer, mate; Charles Evans, carpenter; John Connor, watchman; Joh Talbott, steward; and Ephraim Howell, deckhand. See also "Sion!!" St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 10 April 1852, 2. 25 "Steamboats Advertised to Leave This Day," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican. Towns and distances are as listed on the back of a passenger ticket for the steamboat Sam Gaty, photocopy, in possession of authors; "Third Dispatch," St. Louis Missouri Republican, 10 April 1852, 2; James May Autobiography, 10, LDS Church Archives. 26 Spies, "Story of the 'Saluda,'" 2. In the 1930s, the river inundated the land causing the bend. The bend is shown clearly on Colton G. Woolworth, "Map of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad and Connections" (New York: American Railway Review, 1860), Library of Congress American Memory, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4161p.rr004240. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 289

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Bird's-eye View of Lexington from the North Shore of the Missouri River, circa 1869

Pilots La Barge and Guerette jockeyed the Saluda from bank to bank, prob­ ing the current and dodging ice. Defeated, they maneuvered the boat to the north shore, opposite Lexington. The next day, the Saluda moved across the river, hitting ice chunks that broke parts of the paddle wheels, and moored at Lexington's upper landing for repairs. Lexington lay up the bluff from the landing, and this "under the hill" part of the town had a levee or landing area about two hundred feet wide and four hundred feet long, with warehouses and businesses along it. The "lower landing" was at the foot of Tenth Street.27 The vessel remained docked on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, April 6 through 8. Behind schedule, and near their destinations in Independence, Liberty, or Kansas City, "the great body of cabin passengers" (an estimated 25) left the Saluda at Lexington to finish their journeys overland.28 Of the cities along the Missouri River in 1850, Lexington was the fourth largest, with a population of 2,698, behind St. Joseph (5,000), Jefferson City

27 Hicks, Early Days, 60; Roger Slusher, "Lexington: A Brief History" (typescript, excerpt in possession of authors), 1-2; "Few Recall 'Under the Hill,'" Lexington Advertiser-News, 7 July 1972, 1; Katherine Wilson Sellers, Historical Glimpses of Lexington (Lexington, MO: Lexington Library and Historical Association, 1980), 4; B. M. Little, The National Old Trails Road and the Part Played by Lexington in the Westward Movement (Lexington, MO: n.p., 1928), unpaged.

28 Brockman. protest; "Steam Boat Explosion," St. Joseph Weekly Gazette, 14 April 1852, 1. Hicks says that Samuel S. Bayliss, who started to California by way of St. Louis, "becom­ ing a passenger there on the Saluda," was among those who disembarked at Lexington. He quit the bost, believing it unsafe, just before it blew up." Bayliss became a leading business man in Council Bluffs. Hicks, Early Days, 161. 290 Missouri Historical Review

(3,000), and St. Charles (2,994). Settlement had started in Lexington about 1815, and a ferry was operating there by 1819. Lexington linked river trade with the Santa Fe Trail, and by the 1840s, the town's river business was lively. Steamboats picked up plantation-grown hemp and tobacco and, starting in 1849, dropped off miners and settlers heading for the West. In the 1840s and 1850s, six to eight steamboats could often be found at Lexington's landings at one time, and except when winter slowed traffic, the loading docks "swarmed with negro deck hands."29 By 1852 the people of Lexington were slightly familiar with steamboat wrecks. In 1836 the American Fur Company's steamer Diana hit a snag and sank near the town, and the side-wheel St. Charles burned at Richmond Landing across from Lexington. The small, side-wheel Columbiana sank on the Lexington Bar in 1845, and four years later, the Algoma sank after strik­ ing rocks a mile downriver from the town.30 The day before the Saluda exploded, William and Helen Dunbar and their two children, who had missed the boat in St. Louis and had come upriver on another vessel, went on board. As new passengers, they "were given the priv­ ilege to sleep on the upper deck, in front of the cabin door" and spent the night above the boilers, with partial protection provided by heavy canvas tar­ paulins. On Thursday evening the steamer Isabel, coming from St. Louis, docked at Lexington.31 Captain William B. Miller tied up his boat at the lower landing, one hundred or more yards down current from the Saluda, because he believed the boat, with its old boilers, to be a menace. From this position, several passengers on the Isabel, including Abraham O. Smoot, witnessed the explosion the next morning.32 Because weather and river currents and obstructions overtaxed their machinery and "tore at their weak frames," river steamers required regular extensive repairs. Boat carpenters and engineers performed routine mainte­ nance, but major repairs to the hull or machinery required qualified outside

29 Giffen, "Walks in Water", 144-145; Slusher, "Lexington," 1-2; "Few Recall 'Under the Hill,"' Lexington Advertiser-News; Sellers, Historical Glimpses of Lexington, 4; Little, National Old Trails Road.

30 MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims," pt. 1: 239,235,233; ibid., pt. 3: 596. 31 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 411-412. Way, Way's Packet Directoiy, 1848- 1994, 226, indicates that the Isabel was built in St. Louis in 1850 and usually plied the route between St. Louis and New Orleans. The November 13, 1850, St. Joseph Gazette stated that the "new and elegant" Isabel, which left St. Louis on October 28, had arrived in St. Joseph on November 8, captained by W. B. Miller.

32 William Black Miller (not to be confused with another steamboat captain named William Bainbridge Miller) was apparently born between 1809 and 1812 in Pennsylvania, the son of James Miller and Isabella Black. Genealogical information provided by steamboat his­ torian Carl Jones of Lincoln, Nebraska. "Awful Calamity, Explosion of the Steamer Saluda, 185 Lives Lost," St. Joseph Weekly Gazette, 14 April 1852, 2; "The following interesting particulars . . . "Liberty Weekly Tribune, 16 April 1852, 1. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 291 craftsmen. In his definitive history of steamboat technology Louis Hunter noted, "The most vexatious problem connected with the management of the boilers was that of water supply." As late as 1850, he said, few western steamboats had steam gauges of any kind, which left engineers with only crude indexes of pressure, such as the sound of the exhaust, the workings of the engine, and the "appearance and sound of the steam issuing from the try cocks."33 Hunter found that "the theory which probably gained the widest popular currency and acceptance attributed explosions to low water in the boiler." Excessive pressure in the boiler could be caused by a "variety and complexity of factors," not just low water. All boilers, even under the best usage, were subject to progressive wear and corrosion, along with changes in the physical structure of the iron. Other causes included:

a cast-iron boiler head weakened by blow holes or cracks, a badly made plate, a defective supply pump, a clogged connecting pipe, a corroded safe­ ty valve, an accumulation of mud in the boiler or a rag or broom left inside after cleaning, a poorly fastened rivet, or any one or more of a wide variety of defects in the boiler and its equipment. Inadequate safety valves, supply pumps, or supply pipes too small in proportion to the needs of the boilers, boilers of insufficient capacity for the normal requirements of the engines, or many another example of bad design and bad proportions—any one of these might produce conditions which by themselves or operating in combi­ nation with other defects might lead to an explosion.34

Hunter observed that "boiler explosions occurred most frequently . . . when the steamboat. . . was getting under way," when the boat was backing out from the wharf, "or when 'the engine had made but two or three revolu­ tions.'" Another cause, according to Hunter, "was the added temptation— which few captains of fast-running boats could resist—to show off before the town with a fine burst of speed as the boat left port." What factors caused the Saluda's boilers to burst is not known and cannot be determined, but low water was the common explanation at the time.35 Captain Belt, upset by the costly five-day delay at Lexington, and with the paddle wheels repaired and river ice almost gone, announced Thursday that he would try again to push past the bend the next day. Knowing this, some Lexington residents went to the town's edge atop the bluff to watch the attempt. That morning, which was Good Friday, the river was free of ice and

33 Lass, "Fate of Steamboats," 11; Louis C. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological Histoiy (NewYork: Octagon Books, 1969), 161, 163

34 Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 293-295. 35 Ibid., 295-296. Before engineer Clancey died, he reportedly said that "he had no water in the boilers, consequently no steam." "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman, 18 April 1852, 3. 292 Missouri Historical Review fit for navigation for the first time of the season. Pilots La Barge and Guerette were at the wheel in the pilothouse. Mate William Hemler and eight or ten deckhands stood on the larboard (left) afterguard using long poles to push the Saluda, which had its stern (back end) on the downstream side, out into the river. A Lexington butcher stood opposite the men with the poles, obeying the mate's order to untie the line holding the boat to the levee. Mr. Taubman, a miller, stood on the landing, having just been paid for flour he had sold to the Saluda. On the hurricane roof, between the boat's chimneys, Belt was conversing with Jonathan Blackburn, the second clerk.36 Belt ordered the engineers to fill the boilers to maximum pressure. With lines cast off, the Saluda slipped back from the landing, stern downstream. The captain clanged the boat's big black cast-iron bell to signal full speed ahead. According to river lore, he shouted, "I will round the point this morning or blow this boat to hell!" to the Isabel's captain.37 With maximum heat and full steam pressure, the boilers' walls seared red-hot. Once clear of the landing, the Saluda's larboard paddle wheel made a few revolutions forward, nosing the boat out toward the main current, and then stopped. The starboard wheel made a few backward revolutions, turning the boat even more outward. About thirty feet from shore, the wheels made one revolution forward, and then both boilers blew up almost simultaneously38 According to early opinions, when the engines started, the pumps forced cold water into the steam-filled, red-hot boilers, causing them to burst. Witnesses said that "the noise of the explosion resembled the sharp report of thunder, and the houses of the city were shaken as if by the heavings of an earthquake." Houses rattled, and windows shook. Splintered deck and cabin boards and fragments of the two tall chimneys and boilers flew in eveiy direc­ tion. Steam and smoke spread, but no fire broke out. Bodies were launched into the frigid river and "a considerable distance" up the bluff. Standing near the Isabel, Smoot saw bodies and boat fragments fly into the air. Watching from the bluff top, George W. Gaunt saw the pilothouse, still holding La Barge and Guerette, rocket higher than the bluff and then fall into the river and sink. Captain Belt, last seen on the hurricane roof, was flung over the warehouses, halfway up the bluff, and killed. One man on shore was killed instantly by a piece of flying timber. Part of a boiler smashed through a Cot­ tonwood log warehouse on the levee and demolished it. Iron and timber fell

36 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 409; Brockman, protest; Robert O. Day and Linda Day, comps., "The Steamboat Saluda Disaster" (typescript, Lexington Public Library, Lexington, MO); "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman. 37 Williams, History of Northwest Missouri, 1: 159. Joseph La Barge wrote in Histoiy of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River that Belt "declared with an oath that he would round the bend or blow the boat to pieces." Quoted in "Journal History," 9 April 1852, 9, LDS Church Archives. 38 Brockman, protest. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 293

Abraham O. Smoot, Mormon emigration officer, remained in Lexington for ten days after the explosion to monitor and tend to the injured Mormons.

Courtesy of the Church Archives, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City in showers as far as four hundred yards away and into the heart of Lexington. The steamer's bell, three feet in diameter, and a six hundred pound safe with a yellow spotted pointer dog leashed to it were projected high onto the side of the bluffs. The dog was killed, and the safe cracked open. Many passen­ gers were buried by wreckage and debris.39 All of the boat's structure above the boilers and forward of the paddle wheels had disintegrated, and the remainder—the ladies' quarters aft—was a shambles. Because nearly all the boat's upper structure and the people located there were flung into the river, some halfway across, the larboard boiler must have exploded with more force than the starboard one. Smoot noted later that most Mormons were on the lower deck and toward the stern, where they fared better than the passengers on the forepart of the boat. Ten minutes after the explosion, the Saluda's broken bow rested onshore, the lower forward deck above water and the lower deck at the stern several feet below the surface.40

39 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 409; "Awful Calamity: Explosion of the Steamer Saluda—130 Lives Lost!!" Liberty Weekly Tribune, 16 April 1852, 1; "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman; "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Loins Missouri Daily Republican, 17 April 1852, 3; Young, Young's Histoiy of Lafayette County, 1: 394; "Awful Calamity, Explosion of the Steamer Saluda, 185 Lives Lost," St. Joseph Weekly Gazette; Williams, Histoiy of Northwest Missouri, 1: 159.

40 "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman; Young, Young's Histoiy of Lafayette County, 1: 394; Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 414, 409. 294 Missouri Historical Review

A man who reached the wharf five minutes after the explosion wrote a lengthy account of the disaster, which the Liberty Weekly Tribune published on April 16. He was told that "scores of human beings were blown into the river, and against the bluff and houses" and that "several of those who were thrown into the river were but little hurt, and with lusty sinews they buffeted the current and floating ice and swam ashore." The Saluda lay at the landing, he said, "a miserable wreck in the act of sinking." He saw that "mangled remains of human beings were scattered over the wharf and on the bluff; and human blood . . . mingled with the water of the Missouri river." Lying beneath the "mass of ruins" were "men, women and children; some of whom were yet alive. Their groans, and shrieks and sobs, and the plaintive wailings of helpless babes, carried grief and desolation" to rescuers.*" A Lexington Express "Extra" published a few days later provided a detailed summaiy of the disaster:

Twenty-six mangled corpses collected together, and as many more with limbs broken, and torn off, and bodies badly scalded—wives and mothers frantic at the loss of husbands and children—husbands and bereaved orphans engaged in searching among the dead and dying for wives and par­ ents—are scenes which we can neither behold nor describe ... the number of killed and badly wounded is about one hundred.42

Passenger William Dunbar "witnessed just two revolutions of the paddle wheels, when I remember nothing more till I found myself lying on the bank of the river within three yards of the water's edge, with my clothes drenching wet, and my head all covered with blood. I felt as if I was just waking up from a deep sleep." Nearby, he saw the mangled form of a child. "Recognizing its clothing I soon made the startling discovery that it was my own dear baby boy, whom I, a short time before, had seen in its mother's arms." Dunbar, in pain, could not reach his son because "my spine had been severely hurt by being thrown so violently into the river." (He suffered from back pain for decades afterward.) Two men carried him to a nearby ware­ house that became a makeshift hospital. "I arrived at this place just in time to see my wife, who was lying on the floor, breathe her last. She had been cast on shore by the explosion, and carried to the store in a dying condition." He also saw his daughter, about five years old, "lying in the same room, among the dead, her body so mangled that I could scarcely recognize her."43

41 "Awful Calamity: Explosion of the Steamer Saluda—130 Lives Lost!!" Liberty Weekly Tribune.

42 "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican. 43 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 412; William G. Hartley, '"Don't Go Aboard the Saluda': William Dunbar, LDS Emigrants, and Disaster on the Missouri," Mormon Historical Studies 4 (Spring 2003): 41-70. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 295

William Dunbar, who lost his entire family in the explosion, eventually reached Utah. He became blown as a comedian, vocalist, and bagpipe performer in Salt Lake City and helped found the Salt Lake Herald newspaper. [Courtesy of the Church Archives, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]

David Ross, who had helped book the Mormons on the Saluda in St. Louis, landed in the middle of the river and drifted downstream, where someone fished him out with a pole. He survived. Scotsman Duncan Campbell's body was picked up some distance downstream; his wife and two of his children were also killed. One son, Duncan Kelsey Campbell, survived and was adopted by a Lexington family. Thaddeus Wilton Huff, the seventeen-year-old son of the wounded Thomas Huff, swam three times from boat to shore, rescuing mem­ bers of his family.44 John Sargent was killed, and one of his sons went missing. Sargent's body was found on the riverbank, without his clothes and a money belt that had contained money he was talcing to Utah. His fiancee, Matilda Wiseman, survived. Lexington residents adopted one of the four Sargent orphans. While Jonathan Moreton and Emma Randall escaped uninjured, Job and Ally Moreton were blown into the river and never found.45 Shepherd Hemy Ballard was "thrown about two rods and knocked unconscious for nearly half an hour." Despite head injuries, he struggled to the Saluda's wreckage to look for his possessions. In the John Tillery Mitchell family, three of the four children died: Preston, age 2, William, 4, and Joseph, 6. John, the father, lost both legs in the accident and died short-

44 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 412; Malta Lorene Huff Smith, "Biography of Thaddeus Wilton Huff' (typescript, in possession of authors, n.d.), 4. 45 Information provided by Ed Cooper, a Moreton descendant, in phone conversation with author William Hartley, 10 July 2002. See also Family Group Records for Job Moreton and Ally Bromwich and for Jonathan Moreton and Emma Boys, LDS Church, Ancestral File, fam- ilysearch.org. 296 Missouri Historical Review ly afterward, probably in Council Bluffs. William Rowland and one of his children disappeared after being blown overboard. At the time of the explo­ sion, his wife, Rachel, was in bed with two of the children "when a piece of the deck fell on them and killed both children at once and broke Rachel's leg in two places. She had a very narrow escape."46 According to folklore, one child was found alive hanging in a tree, and "sixteen babies under one year old were laid out side by side." One baby, according to another story, was picked up a mile downstream, still in its crib.47 Belt's and Blackburn's bodies were sent immediately to St. Louis for bur­ ial. The bodies of La Barge and Guerette were never found. A half-dozen officers survived: first clerk Brockman, co-owner and barkeep Conrad (who was badly scalded), mate Hemler, carpenter Charles Evans, watchman John Connor, second steward John Talbott, and deckhand Ephraim Howell.48 Some survivors swam ashore. In small boats, rescuers from shore and from the Isabel searched and "picked up a number of the dead from floating pieces of the wreck, and rescued some few of the living; nearly all the bodies recovered were picked up on the shore." Dead bodies were retrieved and then covered. Local men found and moved the wounded and dying into makeshift hospitals. "Such shrieking and moaning I never heard before," eyewitness Thomas Coleman recalled. To aid the survivors, Captain Miller charitably offered free passage on the Isabel for any wishing to go upriver. "Many of the survivors accepted," passenger Henry Ballard noted. Three hours after the explosion, the boat headed upriver. LDS Church emigration official Smoot stayed behind at Lexington to aid the injured Saints.49 The people of Lexington responded compassionately to the tragedy. A call for help immediately went out to doctors in and near Lexington; at least two, William M. Bowring and William Gordon, went "to assist in caring for those injured in the explosion of the Steamboat Saluda," according to Dr.

46 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 413; Hattie E. Walton Heninger, comp., "A Brief Historical and Genealogical Account of the Walton Family" (photocopy in possession of authors, n.d.), 56-57; History of the Life of David D. Bowen, typescript, LDS Church Archives, 24. Bowen, a friendo f William Rowland, was in an LDS company of nine wagons traveling fromSt . Louis up the west side of the Missouri River that reached Lexington "a few days" after the disas­ ter. Apparently, he visited with Rachel Rowland, who was recovering from her injuries. 47 The story of a baby being propelled into a tree was told to Bob Hawley and reported to the authors by his son, Greg. Bob and Greg are co-owners of the Arabia Steamboat Museum in Kansas City, Missouri. Hicks, Early Days, 63. According to a Rhoda and Adolphia Young fam­ ily story, the parents could not find their two-year-old boy, Brigham L., until a black man walked nearby with the boy on his shoulders. Lettie Y Swapp, "Biography of Rhoda Byrne Jared Young" (photocopy of typescript, in possession of authors, 1928), 3.

48 Brockman, protest; Hartley and Woods, Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, 55-56. 4' "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman; Thomas Colman to Dear Father, 14 April 1852, Colman-Hayter Family Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia; Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 414. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 297

Lexington resident H. H. Gratz helped raise funds to assist the Saluda survivors.

Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, Missouri Division of State Parks Bowring's April 9 diary entry.50 Unsure how to react, Lexington citizens called a town meeting at which they organized four three-man committees to deal with the dead, wounded, destitute, and orphaned. The first committee, composed of John S. Porter, John William, and H. H. Gratz, raised funds to aid in the relief effort. A second committee, George Cox, W. N. Holton, and Silas Silver, took responsibility for having the dead properly buried, and a third committee, James W. Wetzel, B. F. Wallace, and W. A. Powel, super­ vised the care of the injured. Three others—George Wilson, Paul Reinhard, and Fred Zeiler—took charge of the orphans. The residents at the meeting also requested that "several clergymen of the city" attend and officiate at a mass funeral the next day. The city council approved $300 to aid the victims, and residents subscribed another $500. Lexington women nursed the injured and laid out the dead. The city donated ground for a burial plot, and burials took place that afternoon.51 At first the wounded were taken to a large brick house on the upper end of the levee, which became a makeshift hospital.52 On April 13, the Lexington Express published the names of twenty passengers with their injuries: John T. Mitchell had his left leg amputated, George Marr his left arm, Rachel Roland

50 Joanne Chiles Eakin, ed., Diary of a Town, Wellington, Missouri (Independence, MO: privately printed, 1984). 51 Full minutes of the meeting were reprinted in "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican; "The Saluda—Further Particulars—Great Loss of Life,'1'Jefferson City Weekly Inquirer, 17 April 1852, 2.

52 Young, Young's Histoiy of Lafayette County, 1: 395. 298 Missouri Historical Review had a broken leg, Sarah McKachie had a dangerously injured spine, Agnes Gillespie's face and neck were badly scalded, Wesley Pogue's nose was broken, Owen Harry and Peter Conrad were "dangerously injured," Anthony Perkinmeyer was "badly" injured, and the rest were "slightly" injured. Several of the severely injured were placed in eight private residences for care and nurs­ ing, and the newspaper named the eight residents and the patients they cared for. William Dunbar was taken in "a hack" to a private residence where, he said, "I was treated with much hospitality and kindness," by a man who "admit­ ted that he was one of those who years ago had shouldered his gun to help drive the 'Mormons' out of Missouri." Because of his back injury, Dunbar "was unable to move for several days." When strong enough to walk, he "was shown the spot where the earthly remains of [his] wife and children were laid to rest." In a few days he had mended enough to leave by steamboat. The day he left, "a few of the sick and wounded still remained in Lexington."53 Rescuers and looters salvaged baggage and freight. Most of the baggage belonging to the emigrants had been destroyed, but some of the merchandise on board, packed tightly in barrels, and some ironware were saved. James May, who had left the Saluda earlier, learned that "all the little we had was lost." His sister Elizabeth "saw what was going on, that is, eveiy lady was saving some­ thing and everything] they could lay hands on, and she did the same. Twenty saucers was as much as they lost, which was not much." Henry Ballard lost "one box of clothing entirely and one box in the hold of the vessel amidst mud and water, which was taken out after, and got a few of the things, but mostly spoiled." John Gillespie lost his clothing and tools. Adolphia and Rhoda Young lost "much property." Most of the baggage belonging to the passengers was destroyed in the explosion. A small parcel of books intended for the Utah Territorial Library was lost, but it was fully insured.54 Eli Kelsey, who had helped charter the Saluda for the LDS immigrants and then had disembarked at Brunswick to buy cattle, heard about the explosion while at Gallatin, sixty miles north of Lexington. He rushed to Lexington, amving on Sunday, April 11. He visited with the wounded, giving them aid and comfort, as did Elder Smoot. To express the Mormons' appreciation to those who treated the victims with kindness and humanity, Elders Kelsey, Smoot, Dunbar, and David J. Ross "united in a card of thanks to the citizens for their generous and noble conduct."55 This kindness is even more notable given the

53 "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Republican; Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 413. 54 James May Autobiography, 1, LDS Church Archives; John Gillespie Autobiography, Our Pioneer Heritage (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1958-1977), 19: 416-417; "Rhoda Byrne Jared Young" in Eleanor McAllister Hall, comp., The Book of Tared (Salt Lake City: privately printed, 1963), 34; John M. Bernhisel to Brigham Young, 8 June 1852, Incoming Correspondence, box 60, folder 13, roll 70, Brigham Young Papers, LDS Church Archives.

