NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION ORGANISATION AC/323(HFM-154)TP/291 www.rto.nato.int RTO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-154 Nutrition Science and Food Standards for Military Operations (Nutrition et normes d’alimentation pour les opérations militaires) Final Report of RTO Task Group RTG-154. Published March 2010 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION ORGANISATION AC/323(HFM-154)TP/291 www.rto.nato.int RTO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-154 Nutrition Science and Food Standards for Military Operations (Nutrition et normes d’alimentation pour les opérations militaires) Final Report of RTO Task Group RTG-154. The Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) of NATO RTO is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote co-operative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RTO performs its mission with the support of an extensive network of national experts. It also ensures effective co-ordination with other NATO bodies involved in R&T activities. RTO reports both to the Military Committee of NATO and to the Conference of National Armament Directors. It comprises a Research and Technology Board (RTB) as the highest level of national representation and the Research and Technology Agency (RTA), a dedicated staff with its headquarters in Neuilly, near Paris, France. In order to facilitate contacts with the military users and other NATO activities, a small part of the RTA staff is located in NATO Headquarters in Brussels. The Brussels staff also co-ordinates RTO’s co-operation with nations in Middle and Eastern Europe, to which RTO attaches particular importance especially as working together in the field of research is one of the more promising areas of co-operation. The total spectrum of R&T activities is covered by the following 7 bodies: • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These bodies are made up of national representatives as well as generally recognised ‘world class’ scientists. They also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. RTO’s scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created for specific activities and with a specific duration. Such Technical Teams can organise workshops, symposia, field trials, lecture series and training courses. An important function of these Technical Teams is to ensure the continuity of the expert networks. RTO builds upon earlier co-operation in defence research and technology as set-up under the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) and the Defence Research Group (DRG). AGARD and the DRG share common roots in that they were both established at the initiative of Dr Theodore von Kármán, a leading aerospace scientist, who early on recognised the importance of scientific support for the Allied Armed Forces. RTO is capitalising on these common roots in order to provide the Alliance and the NATO nations with a strong scientific and technological basis that will guarantee a solid base for the future. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by RTO or the authors. Published March 2010 Copyright © RTO/NATO 2010 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-0097-5 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only. The approval of the RTA Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii RTO-TR-HFM-154 Table of Contents Page List of Figures vii List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xi Acknowledgements xv HFM RTG-154 Task Group Membership xviii Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1-1 1.1 Origin of the Technical Activity 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Research Task Group (RTG) 154 1-1 1.3 NATO Response Force (NRF) 1-2 1.4 Individual Combat Rations 1-2 1.5 Development of Standards for NRF Combat Rations 1-3 Chapter 2 – Summary of ET-059 and RTG-154 Meetings 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 ET-059 Business Meeting #1, Erding, Germany (18 October 2005) 2-1 2.2.1 Topics 2-1 2.2.2 Action 2-1 2.3 ET-059 Business Meeting #2, Birmingham, United Kingdom (30 March 2006) 2-2 2.3.1 STANAG 2937 2-2 2.3.2 Program of Work 2-2 2.3.3 Action 2-2 2.4 RTG-154 Business Meeting #1, Natick, MA, United States (31 October – 3 November 2006) 2-2 2.4.1 Meeting Outcomes 2-2 2.4.2 Action 2-3 2.5 RTG-154 Business Meeting #2, Ieper, Belgium (1 – 4 May 2007) 2-3 2.5.1 Baseline Data Sheet and Definitions 2-3 2.5.2 Potential Lecture Series or Technical Course 