El Nacionalismo Saharaui. De Zemla a La Organizacion De

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El Nacionalismo Saharaui. De Zemla a La Organizacion De UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS HISTORICAS TESIS DOCTORAL EL NACIONALISMO SAHARAUI. DE ZEMLA A LA ORGANIZACION DE LA UNIDAD AFRICANA. DOCTORANDO: M'BEIRIK AHMED ABDALAHE. DIRECTOR: Dr. JUAN MANUEL SANTANA PEREZ. LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA. OCTUBRE 2015. Otra vez se oye hablar de tiempos de grandeza. (Ana no llores). El tendero nos fiará. Otra vez se oye hablar de honor. (Ana no llores). No nos queda nada en la despensa. Otra vez se oye hablar de victorias. (Ana no llores). A mí no me tendrán. Ya desfila el ejército que ha de partir. (Ana no llores). Cuando vuelva volveré bajo otras banderas. Bertolt Brecht A DEDDA MENT ABDALAHE ULD BAHA, QUE EN 25 AÑOS DE EMIGRACIÓN Y 32 DE EXILIO, SEMBRÓ EN NUESTROS CORAZONES LA REBELDÍA. CRUZÓ UN DESIERTO DE NAPALM EN BUSCA DE UN SUEÑO. TODAV ÍA LA SAL NOS NUBLA LA MIRADA., MAMÁ 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento a mi amigo y tutor Juan Manuel Santana, por sus consejos y su aliento para hacer posible la realización de esta tesis. Agradezco a mi familia su acompañamiento y apoyo durante todo este trayecto, particularmente en la última fase del mismo donde estuve desaparecido. A Claudina por su ánimo e insistencia para que continuara las investigaciones. Sin Mari Carmen y Catherine, este trabajo no sería lo que es. Gracias por su paciencia, ayuda y estar ahí donde les necesité. No puedo dejar de agradecer profundamente a todos las personas entrevistadas que han estado dispuestas a colaborar en todo momento. 2 INDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 6 ORIGEN DEL TEMA ........................................................................................... 6 METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................... 13 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN ............................................................................. 17 FUENTES ......................................................................................................... 34 FUENTES DOCUMENTALES ....................................................................... 34 ESPAÑOLAS: .......................................................................................... 34 SAHARAUIS .......................................................................................... 36 FUENTES ORALES ...................................................................................... 38 FUENTES HEMEROGRÁFICAS ................................................................... 40 1. LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DEL SÁHARA OCCIDENTAL: EL GRITO DE ZEMLA ................................................................................................... 41 1.1 EL NACIONALISMO SAHARAUI A TRAVÉS DE SUS GRANDES PERSONALIDADES: BASSIRI Y EL LUALI ............................................. 41 1.1.1 MOHAMED BASSIRI ....................................................................... 43 1.1.2 EL LUALI ......................................................................................... 57 1.2 CONTRADICCIONES DE UNA POLÍTICA COLONIAL ............................ 66 1.3 NACIMIENTO NACIONALISMO SAHARAUI .......................................... 81 1.4 EL NACIONALISMO SAHARAUI: LA ORGANIZACIÓN DE VANGUARDIA PARA LA LIBERACIÓN DEL SÁHARA ............................ 89 1.5 LAS PRIMERAS ACCIONES DEL MOVIMIENTO DE VANGUARDIA PARA LA LIBERACIÓN DEL SÁHARA ............................ 96 1.6 LA CUESTIÓN DE LA LUCHA ARMADA Y LA CREACIÓN DE UN FRENTE MILITAR ...................................................................................101 1.7 SORPRESA ESPAÑOLA ANTE LOS SUCESOS DEL 17 DE JUNIO DE 1970 ......................................................................................106 1.8 EL 17 DE JUNIO: “EL GRITO DE ZEMLA” ..............................................114 1.9 REPRESIÓN COLONIAL, DETENCIÓN Y MUERTE DE BASSIRI .........128 1.10 BASSIRI Y EL NACIONALISMO MARROQUÍ .........................................136 2. CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL PROYECTO NACIONALISTA: DEL17 DE JUNIO AL NACIMIENTO DEL FRENTE POLISARIO ................................ 147 2.1 ACTIVISMO NACIONALISTA EN EL TERRITORIO ..............................147 2.2 EL ACTIVISMO DE LOS NACIONALISTAS SAHARAUIS EN EL EXTERIOR ..............................................................................................152 2.2.1 MARRUECOS ENTRE 1970 Y 1973 .............................................. 152 3 2.2.2 LA COLONIA SAHARAUI ESTABLECIDA EN EL TINDUF ARGELINO .................................................................................... 