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Exit Signs Energy-Efficient, Internally Illuminated Exit Signs and Retrofit Kits

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Exit Signs Energy-Efficient, Internally Illuminated Exit Signs and Retrofit Kits Specifier Reports Exit Signs Energy-efficient, internally illuminated exit signs and retrofit kits Volume 2 Number 2 January 1994 (Revised November 1994) EXIT Program Sponsors Introduction Hydro-Québec Iowa Energy Center Lighting Research Center The lighting that is required for emergency egress from buildings has New England Electric Companies* two components: the lighting of the escape routes to the exits, and the New York State Energy Research and marking of those routes and the exits themselves with exit signs. This Development Authority issue of Specifier Reports is concerned only with the latter. Northern States Power Company Many existing exit signs use incandescent lamps. Although the electrical power demand of each sign is small, approximately 24 to 40 watts, each sign PSI Energy typically is operated 24 hours a day, 365 days a year; so, each sign consumes Southern California Edison Company 210 to 350 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. United States Department of Energy By using light source technologies that are more energy efficient than United States Environmental conventional incandescent lamps, the power demand and energy consump- Protection Agency tion of exit signs can be reduced markedly. Many new exit signs are avail- Wisconsin Center for Demand-Side able that use alternative light source technologies. Retrofit kits are also Research available for converting existing incandescent-type signs to more energy- *The New England Electric Companies include efficient light sources. This issue of Specifier Reports covers both kinds of New England Power Service Company, New products: energy-efficient, internally illuminated exit signs (herein referred England Power Company, Massachusetts to as “exit signs”) and energy-efficient retrofit kits (herein referred to as “retro- Electric Company, The Narragansett Electric fit kits”) for existing inter- Company, and Granite State Electric Company. nally illuminated exit signs. This report includes Contents manufacturers’ product Introduction....................................................1 information for 57 prod- Background....................................................2 ucts and the results of the National Lighting Product Options for Specifiers....................................5 Information Program’s Selecting Exit Signs.......................................6 (NLPIP) evaluations of the Alternatives.....................................................8 products’ photometric Performance Evaluations..............................8 properties, power charac- Data Tables...................................................15 teristics, readability, and Resources.....................................................24 visibility in smoke. Ordering Information..................................24 The production of this report involved important contributions from many staff members at the Lighting Research Center (LRC). C. DeCusatis carried out the photometric measurements; K. Sasiadek conducted the power measurements; L. Canon, N. Babapulle, and R. Strobel measured the readability of the exit signs; and A. Bierman, C. DeCusatis, and J. Raffucci collaborated on the Smoke-Sim software. Other LRC project team members who contributed include J. Ceterski, J. Fan, E. Gillmeister, M. Guilfoyle, D. Larkin, and R. Wolsey. Technical reviews were provided by D. Anderson, Performance Associates; L. Audin, Columbia University; J. Barron, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; W. Blitzer, The Genlyte Group; D. Brockob, ICF Incorporated; B. L. Collins, National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy; S. Feldman, Wisconsin Center for Demand-Side Research; R. Hammer, Northern States Power Company; K. Laubacher, Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation; R.Kwartin, United States Environmental Protection Agency; K. Nemer, Wisconsin Electric Power Company; M. Netter, private attorney; M. J. Ouellette, National Research Council of Canada; R. Sardinsky, Rising Sun Enterprises, Inc.; and J. Stimmel and D. Wood, ICF Incorporated. Reviewers are listed to acknowledge their contributions to the final publication. Their approval or endorsement of this report is not necessarily implied. on the walls of the lamp and reradiated as EXIT light. The color of the light that is produced Background is determined largely by the characteristics of the phosphor, but it is usually white. Exit signs use either compact, short linear, or circline fluorescent lamps. Light Source Technologies Light-emitting diodes. Light-emitting di- Five different light source technologies com- odes (LEDs) produce light when low-voltage monly are used in internally illuminated exit