55 Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 410, 409. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 299

Many Mormon survivors went to Council Bluffs to join one of the twenty- three Mormon-organized wagon compa­ nies heading west. Eli Kelsey served as captain of one of those wagon trains, which included several of the Saluda survivors. [Courtesy of the Church Archives, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]

earlier conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri, which had been so intense that Governor Lilburn W. Boggs had issued an order in 1838 that the Mormons be exterminated or driven from the state.56 The disaster became major news locally and, via telegraph reports, throughout the nation. Many newspapers reprinted hasty first reports pub­ lished by the Lexington Express. The first estimates of loss of life varied, reaching as high as 200. On April 13, the Lexington Express "Extra" report­ ed that 26 bodies had been collected.57 A headline in the April 14 St. Joseph Weekly Gazette gave a high casualty estimate: "Awful Calamity, Explosion of the Steamer Saluda, 185 Lives Lost." In an April 9 diaiy entiy, Dr. Bowring noted erroneously that 83 explo­ sion casualties were buried in Lexington.58 Apparently based on this entry, an 1881 Histoiy of Lafayette County says 83 Saluda victims were buried in the Christ's Church cemetery; however, the church's records and contemporary newspaper reports of Lexington burials do not reach even one-third of that number. An April 9 entry in the Christ Church burial record indicates that 21

56 The hasty Mormon exodus was caused by Executive Order Number 44, issued by Missouri Governor Lilburn W Boggs to General John B. Clark, 27 October 1838, which decreed, "The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if neces­ sary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description." Quoted in Stephen C. LeSueur, The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), 152.

57 Young, Young's Histoiy of Lafayette County, 1: 395; Lexington Express "Extra" as reprinted in "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican. 58 Eakin, ed., Diary of a Town, Wellington, Missouri, photocopy, 9 April 1852, folder 1, Charles Bowring Collection, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia. 300 Missouri Historical Review

unknown persons were buried in the old City Cemetery where, historian Dan Spies said in the early 1960s, "now stands a public school building."59 A Saluda passenger identified as Colonel Holmes of Sullivan, Wisconsin, estimated that about 100 were lost—3 or 4 cabin passengers, 28 on the boiler deck, 20 to 30 on the main deck, and many officers and crew members. Early reports said 10 persons were not found and presumably had been blown into the river and lost. Some early estimates gave 80 to 100 as the figure for the dead as well as for the dead and wounded.60 Brockman, the Saluda's clerk, estimat­ ed between 80 and 100 dead or missing (not including wounded). He also said he could find "only about fifty" living, a statement that caused others to pre­ sume that if 175 were on board, then about 125 must have perished. Kelsey made a working list of Mormons killed and wounded but said that an exact tally was impossible because no one knew how many survivors had immediately left on the Isabel.61 On April 14, Smoot, still in Lexington, mailed a report to Brigham Young, the LDS church president, which said, "The nearest estimate that can be made of the entire loss of life is about 75 souls out of 175 passen­ gers."62 The authors have identified 54 dead or missing, including 28 Mormons, and believe perhaps 3 unnamed firemen should be added to that list. Because the authors' list of passengers, officers, and crew is incomplete—181 names out of about 213 on board—the death toll must be higher than what has been veri­ fied. Smoot, an LDS Church officer, and Brockman, a Saluda officer, felt offi­ cial obligations to determine and report the extent of casualties. The authors favor the Smoot estimate of 75 dead and missing but grant that Brockman's estimate of 80 to 100 could be correct, though his numbers most likely include the wounded (at least 20 were then known).63

59 Burial record cited in Jacki Gray, "Tragedy aboard the Saluda," Rural Missouri 38 (August 1985), 5; Spies, "Story of the 'Saluda,'" 15. 60 "Steam Boat Explosion," St. Joseph Gazette; Lexington Express "Extra" as reprinted in "The Explosion of the Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican; "The Saluda—Further Particulars—Great Loss of Life," Jefferson City Weekly Inquirer. " Brockman gave this estimate to Captain Dozier of the Elvira, which docked soon after the explosion. See "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman; Jenson, "Church Emigration, 1852," 410.

62 Smoot to Young, 14 April 1852. This letter is published in its entirety in "Terrible Accident—Explosion of Steamer Saluda—75 Lives Lost!" Salt Lake City Deseret News Weekly. Although death estimates vary, this seems to be the most accurate. Smoot was not only known for his veracity, but he was also an eyewitness and was acting officially on behalf of the LDS Church in Lexington to deal with the tragedy. For more information on his life see Loretta D. Nixon and L. Douglas Smoot, Abraham Owen Smoot: A Testament of His Life (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1994). The April 13 Lexington Express "Extra" indicated that there were about 175 passengers on board.

63 See Hartley and Woods, "Appendix A: A Discussion of How Many Died as a Result of the Saluda Explosion," in Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, 65-72. Since that compilation, theau- thors have added two names to the list of Mormons whose bodies were never found—Job and Ally Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 301

A mystery surrounds the orphans who, according to tradition, were adopted by local Missourians. Spies, citing newspaper reports about the explosion and interviews he conducted with old-timers, identified four orphans: Duncan Campbell, whom Henry Snook took into his home; a baby less than a year old; a little girl too young to know her name or native land, and a boy named McFadden. Spies could not determine what became of Duncan Campbell but suspected that he was returned to Scotland. He learned nothing about the baby, and longtime resident Lincoln Utt said that McFadden had been adopted by a St. Louis family. For decades Lexington residents believed that Dr. William P. Boulware and his wife, Deborah, had adopted a little LDS girl they renamed Katie Boulware.64 Subsequent infor­ mation demonstrates that Spies was partially right. Probate records show that McFadden was in fact Duncan Campbell, whom Lexington resident Alexander H. McFadden adopted, legally changing the boy's name. Census and death records indicate that Katie Boulware was born Katie McGinnis in New York about 1860 and was not one of the Saluda orphans, nor was the other adopted daughter of the Boulwares, a girl named Maiy Bale. When widower John Sargent was killed in the explosion, his four children became oiphans, and a Lexington family took them in. Three of the children wanted to go on to Utah and finally did so, but twelve-year-old Ellen decided to stay in Lexington and was adopted by a family there. Probate records show that Mary Kramer (or Cramer) was adopted by Casper Gruber. Her descen­ dants understood that she had been pulled from the river after the Saluda explosion. Apparently she was not part of the Mormon company on the steam­ boat. Some evidence indicates that Mary had a brother who also survived the explosion and was later adopted by a St. Louis family. Maiy's efforts to find this brother did not succeed. The authors found that local families adopted two Mormon orphans—Duncan Campbell and Ellen Sargent—and one or two non-Mormon oiphans—Mary Kramer and possibly her brother.65 Captain Belt's infamous remarks about rounding the bend or blowing the boat to hell, supposedly made to the Isabel's captain, are so deeply imbedded in the Saluda story that blame for the disaster will forever wrap around him. Belt's funeral was held in St. Louis on April 12. He left a wife and three chil­ dren. Although his family immediately took steps to disprove Belt's respon­ sibility, "the picturesque legend lingers on." Clancey, the second engineer,

Moreton. The authors estimate 213 passengers, officers, and crew members boarded the Saluda in St. Louis and have identified 181, or 85 percent, by name. Of the 32 or more unidentified, perhaps two dozen were Mormons. Smoot estimated 110 Mormons initially were on board the Saluda. The authors have identified 81 by name, which leaves about 29 unidentified or unaccounted for. The unidentified were either killed and lost in the river or survived and went elsewhere.

" Spies, "Story of the 'Saluda,'" 13-15. 65 Hartley and Woods, Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda, 49-52. 302 Missouri Historical Review

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SHSMO 0002-02 was blown ashore. He lived long enough, one report said, to admit that he had caused the explosion but was acting under orders from Belt.66 Another story claimed that Clancey "in a fit of pique at some severe remarks made by the Captain about not having stemmed the current. . . shut the water from the boilers, determined at all risks, to have a quantity of steam that would force the boat through."67 Until other evidence materializes, Belt and Clancey must share joint responsibility for the explosion. Conrad, the Saluda co-owner, was badly scalded in the explosion and hov­ ered between life and death for a year. He eventually recovered and remained active in business in St. Louis for more than three decades. No account given by him or his relatives about the Saluda's explosion has been found.68 In the wake of the Saluda explosion and similar steamboat accidents, Congress finally passed long-delayed inspection reforms in 1852. An 1838 law establishing a federal Steamboat Inspection Service in the U.S. Treasury Department had proved ineffective.69 In 1851 both houses of Congress passed new regulatory acts but failed to reconcile the differing versions. Tighter reg­ ulations finally came in 1852, coincidental with but not caused by the Saluda

66 George F. Wilson et al., comps., Death Records of Missouri Men from Newspapers, 1808-1854 (Decorah, IA: Anundsen Publishing Co., 1981), 13; Hicks, Early Days, 63; "Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion," Columbia Missouri Statesman.

67 "The Late Captain Belt and the Explosion of the Saluda," Liberty Weekly Tribune, 23 April 1852, 1. According to steamboat historian Carl Jones, a red-hot boiler with little or no water became a flashboile r when cold water was added, meaning the water instantly turned into steam, often more than the system could handle. Jones, e-mail message to authors, 18 November 2004.

68 "Death of Capt. Peter Conrad," Watenvays Journal, 14 July 1900, 7.

69 William Lass, A History of Steamboating on the Upper Missouri River (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962), 172. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 303 disaster. While the bill awaited passage, the Saluda was one of three fatal explosions involving a steamboat within one week. On April 2, 20 passen­ gers were killed when the Red Stone blew up on the Ohio River, and on April 3, the Glencoe exploded at the St. Louis levee, killing 60. Also, on March 14, nearly a month before the Saluda tragedy, the Pocahontas had exploded, scalding 8 passengers to death. Congress took up the reform bills. The Senate passed its version, and just as the bill reached the House, the Henry Clay burned in the Hudson River, killing many. The House approved the new reform measure, and it became law in August. The 1852 statute, aimed only at passenger steamboats, implemented three reforms: It prescribed rales for the construction of boilers and vessels, established an empowered corps of inspectors to ensure compliance, and gave quasi-judicial powers to the Steamboat Inspection Service, allowing it to enforce its own rulings without reliance on federal judges.™ The bill required that steamboats be equipped with suitable steam gauges, established a test for boilers, set maximums for steam pressure, required inspections of boiler plates, set rules to prevent collisions, ordered safe positioning of fuel on board, required fire pumps, hoses, and life pre­ servers, provided for annual examinations and licensing of engineers and pilots (but not of captains and mates), and granted more inspectors and gave them power to revoke licenses and order repairs. It took years for the new inspection system to ran smoothly.71 Evidence of insurance claims or lawsuits resulting from the Saluda dis­ aster is negligible. Steamboat insurance was costly and difficult to obtain. To preclude deliberate destruction of steamboats by owners, insurers usually limited coverage to one-half to two-thirds of a boat's value. Owners usually had to get insurance from several companies that cooperated through local boards of underwriters. Insurance typically covered risks from nature and some man-made causes such as fire or collision, but policies generally excluded boiler explosions, which were closely attributed to operator negli­ gence. In addition, "companies often refused to insure boats navigated when the threat of ice was high." Insuring both boat and cargo required separate policies, and such were issued only for the duration of a trip. Cargoes, like boats, were often either only partially covered or protected by several com­ panies. Insurance rates varied, based on the condition and reputation of indi­ vidual boats, low water, and navigation risks.72

70 John K. Brown, Limbs on the Levee: Steamboat Explosions and the Origins of Federal Public Welfare Regulation, 1817-1852 (Middlebourne, WV: International Steamboat Society, 1989), viii.

71 Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 163, 537-541; Lass, A Histoiy of Steamboating, 172-173. 72 Lass, "The Fate of Steamboats," 11. 304 Missouri Historical Review

The April 13 Lexington Express "Extra" noted: "We learn that the Saluda was not insured, but that a considerable part of the merchandise on board was insured in St. Louis." On April 10, the St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican reported, "The boat, it is said, was not insured," but because of valuable cargo, "previous to starting out, it had been the intention to insure the freight, which insurance was in all probability effected." On the day of the explosion, Brockman and four of the surviving crewmen filed a formal protest with Lafayette County Court Clerk Edward Stratton, asserting that the Saluda had left St. Louis "in all respects fitted and suited for the trip" and that "all dam­ ages and injury" due to the explosion were caused by the boilers blowing up "and ought not to be attributed to any insufficiency of the said boat, or default" of the captain, officers, or crew. Brockman and the other officers and crewmen filed the protest to protect themselves from liability for damages and losses. Brockman posted the protest in St. Louis for any interested per­ son to see.73 As far as is known, no victims or their representatives filed Saluda-rehted personal claims against insurance companies. Likewise, no state or federal court case files involving losses by Saluda passengers or crew have been found.74 A few parts of the Saluda survived and became historical artifacts, most notably the boat's massive cast-iron bell. A Lexington junk dealer salvaged it and sold it to a church in Savannah, Missouri, in 1852. Today, the bell sits in a memorial wall in front of the Savannah First Christian Church. Lexington officials tried and failed several times to obtain the bell, so when Lexington commemorated the sesquicentennial of the Saluda's explosion in 2002, city officials erected a Saluda memorial bell tower containing a replica of the bell. Other surviving artifacts include a small pulley and dinner bell on display at the Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, a large whetstone and pulley on dis­ play at the Lexington Historic Museum, a door installed in a historic log house in Lexington, and a door recently donated to the LDS Church Museum of Ait and History in Salt Lake City. A small memorial marker honoring Saluda vic­ tims stands in Lexington's Machpelah Cemetery.75

73 Brockman, protest; "Protest of the Steamboat Saluda," St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, 19 April 1852, 3. 74 During the October 1855 term, the Supreme Court of Missouri began consideration of a case brought by Anthony Bennett and Peter Conrad against the estate of Francis Belt. The case was on appeal from the probate court of St. Louis County and then the St. Louis Circuit Court. The case involved whether or not Belt had paid the amount expected when he bought Bennett's half-interest in the boat on March 22, 1852. Belt's estate ended up paying $11.37, much less than Conrad and previous co-owner Bennett sought. See Conrad and Bennett v. Belt's Administrator, 22 Mo. Reports 166 (1855).

75 "Ship's Remnant Finds a Home at Church," Jefferson City News Tribune, 4 April 1999, 2B. In April 2002, Lexington, LDS members, and the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation cre­ ated the small memorial park that features the wooden tower and a plaque telling the disaster Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda 305

Where, then, does the Saluda disaster rank in terms of riverboat disasters on the Missouri River and other American waterways? Until 1852 only two major steamboat boiler explosions had occurred on the Missouri River: the Edna in 1842 (about 55 deaths) and the BigHatchie (12 to 35 deaths) in 1845. In the 1920s, W. J. MacDonald published a three-part article, "The Missouri River and Its Victims." MacDonald listed only two steamboat wrecks after the Saluda that caused significant loss of life: the Timour in 1854 with 19 deaths and the Cataract in 1857 with 15.76 The authors' recent identification of pas­ sengers and calculations of fatalities for the Saluda places the number at about 75, but their name lists and casualty verifications generally support estimates made immediately after the explosion that between 80 and 100 passengers and crew members were dead or missing.77 Although much greater losses occurred on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, the explosion of the Saluda resulted in the greatest loss of life in a steamboat disaster on the Missouri.78

story. Descendants of John Sargent erected the cemetery marker in 1991. Also in commemo­ ration, Brigham Young University's television station KBYU produced a half-hour documen­ tary in 2004, Fire and Redemption: The Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda. The documentary can be viewed at http://mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/projects/fire_redemption.

76 Giffen, "Walks on Water", 132; Louise Barry, The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854 (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1972), 557; MacDonald, "The Missouri River and its Victims," pt. 1: 226, 241, 233; ibid., pt. 3: 599.

77 In addition to contemporary estimates cited earlier, see "Saluda Explosion," St. Louis Missouri Republican, 12 April 1852, 2, where the estimate of dead or missing is circa 100. ,! Snags, fires, collisions, and boiler explosions caused worse tragedies on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. For example, on the Mississippi in 1837 the Monmouth lost 235 to 400 Creek Indians in a collision with the Warren, and the John Adams hit a snag and sank in 1851, killing an estimated 120. On the Ohio, the Ben Sherrod caught fire near Louisville in 1837, costing 120 to 175 lives, and the Moselle exploded near Cincinnati in 1838, killing an estimated 150. The explosion of the Sultana on April 27, 1865, is undisputedly the worst steamboat disaster on America's inland waterways. Carrying recently released Union Army prisoners, and badly overloaded, its boiler exploded near Memphis killing at least 1,500. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 271-304, 543.

At the Sound of the Horn

Ash Grove Commonwealth, February 9, 1939.

"In a nearby town the other day, when an automobile hom tooted, a quiet looking man jumped and looked around in a startled manner. When asked what he was afraid of, he said: A few weeks ago a fellow eloped with his wife in an automobile and now every time he hears a horn toot, he is afraid the fellow is bringing her back!" Courtesy of Oakland Tribune T. K. Whipple and the Literary Move to America

BY LEWIS O. SAUM*

Among the multitudes of readers of Larry McMurtry's 1985 novel, Lonesome Dove, some must have paused in wonderment at a page bearing this epigraph:

All America lies at the end of the wilderness road, and our past is not a dead past, but still lives in us. Our forefathers had civilization inside them­ selves, the wild outside. We live in the civilization they created, but within us the wilderness still lingers. What they dreamed, we live, and what they lived, we dream. T. K. Whipple, Study Out the Land'

Who, some readers must have thought, is or was T. K. Whipple? Thomas King Whipple had, in fact, died nearly a half century before McMurtry availed himself of this passage from an essay first published forty-

*Lewis O. Saum received his doctoral degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is a professor emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle.

1 Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985). This unnum­ bered page came directly after one containing dedications. Some ellipses would have been in order after the first sentence. See T. K. Whipple, Chapter 5, '"The Myth of the Old West'" in Study Out the Land (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943), 65. T. K. Whipple and the Literary Move to America 307 two years earlier. What follows is an attempt to give fuller identity to Whipple, whose essays of the 1920s and 1930s seemed powerful intimations of riches yet to come. Those riches were not realized, but Whipple deserves more attention than he seems to have received. In his era he did a good deal to focus the attention of literary critics upon twentieth-century American fic­ tion. Although he wrote a fair amount of inventive and compelling evalua­ tions of American writers of creative literature, he was not a literary figure. He worked not in the arena of literature per se but of literary criticism. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1890, Whipple spent his childhood and youth there in a family setting that allowed him to attend Princeton University after completing high school. His Princeton years yielded fine academic cre­ dentials, especially in the realm of literary matters. He became editor of the Nassau Literary Magazine, a Princeton periodical, and the quality of his undergraduate work allowed him to move on to graduate studies, which he completed in 1916. Those years added luster in another, not surprising, way. Whipple made the acquaintance and, in some cases, the lasting friendship of some brilliant young men, most notably Edmund Wilson. Some five years younger than Whipple, Wilson rose to the attention of intellectuals with his 1931 book, Axel's Castle. Many more would follow. At the end of that trou­ bled decade, he obliged a world eager to know about the emergence of the Soviet and communist philosophy with To the Finland Station. Among his many subsequent books, Patriotic Gore of 1962 galvanized thinking about the literature of the American Civil War.2 Literary study in that era had little time or patience with American writ­ ing, as Wilson wrote thirty years later. When Wilson, later a commanding fig­ ure in American literary studies, mentioned to his friend "Teek" Whipple the possibility of doing work in "our own field," it begot the response that such study would involve a preference to be '"a big toad in a small puddle.'"3 As would be illustrated by both these young men, that puddle was taking on greater size and attractiveness. Wilson would become something of a dean in American literary studies, and Whipple would second the movement. Whipple's graduate work regarding the influence of the orator Isocrates on Milton's prose and his study of the seventeenth-century epigram would give way to other things. Evidence of the promise Whipple showed in his youthful years remains in the files of the Rhodes Scholarship applications at the University of Missouri- Columbia. In 1912, his senior year at Princeton, Whipple applied to the appli­ cation committee of his home state to be designated Missouri's candidate for

2 Edmund Wilson, Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1931); ibid., To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of Histoiy (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1940); ibid., Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). 3 Edmund Wilson, "T. K. Whipple," in Whipple, Study Out the Land, xvi. 308 Missouri Historical Review the scholarship. High praise came from Kansas City Central High School and from Princeton University, and one can get telling illustrations from two of those doing the recommending—Eleanor M. Denny and Charles G. Osgood. In 1912, Denny, after years of teaching at Kansas City's Central High School, lived in Columbia, Missouri. Word reached her in early December that Whipple was a candidate for a Rhodes Scholarship. She thereupon penned a letter to A. Ross Hill, president of the University of Missouri, who was coordi­ nating the committee of individuals from around the state engaged in consider­ ing the applicants and charged with deciding who was the best qualified. Denny had taught at Central High School during Whipple's years there, and though she stated that she did not know the other applicants, it gave her great pleasure to say that she knew no one she could "more whole-heartedly recom­ mend." She went on to write that she had known both of Whipple's parents for years, and that reinforced her awareness that the applicant possessed "a back­ ground of culture, of social prestige, and of worth. He has an inheritance of intellectual power and of leadership." She saw fit to include a photograph of the young man for the committee's "consideration," and she added: "I think I can safely say that he is all that the picture represents him to be - a young man of the highest character, of alert and sensitive intelligence, of practical grasp and force, of a genial and polished courtesy. I feel that he would represent Missouri at Oxford with credit to himself and with honor to the state."4

4 Denny to Hill, 5 December 1912, folder 3089, University of Missouri President's Office Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, MO.

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A perhaps even more convincing letter came from a Princeton professor who was busily building a fine reputation for work in the English literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Charles Grosvenor Osgood. He would have a long career in which to hone that reputation, outliving the stu­ dent of whom he wrote by thirty years. In early December 1912, Osgood wel­ comed the chance "to say a word" in Whipple's behalf.

