DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical River Channel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical River Channel S. Gregory L. Ashkenas Historical Willamette River Channel Change D. Oetter P. Minear K. Wildman Introduction have carved numerous channels through these sediment deposits. The Throughout the western United States, large rivers played a key role in northern or downstream end of the Willamette River is a simple meandering early settlement. In the decade after 1850, the U.S. General Land Office river channel with lower gradients than the upper river section. Complex (GLO) surveyed the landbase and rivers of much of the West. Engineers braided channels are more localized, and lateral changes in the river channel surveyed most habitable lands, and delineated the vegetation, stream chan- are limited. The Willamette Falls exerts a major control on the river, and the nels, and wetlands along monumented section lines. The Willamette River 45 miles (72 km) below Willamette Falls is extremely low gradient and network and its riparian vegetation were mapped in this first rigorous survey controlled by the backwatering effect of the Columbia River. Given these of the West. In 1895 and 1932, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers surveyed differences in basin geomorphology, it is not surprising that the channels of the entire length of the river for navigation. These maps provide an excellent the upper Willamette River have changed more dramatically than the simpler record of the historical locations and configuration of the Willamette River meandering channel of the lower river. and its numerous side channels, tributaries, and islands. The river is com- posed of three channel types: primary channel (unbraided, or the portion of During the period from 1850 to 1995, the total area of river channels the channel with the most flow), side channel (channels connected to the and islands decreased from 41,000 acres to less than 23,000 acres (Table 4, mainstem at both ends; this includes the small channels that form islands), Fig. 19) and the total length of all channels decreased from 355 miles to 264 and alcoves or sloughs. The latter are “blind” channels, i.e., they are con- miles (Table 5). The proportion of primary channel increased for the Wil- nected only at one end to a primary, side, or secondary channel (see Off- lamette River as a whole, reflecting the elimination of islands and side channel Habitats, pp. 26-27). channels in efforts to open the main channel for navigation. More than one- half of the area of small floodplain tributaries and more than one-third of the Changes in the River Channel alcoves and sloughs were lost by 1995, and area of islands diminished by The morphology of the Willamette River differs greatly along its 170 roughly two-thirds (Table 4, Fig. 18). Decreases in channel length were mile (273 km) length in the Willamette Valley. Large hills and volcanic cones similar in trend but lower in magnitude for most channel types (Table 5, Figs. within the valley floor have blocked the river in places, confining the position 24-27). These changes in the channels and floodplains differed along the of the river and creating extensive storage basins. These same landforms Willamette River mainstem. The lower reach stretches from Portland to dammed huge lakes that inundated much of the Willamette Valley floor after a Newberg, the middle from Newberg to Albany, and the upper from Albany to series of floods during the end of the last glacial period. Deposits of sedi- Eugene. Overall, loss of channel complexity was least in the lower river ments and landform constraints created the template on which the modern section, variable and intermediate in the middle section of the river, and Willamette River and subsequent human land use developed. greatest in the upper river section (Figs. 18, 19). Gradient differs among these three sections of the river, but the overall landforms constraining the The southern end of the river from Eugene to Albany is an extensively channel have the greatest influence on the history of channel change. The braided channel, containing numerous side channels and islands. Tributaries, upper river is a broad unconstrained floodplain. From Albany to Newberg, such as the Middle Fork Willamette River, Coast Fork Willamette River, the river runs through a series of basaltic outcrops and mountains within the McKenzie River, Long Tom River, Marys River, Calapooia River, Santiam floodplain, causing the river to bounce back and forth between these resistant River, and Luckiamute River, have delivered large amounts of sediment into a