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Reading and Teaching Gender Issues in Electronic Literature and New Media Art

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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA English Department II: Literature of English Speaking Countries READING AND TEACHING GENDER ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC LITERATURE AND NEW MEDIA ART By Maya Zalbidea Paniagua Doctoral Dissertation presented to the Faculty of English Philology of Complutense University of Madrid for the degree of European Doctor of English Supervisors: Dr. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate And Dr. George P. Landow Madrid, 2011 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION 2 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Inglesa II: Literatura de los Países de Habla Inglesa LA LECTURA Y LA ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CUESTIONES DE GÉNERO EN LA LITERATURA ELECTRÓNICA Y EL ARTE DE LOS NUEVOS MEDIOS Maya Zalbidea Paniagua Memoria defendida en la facultad de filología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid para optar al grado de Doctora Europea en Filología Inglesa Bajo la codirección de la Doctora Asunción López-Varela Azcárate y el Doctor George P. Landow Madrid, 2011 TESIS DOCTORAL 2 3 Maya Zalbidea Paniagua Reading and Teaching Gender Issues In Electronic Literature and New Media Art This academic dissertation was publicly discussed by permission of the University Complutense of Madrid at the Faculty of Philology on December 14th 2011. Esta tesis doctoral fue defendida públicamente con el permiso de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid en la Facultad de Filología el 14 de diciembre del 2011. 3 4 Reading and Teaching Gender Issues in Electronic Literature and New Media Art 4 5 This doctoral thesis has been written in American English following the norms of the MLA style. It includes a summary in Spanish. Esta tesis doctoral ha sido redactada en inglés americano cumpliendo las normas del estilo MLA. Incluye un resumen en español. 5 6 A mi madre, mi padre y mis hermanas 6 7 ABSTRACT Zalbidea Paniagua, Maya Reading and Teaching Gender Issues in Electronic Literature and New Media Art This study has as its main research object the new feminist hypermedia and it is located in the fields of hypertext theory, gender studies, semiotics and imagologies. These new forms emerging from the meeting of electronic literature and new media art are collectively called hypermedia. In feminist hypermedia present day gender issues such as: identity, gender violence, femicide, pornography, transphobia, intersexuality and sexuality are presented in a multimedia environment inviting the reader to acquire a more interactive participation than in traditional linear printed narratives. This work studies only electronic literary works created to be read on the computer accessible online. It offers the close-readings of three recent feminist hypertext fictions written in English language exploring the problematics of gender, sexuality and multiple identities: Dollspace (1997-2001) by Francesca da Rimini, Brandon (1998) by Shu Lea Cheang and Blueberries (2009) by Susan Gibb. Feminist writers use this new medium including images, sounds and motion to create an intimate connection between reader and writer. In feminist hypertext fictions the reader can choose the reading path and discover different narrators, confessions or versions of the same story. The special elements of hypertext fiction which can not be found in printed narratives such as: audio, visual and interactivity demand an understanding which can only take place through association of ideas. These associations concerning gender issues penetrate in the human brain in such a way that the stories can create a higher impact and be more easily remembered than traditional linear narratives. This thesis has been organized around two deeply interconnected approaches: descriptive and analytic. The first approach criticizes previous theories on hypertext theory and on feminism. In the second approach the chosen works are analysed contrasting the semiotics of the images and texts with gender, philosophical and psychoanalytical theories. In the last chapter of the dissertation the benefits of teaching feminist hypertext fictions and teaching gender theories with a hypertext format are explained arguing that hypertext celebrates present day feminist ideals: collaboration, multivocality, dialogue, non-hierarchical structures and open publishing. The aim of the study is, on the one hand, to show how feminist hypertext fictions – which form a new literary genre which have not been studied in previous dissertations- can be analysed: categorising the work, interpreting its nodes and lexias, emphasizing the cultural references it evokes and studying the readers’ reactions to the hypertext. And on the other hand, to promote the study of electronic literature as a useful tool for literature courses as well as to demonstrate the beneficial aspects of hypertexts to work with gender studies literature. Keywords: electronic literature, hypermedia, feminism, semiotics, teaching. 