I have been pretty closely associated with Mr. Whipple for a year in his work in English, particularly in one of the honors courses in Classics—the Influence of the Classics upon English Literature. . . . Last year he made a carefully wrought stady of the use made by Milton and Shelley in Lycidas and Adonais of the pastoral elegy of the ancients, which was the most thor­ ough-going and difficult piece of work an undergraduate ever did for me. . . . He is a man of personal charm, modest, invariably cheerful, affable, refined, highly appreciative of the finer things in art and life, and, for all I know, a man of exemplary character.5

Osgood saw fit to close his praise with a roundabout allusion to Whipple's strength in the arena of classical ideas and literaiy expression. He would be, the professor wrote, "the sort of man who would do his country credit at Oxford for the particular things in which we have been less accred­ ited there than perhaps we should be." A letter of recommendation written by John Grier Hibben, the president of Princeton and the immediate successor of a man who was moving on to other things, Woodrow Wilson, did not remain in the University of Missouri file.6 Young Whipple did not receive Missouri's selection as Rhodes Scholar applicant in 1912; that designation went to T P. Lockwood, a student at Washington University in St. Louis. It seems that Whipple renewed his effort the following year, apparently using the 1912 recommendations. In 1912 he had arranged to appear for an interview with the selection committee at the Jefferson Hotel in St. Louis. He declined to do so in 1913 since he had sub­ mitted to that formality before. Perhaps because of this disinclination, his can­ didacy was thereupon ended. He had explained to the committee that financial constraints made the trip from Princeton to St. Louis overly burdensome. That explanation may reflect what one of his recommenders had mentioned the pre­ vious year. The applicant's father, A. A. Whipple, had prospered in real estate, but the happy circumstances in the market "boom" of twenty years before no longer obtained. Father Whipple had become "a comparatively poor man."7

5 Osgood to Hill, 2 December 1912, ibid. 6 Ibid. Policy at the time seems to have required that letters of recommendation sent directly to the coordinator in the state, here President Hill, would be returned to the writers while those sent to the applicant could remain in the coordinator's file. 7 Fred W. Fleming to Hill, 4 December 1912, folder 3089, University of Missouri President's Office Papers. 310 Missouri Historical Review

Back at Princeton, young Whipple, upon completing his undergraduate degree, moved directly into graduate work, veiy likely with the encourage­ ment of Professor Osgood. A dissertation, treating "Martial and the English Epigram: Watt to Jonson," would yield a published version, but that would be most of a decade later and three thousand miles from Princeton.8 Long later, Edmund Wilson told of having watched his slightly older friend at work and at agony with the dissertation. He would visit "Teek" at the "luxurious affair," the Graduate School, to find him "inert in his Morris chair, impris­ oned amid the leaded windows, unable to bring himself to get through any more volumes of seventeenth-century epigrams and unwilling or without any appetite to read anything more attractive. It was as if he had succumbed to some terrible doom from which he was powerless to save himself and from which nobody else could save him. The whole spectacle gave me a horror of Ph.D. theses from which I have never recovered."9 It seems likely that some hyperbole crept into this fond and sad account, but it dramatically intimates the direction in which Whipple would move. Full-time employment—which may have become a more compelling matter for this new PhD—began at Union College in Schenectady, New York, in 1916. Wilson, writing over twenty years later, entered a discouraging word about his friend's placement, which was, as Wilson seems to have quoted him, '"devoid of the attractive qualities.'"10

s See T. K. Whipple, "Martial and the English Epigram from Sir Thomas Wyatt to Ben Jonson," University of California Publications in Modern Philology 10 (1920-1925): 279-414. ' Wilson, "T. K. Whipple," xvii. 10 Ibid., xviii.

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After serving in World War I, Edmund Wilson began a distinguished career as a literary journalist, critic, and cre­ ative writer. He has been termed "the last American man of letters. " / kS&te- ' w~*X 1 '• f T. K. Whipple and the Literary Move to America 311

The young professor spent the academic years 1916-1918 there, as Union College records indicate. A considerable change followed; he served in the Marine Coips until a serious illness intervened. Twenty years later, the dis­ ease would kill him. Whipple seems to have made arrangements to teach at Rice Institute in Houston in 1918, but records there do not clearly indicate that he did indeed join the faculty for a time." With military service behind him and with illness temporarily suspended, he returned to Union College in 1919 and 1920. He then made the move to the University of California at Berkeley where he would serve for the rest of his life. In his remaining years, Whipple gained favorable attention as an essay­ ist. He concentrated primarily on the American scene, especially on its liter­ ature and the values and spirit embodied therein. He moved to Berkeley, if not to become a big toad in a little puddle, then at least to take his stand on native grounds, though two of his early essays seemed to echo the subject matter in which he had previously worked. One might surmise that that was the case with "Were 'Job' Just Published" and, more clearly, "Zeuxis and the Grapes." But in the same year, 1923, he wrote essays on "Americanization of Poetry" and on Willa Cather and Robert Frost. That Americanization involved, at least in part, the drift to "prose-poetry, as that bastard medium used to be called."12 Whipple had put it that way in his essay on Job, a work that predated the treatment of Americanization by some six months. That essay depiction of Americanization had arresting material of its own. At the outset, one is reminded of the cultural urge or imperative to native things.

And for a time all went well. The critics expeditiously taiTed and feath­ ered any poet who mentioned asphodel or Amaryllis or the Castalian spring. The pale-mouth'd prophets dreaming were eliminated in favor of soda jerk- ers and shoe salesmen... . They found sassafras and spearmint possessed of a more delectable flavor than cloves and cinnamon. They gave up jousts and tilting and took to crap games and penny ante. .. . They stopped dream­ ing of Samarkand, to take a look at Hannibal, Mo. ... To the observer, the poets seemed quite content just to play around the house and help mother.13

11 Marcia Carter, Department Coordinator, Department of English, Rice University, to author, 3 August 2004. Incomplete records at Rice indicate that Whipple was scheduled to teach there in 1918-1919, but that is countered by an entry to the effect that he was "absent for war service." The June 5, 1939, Oakland Tribune told that he had taught at Rice Institute (p. D15). Material in ser. 1, box 173, folder 736, University of California (System), Berkeley, Office of the President Records, Bancroft Library, indicates that he taught at Rice in 1918 as an instruc­ tor and at Princeton as an instructor from 1920 to 1921.

12 T. K. Whipple, "Were 'Job' Just Published," Literary Review of the New York Evening Post, 3 March 1923, 503.

13 T. K. Whipple, "Americanization of Poetry," ibid., 6 October 1923, 107. 312 Missouri Historical Review

The general propositions then gave way to cases and illustrations. With however much irony, Whipple then moved to this contention: "The themes are the same in all great art; the only need is to modernize the style." He offered suggestions. For example, poet Vachel Lindsay could set about working adaptations of old ballads such as "Sir Patrick Spens."

The King sits in Dumferline town Drinking the blue-red wine "O where will I get a skeely skipper To sail this new ship o' mine?"

Then came the proposed Lindsay adaptation, "With saxophone and traps."

The boss bootlegger on the Jersey shore, Took a swig at his flask and began to roar: "A shipload of Scotch and of Gordon gin! Where's a good rum-runner who will bring it in?"

Because the two had "much in common," Edgar Lee Masters could modern­ ize Milton's Paradise Lost. "That fair field/Of Enna" could readily yield "That vile dump/Spoon River." Whipple provided more illustrative sugges­ tions and this conclusion: "Once this is done, we can dismiss poetry from our minds, and devote all our patriotic vigilance to enlightening Italians, Chinese and other newly arrived foreigners to whom American traditions are strange."14 "Were 'Job' Just Published" involves, of course, a venture into the imag­ inative, but it has an enigmatic quality beyond that, which may help to explain why this item, as was the case with the Americanization essay, appeared under the heading, "The New Curiosity Shop." The parenthetical aside under that title—"(Review in Almost Any Metropolitan Daily)"—might be taken for whimsy, but the reader feels the urge to double the guard as the essay's opening paragraph has this to say: '"The Book of Job' belongs not to to-day, but to to-morrow - or even to week after next, a time which promis­ es to be uncommonly depressing."15 A decade before Whipple's birth, Kansas City was graced for a while by Eugene Field, a man who had a capacity to write a long, intricate review of a book that had not gone through the formality of having been published. One wonders if Whipple may have been concocting something in that mode a gen­ eration later. Then again, a work titled Book of Job had appeared two years earlier. Rabbinical scholar Morris Jastrow had delved into the ancient

14 Ibid. 15 Whipple, "Were 'Job' Just Published," 503. T. K. Whipple and the Literary Move to America 313

sources, inspirations, and constructions of that book, his contribution bearing the subtitle Its Origin, Growth andInterpretation.™ No, Whipple's essay par­ took of the genre "concoction" unless it derived from some now largely for­ gotten work. Some wonderment remains as to the details of provenance, but doubt dis­ appears when turning to the gist of this essay or review. The real or hypoth­ esized Book of Job partook of the world view of novelists Sherwood Anderson and Sinclair Lewis, "in their disillusionment, their preoccupation with misery and ugliness, their blindness to the sunnier and more cheering aspects of life." The work at hand, the reviewer continued, was "less con­ vincing" than the tales of Winesburg and Gopher Prairie, and this modern Job had a happy ending, "a strange lapse for a would-be intellectual." But its cat­ egory was that of Anderson and Lewis and the like: "To put the whole matter in a nutshell, 'The Book of Job' may be described as out of T S. Eliot by Carl Sandburg - with the additional remark that it 'takes after' its dam much more than its sire." It "derives much more from 'The Waste Land' than from 'Cornhuskers.'"17 Three weeks after the appearance of the Job essay, the Literary Review of the New York Evening Post carried another contribution from T K. Whipple, and this one did not appear under that subheading "The New Curiosity Shop." The new one, "Zeuxis and the Grapes," had prominent placement, beginning with all of the right-hand column of the front page. The editor's name, Henry Seidel Canby, appeared a few inches away. A poem by John Crowe Ransom occupied the top of the central column, immediately to the left of "Zeuxis and the Grapes." Below the poem, the table of contents indicated that some notable reviewers such as Canby, Joseph Wood Krutch, Charles Warren, and Edwin S. Corwin had contributed to the issue.18 Whipple's essay had fine company. Zeuxis, the author began, was "the best known painter of Ephesus." That fifth century BC Greek became legendary for the stunning precision of his work. Legend had it that when one of his paintings was placed on his garden, birds came to peck at the bunch of grapes Zeuxis had depicted in the work. That redounded greatly to the reputation of the man who, according to leg­ end, sometimes gave his paintings away because they were priceless.

16 Morris Jastrow, The Book of Job: Its Origin, Growth and Interpretation (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1920). 17 Whipple, "Were 'Job' Just Published," 503. 18 T. K. Whipple, "Zeuxis and the Grapes," Literary Review of the New York Evening Post, 24 March 1923, 543-546. Prominent scholars Corwin and Warren would best be categorized as legal and constitutional historians, and their work in this issue bears that out. Canby and Krutch were, at the time, seen as cultural and literary scholars, though Krutch would later become known for nature writings. 314 Missouri Historical Review

In the graphic arts, this "ornithological standard" has long since been abandoned, Whipple noted. "We take for granted that not the brownest of Tahitians should try to pick one of Gaugin's breadfruit and that Gaugin never intended he should. . . . We appraise a statue or a sonata on its own merits alone, not on its resemblance to anything outside itself." That change in out­ look had not, however, been fully realized in literature, according to Whipple. "Skilful mimicry" seems to be what is yet demanded.19 "We still want grapes that birds will peck at." We do not, however, quite presume to ask if "a crow has ever been deceived by one of Sherwood Anderson's cornfields," but equivalent questions strew the literary landscape. Was Babbitt an "insult to rotary clubs?" Whipple asked. In treating Winesburg and Gopher Prairie, were Anderson and Lewis being '"fair"' to the small towns of their region? In these and other cases, a work gets praise for being a '"good likeness'" of something. Willa Cather's One of Ours, a work of war setting, has begotten angry discussion as to whether or not she has rendered a '"true picture.'" "The consensus being that her A.E.F. would never attract either a coutie or a file dejoie, her novel is judged half a failure."20 "Why do we apply to literature a criterion which we have long since out­ grown in the other arts?" He then used this analogy: The novel has become akin to the group photograph. Having looked first for ourselves and having surmounted indignation, we look for "our neighbors and fellow lodge mem­ bers, the simulacrum of whom move us to mirth."21 Whipple then claimed, whatever the cause—revolt against romance or whatever—"Zeuxism" has had ill consequences. "It misleads the novelist— until so true an artist as Miss Cather takes refuge in footnotes and apologies for tinkering with history; until Sinclair Lewis, who shows many flashes of distinct creative ability, devotes nine-tenths of his labor to decking out dum­ mies in the obvious follies of his countiymen; until Sherwood Anderson has sometimes seemed to think of himself as primarily a recorder of small town life." In fact, "Pseudopolis" provides the scene of all literature, wrote Whipple. Literature does not involve mimicry,pace Upton Sinclair's assertion that the novelist should act as "faithful phonograph." Literature involves "cre­ ation." And that assertion deserved getting repeated in Whipple's last sentence of "Zeuxis and the Grapes": "They are not mimicry; they are creation."22 These 1923 essays, "The Book of Job" and "Zeuxis and the Grapes," appeared close to a decade after any certifiable connection of Whipple with his home state. Whatever the family fortunes were, he had done quite well,

" Ibid., 543. 20 Ibid., 543, 546. 21 Ibid., 543. 22 Ibid., 546. T. K. Wltipple and the Literaiy Move to America 315

T. K. Whipple, 1913

Princeton University Library and he would continue to do so in his sadly few remaining years. In 1928 he published a highly regarded book of essays, Spokesmen, on literaiy figures of the era. Three of the essays, treating Sherwood Anderson, Willa Cather, and Robert Frost, had appeared in the Literaiy Review of the New York Evening Post.11 Spokesmen would be followed a decade later by a book that was left, by Whipple's untimely death, for his friend Edmund Wilson and others to arrange for publication. Once again, much of the material for Study Out the Land had appeared previously in prestigious periodicals. In one of those, Whipple wrote the passage that caught Larry McMurtiy's eye. Whipple died in 1939, apparently due to the sarcoma that had struck him during his brief Marine Corps duty. The book appeared in 1943 with a "Prefatory Memoir" by Wilson. Whipple had studied out the land, to use that expression of Walt Whitman's, and Larry McMurtry had attached a bit of it to a novel. Whipple's friend Wilson probably would not have viewed that as a misap­ propriation. Wilson did a fine pen portrait of "Teek," his friend who present­ ed "an unusual combination of Princetonian and Middle Westerner—of pleas­ antly, casualness, and elegance with homeliness, simplicity, and directness."24 As noted earlier, Wilson saw "T K." as burdened by dissertation projects that

11 T. K. Whipple, Spokesmen: Modern Writers and American Life (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1928). In 1963 the University of California Press republished Spokesmen, with a fore­ word by scholar and writer Mark Schorer. In the foreword, Schorer remarked, "If there had been a Nobel Prize in Prophecy, it should have gone to T. K. Whipple" (p. ix). The immediate context for this was the work of Sinclair Lewis, but Schorer's 1961 work on Lewis, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), did not seem so enthusiastic about Whipple (pp. 354, 546).

Wilson, "T. K. Whipple," xiii. 316 Missouri Historical Review bespoke the higher learning of the era, with Isocrates, Milton, and the like. Those projects would, however, eventuate in print. "T. K." probably did feel "enmeshed," as Wilson put it, in those projects, but Whipple admired them, and he admired the sumptuous Princeton surroundings as well. Wilson recalled going to dinner with his friend at the Graduate School, a "Gothic cre­ ation which had just been erected by Ralph Adams Cram." Dinner was served in "the immense medieval dining hall, where the faculty sat on a dais and the students filed in in black gowns to the boom of a fugue of Bach from a hand-carved organ loft."25 Whipple admired much of the Princeton ambiance, "but, as a man from Kansas City, he couldn't help being funny about the suits of armor in the halls." Whipple had some "nostalgia for Princeton," but the field he would come to occupy lay right there before him, not in ancient classics nor in eighteenth-cen­ tury English literature, but in twentieth-century American literature. "He was a long-legged, loose-jointed fellow, with pale blond hair and a Missouri drawl, whose expression, with its wide grin, was at once sad and droll." From appear­ ance, Wilson moved to accomplishment. "The Middle Westerner in T. K. came forward to meet the Middle Western writers who were playing such a conspic­ uous part in the American literature of the period; but he met them with the cul­ tivated intelligence which was supposed to be characteristic of the East."26 His friend's significance essentially took this form in Wilson's conclu­ sions regarding Whipple. People such as journalist and critic H. L. Mencken had moved readers to turn to "the new writers; and now the process of under­ standing them and appraising them was beginning with T. K. Whipple."27 In one way or another, students of American literature seconded that motion for a generation or more. Not long after Thomas King Whipple died, Alfred Kazin published On Native Grounds, essentially a descriptive study of the move to what some, in an earlier era, might have considered that "small pud­ dle." In that 1942 book, Kazin, then emerging as a major figure in literaiy studies, made two mentions of Whipple, one a frequently described or quot­ ed metaphorical assessment of Sinclair Lewis.28 However apt that Kazin usage was, the man from Kansas City, had he lived longer, might well have loomed considerably larger in the relocation of literary and cultural attention from the classical themes and from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English ones to those of twentieth-century America.

25 Ibid., xvii. 26 Ibid., xvii, xii, xixxx. 27 Ibid., xx. 28 Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1942), 220. Here Kazin drew attention to Whipple "when he so cleverly compared Lewis to a Red Indian stalking the country of his ene­ mies." Others have also mentioned that passage in Spokesmen (p. 219). v -1 f' * »' war* ,4

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SHSMO 023647-496 "Having a Grand . . . Vacation"

Despite often miserably hot and humid weather, Missourians have tradi­ tionally spent much of their summer leisure time out-of-doors. Recreational and entertainment options expanded throughout the twentieth century. Automobiles became common, and highways improved. In 1939 the state boasted 310 tourist courts and camps. Almost sixty years later, 1,703 hotels and motels and 156 recreational vehicle parks and campgrounds catered to Missourians and out-of-state tourists. Towns, cities, and the state added parks. Between 1939 and 2000, state parks and historic sites grew from twen­ ty-five to eighty. The number of lakes increased due to the efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Missouri Department of Conservation, and pri­ vate utilities. Water-related activities were particularly popular; by the early twenty-first century, over one million people annually camped, canoed, and floated within the state's boundaries.1 The photographs that follow depict families, groups, and individuals par­ ticipating in a variety of summer activities. Water plays an important role in many of the images. Activities range from picnics and local parades to base­ ball and outdoor theaters to an elephant ride in Boonville. All the images show Missourians enjoying (or enduring) the long days of summer as they step out of their daily routines.

1 Richard S. Kirkendall, A Histoiy of Missouri, Volume V, 1919 to 1953 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986), 233; U.S. Census Bureau, "1997 Economic Census: Accommodation and Foodservices, Missouri," http: //www.census.gov/epcd/ed97/mo/ M0000_72.HTM#N721; Official Manual, State of Missouri, 1999-2000, 488; Lawrence H. Larsen, A Histoiy of Missouri, Volume VI, 1953 to 2003 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004), 28. 318 Missouri Historical Review

Picnics

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SHSMO 008685 Serving the Ball in Joplin Spectators lined the Soapbox Derby route in Columbia in 1959.

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Photo by Joan Bossert. Courtesy of Columbia Missowian, SHSMO 009817 University of Missouri student Milton McHenry gave Dean Acton an archery lesson at Camp Personality near Holt's Summit in 1979. "Having a Grand. . . Vacation " 323

Swimming

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Children and adolescents enjoy playing in water whether in washtubs in front of their St. Louis home or in a rural Boone County pond.

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SHSMO 023647-512 These women, probably University of Missouri students, sought relief from the heat but kept themselves demurely covered in the 1910s. A Summer Afternoon at a Swimming Hole near Hannibal

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1 1 / / / S '1 1 / I 1 /':"' .1 -1 1 t' >« 326 Missouri Historical Review

Camping

SHSMO 002086-4 Playing Cards on a Camping Trip near the Osage River, 1910 These Boonville men camped near the Niangua River in 1906.

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jg^l SHSMO 026897-4 7it'o groups enjoyed camping in the early 1900s. While the location of the cabin above is unknown, the tents were pitched at Chouteau Springs in Cooper County.

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Fishing

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Boating

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Lake Taneycomo, created in 1913 by the damming of the White River, has attracted boaters, fishermen, and swimmers from its earliest clays. The completion of Table Rock Lake in 1958 and the entertainment industiy that has grown up around Branson have made southwest Missouri a destination for tourists from throughout the United States. The images on this page were postcards depicting the boating opportunities available on Taneycomo in the 1910s and 1950s.

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Founded in the early 1880s, Pertle Springs became a resort known statewide for its mineral springs. Located on the south side of Warrensburg, it featured a hotel, cot­ tages, and tents and was a popular spot for conventions and chatauquas. Boaters in the scene below are rowing toward Lake Cena, one of the resort's nine lakes.

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Fairs, Festivals, and Parades

These young women took advantage of an unusual mode of'transportation when the circus came to Boonville in the early part of the centwy. Local residents enjoyed this Kennettparade in the 1950s. Photo by Gerald Massie, SHSMO 021866

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Missouri State Fair

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Peanut Vendors at the Missouri State Fair, 1983 [Courtesy of Columbia Daily Tribune, SHSMO 99-0001-1]

A large crowd gathered in the grandstand to watch a sulky race at the third state fair held August 17-22, 1903. SHSMO 024126

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Relaxing in the Summer

Massie-Missouri Commerce, SHSMO 003IS Wlien the Starlight Theatre opened in Kansas City in 1951 for its first full season, it was one of almost forty such outdoor theaters in the nation. The first Elms Hotel in Excelsior Springs opened in 1888 to take advantage of the nearby mineral springs. The third building (below) opened in 1912. SHSMO 026901 %?mm£*M

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In the summer, Missourians seek quiet moments outside in both urban and rural set­ tings. Concrete and brick buildings sen>e as a backdrop for the grassy Lucas Park in downtown St. Louis (above), and a rushing Ozark sfream provides a welcome cool spot (below).