2-3 2.5.3 Baseline Data Collection 2-4 2.5.4 Action 2-4 2.6 RTG-154 Business Meeting #3, Rome, Italy (27 – 30 November 2007) 2-4 2.6.1 NATO Response Force 2-4 2.6.2 Baseline Data Input and Matrix 2-5 2.6.3 Technical Activities 2-5 2.6.4 Action 2-5 2.7 RTG-154 Business Meeting #4, Naples, Florida, United States (4 – 6 June 2008) 2-5 RTO-TR-HFM-154 iii 2.7.1 Combat Rations Demonstration and Ration Photos 2-5 2.7.2 Review of Matrix 2-5 2.7.3 Nutrition Analysis of Ration Matrix 2-6 2.7.4 Comparative Analysis of Ration Matrix with Current Nutritional Standards 2-6 2.7.5 Behavioral/Psychological Analysis of Ration Matrix 2-6 2.7.6 Interoperability Analysis of Ration Matrix 2-6 2.7.7 Combat Ration Logistic Seminar in Italy 2-7 2.7.8 Final Report 2-7 2.7.9 Action 2-7 2.8 Visit to Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Wageningen, Gelderland, 2-7 Netherlands (8 – 10 September 2008) 2.8.1 Purpose 2-7 2.8.2 Nutritional Assessment Methods 2-8 2.8.3 Nutritional Assessment Assumptions 2-8 2.9 RTG-154 Business Meeting #5, Ieper, Belgium (9 – 11 December 2008) 2-8 2.9.1 Review of Draft Chapters 2-8 2.9.2 Discussion of Final Report Deliverables and Due Dates 2-8 2.9.3 Actions 2-9 2.10 RTG-154 Business Meeting #6, Bath, United Kingdom (24 – 26 March 2009) 2-9 2.10.1 Review and Discussion of Report Chapters and Annexes 2-9 2.10.2 Key Presentation 2-9 2.10.3 Discussion and Follow-On Activities 2-9 2.10.4 Final Report 2-10 2.10.5 Country Comments and Closing of Business 2-10 Chapter 3 – Data Collection, Definitions and Matrix Development 3-1 3.1 Development of the Data Collection, Definitions and Matrix 3-1 3.2 Process of Data Collection 3-2 3.3 Outcomes of Data Collection 3-2 3.3.1 General Purpose Combat Rations 3-2 3.3.1.1 Nutrition 3-2 3.3.1.2 Functional/Operational 3-4 3.3.1.3 Food Components 3-5 3.3.2 Special Purpose Rations 3-7 3.3.2.1 Nutrition 3-7 3.3.2.2 Functional/Operational 3-8 3.2.2.3 Food Components 3-8 3.3.3 Supplements 3-10 3.3.3.1 Nutrition 3-10 3.3.3.2 Functional/Operational 3-11 3.3.3.3 Food Components 3-11 Chapter 4 – Recommendations for Dietary Intakes and Nutrient Composition 4-1 of Combat Rations for the NATO Response Force 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Assumptions and Approach to Formulating Nutritional Recommendations 4-1 iv RTO-TR-HFM-154 4.3 Recommended NIVs for the NRF 4-2 4.4 Nutrient Content of Rations from Participating Nations 4-5 4.5 Conclusions 4-7 4.6 References 4-7 Chapter 5 – Behavioral/Psychological Assessment Summary 5-1 5.1 Factors Contributing to Consumption 5-1 5.2 The Soldier 5-2 5.3 The Environment 5-2 5.4 Complexity of Consumption Factors 5-3 5.5 References 5-3 Chapter 6 – Interoperability 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Interoperability Issues 6-1 6.2.1 Logistics Issues 6-2 6.2.1.1 Feeding Concept 6-2 6.2.1.2 Intended Use 6-2 6.2.1.3 Ration Volume, Pallet Type, Pallet Volume and Rations per Pallet 6-2 6.2.1.4 Water Requirements 6-4 6.2.2 Consumer/User Issues 6-4 6.2.2.1 Cutlery 6-4 6.2.2.2 Mess Tin / Canteen Cup 6-5 6.2.2.3 Specific Tools 6-5 6.2.2.4 Heating Device/Fuel 6-5 6.2.2.5 Water Treatment 6-6 6.2.2.6 Separate Bag for Packaging Waste 6-6 6.2.2.7 Language 6-7 6.2.2.8 Metric vs. Non-Metric 6-7 6.3 Decisions Based on Interoperability 6-7 6.4 Achieving Interoperability 6-8 Chapter 7 – Collateral Issues 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Legislation Matters 7-1 7.3 Regulations on the Provision of Information 7-1 7.4 Food Allergens 7-1 7.5 Production Base 7-2 7.6 Warehousing and Transportation Capacity 7-2 7.7 Host Nation Support 7-2 7.8 Food Safety and Sanitation Considerations 7-2 7.9 Religious and Personal Restrictions 7-2 7.10 Non-Food Related Components 7-3 RTO-TR-HFM-154 v Chapter 8 – Conclusions and Recommendations 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Conclusions 8-1 8.3 Recommendations 8-3 Chapter 9 – References 9-1 Annex A – Technical Activity Proposal (TAP) A-1 Annex B – Terms of Reference (ToR) B-1 Annex C – Program of Work (PoW) C-1 Annex D – Data Collection Survey and Data Element Definitions D-1 Annex E – Data Matrix E-1 Annex F – Combat Ration Comparison F-1 Annex G – Combat Ration Photographs G-1 Annex H – STANAG 2937 MED (Edition 3): Survival, Emergency, and Individual H-1 Combat Rations – Nutritional Values and Packaging Annex I – Nation Nutrition Standards Information I-1 Annex J – Recommendations for Nutrient Composition of Combat Rations for the J-1 NATO Response Force: Energy and Nutrient