direct current crosses a suitable semicon- signs. They are: incandescent lamps, fluores- ductor junction. The color of the light that is cent lamps, light-emitting diodes, electrolumi- produced is determined by the composition nescent panels, and radioluminescent tubes of the semiconductor junction. Exit signs (see Figure 1). typically contain red or green LEDs. Some exit signs use a diffuser to spread the light Incandescent lamps. Incandescent lamps emitted by the LEDs. produce light by electrically heating a fila- ment. The color of the light that is emitted Electroluminescent panels. An electrolu- depends on the temperature of the filament, minescent panel contains a thin layer of a but it is usually white. The incandescent phosphor-impregnated material that is sand- lamps that are used in exit signs are de- wiched between two layers of conducting signed for significantly longer life than com- material, one of which is clear. The phos- mon incandescent lamps. phor layer produces light when voltage is applied between the two conductive layers. Fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps The luminance depends on the voltage and produce light when an electric discharge the frequency of the voltage that is applied. occurs through a low-pressure mercury The color of the light is determined by the atmosphere. The discharge generates light phosphor that is used. In exit signs, the most and ultraviolet radiation; the ultraviolet ra- common color of light generated is green, diation is absorbed by the phosphor coating but sometimes it is filtered to produce red. Figure 1. Light Source Technologies Used in Internally Illuminated Exit Signs Clockwise, from upper left: fluorescent, incandescent, LED, radioluminescent, electroluminescent. strip in Art D (color); keyline prints Figure 2a. Exit Sign Formats Tested by NLPIP Figure 2b. Exit Sign Formats Tested by NLPIP Signs displayed in a lit room. From left to right: stencil, panel, Signs displayed in a darkened room. From left to right: stencil, matrix. panel, matrix. 2 Specifier Reports: Exit Signs Radioluminescent tubes. Radiolumi- Power Supply nescent tubes produce light from a phosphor The NFPA National Electric Code requires that is irradiated by beta particles emitted by that exit signs operate both with and without tritium gas. The color of the light is deter- utility-supplied power (NFPA 1992). When mined by the phosphor that is used; in exit the utility-supplied power fails, several alter- signs the light is usually green. Manufactur- native power supplies are permitted. The ers of radioluminescent tubes are licensed three most common are by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States and by the Atomic Energy • A generator that supplies power at the Control Board in Canada. same voltage and frequency as the utility; • A central rechargeable battery unit with Exit signs are also manufactured using or without an inverter that converts direct photoluminescent materials similar to those current into alternating current; and used in common, glow-in-the-dark, con- sumer products. Photoluminescent materi- • An individual rechargeable battery at- als absorb light and reradiate it over time. tached to each sign. Photoluminescent signs are not accepted as NLPIP did not test generators and central exit signs by the National Fire Protection battery supply units. The only alternative Association (NFPA) and thus are not in- power supply that this issue of Specifier cluded in this issue of Specifier Reports. Reports covers is the rechargeable battery However, these signs can be used to supple- attached directly to the exit sign. ment emergency egress systems that use Most exit signs use only one light source one or more of the above technologies. technology, but some use two, one for use with utility-supplied power and the other, Exit Sign Formats usually incandescent, with the rechargeable battery. There are four typical formats for internally illuminated exit signs: edge-lit, matrix, Visibility Standards panel, and stencil. The last three are shown in Figures 2a and 2b. Readily visible exit signs are a legal require- United States Federal Regulations ment (see sidebar, right). In the United Edge-lit. In an edge-lit sign, light from an States, what constitutes readily visible exit United States Occupational Safety and Health Standards enclosed source is directed through a trans- signs and how they should be applied, are (USOSHA 1993) state: parent plate that has the letters etched in or detailed in the NFPA Life Safety Code “Access to exits shall be attached to its surface. The sign face ap- (NFPA 1991) and in various model building marked by readily visible pears luminous as light leaves the plate. codes, such as the Uniform Building Code signs in all cases where the exit or the way to reach it is Incandescent, fluorescent, and LED light published by the International Conference not immediately
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