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NEWS IN BRIEF Larson's Legacy, an exhibit honoring Board in Jefferson City and the Missouri Sidney Larson, is on display in the Art Gallery Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in through August 12. Larson served as the Cape Girardeau. Society's curator for more than forty years and taught at Columbia College for half a cen­ On April 14-15, Kremer, Lynn Wolf tury, influencing several generations of artists. Gentzler, associate director, Amy Waters, ref­ Organized by sculptor and Columbia College erence specialist, and Lisa Weingarth, infor­ art professor Larry Young, the exhibit mation specialist, attended the forty-seventh includes works by Marc Bohne, Pamela annual Missouri Conference on History host­ Lenck Bradford, Mabel Bondurant ed by Northwest Missouri State University in Culpepper, Bense Garza, Kenny Greene, Maryville. Kremer co-presented a paper, "A Arthur Koch, Brian Mahieu, Sue Tushingham Lynching and Its Legacy: The 1931 Murder of McNary, Pete Pinnell, Lonnie Tapia, Kim Raymond Gunn," with Patrick Huber, Watson, Larry Young, and Sidney Larson. University of Missouri-Rolla. George Caleb Bingham: An Artist and His World, an exhibition of paintings and prints In April, Seth Smith, reference specialist, from the Society's collection organized by represented the Society at the Kansas History historian and biographer Paul Nagel, is also Teachers Association conference in Overland on display in the Art Gallery through August Park, Kansas, and the St. Louis Genealogical 19. Featuring Horse Thief a painting recent­ Society Genealogy Fair. At each event, Smith ly attributed to Bingham, the exhibition coin­ staffed a table displaying Society publications cides with the release of Nagel's biography of and answered questions about the Society. the artist, George Caleb Bingham: Missouri's Famed Painter and Forgotten Politician. Christine Montgomery, photograph spe­ cialist, gave a presentation at the University of Gaiy R. Kremer, executive director, has Missouri-Columbia Museum of Art and given presentations to a variety of audiences Archaeology on the development of photogra­ during the past few months, including the phy in the nineteenth century and its impact Kansas City Public Library, Jefferson City on portraiture painting. The talk coincided Zonta Club, Missouri National Guard in with the museum's exhibition Fashioning Jefferson City, University of Missouri Lifespan Identities: Portraiture through the Ages. Learning Program in Columbia, Jefferson City First Baptist Church Friendship Club, and Pat Holmes, reference specialist, attended Jefferson City Area Chamber of Commerce. the state conference of the Missouri State He also spoke on the history of Lincoln Society Daughters of the American University at a reception for Carolyn Revolution in Springfield on April 22-24. Mahoney, the university's new president, Holmes currently serves as archive chair­ gave a talk titled "Practicing the Historian's woman for MSSDAR. Craft: A Memoir from Middle Age" at a Phi Alpha Theta initiation at the University of Several groups toured the Society's Missouri-Rolla, delivered a lecture titled libraries and galleries in March, April, and "Racial Equity: Where do we stand, what May, including students from the University of must we do?" for the annual meeting of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia College, CURE (Congregations United for Racial Columbia Public Schools Adult Education Equity) in Jefferson City, and spoke at the sil­ English as a Second Language class, Odessa ver anniversary celebration of the Western Middle School, and Moberly High School and Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla. Middle School, and members of the Thomas In addition, Kremer attended meetings of Hart Benton Chapter of the Daughters of the the Missouri Historical Records Advisory American Revolution, Warsaw, Missouri. 339

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

A urora Advertiser April 22, 2005: "Legend of [Flat Creek] Civil War cannon lures historians."

Cabool Enterprise March 24, 2005: "The story of Texas County's early Lithuanian community," Jackson Township, by Helen Stenger.

Camdenton Lake Sun Leader January 21, 2005: "Through the Years . . . : Camden County History."

Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian January 21, 2005: "Discovery of Morgan Oak Street 'tunnel' proves to be beer cellar," by Mark Bliss. February 7: "Thru the Years: The 1811 New Madrid earthquake," letter written by Eliza Bryant about the effect of the earthquake on her family, reprinted. March 6: "Colorful pasts: Area mayors [Ben Gockel, G. C. Thilenius, Harlan Pieronnet, William Coerver, M. E. Leming, Fred Kage, William Paar, Sam Vandivort, Edward Hays, Russell O. Hawkins, Jefferson P. Lightner, and Virgil Hopkins] dealt with everything from exe­ cutions to bootleggers and an unemployed mob," by Mark Bliss.

Carl Junction Jasper County Citizen May 4, 2005: "Histoiy Junction: 'When the War Ended,'" World War II, by John Durbin.

Carrollton Democrat April 22, 2005: "Carrollton's School of Magnetic Healing - historical humbug?" by Elaine Mercer.

Carthage Press April 23, 2005: "Preserving our past," pioneer family of James and Mary Hornback, by Ron Graber.

Columbia Daily Tribune January 28,2005: "Journalism has strong roots in Missouri Press Association," by Bill Clark. February 13: "Banking on the past," Civil War history in Newtonia, by James Goodwin. March 7: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Eugene Field." March 8: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Joseph Charless." March 9: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Joseph Pulitzer." March 11: "Famous Missouri Journalists: William F. Switzler." This and the above arti­ cles by William H. Taft. April 11: "Pioneers [Daniel Boone Family] moved to the state from the turn of the centary to 1800," by Sue Gerard.

Columbia Missourian April 18, 2005: "Partners in Preservation," Guitar Mansion, by Holly Leach. 340 Missouri Historical Review

May 2: "Harg's History," by Katie Fretland.

Etdon Advertiser January 20, 2005: "Eugene was born with the railroad"; "Etterville was once known as town of Summit"; "High Point is the highest point in Moniteau County"; "Proctor Station became Cove, became Chester, and finished as Olean"; "From a broken wagon wheel . . . Russellville through the years."

Fulton Sun February 8, 2005: "Civil War buffs seek to defend Fort D," Cape Girardeau, by Mark Bliss. February 22: "Mid-1800s see Fulton's black churches flourish," Calvary Baptist Church, St. James United Methodist Church, and Second Christian Church, by Kimberly Long. February 27: "History of black churches spans Callaway County," Pleasant Hill Baptist Church in Auxvasse, Oak Chapel in Guthrie, Oakley Chapel in Carrington, Simpson Chapel in Stephens, Old Richland Baptist Church in Fulton, St. Pauls United Methodist Church (now New Richland Baptist Church) in Fulton, Mt. Vernon Missionary Baptist Church in Holts Summit, and Johnson Chapel near Williamsburg, by Kimberly Long.

Glasgow Missourian March 24, 2005: "A Histoiy of Glasgow," by Kathleen Gebhard.

Hannibal Courier-Post February 19, 2005: "Arrow Rock follows Osage Trail," by Ron Jennings. February 24: "Historic church [Eighth and Center Streets Baptist Church] a landmark in faith," by Margie Clark; "Memories all that remain of Palmyra's black [Lincoln] school," by Don Krause. March 14: "Separating fact from fiction in [Mark] Twain's hometown [Hannibal]," by Jim Salter. April 9: "The Battle of Monroe Station," Monroe City.

Harrisonville Cass Comity Democrat-Missourian February 4, 2005: "Too good to be fiction: Many call it [the Korean War] the 'Forgotten War' but [veteran] Bill Watson is anything but forgettable," by Jennifer Coombes.

Hopkins Journal February 10, 2005: "The Hopkins Journal marks 130th year anniversary February 14th 1875-2005."

Jackson Cash Book Journal March 2, 2005: "The road from Kentucky to Missouri. ... the Jacob Kneibert story," by Beverly K. Hahs.

Jefferson City Post-Tribune February 20, 2005: "LU [Lincoln University] women helped to build legacy of learning." March 7: "40 years after Bloody Sunday: Jefferson City woman [Gwen Edmonson] remembers marching into civil rights histoiy." This and the above article by Natalie Fieleke. Missouri History in Newspapers 341

Kahoka Media March 9, 2005: "One Of A Kind Celebration," history of St. Patrick, Missouri, and St. Patrick Shrine, by Kevin Fox.

Kansas City Pitch Weekly January 27,2005: "The Concrete Bungle," HNTB engineering firm and downtown Kansas City, by David Martin.

Kansas City Star April 19, 2005: "Surveyors say exact spot of Arkansas-Missouri state line hazy."

Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat April 13, 2005: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Mark Twain." April 20: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Missouri Press Association." This and the above article by William H. Taft.

Lexington News February 4,2005: "Local bar and restaurant [in the building that now houses the Lexington Brewery] was once the site of an illegal prohibition-era still and government raid." April 20: "David Strother, the first African-American to vote in the United States, was born in Lexington." This and the above article by Mark Lamoree.

Linn Unterrified Democrat February 9, 2005: "History Of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle; "Century Farm: Baumhoers work to restore, retain 1883 ancestral home," by Allen Messick.

The Marshall Democrat-News April 1, 2005: "Renovations complete on one-of-a-kind NB-3 [aircraft]," by Matt Heger.

The Marthasville Record February 24, 2005: "Famous Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr Born in Wright City," by Joan Elliot.

MaryviUe Daily Forum February 22, 2005: '"President for a day' has northwest Mo. roots," David Rice Atchison, by Lisa Gutierrez.

MaryviUe Nodaway News Leader January 20, 2005: "Historic justice: Murder [of Frank Griffin] on the MaryviUe Square," by Don Nothstine and Janet Hawley.

Nevada Daily Mail February 25, 2005: "The Illustrious Earps: Centennial newspaper report on the Earp fam­ ily," by Carolyn Gray Thornton. April 1: "Local church has deep roots," United Methodist Church of Nevada, by Steve Moyer.

New Haven Leader February 23, 2005: "Parishioner [Henry Zastrow] Kills Minister [Valentine Strauss] in Self-Defense." 342 Missouri Historical Review

March 2: "Franklin County Histoiy: Born without arms - Proving he could do it," Harold Wilke. March 23: "Political leaders in Franklin County's past: August Henry Bolte, lieutenant governor." March 30: "Franklin County Histoiy: Elmer E. Cowan." This and the above articles by Glen Blesi. April 27: "Village was original [Franklin] county seat: Newport researcher [Elsie Webb] says town plat covered 80 acres," by Sue Blesi.

Owensville Gasconade County Republican February 23, 2005: "The forgotten general: the swamp fox [Meriwether Jefferson Thompson] and his 'mush' rats," by Jim and Donna Featherston.

Park Hills St. Francois County Daily Journal January 9, 2005: "Opening a new chapter in histoiy: Braun Hotel and Opera House lives to see new centary of history," Farmington, by Renee Jean.

Perryville Perry County Republic-Monitor March 8, 2005: "Histoiy demolished: [St. Mary's] Seminary buildings being torn down to make room for a new retirement home," by Kate Martin.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner April 7, 2005: "Few Today Pass Through Old Wappapello, Lone Street Marker Honors Founder's Son [Samuel R. Kelley]," by Cletis R. Ellinghouse.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic March 13, 2005: "Huck [Finn]'s home part of plan to contrast fact, fiction in Hannibal," by Jim Salter.

Raytown Post January 19, 2005: "The Music Man: Jesse Roy Huckstep," by Howard Bell.

Rolla Daily News April 3, 2005: "Fort Davidson: Site of Civil War battle," Pilot Knob, by Barbara Baird. April 17: "Phelps County Family Histoiy: Pacific Railroad wreck," by Robert Doerr.

St. Clair Franklin County Watchman January 24,2005: " 1927 Franklin County Histoiy: Meramec State Park," by Sue Cooley Blesi. January 31: "Franklin County History: Robertsville Frisco Agent [A. Glaze] Retired" and "Gruesome Injury in 1924," Ernst Steffens, by Sue Blesi. April 18: "Franklin County Histoiy: Officials Called To Assist With [Train] Accident At Stanton" and "Franklin County History: Man [Frank Barnes] Leaves Town [Washington] With Money and Unpaid Bill." April 25: "Franklin County History: [Toussaint] Charboneau [family] Reunion" and "Franklin County History: Mother and Daughter [Alice and Louise Strauser] Graduate [from Sullivan High School] Together." These and the above articles by Glen Blesi.

St. Louis Journal-Northeast County February 16,2005: "St. Louis serves as a microcosm of black history," by Ronald J. Hemy. March 9: "Missouri plays key role in nation's history," by Jan Pollack. Missouri Histoiy in Newspapers 343

St. Louis Journal-Northwest County March 30,2005: "Looking for some North County history? Head south," Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site, by Jan Pollack.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 31, 2005: "Lee buys Pulitzer: Family's newspaper tradition comes to an end," by Harry Levins; "Pulitzer Inc. and the Post-Dispatch: 126 years of family rule comes to an end." March 13: "Preservationists struggle to hold ground at Wilson's Creek site," Republic, by Tim O'Neil.

St. Louis Review March 11, 2005: "St. Andrew Parish in Lemay celebrates 100th anniversary," by Barbara Watkins.

St. Louis Riverfront Times March 30, 2005: "Arch Madness: A Rough Guide to St. Louis," by Randall Roberts.

St. Louis South County Times January 21, 2005: "150 Years Of The Affton School District," by Kevin Murphy.

Salem News March 31,2005: "A legacy of pictures," photographer Charles Elliot Gill, by Brenda Jessen.

Sarcoxie Record February 23, 2005: "Jasper County Notebook: Belle Starr," by Lori Pace.

Sedalia Democrat May 7, 2005: "Restlessness built [Walt] Disney empire."

Steele Enterprise February 10, 2005: "Gruesome discovery [at Steele High School] points to double murder in Steele," reprinted.

Sweet Springs Herald October 13, 2004: "Sports in Sweet Springs' early days." October 20: "Former Sweet Springs restaurant owner [Blanche Duffey Forbes] turns 100 years young." November 10: "Historic [Howard] County Lines." November 17: "The Osages in our area." November 24: "James Dickerson and Polly Huff Dickerson." December 8: "The Rev. Joshua Barbee." December 15: "Brownsville in 1870." December 29: "Historical Anniversaries for Sweet Springs in 2005," Sweet Springs Post Office, Blackwater Chapel, Talbot Hicklin, Robert G Ware, and George Graham Vest. January 5, 2005: "Histoiy of the development of 'Sweet Springs.'" January 12: "Henry James Brown (1811-1854)-Early Saline County Artist." February 2: "Brownsville in 1880," part 1. February 9: "Brownsville in the 1880s," part 2. 344 Missouri Historical Review

February 16: "Sweet Springs Post Office - The Early Years." This and the above articles by Sam Blain Jr.

Washington Missourian January 22, 2005: "Historical Hometown: Ghost Towns: North Washington." January 29: "Historical Hometown: Ghost Towns: Anaconda." February 5: "Historical Hometown: Ghost Towns: The Whitmire Settlement and Nearby Reedville." This and the above articles by Marc Houseman. February 9: "Provides Information On 'Quakenbruecke,' North Washington," letter to the editor, by Urban "Chick" Ruether. February 16: "Downtown Group [Pacific Partnership] Dusts Off Pacific's Civil War Histoiy," by Pauline Masson. February 19: "Historical Hometown: Ghost Towns: Moselle," by Marc Houseman. February 23: "Pacific Railroad Arrived in Washington 150 Years Ago," by Joan Elliott. April 9: "Famous Missouri Journalists: Norman J. Colman," by William H. Taft. April 20: "Bank of Sullivan Turns 110... And Is Still Going Strong," by Joan Elliott. May 4: "Their Name May Be Odd, But It's All for Charity: Washington's Oldest Fraternal Organization Celebrates Its 150th Anniversary," International Order of Odd Fellows Pacific Lodge 86, by Karen Cemich.

West Plains Daily Qidll January 20, 2005: "Real story of 'Old Drum' was packed with famous characters, memo­ rable eulogy," by Marideth Sisco. March 16: "Group from Newtonia works to preserve a Civil War site," Ritchey Mansion.

Colts and Currency

Ash Grove Commonwealth, August 9, 1888.

"A young horse always goes faster after being broken. It's the same way with a ten dollar bill."

Forever Summer

Memphis Conservative, January 24, 1878.

"When I die," said a married man, "I want to go where there is no snow to shovel." His wife said she presumed he would. 345

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

The Adair Historian, Adair County Historical Society Winter 2005: "[Cecil W] Wright Tire and Appliance," Kirksville; "Palace Bakery 1907- 1962: From the East Side of the Square to All Over Northeast Missouri," Kirksville. Spring 2005: "The Cain Family of Adair Family [sic]: Early Settlers in Western Adair County," by Lynn Henning; "Emil Green: From Turkey Farmer to World Traveler," by Pat Ellebracht.

American Art Review February 2005: "[George Caleb] Bingham to [Thomas Hart] Benton: The Midwest as Muse," by Margaret C. Conrads. April 2005: "[George Caleb] Bingham to [Thomas Hart] Benton: The Midwest as Muse," by Randall R. Griffey.

American History February 2005: "Rose Cecil O'Neill and Her Kewpies," by Stephen Currie.

The American Philatelist, June 2005 "Tax Paid Revenue Stamps and the Infamous St. Louis Whiskey Ring," by Thomas C. Kingsley.

The Blue and Grey Chronicle April 2005: "[Missouri] Confederate Home residents [Michael Hallerman, J. E. Burroughs, J. J. Fields, H. G. Britton, and John Mason] attend Gettysburg Reunion," by Brian Kelling; "A John T. Hughes Sighting," by Wayne Schnetzer.

Buck and Ball, Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks February 2005: "Battle of Fredericktown."

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April 1, 2005: "Remembering Nevada," by Richard Niles; "Travails of the [Frederick Augustus] Williamses," by Martha M. Kaufmann; "Deerfield School, 1952-60," by JoLynn Comstock Warnke; "On the Street Where We Live . . . ," 839 North Ash in Nevada, by Wanda Walker Yoast.

BYU Studies Vol. 43, No. 4, 2004: "Joseph Smith and the Missouri Court of Inquiry: Austin A. King's Quest for Hostages," by Gordon A. Madsen.

Christian County Historian February 2005: "Children of the Civil War," by Ruth Scott; "Calvin Davis, Country Photographer," by Susie Schade-Brewer; "War in the Ozarks," by S. J. Stewart.

Clay County Mosaic January-February-March 2005: "Excerpts from our new publication 'Doctor on the Western Frontier: The Diaries of Dr. William Wallace Dougherty, 1854-1880.'" 346 Missouri Historical Review

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Winter 2004: "Johannes Friedrich Boeling—An Early Missionary to the Midwest: Part Two," by William R. Wangelin; "Memoirs of Ernst Moritz Buerger: Part Six," translated by Edgar Joachim Buerger; "Early History of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Saint Charles, Missouri," by Martin Noland.

County Lines, Boone County Historical Society March/April 2005: "Historic Sites Nomination: The Civil War Battle of Goslin's Lane (near Woodlandville)."

DeKalb County Heritage April 2005: "Good Old Days: Walnut Grove School District #12," by Mildred (Mix) McElwain.

Der Maibaum, Deutschheim Association Spring 2005: "Hermann's [German newspapers] Licht-Freund and Wochenblatt," by Dorris Keeven-Franke.

The Despatch, Recreated First U.S. Infantry and Boone's Rangers March/April 2005: "History of Lincoln County, Missouri: Part II," by Joseph A. Mudd, reprinted.

The Diggin's, Old Mines Area Historical Society Winter 2005: "Slave Narratives: A Folk Histoiy of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves," George Washington Brooks, Joe Casey, and Perry Sheppard, reprinted.

Ferguson Notes, Ferguson Historical Society Spring 2005: "Daniel Thomas O'Bannon: Writer, Director"; "Antoine Predock: Architect."

Field Notes, Eugene Field House and St. Louis Toy Museum Winter 2005: "Propelled into Fame," Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sandford, part 1. Spring 2005: "Propelled into Fame," Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sandford, part 2. This and the above article by John A. Wright.

Florissant Valley Forum, St. Louis Community College February 21, 2005: "Celebrating Black History Month," by Tyrone Farley; "Black History Month," a timeline of African American histoiy in Missouri.

Friends of Arrow Rock Spring 2005: "First Nations: the Missouri and the Osage [Indians]."

Gateway, Missouri Historical Society Winter 2004-5: "A Doorway into Baseball's Past," Alfred Henry's The National Game, by Jason D. Stratman; "Shining Stars: The Negro League in St. Louis," by Joel Walsh; "A Streak, By George: George Sisler's Batting Streak in 1922," by Rick Huhn; "Of Prominent Men and Baseball Fields: A History of Ballparks in St. Louis," by Joan M. Thomas; "The St. Louis Hummers and Women's Professional Softball," by Sharon Smith; "Branch Rickey: Farming the Business of Baseball," by Brian Finch. Missouri Histoiy in Magazines 347

Hill 2000, St. Louis Hill Neighborhood Association March 2005: "History of the Brickyard Wagon (Banana Wagon)."

Kirkwood Historical Review Winter 2004: "History of the Steamboat Captain's [Benajah White] House and Its Surroundings," 145 East Essex Avenue, by R. T. Bamber.

Landmarks Letter, Landmarks Association of St. Louis May/June 2005: "Primitive Steam Shovels and Missouri Mules Were Vital Partners [in reshaping the skyline of mid-twentieth-century St. Louis]."

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April 2005: "The Civil War Years: Evan Masters, 1856-1941," by Melvin Masters.

The Maries Countian Spring 2005: "Surviving In The 1930s," by Glen Southard.

Mid-Missouri Mature Living February 2005: "Independence: A Histoiy Hub in the Heartland." March 2005: "Lexington, Missouri: Take a Trip Back in Time." This and the above arti­ cle by Karen Heywood; "A British Holiday: Touring in the Footsteps of Sir Winston Churchill," Fulton, by Janice Doyle.

The Miner, Webb City Area Genealogy Society January 2005: "West Side School."

Missouri Life April 2005: "Best of Missouri: Antebellum Homes," by David Fiedler; "St. Louis in the Revolution," Battle of Fort San Carlos, by Sean McLachlan; "Team Sprit," Busch Stadium, by Robert LaRouche; "A Legacy of Peace," William Harney mansion, Sullivan, by Jane Lee Weiland; "Setting the Stage for War: Missouri's Role in Pre-Civil War History"; "Bushwhackers and Jayhawkers"; "Missouri's Underground Railroad"; "The Military Presence in Missouri"; "Life in a Slave State," African Americans in pre-Civil War Missouri; "Missouri's Top 50 Civil War Sites."

Missouri Municipal Review February-March 2005: "A Case Study of the Ford Hazelwood Task Force," by Karin M. Hagaman.

The New Preservationist, Franklin County Historical Society April 1, 2005: "My Grandmother's [Gertrude Estella Hollingsworth] Taste of the Wild West," by Freddie Wells.

Newsletter, Boone-Duden Historical Society January-February 2005: "David Darst-Revolutionary War Veteran," by Jane Perna.

Newsletter, Carondelet Historical Society Spring/Summer 2005: "[St. Cecilia Roman Catholic Church] Mosaic [by Henry P. Hess] Treasure in Carondelet"; "The Real Estate Section—1838." 348 Missouri Historical Review

Newsletter, Cass County Historical Society February 2005: "Stone Work in Harrisonville by 'Jake' and Glenwood Davis."

Newsletter, Gasconade County Historical Society Spring 2005: "It wasn't always . . . Bland," by Kathleen Krause, reprinted.

Newsletter, Howard County Genealogical Society March 2005: "Little Africa," by Brett Rogers; "Pre Civil War Structure May Have Been First Private Jail," Fayette.

Newsletter, Huntsville Historical Society Spring 2005: "Tribute to W I. and Scottie Westlake—Founders of Westlake Hardware"; "100 Years of Westlake Hardware."

Newsletter, Moniteau County Historical Society Spring 2005: "Death of Capt. [William H.] Mengel: Was a Beloved Citizen."

Newsletter, Old Trails Historical Society April 2005: "Bacon Log Cabin, 687 Henry Avenue, Ballwin, MO 63011."

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February 2005: "Tales of [Ebenezer] Hopkins." March 2005: "Tales of [Ebenezer] Hopkins."

Newsletter, Phelps County Historical Society April 2005: "Tie-Hackers, Tie-Rafting, and The Railroad Crosstie Industry at Arlington and Jerome," by John F. Bradbury Jr.

Newsletter, St. Francois County Historical Society March 2005: "Schools in Bonne Terre"; "1st. Joseph Parochial Grade School (1938 infor­ mation)"; "St. Joseph Parish Rectory"; "UniTec Career Center"; "Bonne Terre and the Cholera Epidemic of 1868"; "Peddler Pauline [Zelik]," Bonne Terre, by Eddie Miller.

