DOCSLIB.ORG

Independent North-South Child Migration in Ghana: the Decision Making Process

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Independent North-South Child Migration in Ghana: the Decision Making Process Working Paper T-29 Independent North-South Child Migration in Ghana: The Decision Making Process S. O. KWANKYE*, J. K. ANARFI**, C. A. TAGOE** AND A. CASTALDO*** * RIPS ** ISSER *** Sussex Centre for Migration Research February 2009 Issued by the Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty The UK Department for International Development (DFID) supports policies, programmes and projects to promote poverty reduction globally. DFID provided funds for this study as part of that goal but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone. Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Arts C-226, University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9SJ Website: http://www.migrationdrc.org Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)1273 873394 Fax: +44 (0)1273 873158 This paper may be reproduced free of charge in any format provided the source is acknowledged. 2 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Historical Overview of Internal Migration in Ghana 8 3. Methodology 13 4. Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Child Migrants 14 5. Deciding to Migrate 19 5.1 Who Decides and Why 19 5.2 Children’s Migration Experiences and Resources 25 6. Children’s Views on Migration 28 7. Travelling to Destination and School Abandonment 30 8. Conclusions and Recommendations 33 References 37 3 1. Introduction This working paper explores the reasons for the phenomenon of independent child migration from the North to the South in Ghana, looking particularly at how the decision for the child to migrate is made, and who is involved in the process. Most of the findings of the research focus on what children themselves think and say about the decision-making processes and their experiences. Whilst migration is neither a new phenomenon, nor specific to any group of people, the trends and dynamics of population movements vary greatly over space and time. Migration in its various forms has resulted in the redistribution of people over space, with migratory flows generally prompted by imbalances in development between origin and destination areas. These imbalances, be they in resource endowment, income levels or access to facilities and services, cause the movement of people at both internal and international levels. However, an understanding of the role of these structural factors should not deter us from looking at migrants’ own agency in deciding to migrate. The literature on migration in Ghana has largely focused on the internal migration of its adult population. Recently, however, the independent migration of children, particularly from northern to southern Ghana, has become a subject of increasing concern for Ghana’s national development. This phenomenon has important implications for the development prospects of both origin and destination areas, as well as for the socio-economic advancement of the child migrants themselves. People migrate for a variety of reasons, including having better access to public services or to recreational options, and/or for economic gain. Therefore, differences in average income or wage levels between origin and destination areas are significant determinants of migration flows between the two locations. Households can make migration decisions to maximise income flows, or to develop the human capital of some of their members. In other cases, migration can be a response to severe hardship during periods of deprivation and economic stress. Research into the decision-making processes behind whether to migrate or not also indicates various non-economic factors or variables at play. Gardner (1981), for instance, identifies a range of macro-level influences on migration decisions, which include societal norms and values about migration, opportunities or constraints and/or perceptions about these, and 4 accessibility. According to Gardner, societal and cultural influences always play a part in migration decision-making. The key role of community-level influences on the decision to migrate is supported by the fact that migration is more likely to take place from communities that have a history of migration, or customs necessitating the migration of some of their members (Findley 1982). This broad theoretical framework is useful to look at the case of Ghana’s northern regions. The perception of greater availability of socio-economic opportunities in the southern regions has over time sustained a continuous stream of migration from North to South. This is linked to the spatial imbalance in the distribution of natural resources between the north and the south and can be understood as a response to the differential in income levels and opportunities between the two regions, with the economic dynamism of the South acting as a ‘pull’ factor, rather than any absolute poverty in the northern regions ‘pushing’ people out. The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) reports 3 and 4 for 1992 (GSS 1995) and 1999 (GSS 2000) show, however, that the majority of individuals migrate for non-economic reasons, and it appears that these have not changed much over time. The GLSS 3 (GSS 1995) shows that 18 percent and 43 percent of all migrants cited ‘marriage’ and ‘other family-related reasons’ respectively as their reason for migrating, while 24 percent indicated that they had moved for work-related reasons involving their own or their spouse’s employment. In 1999 however, about 28 percent of the migrants claimed they had moved for work-related reasons, involving their own or their spouse’s employment. Thus, work does not appear to be the primary ‘pull’ factor in migratory behaviour in Ghana, although the percentage of migrants in this class increased from 24 percent in 1991/92 to 28 percent in 1998/99. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) also carried out the Ghana Child Labour Survey (GCLS) in 2001, investigating a wide range of issues around Child Labour (GSS 2003). One aspect of the study of critical relevance to our research is an analysis of the region of origin of the street children in Ghana. Whilst not all child migrants become street children, some do, and a study of street children could give us insights into the lives of child migrants. Out of an estimated 6.4 million children (aged 5-17) in Ghana (GSS 2003), the nationwide survey interviewed 2,314 street children and found that over a third of the street children were from the Northern region (38.1 percent) followed by the Upper East (12.1 percent). These two regions stood out as the two most important source regions of street children, and contrasts with the Upper West, from 5 where only about five percent of the street children originate. In the household survey, the data shows that about 2 out of every 5 children in Ghana are working. However, a vast majority (88 percent) work as unpaid family workers or apprentices, or conversely, only 12 percent of all working children are paid for their labour (GSS 2003: xiii-xiv). In studying the relationship between family, child labour and migration in Metro Manila, Camacho (1999), examines the role of the family in making decisions about migration, as well as the economic benefits of the migration of children for their family. She studies the cases of 50 children below the age of 18, who migrated from a province in the Philippines to work in Metro Manila as domestic wage workers. She finds that the majority of the child migrants had reportedly taken their own decision to migrate and work, although many of them had consulted their family members, particularly their mothers. The study found that the major driving force for their wanting to work was the desire to contribute to the income of the family and also to attain some level of education. It was however quite clear that those who migrated were largely following other kinsmen/women and community members as well as friends who had migrated earlier. Such a migration strategy reduced the risks associated with the migration of children. Another study carried out in India suggests that conflict between parents and children – in particular male children – is a determinant in prompting the migration of children (Iversen 2002). These findings raise questions about what responsibility children take upon themselves. Ultimately, without losing sight of the role of external influences, we seek to explore whether it is the parents, the children themselves, both together, or other relatives, who make the decision for the child to migrate. Today, community-level influences appear to affect not only adult migrants but children as well. For example, a culture is developing, particularly among girls from the north, who wish to migrate to southern Ghana at least once in their lifetime, in order to acquire some basic items in preparation for their marriage. Awareness of the decision-making processes that lie behind the north-south independent migration of children would constitute an important basis for the formulation of informed and well-targeted policies that seek to reduce the risks attached to this phenomenon or attempt to enhance its benefits. In fact, despite the generally held view that children’s migration automatically increases their vulnerability to economic – and other types of -- exploitation, Migration DRC research has shown that children’s perceptions of migration remain mostly 6 positive. In particular Hashim (2006:1) uses data collected during interviews with children over 3 months in Tempane Natinga in the Upper East region of Ghana to show that independent child migrants not only choose to migrate but are usually ‘positive about their experiences, as they afforded them the opportunity to develop important relationships or skills, and/or to earn an income that allowed them to buy the things necessary for their progression into adulthood or pay for education’. Additionally, research into adolescents’ independent migration in Burkina Faso shows their decision to migrate is mostly the outcome of their ‘positive aspirations to look for work and urban experiences’ (Thorsen 2007: 6).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Competency Based Training (Cbt)
    THE COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING (CBT) CONCEPT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING IN THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA: CHALLENGES AND THE WAY FORWARD Prince Charles Acquaha, Elijah Boadu Frimpongb, Julius Kwame Borkloec abc Kumasi Technical University, P. O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana Corresponding email: [email protected] Abstract Competency Based Training (CBT) concept of teaching and learning introduced in the technical universities in Ghana has proven to be a very important educational programme in the technical and vocational education in Ghana. It has greatly improved the employability skills of graduates from the technical universities who have gone through this training and it is also helping to address the shortage of skilled and competent workforce needed in the country. In spite of its importance and prospects, there are some challenges in the CBT implementation that require urgent attention. This paper therefore seeks to address these challenges in the CBT concept. Twenty-five (25) academic staff across eight (8) out of the ten (10) technical universities in Ghana were interviewed. The findings revealed that inadequate funding, lack of infrastructural support and lack of policy guidelines and institutional support are the major challenges in the implementation process. The paper discusses these challenges and concludes with some recommendations that would help to improve the CBT concept of teaching and learning in technical universities in particular and the technical and the vocational education in Ghana in general. Keywords: Competency Based Training, Technical University, Ghana Education, CBT Challenges. 