7 8 Author Maya Zalbidea Paniagua Universidad Complutense de Madrid Supervisors Asunción López-Varela Azcárate Universidad Complutense de Madrid George P. Landow Brown University, Rhode Island (US) Members of the Jury of the Defense President Luís Martínez Victorio Universidad Complutense de Madrid Internal Examiner María Goicoecea de Jorge Universidad Complutense de Madrid External Examiner Laura Borrás Castanyer Universidad de Barcelona European External Examiner Philippe Bootz Université de Paris 8 European External Examiner Raine Koskimaa University of Jyväskylä, Finland 8 9 RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Zalbidea Paniagua, Maya La lectura y la enseñanza de las cuestiones de género en la literatura electrónica y el arte de los nuevos medios El principal objeto de estudio de esta investigación son los nuevos hipermedia feministas y las metodologías utilizadas son: teoría del hipertexto, estudios de género, semiótica e imagologías. Estas nuevas formas emergen del encuentro entre la literatura electrónica y el arte de los nuevos medios, que unidos dan lugar a los hipermedia. Los hipermedia feministas presentan cuestiones de género actuales como: la identidad, la violencia de género, el femicidio, la pornografía, la sexualidad, la intersexualidad y la transfobia en un ámbito multimedia en el que se invita al lector o lectora a adquirir una participación más interactiva que en las narrativas lineales impresas tradicionales. En este trabajo se estudian exclusivamente obras literarias creadas para ser leídas en un ordenador con acceso a Internet. La principal aportación de esta investigación es el análisis exhaustivo de tres obras de hiperficción feministas en las que se explora la complejidad del género, la sexualidad y las mútiples identidades. Las obras analizadas son: Dollspace (1997- 2001) de Francesca da Rimini, Brandon (1998) de Shu Lea Cheang y Blueberries (2009) de Susan Gibb. Las escritoras feministas dan uso de éste nuevo medio incluyendo imágenes, sonidos y movimiento capaces de crear una conexión íntima entre la escritora y la lectora. En las ficciones hipertextuales feministas el lector o lectora puede elegir entre distintas trayectorias y descubrir diversas narradoras, confesiones o versiones de la misma historia. Los elementos especiales de las ficciones hipertextuales que no pueden tener lugar en la narrativa impresa como el audio, video o la interactividad requieren una asimilación de la obra que sólo puede lograrse mediante asociación de ideas. Dichas asociaciones permiten que el contenido de las narraciones, las cuestiones de género en este caso, penetren en el cerebro humano de modo que puedan lograr un mayor impacto y puedan ser recordadas con mayor facilidad que en las narrativas lineales impresas. En esta tesis se han realizado dos acercamientos: el descriptivo y el analítico. En la primera parte de la tesis se critican teorías anteriores a cerca del hipertexto por un lado y de las teorías feministas por el otro. En la segunda parte las obras seleccionadas son analizadas contrastando la semiótica del texto e imagología con teorías de género, filosofía y psicoanálisis. En el último capítulo de esta tesis se exponen los beneficios de la enseñanza de las ficciones hipertextuales feministas argumentando que el hipertexto celebra ideales feministas actuales como: la colaboración, la multivocalidad, el diálogo, las estructuras no jerárquicas y la publicación abierta. El objetivo principal de este estudio es por tanto, por un lado mostrar de qué modo la literatura electrónica feminista puede ser analizada -al ser un nuevo género no ha sido estudiado en tesis doctorales con anterioridad-decidiendo dentro de qué categorías se encuentra la obra, interpretando sus nodos y lexías, enfatizando las referencias 9 10 culturales que evoca y estudiando las reacciones de sus lectores y lectoras. Por otro lado, el objetivo también es el de promover el estudio de la literatura electrónica como herramienta fundamental en los cursos de literatura así como demostrar los beneficios de los hipertextos para analizar obras de literatura que traten los temas de género. Palabras clave: literatura electrónica, hipermedia, feminismo, semiótica, enseñanza. Autora Maya Zalbidea Paniagua Universidad Complutense de Madrid Co-directores Asunción López-Varela Azcárate Universidad Complutense de Madrid George P. Landow Brown University, Rhode Island (US) Miembros del tribunal de la defensa Presidente Luís Martínez Victorio Universidad Complutense de Madrid Vocal interna María Goicoecea de Jorge Universidad Complutense de Madrid Vocal externa Laura Borrás Castanyer Universidad de Barcelona Vocal externo Europeo Philippe Bootz Université de
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