SALAMANDRA 49(4) 219–222 30 December 2013CorrespondenceISSN 0036–3375
Correspondence
Rediscovery, distribution extension and defensive behaviour of Xenodon histricus (Squamata: Serpentes) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Suélen da Silva Alves 1, Ana Maria Rigon Bolzan 1, Tiago Gomes do Santos 2, Daniel Tourem Gressler 3 & Sônia Zanini Cechin 1
1) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal – Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas. Prédio 17, sala 1140 - D, Cidade Universitária Camobi, Km 29 CEP: 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS – Brazil 2) Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel. Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847 CEP: 97300-000 – São Gabriel, RS – Brazil 3) Universidade de Brasília. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Asa Norte CEP:70910-900 – Brasília, DF – Brazil
Corresponding author: Suélen da Silva Alves, e-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: 26 July 2013
Jan’s hognose snake, Xenodon histricus (Jan, 1863), is a spe- es about habitat requirements (as well as the biology and cies of the family Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carrei- behaviour) of this species difficult (Giraudo 2004). The ra 2010) that has been thought of as rare for more than last specimen collected in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande 80 years (Devincenzi 1925). It belongs to the tribe Xeno do Sul dates back to 1958 (Di-Bernardo et al. 2003), and dontini Bonaparte, 1845, which includes the Neotropi- most specimens were collected before 1950 (Orejas-Mi- cal genera Liophis (including Erythrolamprus), Lygophis, randa 1966, Viñas & Olmedo 1988). There are photo- Umbrivaga, and Xenodon (including Waglerophis and graphic records that suggest Xenodon histricus lives only Lystrophis). The genus Lystrophis has recently been syno- in two regions of Uruguay: the departments of Maldonado nymized with Xenodon, following a review of the phylo and Treinta y Tres, in Quebrada de los Cuervos (Achaval geny and classification of Neotropical xenodontines Za( - & Olmos 2007, Prigioni et al. 2011). her et al. 2009). The genus Xenodon contains six species Here, we describe the rediscovery of X. histricus in the that are distributed in southern Bolivia, Paraguay, north- state of Rio Grande do Sul 46 years after the last record ern and central Argentina, mid-western, southeastern and and provide new records (Fig. 1). In addition, we provide southern Brazil, and Uruguay (Peters & Orejas-Miran- the first photographic record of a live X. histricus from a da 1970, Hoge et al. 1975, Scroccchi & Cruz 1993). Xeno- Brazilian population (Fig. 2); additionally we report on don histricus is distinguished from other species of its ge- the defensive behaviour exhibited by one specimen dur- nus by the absence of a prefrontal scale and its dorsal pat- ing handling. Both individuals of X. histricus were collect- tern of incomplete bands and a narrow cross marking on a ed in native grassland in the Pampa biome. The first in- red background (Cei 1993). dividual was an adult female (SVL (snout–vent length) = The geographic distribution of this species includes 288 mm, TL (Tail length) = 42 mm, TTL (total length) = northeastern Argentina, southeastern Paraguay, Uruguay, 330 mm, weight = 20.3 g) collected on 20 January 2004, and part of the Brazilian territory comprising the region at the Fazenda Santo Antônio do Buricaci (29°36’16.90’’ S, between the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Rio Grande 54°55’48.11’’ W, 183 m), in the municipality of São Francisco do Sul, except Santa Catarina state (Hoge et al. 1975, Acha de Assis. The specimen had been killed by rural residents val 2001). In Uruguay, this snake is associated with rocky in “mixed fields of Andropogoneae and Asteraceae ” (sen- habitats of natural grasslands, and the scarcity of records su Hasenack et al. 2010), and kept frozen until it was de- probably is due to its fossorial habits (Achaval & Olmos livered to us. Scale counts taken from this specimen (fol- 2007, Prigioni et al. 2011). Brazilian records of X. histricus lowing Dowling 1951): ventrals and subcaudals (140 and appear be associated with natural grasslands, but the few 37, respectively), dorsals (17–19–15), subcaudals (37), supra records that have been available until now make inferenc- labials right/left (6/7), with 6th and 7th supralabials partial-