1. Introduction The polytechnic education in Ghana has gone through many transformational changes since its establishment in the early sixties (1960s), all with the aim of addressing deficiencies identified in the system.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana MINIMAL ADVANCEMENT in 2019, Ghana Made a Minimal Advancement in Efforts to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor
    Ghana MINIMAL ADVANCEMENT In 2019, Ghana made a minimal advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government committed to use the Trafficking in Persons Information System developed by the International Organization for Migration to improve case tracking and inter-ministerial coordinated responses. However, children in Ghana continue to engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in fishing and cocoa harvesting, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Prohibitions related to the commercial sexual exploitation of children do not meet international standards as the use of children in pornographic performances is not criminally prohibited, and the law also does not prohibit the use of children for illicit activities, including for the production and trafficking of drugs. Additionally, the government has not acceded to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, and resource constraints severely limited the government’s abilities to adequately enforce labor laws and implement social programs during the reporting period. I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR Children in Ghana engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in fishing and cocoa harvesting, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. (1,2) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Ghana. Figure 1. Working Children by Sector, Table 1. Statistics on Children’s Work and Ages 5-14 Education Children Age Percent Services Working (% and population) 5 to 14 13.0 (927,591) 17.6% Attending School (%) 5 to 14 89.9 Industry Combining Work and School (%) 7 to 14 13.2 3.7% Primary Completion Rate (%) N/A 93.8 Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute Agriculture for Statistics, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Relevance of Social Studies Education in the Technical School Programme: a Survey of Kumasi Technical Institute in Ghana
    Journal of Education & Social Policy Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2020 doi:10.30845/jesp.v7n1p9 Relevance of Social Studies Education in the Technical School Programme: A Survey of Kumasi Technical Institute in Ghana Christiana Kudawe Wesley College of Education Kumasi Samuel Nyamekye Otchere Methodist College of Education, Akim Asene Aboabo-Oda James Badu Afari Agogo Presbyterian Women‟s University College of Education Abstract Social Studies, as an academic subject, was introduced into the school curriculum at the Junior and Senior Secondary levels to prepare students for responsible citizenship. In spite of this ambition, it was not taught in technical schools because their programmes were trade-oriented and little attention was given to liberal education. It was however introduced after the Anamuah-Mensah review. With this background, this study sought to ascertain the relevance of Social Studies Education in the technical schools’ programme in the quest to train socially-aware and competent citizens. Specifically, the study explored the relevance of its content in preparing good and effective citizens in technical schools and ways for improving the relevance of Social Studies Education in the technical schools’ programme. The study found that Social Studies Education helps students learn about societal values, interact with people and makes them aware of what is going on in the society. As a way of improving the quality and effectiveness of Social Studies at the technical schools, the study suggested increase in the teaching periods for Social Studies, improvements in the methods used in teaching Social Studies and the institution of regular in-service training programmes for Social Studies teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cape Coast the Development Of
    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN KUMASE, 1874-1960. BY TONY YEBOAH Thesis submitted to the Department of History, of the College of Humanities and Legal Studies, University of Cape Coast in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Philosophy degree in History. MARCH 2017 Digitized by UCC, Library DECLARATION Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that this study is the result of my own original research and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this University or elsewhere. Signature……………………… Date…………………... Candidate’s Name: Tony Yeboah Supervisors’ Declaration We hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of the thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Cape Coast Signature:………………………….Date:…………………... Principal Supervisor’s Name: Prof. De-Valera N.Y.M. Botchway Co-Supervisor’s Name: Dr. Collins AdjeiMensah Signature:…………………………..Date:……………………. ii Digitized by UCC, Library ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of architecture in Kumase from 1874 to 1960. In other words, the study focuses on the rebuilding of the built environment of Kumase from 1874 to 1960. Using qualitative evaluation of archival documents, interviews with Asante chiefs, owners of houses, heads of families, trustees of households etc., and some secondary sources of historical information, this work discusses the traditional architecture of Kumase and, how the British colonial government and its agents joined forces with the Asante political authorities and the entire citizenry to architecturally reconstruct the city. The collaboration between the local people and the Europeans produced striking alterations within the built space of Kumase.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Markets in the American Retail Landscape: African