hills. The Willamette is confined within a basaltic trench from Newberg to depositional basin created by the blockages of the Salem hills. Past floods the mouth. These larger landforms have shaped the river and limited the degree of channel complexity and its historical change. TOTAL RIVER AREA - PERCENT COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL Channel Types Total area TOTAL LOWER MIDDLE UPPER Primary Alcoves Side Islands ha acres 1850 1850 35.2 1.6 8.9 54.2 16543.9 40880.0 1895 42.8 1.7 9.7 45.7 15281.7 37761.1 1932 45.9 1.1 9.5 43.5 13295.7 32853.7 1995 55.0 1.9 7.1 36.0 9197.3 22726.4 TOTAL RIVER AREA - % CHANGE VS. 1850 Channel Types Primary Alcoves Side Islands Total Area 1895 1895 12.3 -0.9 0.3 -22.1 9.5 1932 4.7 -46.5 -14.7 -35.5 -0.9 1995 -13.3 -35.1 -55.6 -63.1 -22.3 Table 4. Changes in area of channel features from 1850 to 1995 for the Willamette River from Portland to Eugene. Changes in island area are also documented. Calculation of the changes since 1850 is based on actual areas, not the percentages shown in the table above. 1932 TOTAL RIVER LENGTH - PERCENT COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL Channel Types Total Length Primary Alcoves Side km miles 1850 51.2 7.8 41.0 571.3 355.0 1895 55.1 8.9 36.0 492.2 305.8 1932 55.8 6.6 37.6 487.2 302.7 1995 1995 64.8 11.8 23.4 424.1 263.5 TOTAL RIVER LENGTH - % CHANGE VS. 1850 Channel Types Primary Alcoves Side Total Length 1895 -7.3 -0.9 -24.5-13.8 1932 -7.1 -27.8 -21.8 -14.7 Main Channel Side Channels 1995 -6.1 13.1 -57.7 -25.8 Alcoves Islands Table 5. Changes in the length of the mainstem Willamette River, from Portland to Eugene, between 1850 and 1995. This table Figure 18. Proportion of the channel composed of main (or primary) shows the absolute changes in length of each of these channel river, side channels, alcoves, and islands. The change in the percent types as well as the percent change from 1850 to the present. composition of the river is shown for four mapping dates (1850, 1895, Calculation of the changes since 1850 is based on actual lengths. 1932, and 1995), as well as for three different reaches of the river. 18 PNW Ecosystem Research Consortium WATER RESOURCES Willamette River Historical Channels Portland LOWER REACH Oregon City Newberg Newberg Newberg Newberg 18501895 1932 1995 MIDDLE REACH Salem Albany Albany Albany Albany Corvallis UPPER REACH Harrisburg Junction City Springfield Eugene Eugene Eugene Eugene Scale 1:650000 0km 10km 20km 30km 40km 50km 0mi 10mi 20mi 30mi Figure 19. The channels of the Willamette River in 1850, 1895, 1932, and 1995. More detailed maps for these dates are presented in Figures 220-227, pp. 166-173. Three different river reaches are indicated with lines. The upper river reach extends from Eugene to Albany. The middle river reach extends from Albany to Newberg. The lower river reach extends from Newberg to the mouth of the Willamette River where it enters the Columbia N River in Portland. Near-river roads and railroads are shown in red on 1895 and 1932, 1995 UGBs are shown in tan. S Willamette River Basin Atlas 19 2nd Edition Historical Willamette River Channel Change Major Changes in the Lower Reach of the Willamette River: Portland to Newberg Willow swamp The lower reach of the Willamette River from Portland to Newberg has Conifer-dominated remained relatively constant geomorphically over the last 150 years. The woodland position of the river channel today is essentially identical to the river in 1850. Douglas fir-white Total area of river channels and islands remained largely unchanged from oak woodland 1850 to 1995 (Table 6, Fig. 18) and the total length of all channels increased Ash-mix deciduous slightly from 43 miles to 47 miles (Table 6). Though alcoves and sloughs riparian forest were lost, area and length of side channels increased and islands are largely Douglas fir-bigleaf unchanged (Table 6). Overall, the lower section of the Willamette River is maple/alder/dogwood woodland controlled by resistant geology and has experienced little historical change in complexity. Sandy bar LOWER REACH - PERCENT- COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL AREA Water bodies Channel Types Total area Primary Alcoves Side Islands ha acres 1850 85.9 0.6 6.4 7.1 1714.7 4237.0 1895 81.6 0.2 9.7 8.5 1813.7 4481.6 1850 1932 83.5 0.0 8.5 8.0 1952.0 4823.5 1995 83.0 0.1 10.0 6.9 1694.1 4186.1 Unvegetated, LOWER REACH - % CHANGE IN AREA VS. 1850 rocks Channel Types Agriculture, Primary Alcoves Side Islands Total Area cultivated yellow 1895 0.5 -72.2 60.1 27.3 4.1 1932 10.7 -100.0 51.2 27.9 12.8 Agriculture, clearing 1995 -4.6 -80.0 53.6 -3.0 -1.1 Agriculture, LOWER REACH - PERCENT COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL LENGTH fringe & agriculture Channel Types Total Length Alcoves Urban, Primary Side km miles road & railroad 1850 87.5 3.5 9.0 68.5 42.5 1895 82.3 0.5 17.2 73.0 45.4 Forest & woodland, mixed conifer, 1932 81.1 0.0 18.9 71.6 44.5 deciduous & brush 1995 79.7 0.7 19.6 75.9 47.1 Forest & woodland, conifer present, LOWER REACH - % CHANGE IN LENGTH VS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Partial Fulfillment Of