Newsletter, Sappington-Concord Historical Society Spring 2005: "St. Lucas Church—125 Years!" by Ross Wagner.

Newsletter, The Society of Architectural Historians, Missouri Valley Chapter Spring 2005: "Charles Henry Pond in St. Louis," by David J. Simmons.

Newsletter, Windsor Historical Society Winter 2005: "Mysteries of Histoiy Around Windsor," by Jane Phifer Rodewald.

Newton County Roots March 2005: "The Strawberry Industry in Newton County," reprinted.

Novinger Renewal News February 2005: "Wildcat Tales: The History of Novinger High School Wildcat Basketball, Part 9," by Danny Ellsworth; "Hand Fishing Around Novinger," by John Yauk. Missouri History in Magazines 349

Old'N Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society Jan/Feb/Mar 2005: "Mother's Memories - Maude (Taylor) Sandison," by Lida (Sandison) Rinker.

Our Clay Heritage First Quarter 2005: '"As I Remember Clay County In 1865-66,'" a letter written by O. W. Williams.

Ozarks Mountaineer March 2005: "The Mark Twain National Forest: The 'Lands That Nobody Wanted' Became A 'Land of Many Uses,'" by Conor Watkins; "Pla-Port Lighthouse: An Unforgettable Lake of the Ozarks Landmark," by H. Dwight Weaver.

The Ozarks Reader Vol. 2, 2005: "Clinton's [Jerubial Gideon] Dorman House," "Sauk River Civil War Recruitment Camp," "Hermann: A Touch of Germany in the Ozarks," "A Steamy Ozarks Past," steamboats in the Ozarks, "Tipton Ford Trolley Car Disaster: Remembering the 209," "Missouri's Historic Baker Plantation House," Montgomery County, and "George Washington Carver: Freedom, Perseverance, and Service," by Rex Jackson; "Thomas Hart Benton: An Artist in Joplin," by Larry Wood.

The Pike Co. Mo. Echo, Pike County Genealogical Society Winter 2005: "First Settlers," reprinted.

The Pioneer Wagon, Jackson County Genealogical Society Volume XIX, No. 1: "Letters from the Clay-Russell Family Papers 1788-1929 Collection."

Platte County Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin January-April 2005: "Riverside - Historically an Entertainment Center," by Ken Klamm; "Frontier History of Barry Community Recalled," by Amy Deterding; "Is this the Oldest House in Platte County?" 7305 Prairie View Road, by Ken Klamm.

Ray County Reflections Winter 2004: "The Lost Towns of Ray County," Buffalo, Lisbonville, Wilmot, Fredericksburg, Albany, Brownsburgh, Elderton, Fredonia, Slip-Up, and Petersburg.

Record, Friends of the Missouri State Archives Spring 2005: "Picture This," Thomas T. Crittenden, by Laura R. Jolley.

Ridgerunner, West Plains High School English students Spring 2005: "Ozark River Ferries," by Kyrie Leaf; "St. Mary's Regional Catholic School," West Plains, by Max Martin; "Southeastern Missouri's Iron Mountain Railway," by Mallory Prewett; "Southern Missouri: Home of the Dalton Gang," by Amanda Hays; "The West Plains Opera House," by Kyrie Leaf; "Mills of the Ozarks," by Amanda Hays; "The Avenue Theatre," West Plains, by Katy Emerson; "The [West Plains] Square Affair: Part Two: Lines and Corners - Emissaries of the Square," by Chance Bone; "Beulah Williams: A Glimpse of Life in the Ozarks," by Ryan Williams; "Walt Disney," by Mario Palomino. 350 Missouri Historical Review

River Hills Traveler May 2005: "Traveling Into History: From prison to governor's mansion," John Sappington Marmaduke and '"Bleed and purge' frontier medicine rejected," John Sappington, by Jim and Donna Featherston; "Cherokees hit by New Madrid quakes," by Kathleen Brotherton.

Rural Missouri March 2005: "A jewel in the Bootheel," Hunter-Dawson State Historic Site, New Madrid County, by Heather Berry. April 2005: "The Legacy of Ha Ha Tonka [State Park]," Camden County, by Svetlana Grobman.

St. Charles County Heritage April 2005: "St. Charles Did Its Part During World War II," by Joan Koechig; "Walking Down Main Street - 1922," by Cleta Flynn; "Down by the Dardenne [Creek]. Parti," Dardenne Presbyterian Church, by Diane Rodrique-Sealy; "The Oars of Discovery. HE. On the Water," boatmen Pierre Roy, Paul Primeau, and Jean Baptiste LaJeunesse, by Rick Bates.

The Secessionist, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Missouri Division February 2005: "Col. John Rowlett Woodside, J. Posey Woodside"; "Captain James R. Bowman." March 2005: "John Christopher Kofahl"; "Hartville, Wright County, MO, January 9-11, 1863," Civil War battle. April 2005: "John Wheeler Nichols."

Springfield! Magazine February 2005: "Queen City Histoiy (Part LXXXIV): Springfield's Old Calaboose Was Added To City's Historic Register Late in 1981." March 2005: "Queen City History (Part LXXXV): Once Arch-Rivals the Daily News And Leader & Press Merged Here in 1987." April 2005: "Queen City Histoiy (Part LXXXVI): New Hammons Tower Becomes Highest Building in Missouri." This and the above articles by Robert C. Glazier. "Life In an Ozarks Castle," by Sherlu R. Walpole. May 2005: "Retrospectives: How Springfield Became a Mecca for Higher Education," by Bob Glazier; "Queen City History (Part LXXXVII): 1989 Signalled Re-opening of the Public Square," by Robert C. Glazier.

Tree Shakers, Meramec Valley Genealogy and Historical Society March & April 2005: "Sand and Gravel," silica sand mining operations near Pacific, by Sue Reed; "My memories of downtown Pacific when I was a young boy," by Donald Brocato.

The Twainian, Mark Twain Research Foundation July, August, September 2004: "Mark Twain and Medicine," by Richard R. Holmes, "Mark Twain and the Spirit of Journalism," by Carolyn Kane.

The Westporter March 2005: "Women Lawyers In and Around Early Kansas City," Mary Tiera Farrow, Leona H. Pouncey Thurman, Mary Elizabeth Lease, and Lyda Conley.

Wltistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Winter 2005: "The Place Where All Men Strive To Be, Part Two," Harry S. Truman on the eve of the 1934 Senate campaign, by Randy Sowell. 351

BOOK REVIEWS

The Singular Mark Twain. By Fred Kaplan (New York: Doubleday, 2003). viii + 726 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $35.00.

Those who would understand Missouri must have more than a nodding acquaintance with Samuel L. Clemens/Mark Twain. If reading his works is the preferred means of coming to terms with this most American of American authors, the most efficient way is to read a reliable biography of Twain. The Singular Mark Twain is now the biography of choice. A pro­ fessor of literature in New York City, Fred Kaplan has previously chroni­ cled the lives of four major authors. His Twain rests firmly on the Mark Twain Papers located at the University of California, Berkeley, including the published volumes of Mark Twain's Letters. Other published primary sources appear frequently in Kaplan's notes. In a brief introduction, Kaplan explains the singularity of his subject. In part, the biographer means by the term that Twain was unique among American authors, "the quintessential American writer" whose fiction and non-fiction confronted "issues that are at the heart of American cultural histoiy, that are central to a definition of America in the nineteenth century as well as today" (p. 2). Kaplan also uses the term "singular" to distinguish his interpretation of Twain's career from that of another Kaplan—Justin (no relation), author of the 1966 biography Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain. The earlier book argues that the man Clemens/Twain displayed a bifurcated personality: the Gilded Age capi­ talist and humorist who enjoyed his celebrity and affluence, and the agnostic artist-in-satire who despaired of humanity, American style. For Fred Kaplan, "the writer and the man, despite the two names, are a unified personality. . . . His pseudonym does not embody an attempt to escape from his other self, or a fundamental internal division" (p. 2). Kaplan's detailed narrative of Twain's life includes little analysis of the major works such as Life on the Mississippi. That may be a more important issue for readers of this review than debate about the famed author's person­ ality. We learn much in The Singular Mark Twain about the man's wander­ ings: from Hannibal to St. Louis, to the East Coast, to Keokuk, Iowa, to the lower Mississippi River during his river pilot days, to Nevada and central California during the Civil War (where Twain began to think of himself as a writer), and to the Hawaiian Islands—all of this before his thirty-first birth­ day. Clearly, Twain loved to roam the nation and other parts of the world, meeting and observing people, delighting in unfamiliar cultures, constantly jotting ideas in notebooks that later appeared in his books and essays. That hunger for novel experience later led to periods of residence abroad with his wife, Olivia, and the couple's daughters. Kaplan also dwells on the difficulty Twain frequently experienced with the creative process, the best example of which is his shelving of the manu- 352 Missouri Historical Review

script that would become The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when he did not know where to take the story that had begun so promisingly. Readers also learn much about Twain's unsuccessful business ventures; about his mother and siblings after the family's Hannibal years; about his in-laws, the Langdons; and about his relationships with friends, such as William Dean Howells, influential people, such as Ulysses S. Grant, and his publishers. Kaplan's skillful reconstruction of Twain's life does not neglect the author's continuing relationship with the state of his birth, including his triumph over the racism that was part of his Missouri heritage. Fred Kaplan, above all, is an excellent writer, one more reason to give his biography a rousing welcome and a strong recommendation.

Stephens College Alan Havig

The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II. By David Fiedler (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003). xiv + 466 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $29.95.

In faithfully documenting the fascinating, if not surreal, odyssey of some fifteen thousand Germans and Italians kept as prisoners of war in Missouri dur­ ing the Second World War, David Fiedler tells an important stoiy that, for the most part, had disappeared into the landscape, folklore, and footnotes of the state's history. From 1942 through 1946, Axis soldiers captured on the battle­ fields of North Africa and Europe lived and worked in over thirty main and "branch" POW camps of various sizes scattered across Missouri from Nevada to Ste. Genevieve. Fiedler's welcome study profiles the brief histories of these camps, joining other recent monographs and museum exhibits in chronicling how the presence of these enemies among us transformed the physical devel­ opment, economy, morale, sexual politics, and social fabric of the home front. One of the real contributions of The Enemy Among Us is Fiedler's com­ mitment to preserving through documentation the built environment and landscape of the four main POW camps in Missouri—Camp Crowder near Neosho, Camp Clark in Nevada, Fort Leonard Wood, and Weingarten between Ste. Genevieve and Farmington. In exhaustive descriptions gleaned from military records and reports from international agencies, Fiedler writes as a historic preservationist, precisely documenting the dimensions and place­ ment of eveiy guard tower, barbed wire fence, barracks, mess hall, latrine, hospital, soccer field, canteen, and church. Much of the book is written in the style of a National Register of Historic Places nomination for these sprawling military installations that rose up from the Missouri hinterland virtually overnight and were often reclaimed by it almost as quickly. But this style can also be something of a mixed bag. Like a nomination, the detailed physical description of each individual camp and its routine becomes repetitive, and the use of subject headings to transition from one topic to the next frequent­ ly disrupts the flow of the narrative. Book Reviews 353

The book is strongest when oral histories, reminiscences, correspon­ dence, and diaries bring the poignant human stories alive. Fiedler offers a fresh and indispensable glimpse of "total war" by weaving together a variety of perspectives that highlight the resilience of common people in the face of uncommon upheaval, hardship, and strain in the most unlikely of places. In their own words, anxious and homesick prisoners, whether the jovial and charming Italians or the defiant and arrogant Nazis, tell of trying to maintain some continuity and meaning in their lives in the midst of a strange and won­ derful new country with an abundance of food, stifling summers, and auto­ mobiles seemingly everywhere. Likewise, Missourians, especially children, speak to their own personal journeys from initial apprehension and resent­ ment toward the prisoners to curiosity, wonder, and the eventual discovery of common bonds of humanity. So profound were some of the connections forged between Missourians and prisoners, often over a shared job, a laugh, a beer, or a Christmas strudel, that they spanned continents and lifetimes. Although it might have been interesting to compare conditions and expe­ riences with those at Japanese internment camps, this is admittedly outside the scope of Fiedler's work, considering there were no Japanese Americans held in Missouri. Ultimately, this instinctive book adds texture and nuance to our understanding of how Missourians experienced World War II on the home front because after all, as one man remembered of the Italian prisoners, "That's about the closest war ever got to here" (p. 351).

Southeast Missouri State University Joel Rhodes

Thad Snow: A Life of Social Reform in the Missouri Bootheel. By Bonnie Stepenoff (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003). xvi + 182 pp. Map. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $37.50.

Thad Snow "lived a colorful life," remarked one Missouri newspaper in his 1955 obituary, "and his views on religious, social, and political questions, while not always orthodox, were strong and made him both friends and ene­ mies" (p. xiii). Snow, an eccentric Mississippi County planter and public ser­ vant, won many of those friends and enemies became of his unexpected role as an outspoken advocate for the Missouri Bootheel's dispossessed share­ croppers during the 1939 sharecroppers' protest, a week-long roadside demonstration involving twelve hundred black and white farm laborers along U.S. Highways 60 and 61. This mass protest, which attracted headlines in newspapers across the nation, called attention to the widespread eviction of the region's sharecropping families, and many of his fellow planters saw Snow's behind-the-scenes involvement in the event as an unforgivable betrayal. Appropriately, this pivotal episode takes center stage in Bonnie Stepenoff's Thad Snow: A Life of Social Reform in the Missouri Bootheel, the first book-length biography of this important Missourian. Stepenoff, a pro­ fessor of histoiy at Southeast Missouri State University, recounts Snow's 354 Missouri Historical Review storied life by situating it within the fast-changing rural world he inhabited. She draws upon contemporary newspapers, manuscript collections, govern­ ment documents, oral histories, and Snow's own published writings. Snow moved from his native Indiana to the Missouri Bootheel in 1910 and purchased nearly eleven hundred acres of swampland in Mississippi County near Charleston. By the mid-1920s, he had transformed his tract of densely wooded wetland into a flourishing cotton plantation known as Snow's Comer, on which as many as twenty-three African American share­ croppers and their families lived and worked. During the Great Depression, though, his complicity in the exploitative sharecropping system began to gnaw at his conscience. In 1934, Snow began championing the Bootheel's dispossessed sharecroppers, writing dozens of letters about their plight to the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Two years later, he even invited the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, a newly formed biracial labor union, to organize the farm laborers on his own plantation. Snow also befriended Owen Whitfield, the African American sharecropper and lay preacher who orchestrated the 1939 sharecroppers' protest. Snow's friendship with Whitfield and his public support of the demonstration won him the epithet "the devil of the Bootheel," a nickname, writes Stepenoff, that he "accepted and even relished" (p. 37). Throughout the biography, Stepenoff deals with Snow with sympathy and grace and, at the same time, candidly acknowledges his faults. Yet this book falls somewhat short of being a wholly successful biography. Stepenoff never quite manages to capture Snow's colorful, magnetic personality, nor does she reveal much about the motivations that inspired him. She does not satisfacto­ rily address, for example, why an elite white planter might choose to become an advocate for exploited black sharecroppers. She attributes Snow's maverick political views and his support for sharecroppers to his "compassionate nature" and his sense of empathy resulting from "his own personal tragedies," but her conclusions here remain unconvincing (p. 86). Nevertheless, Thad Snow deserves a wide readership among Missouri historians and general readers. Stepenoff has written an uneven but at times insightful biography that deepens both our appreciation for Snow and our understanding of the twentieth-century Missouri Bootheel, a region often neglected by historians. She is to be com­ mended for her vivid historical recreation of Snow's changing world, but this reviewer wishes that she had breathed more life into the man instead of allow­ ing him to remain a fascinating but shadowy enigma.

University of Missouri-Rolla Patrick Huber 355

BOOK NOTES

Don H Let the Fire Go Out! By Jean Carnahan (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004). 252 pp. Illustrations. $29.95.

After her husband, Governor Mel Carnahan, a son, and a longtime friend were killed in a plane crash in October 2000, Jean Carnahan made history when she agreed to take his place in the U.S. Senate after Missouri voters posthu­ mously elected her husband to the position. This memoir, which covers aspects of Carnahan's childhood, family life, and marriage, puts special emphasis on the years 2000 through 2002 as she dealt with the sudden deaths of her loved ones, filled her husband's Senate seat, and ran for reelection on her own.

Collapse at Meuse-Argonne: The Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division. By Robert H. Ferrell (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004). 160 pp. Illustrations. Endnotes. Index. $29.95.

During World War I, the Thirty-fifth Division, comprising National Guard units from Missouri and Kansas, entered the battle of the Meuse- Argonne with no combat experience and very little training. The division fell apart in five days. Drawing heavily from manuscript collections and govern­ ment documents, Robert Ferrell offers a fresh perspective on what led to the collapse of the Missouri-Kansas Division during this critical battle.

Watkins Mill: The Factory on the Farm. By Louis W Potts and Ann M. Sligar (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2004). 216 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $29.95.

This book chronicles the histoiy of Watkins Mill, a woolen mill built on a rural Clay County farm in the late 1850s and in operation through 1898. Using family correspondence, business documents, church archives, newspa­ pers, census records, oral histoiy, and the remaining buildings and machines at the site, the authors offer an illustration of the industrial revolution in rural Missouri and show how the Watkins family incorporated industry into their agrarian lifestyle. Historical and contemporary photos of the mill, which became a Missouri state historic site in 1964, illustrations, and maps are included in the text.

History of Scott County, Missouri. By the Scott County Historical and Genealogy Society (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company, 2003). 200 pp. Illustrations. Index. $55.00, plus $6.00 shipping. 356 Missouri Historical Review

The first half of the book traces the development of Scott County and its communities and provides brief biographies of community leaders and histories of local churches and businesses. Historical images are included. The second half is dedicated to family histories and includes current and historical images of Scott County families. To purchase a copy of this book, contact Scott County Historical and Genealogy Society, P.O. Box 151, Benton, MO 63736.

It All Started with a Tornado: Memories of My Home Town: "The Prairie Queen," Appleton City, Missouri, St. Clair County. By Wilbur A. Zink (Leawood, KS: Leathers Publishing, 2004). 302 pp. Illustrations. $39.95.

When Wilbur Zink began working on this book, he wanted to write a his­ toiy of his family's Ford dealership, founded in Appleton City in 1916. After he started writing, he realized that the histoiy of the business and the commu­ nity were so intertwined that it would be impossible to write the book without including the histoiy of the town. The result of his efforts is a coffee table-style book that records the history of the Zink Motor Company and its customers and employees, the town, and other local businesses, and stories about prominent townspeople. Black-and-white illustrations, including ads and stories repro­ duced from turn-of-the-century editions of the Appleton City Journal, can also be found in the book. To purchase, contact Leathers Publishing, 4500 College Blvd., Leawood, KS 66211; www.leatherspublishing.com.

Daring to Excel: The First 100 Years of Southwest Missouri State University. By Donald D. Landon (Marceline, MO: Walsworth Publishing Company, 2004). 406 pp. Illustrations. Index. $39.95.

Daring to Excel was assembled as a part of the celebration of Southwest Missouri State University's centennial. The book traces the history of the school from its beginning as State Normal School #4 through the present, highlighting the school's first four name changes, notable faculty, students, staff, and administrators, and departmental and athletic accomplishments. The book is full color and includes historical and contemporary pictures and illustrations. A timeline comparing parallel events in the university, city, state, nation, and world runs along the bottom of each page.

Into the Spotlight: Four Missouri Women. By Margot Ford McMillen and Heather Roberson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004). 138 pp. Illustrations. Index. $12.95, paper.

A companion to the authors' earlier book, Called to Courage: Four Women in Missouri History, this volume provides biographies of four more exceptional Missouri women: Sacred Sun, an Osage who acted as a French Book Notes 357 interpreter for her people and was eventually forced to move to Oklahoma to build a new life on unfamiliar lands; Emily Newell Blair, a southwest Missouri woman born to a wealthy family who worked tirelessly for women's suffrage, was elected to the Democratic National Committee, and organized many Democratic women's clubs; Josephine Baker, a woman of mixed eth­ nic background who became a star of song and stage and an ardent civil rights activist; and Bess Wallace Truman, the wife of Harry S. Truman, who worked side by side with her husband as first lady, editing his speeches and lending advice and guidance.

History & Families: Polk County, Missouri. By the Polk County Genealogical Society (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company, 2004). 392 pp. Illustrations. Index. $62.00, plus $6.00 shipping.

A large portion of this book is dedicated to family histories and includes historical and contemporaiy photos of Polk County families. The book also provides a histoiy of the county, focusing on the development of the area, its mills, post offices, churches, academic institutions, businesses, and organiza­ tions. Many historical images of the area and its people are included. To pur­ chase a copy of this book, contact Polk County Genealogical Society, P.O. Box 632, Bolivar, MO 65613; (417) 777-2820.

Harry's Farewell: Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Presidency. Edited by Richard S. Kirkendall (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004). 381 pp. Illustrations. Index. $44.95.

This collection of essays focuses on interpreting the historical signifi­ cance of Harry S. Truman's presidency from the point of view of his farewell address. The book begins with an essay on the preparation of the address by the president and his advisers and then assesses Truman's presidential years in terms of the topics mentioned in the speech (the president and the people, the economy, civil rights, the atomic bomb, containment, Korea, and foreign relations) as well as four other important topics not mentioned (the Red Scare, women's rights, ethnicity, and the environment). Photocopies of the farewell address typescript and other important documents are included in the text. INDEX TO VOLUME XCIX Note: Italicized numbers refer to illustrations.