159 2.3 NACIMIENTO DEL FRENTE POLISARIO ...............................................161 2.4 EL ASALTO A LA GUARNICION DEL JANGET QUESAT Y LA REACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA .........................................................................172 2.5 EL FRENTE POLISARIO, DESARROLLO Y ESTRUCTURA. .................176 2.5.1 DIRECCIÓN POLÍTICA .................................................................. 177 2.5.2 ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZATIVA ................................................... 180 2.5.3 PRINCIPIOS .................................................................................. 182 2.5.4 PROPAGANDA .............................................................................. 183 2.5.5 PUBLICACIONES .......................................................................... 186 2.5.6 FORMACIÓN E INFORMACIÓN .................................................... 188 2.5.7 MÚSICA Y POESÍA ....................................................................... 189 2.6 RESISTENCIA ARMADA CONTRA ESPAÑA .........................................190 2.6.1 OPERACIÓN DE JANGAT QESAT. 20 DE MAYO DE 1973. ......... 192 2.6.2 OPERACIÓN DE BUDHER ............................................................ 194 2.6.3 OPERACIÓN DE EGYEIYIMAT 17, 18, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1974 ......................................................................................... 199 2.6.4 OPERACIÓN DE LA CINTA TRANSPORTADORA DEL FOSFATO ...................................................................................... 206 2.6.5 CAPTURA DE LAS PATRULLAS ................................................... 209 2.6.5.1 PATRULLA “PEDRO” ...........................................................214 2.6.5.2 PATRULLA “DOMINGO” .......................................................217 2.6.6 OTROS ENFRENTAMIENTOS CON ESPAÑA .............................. 219 2.6.7 RELACIÓN DE PRISIONEROS Y MATERIAL CAPTURADO POR AMBOS BANDOS DESDE 1973 A 1975 ............................... 223 2.7 EL CONCEPTO NACIONAL Y SU DESARROLLO DE 1973 A 1975 ........................................................................................................224 3. LA GÉNESIS DE UNA CATÁSTROFE ...................................................... 233 3.1 LA BÚSQUEDA DE REPRESENTATIVIDAD: MOVIMIENTOS ALTERNATIVOS .....................................................................................233 3.1.1 MOREHOB: MOUVEMENT DE RÉSISTENCE DES HOMMES BLUES .......................................................................... 234 3.1.2 EL FLU: FRENTE DE LA LIBERTAD Y LA UNIDAD ...................... 237 3.1.3 EL PARTIDO DE LA UNIÓN NACIONAL SAHARAUI: UNA IDEA TARDÍA ................................................................................ 239 3.2 MISIÓN VISITADORA ONU ....................................................................246 3.2.1 LOS SAHARAUIS SE MANIFIESTAN ............................................ 246 4 3.2.2 LA CONSULTA COMO SOLUCIÓN ............................................... 248 3.3 TRIBUNAL INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTICIA DE LA HAYA ....................251 3.3.1 SÁHARA OCCIDENTAL, ¿TERRA NULLIUS? .............................. 251 3.3.2 EL TRIBUNAL DICTAMINA LA CONSULTA .................................. 253 3.4 LA MARCHA VERDE ..............................................................................256 3.4.1 UNA LECTURA INTERESADA ...................................................... 256 3.4.2 EL ESCENARIO ............................................................................ 258 3.4.3 ESPAÑA CEDE ANTE MARRUECOS Y MAURITANIA ................. 259 3.4.3.1 EL DESENLACE ...................................................................261 3.5 LOS ACUERDOS DE MADRID ...............................................................264 3.5.1 MOVIMIENTOS PREVIOS, LA BANALIDAD DE UNAS NEGOCIACIONES ......................................................................... 264 3.5.2 LA ILEGALIDAD DE LOS ACUERDOS .......................................... 269 3.5.3 LA UNIDAD DEL NACIONALISMO ................................................ 274 3.5.4 EL HONOR DE LA ASAMBLEA ..................................................... 276 4. LA RECOLONIZACIÓN MARROQUÍ Y LA RESPUESTA SAHARAUI ................................................................................................. 278 4.1 LA RESPUESTA MILITAR SAHARAUI ANTE LA ESTRATEGIA DE TIERRA QUEMADA MARROQUÍ Y MAURITANA .............................278 4.1.1 LA INVASIÓN ................................................................................ 278 4.1.2 EL EXILIO ...................................................................................... 282 4.1.3 MAURITANIA OCUPA RIO DE ORO ............................................. 285 4.1.4 MARRUECOS PREPARA LA OCUPACIÓN .................................. 288 4.1.5 GUERRA EN EL INTERIOR DE MARRUECOS. ............................ 293 4.1.5.1 EL TERRENO .......................................................................294
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