    WATER UTILI AT'ION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 11ILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN by CAST" IR OLISZE "SKI A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1954 School Graduate Committee Data thesis is presented_____________ Typed by Kate D. Humeston TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION Statement and History of the Problem........ 1 Historical Data............................. 3 Procedure Used to Explore the Data.......... 4 Organization of the Data.................... 8 II. THE WILLAMETTE RIVER WATERSHED Orientation................................. 10 Orography................................... 10 Geology................................. 11 Soil Types................................. 19 Climate ..................................... 20 Precipitation..*.,,,,,,,................... 21 Storms............'......................... 26 Physical Characteristics of the River....... 31 Physical Characteristics of the Major Tributaries............................ 32 Surface Water Supply ........................ 33 Run-off Characteristics..................... 38 Discharge Records........ 38 Ground Water Supply......................... 39 CHAPTER PAGE III. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT.. .... .................... 44 Flood Characteristics ........................ 44 Flood History......... ....................... 45 Provisional Standard Project: Flood......... 45 Flood Plain......... ........................ 47 Flood Control................................ 48 Drainage............
    [Show full text]
  • Willamette River Basin Above the Luckiamute River
    312 123o 30' 121o 45' 44o 45' 14174000 Albany BENTON Corvallis Philomath WILLAMETTE 14171000 Monroe Smith 14158500 LINN 14158790 14170000 River Harrisburg R RIVER 14158795 14166000 Blue 14158850 River 14161500 Rainbow Belknap Springs Vida Tom River Blue 14169000 Alvador 14163150 River 14159500 14165000 Leaburg 14162500 14162200 Noti Middle McKenzieWalterville Long 14159110 Elmira Eugene 14164700 14163900 South 14166500 14152000 14159200 Goshen Fall 14151000 Fal l Cr 14157500 Jasper Creek Fork 14150000 14150800 Fork Dexter Lowell Fork Coast Cottage 14155500 Grove 14148000 14154500 Oakridge 14153500 Row Dorena 14145500 River Willamette 43o 30' River 0 10 20 30 MILES 0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION 14158795 Stream-gaging station OREGON 14162400 Water-quality data collection site 14166000 Stream-gaging station and water-quality data collection site Figure 21. Location of surface-water and water-quality stations in the Willamette River Basin upstream from the Luckiamute River. 313 COAST See Figure 23. WILLAMETTE RIVER FORK 14152000 RM 195.0 North Fork 14151000 Fall Creek RM 6.1 Lake Fall Creek RM Fall 198.3 Creek 14150800 Completed RM 4.4 1965 Winberry Creek 14150000 RM 201.2 Lookout Point Lake Completed 1954 14148000 RM 220.2 RM North Fork of Middle Fork Willamette River 224.4 RM Salmon Creek 229.4 RM Salt Creek 231.0 14145500 RM 231.4 EXPLANATION Hills Creek Lake 14152000 Stream-gaging station 14152000 Completed Stream-gaging station and water-quality 1961 data collection site RM 201.2 River mile Stream—Arrow shows direction of flow Windfall RM Creek 240.6 MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER Figure 22. Schematic diagram showing gaging stations in the Middle Fork Willamette River Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Bear Creek Coastal Cutthroat Trout Habitat Connectivity And