Arrow Rock Tavern, 180 Abolitionists, 117, 119, 130-133, 137 Ash Grove, Mo., museum, 267 Abram, Alfred, 262 Atchison County, 264 Absher, Ben "Two Gun," 172 Atchison, David Rice, 341 Abuse and Murder on the Frontier: The Trials and Atkinson, Roland, 265 Travels of Rebecca Hawkins: 1800-1860, by Aubuchon, Leo Theodore, II, 80 William B. Bundschu, 278 Aulgur, Salathiel Coffey "Sail," 172 Acton, Dean, 322 Ault, Robert, 265 Adair, Abner E., 79 Austin, Moses, 269 Adair County, 345 Auxvasse, Mo., 340 Adair, Mo., 173 Ava, Mo., 266; Methodist Church, 266 Adkins, Ben C, 26-27, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38 Avenue Theatre, West Plains, 349 Advance, Mo., 169 Afflon, Mo., school district, 343 B African Americans, 173, 183-184, 187, 340, 341, Bacon Log Cabin, Ballwin, 348 346, 347 Baker, Josephine, 76, 357 Bolivar, 85 Baker Plantation House, Montgomery County, 349 Brooks Landing, Liberty, 76 Baker, Sam A., 178 churches, Callaway County, 340 Ballard, Henry, 286, 295, 296 Civil War, 79, 267 Ballwin, Mo., 348 Exodusters, 271 Banks, Ernie "Mr. Cub," 180 fugitive slaves, 115-138 Barbee, Joshua, 343 National Association of Colored Women's Barnes, Frank, 342 Clubs, 80 Bamhart, Turner Abram, 86 Ozarks, 267 Barns of Missouri: Storehouses of History, by Route 66, 180 Howard Wight Marshall, 277 St. Louis, 85, 186,271,342 Barrow, Clyde, 180 school integration, 74, 77 Barry County, 85 slave narratives, 79, 173, 346 Barry, James, 200, 202 slavery, 115-138, 174, 178,215-218,238-247, Barry, Mo., 349 250-252, 254, 256, 258, 265, 269, 275-276 Barry settlement, Platte County, 263, 349 Windsor, 172 Barton County, 169, 171 women, 271 Baseball, 85, 277-278 Aiken, Wiley M., family, 173 ballparks, St. Louis, 320, 346, 347 Albany, Mo., 349 Negro League, St. Louis, 346 Albertson, Joseph, 178 Springfield, 270, 271 Algoma (steamboat), 290 Basie, William "Count," 175 All Saints' Cemetery, Saline County, 75 Basketball, 84, 174, 179, 263, 268 Allen, Phog, 263 Bates County, 264, 265, 267 Alsup gang, 269 Baumhoer farm, Linn, 341 American Association of University Women, Beaty, Benjamin, 79 Columbia Branch, 158 Beck, Daniel D., 82 Anaconda, Mo., 344 Beck, Linzey S., 82 Anders, Ettie, 4, 6 Beckett, Bruce H., 156-158, 160-161,161, 164, Anders, Leslie, 88-89 164-165 Anders, Perry, 2, 4, 6, 6-7, 16 Bedsworth, Bobby, 174 Anders, Russ, 6, 20-21 "Before Bass Pro: St. Louis Sporting Clubs on the Anders, Till, 6, 21 Gasconade River," by Lynn Morrow, 1-23 Anderson Bridge, 170 Beginning a Great Work: Washington University in Anderson, Susan Evans, 175 St. Louis, 1853-2003, by Candace O'Connor, 278 Anderson, Timothy G, 160 Belko, Steve, 165, 165 Anderson, William T. "Bloody Bill," 88-89 Bell's Lake, Boone County, 319 Andrew County, 77 Belt, Francis T., 283-285, 286, 291-292, 296, Appleton City, Mo., 356 301-302 Archaeology, Courtois Hills, Ozarks, 176 Belton, Mo., 177 Archery, 322 Bend School, Franklin County, 264 Arkansas-Missouri border, 341 Bend School, Maries County, 82 Arlington, Mo., 1-7, 9, 11-12, 15, 20-22, 23, 348 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 76, 345, 349 Arnold, Marshall, 265 Home and Studio State Historic Site, Kansas Arrow Rock, Mo., 77, 80, 174, 175, 340 City, 263

2KB Index 359

State Capitol mural, Jefferson City, 74 Bremer, Jeff, 160 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 217, 218, 219, 220 Bridger, Jim, 270 Berea Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, 266 Bridges, 170 Bicycles, 320 Boonville, 169 Biers, Jane, 158,158 Bourbeuse River, Union, 78 Big Cedar Lodge, Ridgedale, 176 covered, 176 Big Neck, 106,107, 108, 111. See also Great Eads, St. Louis, 81 Walker. swinging, 176 Big Piney River, 5-6, 8, 22-23 Washington, 264 Big Soldier, 178 Waverly, 169 Big Spring community, Howard County, 267 Bridgeton, Mo., 171 Big War, Small Town: How World War II Changed Britton, H. G, 345 Cassvi/le, by Howard Ray Rowland, 186 Britton, Lane, 262 Bigelow, Silas S., 79 Broadhead, James O., 218, 219 Bingham, George Caleb, 345 Brockman, Ferdinand C, 287, 296, 300, 304 Black America Series: African Americans in Brooks, George Washington, 346 Downtown St. Louis, by John A. Wright Sr., 186 Brown, Betty, 265 Black Hawk, 108, 110,110, 111-113 Brown, Henry, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122 Black River Baptist Church, Keener, 171 Brown, Molly, 75 Blackburn, Jonathan, 292, 296 Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, 80 Blackwater Chapel, Sweet Springs, 172, 343 Brown, Steve, 79 Blackwater, Mo., 175 Brown v. Board of Education, 74 Blair, Emily Newell, 357 Brown-Kubisch, Linda, 87-88 Bland, Mo., 348 Brownsburgh, Mo., 349 Bloomfield, Mo., 265 Brownsville, Mo., 172, 343 Blue Springs, Mo., 176 Brownville Christian Church, Atchison County, Blue Top Hotel, Stanton, 78 264 Blunk Road, Stone County, 81 Buchanan County, 265 B'nai Jehudah Congregation, Kansas City, 271 Buchanan, William "Arthur," 81 Boating, 330, 331 Buerger, Ernst Moritz, 346 Bock, H. Riley, 760 Buffalo, Mo„ 349 Boehm family, 267 Bugler, Henry, 265 Boeling, Johannes Friedrich, 346 Bunch family, 177 Bolivar Herald-Free Press building, 262 Bundschu, William B., Abuse and Murder on the Bolivar, Mo., 85 Frontier: The Trials and Travels of Rebecca Bollinger, George, 173 Hawkins: 1800-1860, 278 Bollinger Mill, Burfordville, 169 Burch, Milton, 79 Bolte, August Henry, 342 Burfordville, Mo., 169; covered bridge, 176 Bone, Hallye B., 156,157 Burnes, Brian, Harry S. Truman: His Life and Bonne Terre, Mo., 348 Times, 278-279 Book Notes, 91, 185-187, 277-279, 355-357 Burnett, Betty, co-auth., Missouri: Crossroads of Book Reviews, 87-90, 181-184, 273-276, 351-354 the Nation, 186 Boone County, 169, 174, 241, 243, 248, 256, 319, Burroughs, J. E., 345 346 Busch Stadium, St. Louis, 347 Boone, Daniel, 274-275; family, 339 Bush, Isadore, 81 Boone, J. W. "Blind," 74; house, Columbia, 75 Bushnell, Michael G, Historic Postcards from Old Boone's Lick State Historic Site, Howard County, Kansas City, 279 74,75 Buster Brown Blue Ribbon Shoe Factory, St. Boone's Lick Trail, 180 Louis, 266 Boonville, Mo., 85, 169, 332 Butterfield Overland Mail Route, 179 Booth, John Wilkes, 236 Button, Albert, 119, 120, 122 Bothwell Lodge, Pettis County, 75 Boucher, Robert, 84 Bowman, James R., 350 Cain family, 345 Bowring, William M., 296, 299 Caldwell County, 176 Boxerman, Burton A., and Benita W. Boxerman, California Trail, 74 Ebbets to Veeck to Busch: Eight Owners Who Callaway County, 340 Shaped Baseball, 277-278 Calvary Baptist Church, Fulton, 340 Boyett, Ted, 180 Camden County, 331, 339, 350 Bozman, Louis J., 269 Cameron, Eugenia, 74 Bradfield, Mo., 174 Camp Clark, Vernon County, 76, 173 Brandon, John, 13-15, 23 Campbell, Duncan, 286, 295 Branson, Mo., 179 Campbell, Jane, 286 Braun Hotel and Opera House, Farmington, 342 Campbell, Lafayette, 269 360 Missouri Historical Review

Campbell, Nancy, 269 Battle of Ozark, 79 Canary, Martha "Calamity Jane," 77 Battle of Westport, 176, 180 Canton, Mo., 82 Battle of Wilson's Creek, site, 343 Cantrell, William, 178 Bloomfield, 265 Cape Girardeau County, 77 Buchanan County, 265 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 74, 169, 262, 265, 339, 340 bushwhackers, 347 Cardwell family, 78 Cape Girardeau, 265, 340 Cardwell Memorial Hospital, Stella, 262 Carter County, 178 Carnahan, A. S. J., 178 Carthage, 179 Carnahan, Jean, Don't Let the Fire Go Out!, 355 Fort Davidson, Pilot Knob, 342 Carnegie, Dale, 263 Fourteenth Missouri State Militia Volunteer Carondelet, Mo., 83, 267, 347 Cavalry, 79 Carrington, Mo., 340 Jackson County, 79 Carrollton, Mo., 339 jayhawkers, 347 Carson, Bob, 84 Missouri Brigade, 83 Carter County, 178 Missouri State Guard, 79 Carthage, Mo., 179,262 Newtonia, 79, 262, 339, 344 Carver, George Washington, 170, 349 Order Number 11, 79 Casco, Mo., 264 Ozarks, 345 Casey, Joe, 346 Palmyra massacre, 176 Cass County, 177 Platte County, 265 Cassville, Mo., 186 Randolph County, 177 Catawissa School, Franklin County, 264 Ripley County, 85 Catfish, Fiddles, Mules, and More: Missouri's Sauk River recruitment camp, 349 State Symbols, by John C. Fisher, 186 secessionism, 213, 223, 224-227, 233, 235 Cathedral of St. Louis, 272 Sibley, 173 Cave Spring, St. Charles County, 85 The Civil War Stoiy of Bloody Bill Anderson, by Caylortown, Mo., 268 Larry Wood, 88-89 Cedar County, 177 Clark, Benjamin J., 171 Centenary Methodist Church, Ralls County, 81 Clark, Champ, 170 Centennial 1903-2003: Stover, Missouri, 185 Clark, William, 77, 80, 94, 104, 106, 107, Center Point Store, Newton County, 84 108-109, 111, 112, 267. See also Lewis and Centerview, Mo., 79 Clark Expedition. Central Methodist University, Fayette, 270 Clarkson Spring, Lawrence County, 318 Centralia, Mo., 169 Clay County, 171, 179, 241, 268, 349 Charboneau, Toussaint, 81; family, 342 Clay-Russell family, 349 Chariton County, 177 Clearwater Lake, Reynolds County, 319 Charless, Joseph, 339 Clemens, Samuel, 76, 80, 85, 174, 266, 275-276, Chautauquas, 87-88 341,350,351-352 Cherokee Indians, 350 Clifford, Clark, 151 Chester, Mo., 340 Clingman, Nathan, 84 Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, 170 Clinton County, 77 Chiles, Richard B., 173 Clinton, Mo., 176,349 Chillicothe, Mo„ 266 Coerver, William, 339 Chivers, Herbert C, 268 Cole, Hannah, 85 Cholera, 189-211,348 Cole, John W, 171 Chouteau Springs, Cooper County, 173, 327 Cole, W. L., 264 Christensen, Lawrence O., 89-90, 158, 159 Coleman, Anderson James, 171, 264 Christian County, Poor Farm, 79 Coleman, John S., 82 Churchill, Winston, 347 Collapse at the Meuse-Argonne: The Failure of the Civil War, 79, 81, 82, 88-89, 172, 173, 176, 177, Missouri-Kansas Division, by Robert H. Ferrell, 180, 212-237, 238-241, 250-251, 253-254, 256, 355 257, 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 269, 339, 344, 345, Colman, Norman J., 344 347 Colter, John, 78, 180, 269 African Americans, 79, 267 Columbia, Mo., 46, 323, 324 Bates County, 265 Boone, J. W. "Blind," house, 75 Battle of Carthage, 74 Gordon, David, cabin, 80 Battle of Fredericktown, 345 Guitar mansion, 339 Battle of Goslin's Lane, 346 Hamilton-Brown building, 268 Battle of Hartville, 340 population, 52, 57, 69 Battle of Island Mound, 267 Salem Baptist Church, 171 Battle of Little Blue River, Jackson County, 75 Soap Box Derby, 320 Battle of Milford, 265 Stephens College, 75, 176, 324 Battle of Monroe Station, Monroe City, 83, 340 Water and Light Company, 75 Index 361

Columbiana (steamboat), 290 Denny, Eleanor M., 308 Comer, John, 122, 133 Deposki, Richard, co-auth., Images of America: Commercial Hotel, St. Clair, 78 Historic North St. Louis, 91 Compromise of 1850, 127, 138 Des Champs, Jean Baptiste, 180 Concerned Citizens for the Black Community of Devil's Washpan Fish Hatchery, Lawrence County, Boonville, 158 267 Conley, Lyda, 350 Diana (steamboat), 290 Conrad, Peter, 283, 285, 296, 298, 302 Dice, Joe, 84 Conservation laws, 19-20, 22 Dickens, James R., blacksmith shop, Ryors, 178 Conway, Kathleen, 168 Dickerson, James, 343 Cook, Jesse, 117, 118, 120, 122 Dickerson, Polly Huff, 343 Cooper County, 173, 241, 256 Diehl, Victor, 171 Cope, Anne, 167,167 Diggs, Charles W., Sr., 159 Council Bluff, 102 Dillard Mill, Davisville, 169 Courtney, Frank, 78, 171 Disney, Walt, 76, 343, 349 Courtois Hills, 176 Dixon Club, Pulaski County, 10-12, 15-16, 22 Cove, Mo., 340 Dixon, Mo., 23 Cowan, Elmer E., 342 Doniphan, Alexander W., 83 Cox Coal Mine, Livingston County, 174 Doniphan, Mo., 85; First Baptist Church, 263 Crane, 109-111,113 Don't Let the Fire Go Out! by Jean Carnahan, 355 Crawford County, 77 Doolin, Bill, 84 Creuzbauer, Albertine, 193, 210 Dorian, Henry, 118 Creuzbauer, Claudine, 210-211 Dorman, Jerubial Gideon, house, Clinton, 349 Creuzbauer family, 199 Dougherty, John, 111, 113 Crider, Hulda Jane (Brasher), 269 Dougherty, William Wallace, 345 Crider, Jeremiah, 269 Douglass County, 81-82 Criswell, John G, 171 Drake, William, 171 Crittenden, Thomas T., 349 Duden, Gottfried, 74 Croatian Catholic Church, St. Louis, 171 Dudley, Stephen, 265 Crocker, Mo., 10-12 Dunbar, Helen, 286, 290, 294 Crunden Branch Library, St. Louis, 175 Dunbar, William, 286, 290, 294, 295, 298 Crystal Springs Farm, Osage County, 263 Dyer, John, 123, 134-138

D E Daggs, George W., 117 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 81 Daggs, Ruel, 115, 117, 120, 122-124, 126, 127, Earp family, 341 135, 137 Easley, Mo., store, 262 Daggs v. Frazier, 115-138 Ebbets to Veeck to Busch: Eight Chvners Wlio Daggs, William, 117, 125, 128, 130 Shaped Baseball, by Burton A. Boxerman and Dakota Indians, 104-111 Benita W. Boxerman, 277-278 Dalton Gang, 349 Ebenezer "Stone" Church, Franklin County, 173 Daly family, 264 Edmonson, Gwen, 340 Damron, Wilson M., 265 Eighth and Center Streets Baptist Church, Daniel Boone: An American Life, by Michael A. Hannibal, 340 Lofaro, 274-275 El Dorado Springs, Mo., 84 Dardenne Creek, 350 Elderton, Mo., 349 Dardenne Presbyterian Church, 350 Elephant, 332 Daring to Excel: The First 100 Years of Southwest Elkhill, Saline County, 212, 214, 226, 226, 231, Missouri Stale University, by Donald D. Landon, 234 356 Ellis, Harvey, 268 Darst, David, 347 Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs, 336 Davis, Calvin, 345 Elmwood Park, Kirkwood, 82 Davis, Glenwood, 348 Elsberry, Mo., 267; United Methodist Church, 263 Davis, Jake, 348 The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During Davis, Lowndes Henry, 79 World Warll, by David Fiedler, 352-353 Davis, Sam, 178 Episcopal City Mission, St. Louis, 175 Davisville, Mo., 169 Etterville, Mo., 340 Deerfield, Mo., 265; school, 345 Eugene, Mo., 340 DeKalb County, 80, 173, 265, 346 Evans, John, 273-274 Delaney School, Carondelet, 83 Evans, Mo., 266 Delmo: Threshold of Freedom, by B. Mildred Ewing family, 81 Smith, 187 Excelsior Springs, Mo., 336 Dempsey, Terrell, Searching for Jim: Slavery in "Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda: Tragedy and Samuel Clemens's World, 275-276 Compassion at Lexington, Missouri, 1852," by 362 Missouri Historical Review

William G Hartley and Fred E. Woods, 281-305 76 Freeman, Frankie Muse, A Song of Faith and Hope: The Life of Frankie Muse Freeman, Fair Grove, Mo., 179 183-184 Fairport, Mo., United Methodist Church, 80 Friends of Arrow Rock, 174 Farmington, Mo., 342 Frisco Club, Pulaski County, 11 Farrer, Charley, 262 Frisco High Line Railroad, Willard, 78 Farris, Frank, 178 Frizzell, Robert W., "Southern Identity in Farrow, Mary Tiera, 350 Nineteenth-Century Missouri: Little Dixie's Fayette Advertiser, 169 Slave-Majority Areas and the Transition to Fayette, Mo., 267, 270, 348 Midwest Farming," 238-260 Female Flying Pigeon, 104,105 Froman, Jane, 91 Ferguson, Jean, 168 Frost-Oberg Homemakers Extension Club, DeKalb Ferguson, Mo., 80, 171 County, 80, 173, 265 Ferrell, Robert H., Collapse at the Meuse-Argonne: Fruit growing, 269 the Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division, 355 Fugitive Slave Act, 1793, 123, 124-125, 127, 129, Fiedler, David, The Enemy Among Us: POWs in 130, 135, 138 Missouri During World War II, 352-353 Fulcher, Sam, 115, 118, 120-121 Field, Eugene, 339; house, St. Louis, 174 Fullbright, William, 267 Fields, J. J., 345 Fuller, Olney "Pop," 7-9 Fike, Ella, 173 Fulton, Mo., 340, 347 Firefighters' labor dispute, Cape Girardeau, 74 Fur trade, 177 Fires and firefighting Centralia, 169 Independence, 174 Gainesville, Mo., 269 Fisher, John C, Catfish, Fiddles, Mules, and More: Gannon, James, family, 85 Missouri s Slate Symbols, 186 Gasconade County, 171 Fisher, Linda A., "A Summer of Terror: Cholera in Gasconade Inn, Arlington, 2 St. Louis, 1849," 189-211 Gasconade, Mo., 21, 23 Fishing, 328, 329, 331, 348 Gasconade River, 1-2, 5, 8-9, 11-13, 15-17, 19, Fitzpatrick, Daniel, cartoons, October inside back 22-23 cover, January inside back cover, April inside Gascondy Club, Osage County, 16-20,18, 22-23 back cover, July inside back cover Gascondy Station, Osage County, 21, 22 Flat River, Mo., 178 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 164, 164-165, 168, 338 Fletcher, Thomas C, 265 George Caleb Bingham: An Artist and His World Florissant, Mo„ 77, 176 (art exhibition), 338 Floyd, Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy," 74 German Americans, Ferguson, 80 Fogleman, Polly Lofton, 82 Gerteis, Louis S., 275-276 Foley, William E„ 273-274 Gibbs, Nelson, 119,120 Forbes, Blanche Duffey, 343 Gilbert, Joan, 160; Missouri Horses: Gift to a Ford Motor Company, Hazelwood, 347 Nation, 277 Forner family, 171 Gilcherson, Wyncoop, 120, 122, 133 Fort D, Cape Girardeau, 340 Gill, Charles Elliot, 269, 343 Fort Davidson, Pilot Knob, 342 Gillioz, M. E., 264 Fort Lawrence, Douglass County, 81-82 Glasgow, Mo., 340 Fort Sibley, Arrow Rock, 174 Glaze, A., 342 Fort, William, 179 Glencoe (steamboat), 303 Four Square Ladies' Club, Grundy and Livingston Glendale Times, 79 Counties, 81 Gockel, Ben, 339 Fox Indians, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104-106, 108, 112, Goings, James, 79 114 Golden Eagle River Museum, St. Louis, 270 Francis, David R., 24-25 Gordon, David, cabin, Columbia, 80 Franke, Fred E., 84 Gordon, William, 296 Franklin County, 78, 83, 171, 172, 173, 264, 342, Gordone, Charles, 265 344 Graham, Alice Berry, 170 Franklin, Richard, 160 Graham, George E., 179 Frazier, Elihu, 118, 122, 123, 133 Graham, Margaret Baker, Victorian America: A Frazier, Jonathan, 117 Family Record from the Heartland, 185 Frazier, Julian S., 269 Graham, Sarah, 179 Frazier, Thomas Clarkson, 118, 120, 122, 133 Grand Prairie Presbyterian Church, Willard, 172 Fredericksburg, Mo., 349 Grant, Ulysses S., National Historic Site, St. Louis, Fredericktown, Mo., 345 343 Fredonia, Mo., 349 Gratz, H. H., 297 Freeburg, Mo., Holy Family Catholic Church, 75, The Great Rivers: Artists Interpret the Mississippi Index 363

and Missouri (art exhibition), 168, 261 Heartland Histoiy: Essa)>s on the Cultural Great Walker, 104-106. See also Big Neck. Heritage of Centra! Missouri, Vol. Ill, by Gary Green, Emil, 345 R. Kremer, 187 Green, Emily Campster, 265 Hebert, Charles, dit Cadien, 180 Greene County, 174 Heinike, Marjorie Kieborz, 265 Greene, Debra E, 158,159 Henry, Alfred, The National Game, 346 Greenwood Cemetery, St. Louis, 85 Hermann Licht-Freund, 346 Greer Spring, Oregon County, 83 Hermann, Mo., 176, 349 Griffin, Frank, 341 Hermann Wochenblatt, 346 Grundy County, 81 Hermitage, Mo., Baptist Church, 263 Guerette, Louis, 284, 289, 292, 296 Herndon, John G, house, Howard County, 83 Guitar mansion, Columbia, 339 Herschend, Hugo, 84 Guthrie, Mo., 340 Hibbard Hotel, St. Clair, 78 Hicklin, Talbot, 343 H Hickman, David H., 262 Ha Ha Tonka State Park, Camden County, 177, Hickok, James Butler "Wild Bill," 266 179, 331, 350 High Point, Mo., 340 Hall, Augustus, 123 Hildebrand, Sam, 178 Hall, Elizabeth "Betsy," 266 Hillsboro, Mo., 176 Hall, J. C, 123, 124, 125-130 Hinkle, George March, 83 Hall, Mary Taussig, 266 Historic Homes of Neosho, compiled by Larry A. Hallerman, Michael, 345 James, 277 Hamilton-Brown building, Columbia, 268 Historic Postcards fivm Old Kansas City, by Hamilton family, house, Hannibal, 170 Michael G. Bushnell, 279 Hammons Tower, Springfield, 350 Histoiy & Families: Polk County, Missouri, 357 Handler, Lowell, 160 Histoiy of Scott County, Missouri, 355-356 Hankins, J. W, 81 HNTB (engineering firm), Kansas City, 341 Hanley, William J., 11-12, 17 Hodges, William R., 30-31 Hannibal, Mo., 75, 170, 325, 340, 342 Hoecakes, Hambone, and All That Jazz: African Hard Heart, 100, 101, 102 American Traditions in Missouri, by Rose M. Harg, Mo., 75, 169, 340 Nolen, 187 Harnden house, Ava, 266 Holidays, Christmas, 264, 269 Harney, William, house, Sullivan, 347 Holland, Antonio, 183-184 Harper, Christine Froechtenigt, "The Water Hollingsworth, Gertrude Estella, 347 Wizard: John F. Wixford and the Purification of Holloway-Wallace-Adams house, Lee's Summit, the St. Louis Water Supply in 1904," 24-45 176 Harrell, Clara McNeely, 79 Holmes, Pat, 261, 338 Harrison, William Henry, 98 Holt, Bob, 176 Harrisonville, Mo., 83, 348 Holts Summit, Mo., 340 Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times, by Brian Holy Family Catholic Church, Freeburg, 75, 76 Burnes, 278-279 Hopkins, Ebenezer, 348 Harry S. Truman Independence 76 Fire Company, Hopkins Journal, 340 266 Hopkins, Maudie Celia, 178 Hany 's Farewell: Interpreting and Teaching the Hopkins, Virgil, 339 Truman Presidency, edited by Richard S. Homback, James, 339 Kirkendall, 357 Hornback, Mary, 339 Hartley, William G, co-auth., "Explosion of the Horses, 277 Steamboat Saluda: Tragedy and Compassion at Howard County, 75, 83, 241-242, 243, 246, 248, Lexington, Missouri, 1852," 281-305 251, 256, 267, 343; schools, 177 Hartville, Mo., 350 HST: Memories of the Truman Years, ed. by Steve Hastings, Lewis Maple, 266 Neal, 186-187 Hatfield, Ken, Heartland Heroes: Remembering Huber, Patrick, 353-354 World War II, 91 Huckstep, Jesse Roy, 342 Hatler, M. Waldo, 84 Huebner, Paul, Jr., 177 Havig, Alan, 181-182, 351-352 Hughes, Andrew S., 94, 107, 110, 111, 112-114 "Having a Grand . . . Vacation," 317-337 Hughes, John T, 345 Hawkins, Rebecca, 278 Hughes, Langston, 263 Hawkins, Russell O., 339 Humansville, Mo., 263 Hayes, Raymond, 75 Hunter-Dawson State Historic Site, New Madrid, Hays, Edward, 339 350 Hays, Robert, 269 Huntsville, Mo., 177 Hazelwood, Mo., 347 Hurt, R. Douglas, 274-275 Heartland Heroes: Remembering World War II, by Huston Tavern, Arrow Rock, 80 Ken Hatfield, 91 364 Missouri Historical Review