    ETHNIC MARKETS IN THE AMERICAN RETAIL LANDSCAPE: AFRICAN MARKETS IN COLUMBUS, CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, AND AKRON, OHIO A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Hyiamang Safo Odoom December 2012 Dissertation written by Hyiamang Safo Odoom B.A., University of Ghana,Ghana, 1980 M.S., University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 1991 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2012 Approved by ___________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee David H. Kaplan, Ph.D. ___________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Milton E. Harvey, Ph.D. ___________________________, Sarah Smiley, Ph.D. ___________________________, Steven Brown, Ph.D. ___________________________, Polycarp Ikuenobe, Ph.D. Accepted by ___________________________, Chair, Department of Geography Mandy Munro-Stasiuk, Ph.D. ___________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Timothy S. Moerland, Ph.D. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE: THE AFRICAN MARKET/GROCERY STORE .................................1 Introduction…………………….……………………………….………………….1 What is a Market/African Market? ..........................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Final News on Wibsite 20.Cdr
    Kumasi Technical University (KsTU) Centre of Excellence for Tertiary Level Training in Technical and Professional Human Resource with Entrepreneurial Skills. 1st Edition Volume 1 April 2020 www.kstu.edu.gh KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Page MANUFACTURES 2 FOOT-OPERATED HAND WASHING MACHINE KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY PRODUCES AND DISTRIBUTES HAND SANITIZERS AND EDUCATIONAL NEW VICE-CHANCELLOR INDUCTED INTO OFFICE AT KUMASI Story MATERIALS FOR FREE on TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY (KsTU) Page Page 4 6 Vol. 1 Newsletter 1 Centre of Excellence for Tertiary Level Training in Technical and Professional KsTU NEWSLETTER Human Resource with Entrepreneurial Skills. KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY MANUFACTURES FOOT-OPERATED HAND WASHING MACHINE The COVID-19 pandemic has made people all It is the determination of KsTU to produce over the world thinking including various an initial number of ten (10) of the organisations. Educational Institutions and equipment to be distributed to some various research centers are doing everything selected organisations, educational in their power to proffer solution and various institutions as well as other public places strategies to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 for use. As an educational institution, KsTU so as to contain it. Kumasi Technical University will continue to conduct research towards (KsTU) on its part has been making frantic efforts dealing with the pandemic and other in its quest to help deal with the situation. The societal challenges through its various latest invention of the University to help deal faculties such as Pharmaceutical Sciences, with COVID-19 is the development of a Foot- Engineering and Technology, Creative Arts Operated Hand Washing Machine (FOHWAM). and Technology among others.
    [Show full text]
  • FAILING STATE-INTERVENTIONS and WITCH-HUNTS in GHANA Felix Riedel, Phd Anthropologist
    TWO „RESETTLED“ WOMEN FROM BANYASI, FOUND 200 KM AWAY IN TINDANG, ANOTHER CAMP FOR WITCH-HUNT VICTIMS. FAILING STATE-INTERVENTIONS AND WITCH-HUNTS IN GHANA Felix Riedel, PhD Anthropologist For twenty years Ghanaian state agencies have been announcing the closure of the so- called “witches camps”. A recent resettlement-campaign led by MOWAC and the NGO ActionAid Ghana has aggravated the problem and exploited victims emotionally in a staged mass-resettlement. In Ghana, state-run “resettlements” have failed initially and are only slowly modified. Through former actions, traumatized victims of violence were put under permanent stress and fear. This report seeks to contribute to a better understanding of a best practice for and with witch-hunt victims. CLOSURE, FRAUD SUMMARY OF THE AND TRAUMA CAMPS THE MALTREATMENT OF WITCH- There are 10 sanctuaries for witch- HUNT VICTIMS IN NORTHERN hunt Victims in GHANA Northern Ghana: - Gambaga SUMMARY - Gushiegu The government of Ghana and ActionAid, a multinational NGO claimed in late 2014 to have resettled large numbers of victims accused of - Gbintiri witchcraft. Fact finding missions in early 2015 and late 2016 as well as - Nabule testimonies with reliable and hardened experts in the field have clearly disproved such claims. Victims and experts in the camps denied - Gushiegu Ghetto presence or efforts by governmental institutions, statistics had not shown a reduction. The advertised resettlement exercise of 50 women, - Gushiegu Town the “closure of the Banyasi camp” turned out to be entirely staged for - Kpatinga the media. Only recently and due to the diplomatic efforts of the Witch- hunt Victims Empowerment Project (WHVEP) and the Gambaga - Tindang/Gnani Outcast-Home Project (GO-Home-Project), state-actors seem to be adjusting their strategies, 1 without admitting former failures.