    Bear Creek Coastal Cutthroat Trout Habitat Connectivity and Enhancement State(s): Oregon Managing Agency/Organization: Long Tom Watershed Council and Bureau of Land Management Type of Organization: Nonprofit Organization/Federal Government Project Status: Underway Project type: WNTI Project Project action(s): Riparian or instream habitat restoration, Barrier removal or construction Trout species benefitted: coastal cutthroat trout Population: Long Tom River Watershed, Bear Creek The project will reconnect 5.5 miles of high-quality headwater spawning habitat and cold water refugia and enhance a one mile stretch of in-stream habitat for coastal cutthroat trout in western Oregon. As part of the project, four, human-made fish passage barriers will be remedied on Bear Creek, an Oregon Coast Range tributary to Coyote Creek about nine miles southwest of Eugene that provides spawning habitat and cold water refugia for coastal cutthroat trout. Three of these barriers are culverts and the other is a dam. The project will leverage significant contributions from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Eugene District, Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, as well as the BLM Resource Advisory Committee to remedy fish- passage barriers on private, BLM, and Lane County Public Works property, resulting in the removal of the final four priority barriers in Bear Creek and the connection of mainstem Coyote Creek to high-quality headwater habitat. Additional project objectives are to place 60 conifer logs in a 0.5 mile stretch of Bear Creek to increase pool depth and frequency and improve in-stream habitat complexity. Effects of the project will be assessed on the physical habitat and fish community in Bear Creek by conducting pre- and post-project rapid bio- assessment snorkel surveys and large woody debris surveys.
    [Show full text]
  • Polk County Water Providers Regional Water Supply Strategy Table of Contents
    Regional Water Supply Strategy Final Report January 2005 Presented to: Polk County W ater Providers Prepared by: 111 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 1670 Portland, regon 97204 (503) 223-3033 Acknowledgments The individuals listed below volunteered there time and knowledge to aid in the development of this document. The Polk County Community Development Department thanks the members of the Technical Advisory Committee, Agency Participants, and County Commissioners for their efforts. POLK COUNTY TECHNCIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Committee Members Ralph Blanchard, Chair, Tanglewood Area Ray Hobson, Vice Chair, Perrydale Water Howard Pope, Luckiamute Water and interested public Jay Lugenbill, Rickreall Water Mel Wheeler, Rock Creek Water Karl Ekstrom, Grand Ronde Water Gary Wilson, Monmouth Russ Cooper, Monmouth Fred Braun, Dallas Mike Danko, Independence Jim Minard, City of Adair Village Eric Scott, Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Mark Lyons, Buell-Red Prairie Water Ginger Lindekugel, Falls City Other Agency participants Bill Fujii, Water Resources Department Jackie Hastings and Jill Elliott, Polk Soil and Water Conservation District Deborah Topp, Rickreall Watershed Council Jeff Hecksel, City Manager, Monmouth Greg Ellis, City Manager, Independence Roger Jordan, City Manager, Dallas Polk County Commissioners Mike Propes Phil Walker Tom Ritchey Ron Dodge Prepared by HDR/EES Randy Goff Wade Hathhorn, Ph.D., P.E. Ryan Beaver, P.E. Donna Strahm Betsy Leatham Acknowledgements i Polk County Water Providers Regional Water Supply Strategy Table of Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map of the Sauvie Island Quadrangle, Multnomah and Columbia Counties, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington
    Geologic Map of the Sauvie Island Quadrangle, Multnomah and Columbia Counties, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington By Russell C. Evarts, Jim E. O'Connor, and Charles M. Cannon Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3349 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Evarts, R.C., O'Connor, J.E., and Cannon, C.M., 2016, Geologic map of the Sauvie Island quadrangle, Multnomah and Columbia Counties, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3349, scale 1:24,000, pamphlet 34 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3349. ISSN 2329-132X (online) Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Overview
    HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT The following is a brief history of Oregon City. The intent is to provide a general overview, rather than a comprehensive history. Setting Oregon City, the county seat of Clackamas County, is located southeast of Portland on the east side of the Willamette River, just below the falls. Its unique topography includes three terraces, which rise above the river, creating an elevation range from about 50 feet above sea level at the riverbank to more than 250 feet above sea level on the upper terrace. The lowest terrace, on which the earliest development occurred, is only two blocks or three streets wide, but stretches northward from the falls for several blocks. Originally, industry was located primarily at the south end of Main Street nearest the falls, which provided power. Commercial, governmental and social/fraternal