I Johnson, Ruben, 122 Idyllic America: The Woodcuts of Fred Geaiy (art Johnson, William, 118, 122, 133 exhibition), 261 Johnson's Ford, 21 Ilasco, Mo., 81, 174, 266; high school, 174 Jolly Mill, Pierce City, 179 "Til Wade in Missouri Blood': Daggs v. Frazier: Jones, Carmen, 158,158 A Case of Missouri Runaway Slaves," by Robert Jones, Hannah, 79 J. Willoughby, 115-138 Jones, Van Buren, 264 Images of America: Historic North St. Louis, by Jones, William, 264 Albert Montesi and Richard Deposki, 91 Joplin, Mo., population, 49, 52, 56, 68-69 Immaculate Conception Church and School, Joplin, Scott, 76 Union, 264 Journalism, 83 Immanuel Lutheran Church, St. Charles, 346 J. S. "DeLuxe" (steamboat), 180 Immigrants, 198 "Judge Napton's Private War: Slavery, Personal Independence, Mo., 81, 174, 263, 271, 347 Tragedy, and the Politics of Identity in Civil International Order of Odd Fellows, Pacific Lodge War-Era Missouri," by Christopher Phillips, 86, Washington, 344 212-237 Into the Spotlight: Four Missouri Women, by Junior League of Kansas City, 266 Margot Ford McMillen and Heather Roberson, 356-357 K Ioway Agency, 106, 108, 113 Kage, Fred, 339 Ioway Indians, 93-114 Kansas City in Vintage Postcards, by Darlene Irle, Lisa, 159,759 Issacson and Elizabeth Wallace, 185 Iron County, 178 Kansas City, Mo., 55, 175, 279, 341 Iron Mountain, Iron County, 178 Anderson Bridge, 170 Iron Mountain Railway, 349 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), Home and Studio Irvin, Monford Merrill "Monte," 180 State Historic Site, 263 Isabel (steamboat), 290, 296 B'nai Jehudah Congregation, 271 Issacson, Darlene, co-auth., Kansas City in Vintage Central High School, 308 Postcards, 185 Children's Mercy Hospital, 170 It All Started with a Tornado: Memories of My Country Club Plaza, 66 Home Town: "The Prairie Queen, " Appleton Junior League, 266 City, Missouri, St. Clair County, by Wilbur A. population, 48, 50, 52, 54-55, 60, 65-67 Zink, 356 Savoy Hotel, 176 Starlight Theatre, 336 women, 350 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, Kansas Indians, 102, 112 224, 225, 267 Kansas-Missouri border, 220-223, 271 Jackson County, 79, 265 Kaplan, Fred, The Singular Mark Twain, 351-352 Jackson, Mo., 74, 339 Kaye,Ara, 168 Jackson Resolutions, 219-220 Kearney Street Barn, Springfield, 179 Jacob, Clifford T., 171 Kegelman, Charles Clark "Sonny," 177 James, Jesse, 80, 271; house, Clay County, 171 Kelley, Samuel R., 342 James, Larry A., comp., Historic Homes of Kelly, Emmett, 76 Neosho, 277 Kelsey, Eli, 286, 298, 299, 300 James, Zerelda, 80 Kennedy, Dennis, 265 Jane Froman: Missouri's First Lady of Song, by Kickapoo Indians, 104 Ilene Stone, 91 Kidd, Henderson Pearson, 173 Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, 81, 175 Killingsworth, Jack, 74 Jefferson City, Mo., 75, 187, 263, 340 Kimmswick, Mo., 82 Jefferson Landing, Jefferson City, 169 King, Austin A., 345 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Kirkendall, Richard S., ed., Hariy's Farewell: 81 Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Jefferson, Thomas, 86, 98, 100 Presidency, 357 Jennison, Charles Rainsford, 84 Kirksville, Mo., 345 Jerome Hunting and Fishing Club, Phelps County, Kirkwood, Mo., 82, 175, 347 7-9, 8 Kneibert, Jacob, 340 Jerome, Mo., 348 Koenig, Mo., 178 Jessup, Eli, 117, 122 Kofahl, John Christopher, 350 Johnson Chapel, Williamsburg, 340 Kremer, Gary R., 71-72, 161-164,162, 164, 166, Johnson County Courthouse, Warrensburg, 79 166, 167, 168, 261, 338; Heartland Histoiy: Johnson County Historical Society, Warrensburg, Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Central 159 Missouri, Vol. Ill, 187 Johnson, Elijah, 122 Johnson, Jodi, 156,757 Index 365

Loose Creek, Mo., 76, 178 La Barge, Charles, 284, 289, 292, 296 Louisiana Purchase, 80, 83 La Charrette, Mo„ 177, 264 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 6, 19, 22, LaFarge, John, 271 31, 38, 75, 78, 80, 84, 86, 172, 175, 179, 266, Laclede, Mo., 176 269 Lafayette County, 241, 242-244, 246-247, Louisiana Territory, 266 249-250, 252-253, 254-256, 255, 258 Lowell Bleachery, Carondelet, 83 LaJeunnesse, Jean Baptiste, 350 Lucas Park, St. Louis, 337 Lake City, Mo., 265 Luckey, Lula, 77 Lake of the Ozarks, 349 Lueders photography collection, Cape Girardeau, Lake Taneycomo, 330 74 Lamar, Mo., 173 Lupton Chapel, University City, 266 Landon, Donald D., Daring to Excel: The First Lynch, Patrick, 170 100 Years of Southwest Missouri State Lynch, William Henry, 84 University, 356 Larson, Sidney, 166,166, 167 M Larson's Legacy (art exhibition), 338 McBride, James H., 269 Lawless house, Arrow Rock, 174 McClure, James, 117-118, 119, 120, 125, 126, Lawrence County, 175, 180, 267, 375 128, 130, 133 Lawson, Mo., 169 McCourtney Cemetery, Franklin County, 83 Leach, James, 267 McDearmon, Marshal, 176 Lead mining, 82 McDonald County, 171 Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 350 McDonald, Eli Leonard, 178 Lee, John, 81 McElhany community, Newton County, 178 Lee, John, farm, Howard County, 83 McHenry, Milton, 322 Lee, Sophia Skinner, 81 Machette, Margaret, 185 Lemay, Mo., 343 Mackay, James, 273-274 Leming, M. E., 339 McKenney, Thomas, 105 Lemp mansion, St. Louis, 175, 176 McLaughlin Brothers Furniture Company and Lewelling, Henderson, house, Salem, la., 122 Funeral Chapel, Sedalia, 179 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 75, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, McMillen, Margot Ford, co-auth., Into the 85, 86, 176, 177, 178 Spotlight: Four Missouri Women, 356-357 Tlie Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic McMurray, W. Grant, 159 of Discovery, ed. by Gary E. Moulton, 182—183 Malboeuf, Etienne, 180 Lewis County, 169 Mallroth, Emma, 171 Lewis County Historical Society building, Canton, Maple Grove Cemetery, 76 82 Marais des Cygnes drainage district, Bates County, Lewis, Meriwether, 77, 84, 100, 267. See also 264 Lewis and Clark Expedition. Maries County, 82, 347 Lexington, Mo., 76, 265, 289, 341, 347 Marion County, 75, 179 Liberty, Mo., 76, 79, 176 Marionville, Mo., 82 "Life with Father: A Son's Recollections of Mark Twain National Forest, 349 Senator Stuart Symington," by Stuart Symington Marmaduke, John Sappington, 172, 350 Jr., 139-155 Marmaduke Military Academy, Sweet Springs, 172 Lightner, Jefferson P., 339 Marshall, Howard Wight, Barns of Missouri: Lincoln County, 265, 346; Farm Bureau, 82 Storehouses of Histoiy, 277 Lincoln School Martin, "Pepper," 320 Diamond, 170 Marvel Cave, Branson, 84 Palmyra, 340 MaryviUe, Mo., 341 Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 263, 340 Mason, John, 345 Linn, Mo., 341; drug store, 268 Masonic lodges Lisbonville, Mo., 349 Advance, 169 Literature, twentieth-century American, 306-316 Cass County, 177 Lithuanian community, Jackson, 339 Massie Ford, Franklin County, 171 Little Africa, Howard County, 348 Masters, Evan, 347 Little Dixie, 238-260 Matthews, Will, 175 The Little Osage Enterprise, 173 Maud, Mo., school, 179 Livingston County, 81, 174 Mayes, William T., 84 Lock's Mill, Loose Creek, 178 Meacham, E. E., 175 Locust Creek Covered Bridge, Laclede, 176 Meacham, M. M., 82 Lofaro, Michael A., Daniel Boone: An American Meacham Park, Kirkwood, 82 Life, 274-275 Meade, Charles, 2-3, 16-17, 20-23 Loisel, Regis, 78 Medoc, Mo., 82 Long, Christineann George, 77 Mehl, George P., 78 366 Missouri Historical Review

Mengel, William H„ 348 Montesi, Albert, co-auth., Images of America: MeraNautais, 100 Historic North St. Louis, 91 Meramec State Park, Franklin County, 342 Montgomery, Christine, 338 Mersman, Joseph J., 189, 189-195, 198-200, 201, Montgomery County, 349 203-206,207,209,210-211 Moore, Friley Washington, 269 Meta, Mo., 75, 76 Moore, Levi S., 269 Methodist Church, 86 Morgan, Willoughby, 94, 109 Middletown School, Boone County, 174 Mormon War, 176 Milford, Mo., 265 Mormons Mill Creek Baptist Church, McDonald County, 171 Caldwell County, 176 Miller, John, 267 immigration, 281—305 Miller, Thomas A., 82 Morrow, Lynn, "Before Bass Pro: St. Louis Miller, William B., 290, 296 Sporting Clubs on the Gasconade River," 1-23 Milligan, Maurice, January inside back cover Morton, J. T, 123 Mills, Ozarks, 349 Moselle, Mo., 344 Mining Moss, Fred, 262 Franklin County, 264 Moulton, Gaiy E., ed., The Lewis and Clark lead, 82 Journals: An American Epic of Discovery, Ozarks, 269 182-183 Pacific, 350 Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, New Franklin, 267 Mississippi River, riverboats, 81 Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church, Holts Missouri, 342, 347 Summit, 340 agriculture, 238-260, 269 Mount Zion Christian Church, Marion County, 75 antebellum houses, 347 Mueller, Max W, 174 borders, 220-223, 271, 341 Muenks family farm, Loose Creek, 76 central, 187 Mules, 269 Department of Conservation, 267 Mullanphy, Bryan, 269 folklore, 82 Musial, Stanley R, 76 metropolitan areas, 52 population, 46-70 N railroads, 85 Napton, Malvena, 230-231 State Capitol, murals, 74 Napton, Melinda Williams, 212, 213, 214, 215, State Fair, Sedalia, 334, 335 220, 225, 227, 229, 229-231, 234 State Industrial School for Girls, Chillicothe, Napton, Tom, 227, 231, 232, 234 266 Napton, William Barclay, 212-237; house, Saline State Penitentiary, riot, 1954, 170, 269, County, 212, 214, 226, 226, 231, 234 October inside back cover Napton, William, Jr., "Billy," 231, 234, 234, 236 state symbols, 186 National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, World War II, 352-353 80 Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad, 268 The National Game, by Alfred Henry, 346 Missouri at Sea: Warships with Show-Me Slate Native Americans, 80, 84, 177, 269 Names, by Richard E. Schroeder, 279 Cherokee, 350 Missouri Athletic Club, St. Louis, 79 Dakota, 104-111 Missouri: Crossroads of the Nation, by Charles Fox, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104-106, 108, 112, 114 Phillips and Betty Burnett, 186 Indian Removal Act, 1830, 108, 110 Missouri History in Magazines, 79-86, 173-180, Ioway, 93-114 265-270, 345-350 Kansas, 102, 112 Missouri History in Newspapers, 74-78, 169-172, Kickapoo, 104 262-264, 339-344 Missouria, 102, 105 Missouri Horses: Gift to a Nation, by Joan Gilbert, Newton County, 178 277 Omaha, 102, 110-111, 113 Missouri-Kansas Division, 355 Osage, 97, 101, 102, 112, 272, 343, 346 Missouri Press Association, 339, 341 Otoe, 101, 102, 106, 108, 114 Missouri River, 77, 81, 86 Pawnee, 102 Missouri State Guard, 173 Pinkashaw, 104 Missouri Town 1855,267 Sauk, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104-106, 108, 111, Missouria Indians, 102, 105 112-113, 114 Moberly,Mo., 170 Treaty of Prairie du Chien Moberly Monitor-Index, 76 1824, 105-106, 108 Molloy, Emma, 179 1830,94, 104, 111 Monett, Mo., 170 "Navigating the White Road: White Cloud's Monroe City, Mo., 170, 340; St. Stephen's Parish, Struggle to Lead the Ioway Along the Path of 76 Acculturation," by Greg Olson, 93-114 Montauk Mill, Salem, 169 NB-3 Aircraft, 341 Index 367

Neal, Steve, ed., HST: Memories of the Truman Otto-Miller Funeral Home, Washington, 264 Years, 186-187 Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church, Negro League, St. Louis, 346 Florissant, 77 Nelson, Lawrence J., Rumors of Indiscretion: The Owen, "Mickey," 320 University of Missouri "Sex Questionnaire " Owens, A. H., 270 Scandal in the Jazz Age, 181-182 Oxly, Mo„ 263 Neosho, Mo., 170,277 Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 180, 262 Nevada, Mo., 345; United Methodist Church, 341 Ozarks, 84, 262, 265, 337, 350 New Franklin, Mo„ 83, 267 African Americans, 267 New Madrid earthquake, 339, 350 Butterfield Overland Mail Route, 179 New Richland Baptist Church, Fulton, 340 Civil War, 345 News in Brief, 73, 168, 261, 338 Courtois Hills, 176 Newton County, 84, 178, 348, 349 ferries, 349 Newtonia, Mo., 79, 339, 344 folk legends, 179 Niangua River, 326 folksongs, 85, 179, 268 Nichols family, 81 mills, 349 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 341 outdoor recreation in, 1—23 Nodaway County, 271 steamboats, 349 Noel, Mo., 179 timber boom, 269 Nolen, Rose M., Hoecakes, Hambone, and All That weddings, 84 Jazz: African American Traditions in Missouri, 187 Novinger, Mo., 348; high school basketball, 84, Paar, William, 339 179, 268, 348 Pacific, Mo., 344, 350; City Cemetery, 86 Nulsen, John Clemens, 190-191, 193-194, 194, Pacific Railroad, 342, 344 199,200,205,207,210 Pacific Railroad Surveys by John Mix Stanley (art Nulsen & Mersman, St. Louis, 191, 200, 210 exhibition), 168 Page School, St. Louis, 267 O Palace Bakeiy, Kirksville, 345 Oak Chapel, Guthrie, 340 Palmer, Omar, 173 Oakley Chapel, Carrington, 340 Palmyra, Mo., 176,340 O'Bannon, Daniel Thomas, 346 Paris, Mo., 176; school, 76 O'Blenis, Bob, 269 Park, John, 175 O'Connor, Candace, Beginning a Great Work: Park, T. W, 179 Washington University in St. Louis, 1853-2003, Parker, Bonnie, 180 278 Parker, Charlie "Bird," 76 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 102 Parkmoor Diner, St. Louis, 86 Okakura, Tenshin, 266 Parsons, Mosby Monroe, 173 "Old Drum" (dog), 344 Pattison, Hugh, 9-10,10, 12, 16-20, 22 Old Richland Baptist Church, Fulton, 340 Pawnee Indians, 102 Old Spanish Cave, Stone County, 175 Peck, James, 85 Oldfield, Barney, 174 Peebly, Reuben, 83 Olean, Mo., 340 Pendergast, Thomas, January inside back cover Oliver, Lysander N., 265 Perry County, 77 Olson, Greg, "Navigating the White Road: White Pertie Springs, Warrensburg, 331 Cloud's Struggle to Lead the Ioway Along the Petersburg, Mo., 349 Path of Acculturation," 93-114 Pettis County, 75, 77, 271 Olson, James C, 165-166 Phelps County, 342 Olympics, 1904, 79, 80 Phillips, Charles, co-auth., Missouri: Crossroads of Omaha Indians, 102, 110-111, 113 the Nation, 186 O'Neill, Rose, 173,345 Phillips, Christopher, 160; "Judge Napton's Private Orchards, 269 War: Slavery, Personal Tragedy, and the Politics Oregon County, 83 of Identity in Civil War-Era Missouri," 212-237 Oregon Trail, 74 Phillips, Rufus, 269 O'Reilly General Army Hospital, Springfield, 268 Pickering, John, 117, 122, 133 Osage County, 263, 341 Pierce City, Mo., 86, 179 Osage Indians, 97, 101, 102, 112, 272, 343, 346 Pieronnet, Harlan, 339 Osage River, 326 Pike County, 349 Osage Trail, 340 Pilot Knob, Mo„ 342 Osborn, John Franklin, 177 Pine School, Ripley County, 262-263 Osgood, Charles G, 308, 309, 310 Pinkashaw Indians, 104 Oster, Donald B., "A Statistical Look at Twentieth- Pla-Port Lighthouse, Lake of the Ozarks, 349 Century Missouri," 46-70 Platte County, 179, 263, 265, 349 Otoe Indians, 101, 102, 106, 108, 114 Platte Purchase, 77 368 Missouri Historical Review

Platte Territory, 179 Railroad Dining Car (exhibition), 261 Pleasant Hill Baptist Church, Auxvasse, 340 Revolutionary War, Battle of Fort San Carlos, 347 Pleasant Hill School, Lawrence County, 175 Reynolds County, 82, 319 Pleasant Valley School, Franklin County, 264 Reynolds, Thomas, 267 Pleasant View School, Lawrence County, 180 Rhodes, Hemy F., 84 Poage, George, 80 Rhodes, Ida Virginia Swisher, 84 Pogue, Dwight W., Windy Pogue 's Letters From a Rhodes, Joel, 352-353 College Freshman, 1937-38, 185 Richards, Frank M., 82 Polk County, 357 Richardson, Katherine Berry, 170 Pond, Charles Henry, 348 Richland, Mo., 171 Ponder, Mo., 263 Rickey, Branch, 346 Pony Express, 74 Ridgedale, Mo., 176 Poppenhouse, Peter, 78 Ridgeway, Linda, 168 Porter, Charles Philip, 173 Ripley County, 85, 262-263 Potts, Louis W, co-auth., Watkins Mill: The Robb, Fred, 83 Factoiy on the Farm, 355 Roberson, Heather, co-auth., Into the Spotlight: Predock, Antoine, 346 Four Missouri Women, 356-357 Price, Silas E., 82 Roberts, William, 84 Price, Sterling, 265 Robertson's Mill, Stone County, 174 Price's Landing, Scott County, 178 Robison, Elijah L., The Streetcar Strike of 1916- Priddy, Bob, 158 1917: "Scabs," Conspiracies, and Lawlessness Primeau, Paul, 350 in Springfield, Missouri, 279 Princeton University, 307-308, 309-310, 316 Rock Fellowship Church, Oxly, 263 Proctor, Mansfield, 269 Rock House Hotel, Franklin County, 78 Proctor Station, Mo., 340 Rockaway Beach, Mo., 323, 330 Prohibition, Lexington, 341 Rockbridge, Mo., 84 Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Rodgers, S. Donald, 78 Evans Expediton, by W. Raymond Wood, Rohlfing, Henry, 171 273-274 Roll, JarodH., 160 Pryor, Nathaniel, 84 77;e Romance of Small-Town Chaulauquas, by Pulitzer, Joseph, 339 James R. Schultz, 87-88 Rorer, David, 123, 125, 130-134, 131, 137 Roscoe, Mo., 179 Quakers, 116-117, 131-132 Ross, David J., 286, 295, 298 Quincy, 111., water purification in, 26-29, 33 Route 66, 86, 176, 180, 270 Route 224, 76 R Rowland, Howard Ray, Big War, Small Town: How Railroads, 85. See also names of railroads. World War 11 Changed Cassville, 186 Arlington, 348 Roy, Pierre, 350 explosion, Noel, 179 Ruestman, Marilyn, 262 Ferguson, 171 Rumors of Indiscretion: The University of Missouri Jerome, 348 "Sex Questionnaire " Scandal in the Jazz Age, by Monroe City, 170 Lawrence J. Nelson, 181-182 Newton County, 349 Russellville, Mo., 340 robbery, Randolph County, 170 Ryle, Walter H., 177 Stanton, 342 Ryors, Mo., 178 Union, 171 Rainbow Trout Ranch and Rockbridge Gun Club, Rockbridge, 84 Sacred Sun, 356 Ralls County, 81 St. Andrew Parish, Lemay, 343 Ramsey, William, 177 St. Boniface Church, Carondelet, 83 Randolph County, 170, 177 St. Cecilia Catholic Church, Carondelet, 347 Rawlings, George H., 8 St. Cecilia Catholic Church, Meta, 75, 76 Rawlings Sporting Goods, St. Louis, 4, 8-9 St. Charles (steamboat), 290 Ray County, 349 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, 85 Raymore, Mo., 85, 180 St. Charles County, 85 Rector, Sarah, 74 St. Charles, Mo., 269, 346, 350; high school, 269 Reeds Spring, Mo., 81 St. Charles Rock Road, Bridgeton, 171 Reedville, Mo., 344 St. Clair County, 74, 328 Reeves, Jesse, 81 St. Clair, Mo., 78, 172; schools, 264 Rehoboth Farm, Chillicothe, 266 St. Ferdinand Shrine, Florissant, 176 Relfe, Mo., 84 St. Francois County, 77, 178, 268, 348 Remmers, Emile, 10, 12 St. James United Methodist Church, Fulton, 340 A Restaurant on the Rails: Foodways of the St. John's Evangelical Church, Casco, 264 Index 369