© 2013 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde e.V. (DGHT), Mannheim, Germany All articles available online at http://www.salamandra-journal.com 219 Correspondence ly fused, infralabials (9/8), preoculars (1), postoculars (2), sion (the body is flatted dorsoventrally), and 4) tail display and no subocular. (refers to all behaviour in which the tail is elevated or oth- The second individual, an adult male (SVL = 282 mm, erwise made more prominent, but not used as a weapon, TL = 51 mm, TTL = 333 mm, weight = 18 g) was collected inverted into a tight spiral). Three of the four behavioural on 17 March 2013 in a pitfall trap with drift fences set up expressions exhibited by Xenodon histricus are considered in a transition zone between two grassy ecosystems, grassy common in phylogenetically related species, such as Xeno- field and shrubby field( sensu Hasenack et al. 2010), at the don dorbignyi (Tozetti et al. 2009). The latter species is Fazenda da Família Severo (30°34’15.42’’ S, 54°29’3.70’’ W, diurnal and associated with open habitats such as grass- 184 m), in the municipality of São Gabriel (Fig. 3). Scale lands, which is a preferred foraging ground of visually ori- counts: ventrals and subcaudals (133 and 29, respective- ented predators (Oliveira et al. 2004) and promotes the ly), dorsals (19–19–17), subcaudals (29), supralabials (7/7), subsequent development of defensive behaviours such as infralabials (9/9), preoculars (1), postoculars (2), and no body flattening and tail display in these snakes (Tozetti et subocular. The specimens are now stored in the Herpeto al. 2009). Xenodon histricus also exhibits a colour pattern logical Collection of the Universidade Federal de Santa resembling that of the highly venomous genus Micrurus, Maria (ZUFSM 2465 and 3071). consisting of a crosslateral banded pattern that includes From the second individual, we recorded at least four red, light and blackish bands. The tail display and colour expressions of defensive behaviour (sensu Gans 1988) dur- pattern (mimicry to Micrurus) may reduce the risk of pre- ing handling (Fig. 2): 1) forming a ball (coils of the body dation (Sazima & Abe 1991, Marques 2002, Buasso et al. are arranged into an irregular, approximately spherical 2006). On the other hand, the mimetic “coral” pattern may mass); 2) hiding the head (the head is hidden under one provoke an increased killing of these “false corals” by peo- or more parts of the body); 3) dorsoventral body compres- ple (Giraudo et al. 2012).
Figure 1. Map of the known distribution of Xenodon histricus (based on specimens deposited in collections, circles), including the new records in the São Francisco de Assis (1) and São Gabriel (2) municipalities (stars). The abbreviations MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, and SP, refer to the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo, respectively.
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The few records of X. histricus suggest that this species is rarely encountered along its geographic distribution. Its occurrence is likely restricted to pristine environments, since individuals were not found for at least 46 years in Rio Grande do Sul, even in areas where systematic collections have been made in the last decade. In Rio Grande do Sul, X. histricus is listed as vulnerable (VU), according to the red list of threatened fauna in the state, probably due to the degradation of habitat (Di-Bernardo et al. 2003). In Uruguay and Argentina, X. histricus is categorised as a da- ta-deficient species (Canavero et al. 2010, Giraudo et al. 2012). On a global scale, this species is regarded as ‘least concern’ (Carreira 2010). We stress the urgency of stud- ies on X. histricus and its habitats, in particular because natural grasslands are poorly represented in Brazilian con- servation units (MMA 2007, Overbeck et al. 2009, Vélez et al. 2009) and currently threatened by the rapid expan- sion of soybean farming and forestry (Acacia, Eucalyptus, Figure 3. Native grassland where an individual of Xenodon histricus was captured, municipality of São Gabriel municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.
and Pinus) (Mma 2007, Overbeck et al. 2009, Santos & Trevisan 2009, Bond & Parr 2010, Ferreira et al. 2012, Silva 2012). Thus, we suggest studies focusing on the spe- cies geographic distribution, including niche modelling, regional inventories to localize remnant populations and identify habitat requirements to better understand its bio logy.
Acknowledgements
SSA and AMRB are grateful to CAPES for their Master’s degree fellowships. TGS is grateful to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesqui- sa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP – for financial support (proc- ess 2009/54876-9). The authors also thank C. Pietczak for help with preparing the map, T. Kunz for providing locality data for X. histricus, as well sharing literature and comments, R. Maneyro for the information provided on Uruguayan records, and A. B. Amaral for helping with the editing of the photos. The male specimen was collected in accordance with the field and collect- ing permit SISBIO/IBAMA #35571-2.
References
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