entities developed along Main Street north of the industrial area. Religious and educational structures also appeared along Main Street, but tended to be grouped north of the commercial core. Residential structures filled in along Main Street, as well as along the side and cross streets. As the city grew, the commercial, governmental and social/fraternal structures expanded northward first, and with time eastward and westward to the side and cross streets. Before the turn of the century, residential neighborhoods and schools were developing on the bluff. Some commercial development also occurred on this middle terrace, but the business center of the city continued to be situated on the lower terrace. Between the 1930s and 1950s, many of the downtown churches relocated to the bluff as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Timing of In-Water Work to Protect Fish and Wildlife Resources
    OREGON GUIDELINES FOR TIMING OF IN-WATER WORK TO PROTECT FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES June, 2008 Purpose of Guidelines - The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, (ODFW), “The guidelines are to assist under its authority to manage Oregon’s fish and wildlife resources has updated the following guidelines for timing of in-water work. The guidelines are to assist the the public in minimizing public in minimizing potential impacts to important fish, wildlife and habitat potential impacts...”. resources. Developing the Guidelines - The guidelines are based on ODFW district fish “The guidelines are based biologists’ recommendations. Primary considerations were given to important fish species including anadromous and other game fish and threatened, endangered, or on ODFW district fish sensitive species (coded list of species included in the guidelines). Time periods were biologists’ established to avoid the vulnerable life stages of these fish including migration, recommendations”. spawning and rearing. The preferred work period applies to the listed streams, unlisted upstream tributaries, and associated reservoirs and lakes. Using the Guidelines - These guidelines provide the public a way of planning in-water “These guidelines provide work during periods of time that would have the least impact on important fish, wildlife, and habitat resources. ODFW will use the guidelines as a basis for the public a way of planning commenting on planning and regulatory processes. There are some circumstances where in-water work during it may be appropriate to perform in-water work outside of the preferred work period periods of time that would indicated in the guidelines. ODFW, on a project by project basis, may consider variations in climate, location, and category of work that would allow more specific have the least impact on in-water work timing recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Junction City Water Control District Long-Term Irrigation Water Service Contract
    Junction City Water Control District Long-Term Irrigation Water Service Contract Finding of No Significant Impact Environmental Assessment Willamette River Basin, Oregon Pacific Northwest Region PN EA 13-02 PN FONSI 13-02 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Columbia-Cascades Area Office Yakima, Washington June 2013 MISSION STATEMENTS U.S. Department of the Interior Protecting America’s Great Outdoors and Powering Our Future The Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. Bureau of Reclamation The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT Long-Term Irrigation Water Service Contract, Junction City Water Control District U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Columbia-Cascades Area Office PN FONSI13-02 Decision: It is my decision to authorize the Preferred Alternative, Alternative B - Long-term Water Service Contract, identified in EA No. PN-EA-13-02. Finding of No Significant Impact: Based on the analysis ofpotential environmental impacts presented in the attached Environmental Assessment, Reclamation has determined that the Preferred Alternative will have no significant effect on the human environment or natural and cultural resources. Reclamation, therefore, concludes that preparation of an Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Apology to the Willamette River