St. Joseph Grade School, St. Francois County, 348 population, 48, 50, 51-54, 52, 59, 60, 63-65 St. Joseph, Mo., 77 riverfront, 64 population, 52, 57-58, 69 St. Regis Jesuit School, 95 stockyards, 58 St. Simon of Cyrene Catholic Parish, 264 St. Joseph Parish Rectory, St. Francois County, 348 sewer system, 198, 209-210 St. Louis and San Francisco (Frisco) Railway, 1-2, Sportsman's Park, 320 6-8, 10-12, 15, 15-16, 22 Terminal Railroad, 270 St. Louis County, 178 wards, 193 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 2-5, 9, 16, 22 Washington University, 278 St. Louis Hummers Softball team, 346 Water Department, 24-45 St. Louis in the Century of Henry Shaw: A View water purification in, 24-45 Beyond the Garden Wall, ed. by Eric Sandweiss, Whiskey Ring, 345 89-90 women, 265, 271 St. Louis, Kansas City, and Colorado Railroad, 171 St. Louis Posl-Dispatch, 343 St. Louis, Mo., 77, 81, 89-90, 91, 272, 318, 324, St. Louis University, School of Nursing, 86 343, 347 St. Lucas Church, Sunset Hills, 348 African Americans, 85, 186, 271, 342 St. Mary Catholic Church, Lamar, 172 ballparks, 346 St. Mary's Church, Adair, 173 Battle of Fort San Carlos, 347 St. Mary's Regional Catholic School, West Plains, Berea Presbyterian Church, 266 349 Bissell's Point Water Plant, 25-26, 29, 45 St. Mary's Seminary, Perryville, 342 Brown Shoe Company, 80 St. Nicholas Catholic Church, Evans, 266 Browns (baseball club), 85 St. Patrick, Mo., Shrine, 341 Busch Stadium, 347 St. Paul's United Methodist Church, Fulton, 340 Buster Brown Blue Ribbon Shoe Factory, 266 St. Peter High School, Jefferson City, 75 Cathedral of St. Louis, 272 St. Regis Jesuit School, St. Louis, 95 Chain of Rocks Water Plant, 25, 28, 33, 41, 44, St. Simon of Cyrene Catholic Parish, St. Louis, 45 264 cholera epidemic, 1849, 189-211 St. Stephen's Parish, Monroe City, 76 Chouteau's Pond, 192, 197, 209, 210 Salem Baptist Church, Columbia, 171 civil rights protest, 76 Salem, la., 115, 116-122, 125, 127-128, 130-133, Committee of Public Health, 203-205, 206, 137 209 Salem, Mo., 169 Croatian Catholic Church, 171 Saline County, 75, 81, 212, 214, 220,221, 222, Crunden Branch Library, 175 241, 243, 246, 247, 256-257 Eads Bridge, 81 Saluda (steamboat), 179,281, 281-305 Episcopal Church, 175 Sammy Lane Resort, Branson, 179 Field, Eugene, house, 174 Samson, Francisca, 263 fire, 1849, 200, 200 Samson, Franz, 263 German Americans, 190-192, 204, 206, 208, Sanders, Geri, 74 209,210 Sandison, Maude Taylor, 348 Golden Eagle River Museum, 270 Sandweiss, Eric, St. Louis in the Century of Henry Grant, Ulysses S., National Historic Site, 343 Shaw: A View Beyond the Garden Wall, 89 Greenwood Cemetery, 85 Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, Hillsboro, 176 Hill neighborhood, 347 Santa Fe Trail, 74 Hummers (women's Softball team), 346 Sappington, John, 350 immigrant population, 190, 191, 197, 198-199, Sauk Indians, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104-106, 108, 111, 206, 208 112-113, 114 Jefferson Barracks, 81 Sauk River Recruitment Camp, 349 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 81 Saum, Lewis O., "T. K. Whipple and the Literary Kayser's Lake, 192, 197, 210 Move to America," 306-316 Lemp mansion, 175, 176 Saunders, James Merton, 84 levee, 285 Savoy Hotel, Kansas City, 176 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 6, 19, 22, 31, Sayman, Thomas M., 169 38, 75, 78, 80, 84, 86 Scheidt, Anthony Louis, 268 Lucas Park, 337 Schlicht, John A., 11-12 Missouri Athletic Club, 79 Schlicht's Mill, Spring, and Station, Pulaski Negro League (baseball), 346 County, 11, 12,73 North St. Louis Business Men's Association, Schnell, Christopher, 159,159 32,35,38,39 School of Magnetic Healing, Carrollton, 339 Nulsen & Mersman, 191, 200, 210 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 265 Olympics, 1904, 79, 80 Schools, one-room, 269 Page School, 267 Schroeder, Richard E., Missouri at Sea: Warships Parkmoor Diner, 86 with Show-Me State Names, 279 370 Missouri Historical Review

Schroeder, Walter, 160,160 Spears/Dyer house, Saline County, 81 Schuchert family band, Cape Girardeau, 74 Spickard, Mo., 266 Schultz, James R., The Romance of Small-Town Spradling, Harry E., 78 Chautauquas, 87-88 Spring Creek, Mo., 84 Schumacher, Charles, 78 Springfield Community Hospital, 180 Scotia Iron Furnace, Crawford County, 77 Springfield Daily News, 350 Scott County, 178, 320, 355-356 Springfield Leader & Press, 350 Scott, Dred, 173,346 Springfield! Magazine, 86 Searching for Jim: Slm'eiy in Samuel Clemens s Springfield, Mo., 86, 180, 270, 350 World, by Terrell Dempsey, 275-276 airport, 270 Second Christian Church, Fulton, 340 baseball, 270, 271 Sedalia, Mo., 179, 334, 335 Catholic High School, 86 Shane, Fred, 167 Cox South Hospital, 180 Shannon, George, 75 education, 350 Shape-note music, 174 Hammons Tower, 350 Sharp, Willie, 175 Kearney Street Barn, 179 Shaver, Henry Conway "Conn," 269 O'Reilly General Army Hospital, 268 Shaw, Hemy, 89-90 population, 52, 55-56, 67-68 Shelby, Betty, 246, 246 public square, 350 Shelby, Joseph O., 246, 246, 250 quarry fire, 270 Sheldon, G W, 173 Route 66, 270 Shepard, L., 179 streetcar strike, 1916-1917, 279 Sheppard, Perry, 346 Washington Avenue Baptist Church, 270 Sherman, Matthew, 159,159 Stanchfield, Clara Spaulding, 174 Shields, James, 74 Stanley John Mix, art exhibition, 168 Shiloh School, Barton County, 169, 171 Stanton, Mo., 78, 342 Shirley School, Ponder, 263 Stark, Lloyd C, January inside back cover Sibley, George, 178 Starlight Theatre, Kansas City, 336 Sibley, Mo., 173 Starr, Belle, 343 Sides, Mollie Renfro, 79 State Historical Society of Missouri, 71-72 Silver Mountain, Iron County, 178 A Creative Urge Toward Perfection: The Art of Silvey, William "Pistol Bill," 172 Fred Shane (art exhibition), 73 Simpson Chapel, Stephens, 340 annual meeting, 156-165 77ie Singular Mark Twain, by Fred Kaplan, Fresh Air: The Watercolors of Carl Gently (art 351-352 exhibition), 73 Sisler, George, 346 George Caleb Bingham: An Artist and His Slaughter, Samuel, 117-119, 120, 121, 125, World {art exhibition), 338 128-129, 130, 133 The Great Rivers: Artists Interpret the ' Sligar, Ann M., co-auth., Watkins Mill: The Mississippi and Missouri (art exhibition), Factoiy on the Farm, 355 168 Slip-Up, Mo., 349 Idyllic America: The Woodcuts of Fred Geaiy Smith, B. Mildred, Delmo: Threshold of Freedom, (art exhibition), 261 187 Larson's Legacy (art exhibition), 338 Smith family, 177 Pacific Railroad Surveys by John Mix Stanley Smith, Jane, 160 (art exhibition), 168 Smith, Robert C, 158 The Stale of Missouri: An Autobiography, ed. by Smith, Roy, 180 Walter Williams, 78 Smith, Seth, 338 "A Statistical Look at Twentieth-Century Smoot, Abraham O., 286-287, 290, 292-293, 293, Missouri," by Donald B. Oster, 46-70 298, 300 Steamboats Snelling, Charles V., 172 Algoma, 290 Snow, Thad, 353-354 Columbiana, 290 Soapbox Derby, Columbia, 320 Diana, 290 A Song of Faith and Hope: The Life of Frankie Glencoe, 303 Muse Freeman, by Frankie Muse Freeman, Isabel, 290, 296 183-184 legislation, 302-303 Souder, L. E., 178 Ozarks, 349 "Southern Identity in Nineteenth-Century St. Charles, 290 Missouri: Little Dixie's Slave-Majority Areas Saluda, 281-305 and the Transition to Midwestern Farming," by Steele, Mo., high school, 343 Robert W Frizzell, 238-260 Steele, William, 79 Southwest City, Mo., 84, 262 Steffens, Ernst, 342 Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Stein, George, family, 83 356 Stella, Mo., 262 Index 371

Stepenoff, Bonnie, Thad Snow: A Life of Social Thompson, Meriwether Jefferson, 180, 269, 342 Reform in the Missouri Bootheel, 353—354 Thompson, William Preston, house, Trenton, 264 Stephens, Helen, 169 Thornton, A. B., 176 Stephens, Mo., 340 Thornton, John, family, 83 Stephens College, Columbia, 75, 176, 324 Thurman, Leona H. Pouncey, 350 Stevens, Walter B., 35-36, 36, 38 Todd, George, 265 Stoddard County, 77 Tom Sawyer Days, Hannibal, 333 Stone County, 81, 174, 175 Trail of Tears State Park, Cape Girardeau County, Stone Hill Winery, Hermann, 176 74 Stone, Ilene, Jane Froman: Missouri's First Lady Trenton, Mo., 264 of Song, 91 Tri-County Genealogical Society, Nevada, 160 Stone, Lafayette, 264 Troy, Mo., 172 Stonehill, Maurice, 268 Truman, Bess Wallace, 357 Stotler, Greg, 168 Truman, Harry S, 74, 75, 77, 170, 179, 180, Stover, Mo., 185 186-187, 270, 278-279, 350, 357, April inside Strauser, Alice, 342 back cover, January inside back cover Strauser, Louise, 342 Turner School, Boone County, 174 Strauss, Valentine, 341 Turner Society, Jackson, 74 Strawberry industry, Newton County, 348 Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel. Street, Franklin, 120, 122 Two O' Clock Club, Pulaski County, 13-15, 23 The Streetcar Strike of 1916-1917: "Scabs," Conspiracies, and Lawlessness in Springfield, U Missouri, by Elijah L. Robison, 279 Underground railroad, 131-132,132, 262, 347 Strickland, Arvarh, 159 Union Covered Bridge, Paris, 176 Strother, David, 341 Union, Mo., 78, 264 Stumm, George, 13-14 UniTec Career Center, St. Francois County, 348 Sullivan, Mo., 344, 347; high school, 342 University City, Mo., 266 "A Summer of Terror: Cholera in St. Louis, 1849," University of Missouri, Columbia, sex question­ by Linda A. Fisher, 189-211 naire scandal, 181—182 Summers, Debra, 160, 760 U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps, 177 Sunset Hills, Mo„ 348 Sweet Springs, Mo., 77-78, 172, 343-344; post office, 343, 344 Vaille mansion, Independence, 176 Swimming, 323, 324, 325 Vandivort, Sam, 339 Switzler, William F., 339 Venedy Club, Pulaski County, 9-10 Switzler's Old Burr Grist Mill, Chariton County, Vernon County, 173, 264 177 Vest, George Graham, 343 Symington, Evelyn Wadsworth, 141 Victorian America: A Family Record from the Symington, Stuart, 139-155,139, 143, 145, 147, Heartland, by Margaret Baker Graham, 185 148, 152, 154 Visitation Parish, Vienna, 82 Symington, Stuart, Jr., 7J6, 166; "Life with Father: A Son's Recollections of Senator Stuart W Symington," 139-155 Wall, Edward E., 27, 29, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45 Syracuse, Mo., 78 Wallace, David Oliver, 268 Wallace, Elizabeth, co-auth., Kansas City in Vintage Postcards, 185 "T. K. Whipple and the Literary Move to Wallace, James Cosby, 268 America," by Lewis O. Saum, 306-316 Walnut Grove School District, DeKalb County, Taberville, Mo., Methodist Church, 84 173, 346 Talbott, Perry H., 170 Wappapello, Mo., 342 Taney County, 323, 330 Ware, Robert G, 343 Tavern Rock Cave, 84 Warren County, 177 Taylor, James "Corn," 173 Warren County Old Settlers Reunion, 178 Tebo and Neosho Railroad, St. Clair County, 74 Warrensburg, Mo., 79, 331, 344 Tecumseh, 85 Warsaw Benton County Enterprise, 83 Tennis, 321 Washington Avenue Baptist Church, Springfield, Texas County, 179 270 Thad Sums': A Life of Social Reform in the Washington Brewery, Washington, 264 Missouri Bootheel, by Bonnie Stepenoff, Washington, Mo., 78, 84, 264, 268, 344 353-354 Washington School, St. Louis County, 178 Thilenius, C. G, 339 Washington University, St. Louis, 278 Thomas, Obedience, 84 "The Water Wizard: John F. Wixford and the Thomason, John, 77 Purification of the St. Louis Water Supply in Thompson, J. T. V., 77 1904," by Christine Froechtenight Harper, 24-45 372 Missouri Historical Review

Waters, Amy, 338 Winters, Richard H., 78 Watkins Mill: The Factory on the Farm, by Louis Wixford, John F., 24-45 W. Potts and Ann M. Sligar, 355 Wolff, Elizabeth, 78 Watkins Woolen Mill, Lawson, 169, 355 Women, 6-10, 12, 80, 81, 183-184, 278, 356-357 Watson, Bill, 340 African American, 271 Waverly, Mo., 169 Kansas City, 350 Way, Paul, 121, 122 lawyers, 350 Wayside Inn Museum, El Dorado Springs, 84 St. Louis, 265 Webb City, Mo., 347 Softball players, St. Louis, 346 Webb, Elsie, 342 Wommack Mill, Fair Grove, 179 Webster, Noah, 82 Wood, Larry, The Civil War Stoiy of Bloody Bill Weddings, 84 Anderson, 88-89 Weingarth, Lisa, 338 Wood, W. Raymond, 182-183; Prologue to Lewis Wells, Harold "Sonny," 80 and Clark: The Mackay and Evans Expedition, Wells, Rolla, 24-26, 30, 31, 32, 32, 35-36, 37, 38, 273-274 45 Woodlandville Mercantile Store, Boone County, Wenkel, Frederick E., 78 169 West End Park, Kirkwood, 82 Woodruff, James A., 264 West Plains, Mo., 269, 349 Woods, Fred E., co-auth., "Explosion of the West Plains Opera House, 349 Steamboat Saluda: Tragedy and Compassion at West Side School, Webb City, 347 Lexington, Missouri, 1852," 281-305 Western Historical Manuscript Collection- Woodside, J. Posey, 350 Columbia, 261 Woodside, John Rowlett, 350 Westlake Hardware, 348 World War I, Missouri-Kansas Division, 355 Westlake, Scottie, 348 World War II, 91, 177, 186, 263, 339, 350, Westlake, W. I., 348 352-353, April inside back cover, July inside Weston, Mo., 82 back cover Westport, Mo., 82 Wright, Cecil W, 345 Whipple, T. K., 306-316, 306 Wright, Harold Bell, Museum, Pierce City, 86 White, Benajah, house, Kirkwood, 347 Wright, John A., Sr, Black America Series: African White, Benjamin T., and Polly McGuire, Cemetery, Americans in Downtown St. Louis, 186 Boone County, 174 Wright Tire and Appliance, Kirksville, 345 White, Charles, 267 Wyaconda Baptist Church, Lewis County, 169 White Cloud, 93-114, 93, 174 White, Jeptha, family, 82 Whiteman Air Force Base, Johnson County, 61 Yancy, William L., 265 Whitmire settlement, Franklin County, 344 Wild Cat School, Ripley County, 263 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 76, 170 Zastrow, Henry, 341 Wilke, Harold, 342 Zelik, Pauline, 348 Willard, Mo., 78, 172 Zink, Wilbur A., It All Started with a Tornado: William Chrisman High School, Independence, Memories of My Home Town: "The Prairie basketball, 263 Queen, " Appleton City, Missouri, St. Clair Williams, Beulah, 349 County, 356 Williams, Frederick Augustus, family, 345 Williams, Henry, 78 Williams, O. W, 268, 349 Williams, Walter, ed., The State of Missouri: An Autobiography, 78 Williamsburg, Mo., 340 Williford, C. C, 268 Willoughby, Robert J., "'I'll Wade in Missouri Blood': Daggs v. Frazier: A Case of Missouri Runaway Slaves," 115-138 Wilmot, Mo., 349 Wilson, Edmund, 307, 310, 310, 315 Wilson, Harry, 75 Wilson, Malindy, 174 Wilson's Creek, Republic, 269, 343 Wilt, Christian, 80 Windsor, Mo., 172,348 Windy Pogue s Letters From a College Freshman, 1937-38, by Dwight W Pogue, 185 Winfield, Mo., 178 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCIX OCTOBER 2004-JULY 2005

GARY R. KREMER LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

LISA WEINGARTH Information Specialist

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298.

Copyright © 2005 by The State Historical Society of Missouri CONTRIBUTORS Volume XCIX, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Fisher, Linda A., writer, Annandale, Virginia.

Frizzell, Robert W., director of libraries, Northwest Missouri State University, MaryviUe.

Haiper, Christine Froechtenigt, archives assistant, St. Louis University Archives, St. Louis.

Hartley, William G, associate research professor, Smith Institute, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Morrow, Lynn, director, Local Records Preservation Program, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City.

Olson, Greg, exhibit specialist, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City.

Oster, Donald B., associate professor of histoiy emeritus, University of Missouri-Rolla.

Phillips, Christopher, associate professor of history, University of Cincinnati.

Saum, Lewis O., professor of history emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle.

Symington, Stuart, Jr., attorney, Gallop, Johnson & Neuman, L.C., St. Louis.

Willoughby, Robert J., chief building officer, City of St. Joseph, and lecturer in history, Benedictine College, Atchison, Kansas.

Woods, Fred E., professor of history, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. CONTENTS Volume XCIX, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4

BEFORE BASS PRO: ST. LOUIS SPORTING CLUBS ON THE GASCONADE RIVER. By Lynn Morrow 1

EXPLOSION OF THE STEAMBOAT SALUDA: TRAGEDY AND COMPASSION AT LEXINGTON, MISSOURI, 1852. By William G. Hartley and Fred E. Woods 281

"HAVING A GRAND . .. VACATION." 317

"I'LL WADE IN MISSOURI BLOOD": DAGGS V. FRAZIER: A CASE OF MISSOURI RUNAWAY SLAVES. By Robert J. Willoughby 115

JUDGE NAPTON'S PRIVATE WAR: SLAVERY, PERSONAL TRAGEDY, AND THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN CIVIL WAR-ERA MISSOURI. By Christopher Phillips 212

LIFE WITH FATHER: A SON'S RECOLLECTIONS OF SENATOR STUART SYMINGTON. By Stuart Symington Jr. 139

NAVIGATING THE WHITE ROAD: WHITE CLOUD'S STRUGGLE TO LEAD THE IOWAY ALONG THE PATH OF ACCULTURATION. By Greg Olson 93

SOUTHERN IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MISSOURI: LITTLE DIXIE'S SLAVE-MAJORITY AREAS AND THE TRANSITION TO MIDWESTERN FARMING. By Robert W. Frizzell 238

A STATISTICAL LOOK AT TWENTIETH-CENTURY MISSOURI. By Donald B. Oster 46

A SUMMER OF TERROR: CHOLERA IN ST. LOUIS, 1849. By Linda A. Fisher 189

T. K. WHIPPLE AND THE LITERARY MOVE TO AMERICA. By Lewis O. Saum 306

THE WATER WIZARD: JOHN F. WIXFORD AND THE PURIFICATION OF THE ST. LOUIS WATER SUPPLY IN 1904. By Christine Froechtenigt Harper 24 WITH PEN OR CRAYON ...

Late in the morning on August 6, 1945, Missourians listening to the radio learned that a U.S. /Army Air Force plane had dropped a bomb of unimaginable power on the Japanese city of Hiroshima approximately sixteen hours earlier. That afternoon, under a headline pro­ claiming "U.S. Atomic Bomb Blasts Japan," the St. Louis Post-Dispatch announced, "An atomic bomb, hailed as the most terrible destructive force in history and as the greatest war achievement of organized science, has been dropped on Japan." Over the next two days, the newspaper informed its readers that initial reports indicated that 60 percent of the city had been destroyed and that American scientists were in disagreement about how long radioac­ tivity would last at the bomb site. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and, three days later, on Nagasaki were the culmi­ nation of three years of closely guarded research and development known as the Manhattan Project. Scientists and military personnel scattered at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Hanford, Washington, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, worked on small pieces of the project. The only test of the new weapon occurred in New Mexico on July 16, creating a crater more than one thousand feet in diameter and generating energy the equivalent of 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT. By August 1945, two billion dollars had been spent on developing the atomic bomb. Controversy over dropping the bomb developed almost immediately A majority of Americans believed that the potential for shortening the war and saving the lives of American troops scheduled to invade Japan justified its use. Others believed that usage of such a deadly weapon could not be defended. The editor of the Post-Dispatch supported the bomb's use, as did two of St. Louis's most prominent religious leaders, Archbishop John Glennon and Rabbi Ferdinand Isserman. In his message to the nation announcing the Hiroshima bombing, President Harry S. Truman called the weapon an "answer to Japan's refusal to surrender" and remarked, "It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe." Daniel Fitzpatrick, editorial cartoonist for the Post-Dispatch, reflected the latter theme in his August 7, 1945, cartoon. He quoted the president's conclu­ sion: "A new era in man's understanding of nature's forces." o o t/3 C/2 to o o tr1 3 o a* p' I 00 ^ o a 1 §5 L/\ r-t- o CZ5 ^1 O to OO

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