    [Show full text]
  • Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Public Transport in Ghana
    Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Public transport in Ghana : assessment of opportunities to improve the capacity of the Kejetia public transport terminal in Kumasi, Ghana van Hoeven, Nathalie Award date: 1999 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE CAPACITY OF THE KEJETIA PUBLIC TRANSPORT TERMINAL IN KUMASI, GHANA I APPENDICES N. van Hoeven December 1999 Supervisors Eindhoven University of Technology Drs. H. C.J.J. Gaiflard Ir. E.L.C. van Egmond-de Wilde de Ligny Faculty of Technology Management Department of International Technology and Development Studies Ir. A. W.J. Borgers Faculty of Building Engineering Department of Planning In co-operation with Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • His Excellency John Evans Atta Mills, President of the Republic of Ghana 2009
    HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN EVANS ATTA MILLS, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA 2009 Madam Speaker, Thank you for receiving me in this august House to present my first State of the Nation address to Parliament as President of the Republic of Ghana. Madam Speaker, As the first Lady Speaker of Parliament, you occupy a unique position in our Nation‟s history. It is a position of which you and indeed all women of Ghana should be justifiably proud. You exemplify the fulfillment of my wish to see Ghanaian women rise to assume even more prominent positions in our land. I wish you well Madam. I greet you Honourable Members of both sides of the House, new members as well as returning members. Together you constitute a blend of experience and new perspectives that should inure to the benefit of this House. The measure of the accomplishments of this House must be the degree to which its results benefit the Nation. Ghana expects that you will work in the National Interest. In a real sense your work meets expectations only to the extent that it helps us build A Better Ghana. Madam Speaker, Last December, the People of Ghana sat in judgment and ruled in favour of the NDC and our agenda for A Better Ghana. And so I remind my Brothers and Sisters of the Majority in this House of our obligation to keep faith with the people at all times. We should never forget the men and women whose worries stretch from pay day to pay day. I extend a hand of friendship to our brothers and sisters of the Minority.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demise of Latew President, Prof. John Evans Atta-Mills Message Of
    GHANCY GHANA NATIONAL NGOs COALITION FOR YOUTH National Secretariat Post Office Box AS 549; Asawase. Kumasi. Ashanti Region; Ghana. Tel/Mob:+233-258594570 / +233-236650248/+233-244939121/ e-mail: [email protected] Location: MFCS (NGO) Office- Asawase Community Center, Focus : Sustainable Youth Empowerment(SYE);Positive Youth Development (PYD) Productive Youth Enterprises/Employment ( PYE) ;Appropriate Youth Citizenship(AYC) 5th August, 2012 The Chairman; Funeral Planning Committee; Late President Atta-Mills. State House Accra Thru; The Minister for Information; Ministry of Information. Accra. 5th/ August/ 2012 Dear Sir; THE DEMISE OF LATEW PRESIDENT, PROF. JOHN EVANS ATTA-MILLS MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE AND TRIBUTE We deem it a matter of concern to inform the President, His Excellency John Drayman Mahama, the Funeral Committee of the Late President, the Bereaved Family and the Widow, Mrs., Dr, Naadu Mills and entire Ghanaians of the following: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION: a) Nature: The Ghana National NGOs Coalition for Youth (GHANCY) is a legally registered umbrella Civil Society Organization (CSO) which is made up of a number of individual Civil Society Organizations-principally Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)-some of which have been formed and led by young-women and young-men. 2. MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE: On behalf of the leadership and the entire membership of the Ghana National NGOs Coalition for Youth (GHANCY) I convey to the President of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency John Dramani Mahama, the widow of the Late President, Mrs. Dr. Naadu Mills, the Family of the late President, the Ekumfi Traditional Council, the National Democratic Congress and the good people of Ghana, our heart-felt condolences, and to express our deep sorrow and shock on the sudden and untimely death of our President, John Evans Atta-Mills.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Trust and power in a farmer-trader relations : a study of small scale vegetable production and marketing systems in Ghana. Lyon, Fergus How to cite: Lyon, Fergus (2000) Trust and power in a farmer-trader relations : a study of small scale vegetable production and marketing systems in Ghana., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1474/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Trust and power in farmer-trader relations: A study of small scale vegetable production and marketing systems in Ghana Ph.D. Thesis Fergus Lyon A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK 2000 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived front it should be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • RESILIENCY in NORTHERN GHANA (RING) QUARTERLY REPORT FY 2018 (October 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017) Contract No
    January 30, 2018 Revised April 6, 2018 GenGene RESILIENCY IN NORTHERN GHANA (RING) QUARTERLY REPORT FY 2018 (October 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017) Contract No. AID-641-C-14-00002 January 30, 2018 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Global Communities. January 30, 2018 Revised April 6, 2018 USAID RESILIENCY IN NORTHERN GHANA (RING) QUARTERLY REPORT FY 2018 Q1 (October 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017) DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. January 30, 2018 Revised April 6, 2018 Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 2. Administration and Finance .................................................................................................. 9 Grants and Contracts................................................................................................... 9 Human Resources ....................................................................................................... 9 3. Regional Partner Coordination and Support ........................................................................10
    [Show full text]