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Abby P. Metzger for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science presented on May 4, 2011. Title: Meander Scars: Reflections on Healing a River Abstract approved: _____________________________________________________________________ Kathleen Dean Moore As Europeans settled the Willamette Valley in the 1800s, they began to simplify Oregon’s largest river contained wholly within state borders—the Willamette. The river lost miles of channels from dikes, dams, and development. Some channels vanished under concrete. Others became meander scars, or shallow, dry depression in the land where the river used to wander. Besides being a geological feature, meander scars are reminders of the wounds of progress and our attempts to control the river. Through a series of personal essays, this book reflects on whether something scarred can once again be whole. It explores a simple question with no single answer: How can we heal a river while healing our relationship to it? The book begins with the history of the Willamette, when it was wild and free, and then moves into all the ways we simplified and left it scarred. The story then reflects on what we might value in healing a river—values such as the complexity of the water’s many truths; values of memories and stories that hold the history of a landscape before it was degraded; and values even of grief and danger, which bring us closer to places in unexpected ways. The final reach of the book explores the role of restoration in healing the Willamette—whether working to repair the earth compensates for our misdeeds, and whether restoration is a reflexive act in which participant and landscape are both made anew.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenberry Irrigation District Proposed Water Service Contract Draft Environmental Assessment
    PROPOSED WATER SERVICE CONTRACT GREENBERRY IRRIGATION DISTRICT WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN PROJECT, BENTON COUNTY, OREGON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION LOWER COLUMBIA AREA OFFICE PORTLAND, OREGON FEBRUARY 2007 MISSION STATEMENTS The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our nations natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments of island communities. _________________________________________ The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. PROPOSED WATER-SERVICE CONTRACT GREENBERRY IRRIGATION DISTRICT, BENTON COUNTY, WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN PROJECT, OREGON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION LOWER COLUMBIA AREA OFFICE PORTLAND, OR PREPARED ON THE BEHALF OF GREENBERRY IRRIGATION DISTRICT, BENTON COUNTY, OR BY CRAVEN CONSULTANT GROUP, TIGARD, OR FEBRUARY 2007 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ACOE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BA biological assessment BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior cfs cubic feet per second District Greenberry Irrigation District DSL Oregon Department of State Lands EA environmental assessment EFH essential fish habitat EO Executive Order ESA Endangered Species Act ESA Endangered Species Act ESU evolutionarily significant units FWS US Fish
    [Show full text]
  • Volume II Willamette Spring Chinook
    Oregon Native Fish Status Report – Volume II Willamette Spring Chinook Existing Populations The Willamette Spring Chinook SMU consists of six populations (Table 63). The status of four of these populations including the Molalla, South Santiam, Calapooia, and Upper Willamette is somewhat uncertain. Little is known about these populations, but what is known indicates that the native populations are extremely depressed. While some natural spawning occurs, it is likely that these spawners are the offspring of naturally-spawning hatchery fish since hatchery fish comprise almost the entire naturally-spawning population each year in these basins. Future inventory work is needed for these populations so that they may be more appropriately assessed. Table 63. Population list and existence status for the Willamette Spring Chinook SMU. Exist Population Description Yes Molalla Molalla River basin. Yes North Santiam North Santiam River basin. Yes South Santiam South Santiam River basin. Yes Calapooia Calapooia River basin. Yes McKenzie McKenzie River basin. Yes Upper Willamette Willamette River basin upstream from mouth of McKenzie River. Habitat Use Distribution The distribution criterion was based on proportions of accessible and inaccessible habitat. It must be recognized that these estimates are derived at the 1:100,000 scale and thus will not capture habitat lost in many smaller (1:24,000) streams resulting from barriers such as culverts. Habitat lost in smaller streams will vary by population, but is not likely to account for 50% of any population, and thus does not alter assessment outcomes derived using data at the 1:100,000 scale. Data presented in this report on accessibility of habitat should be viewed as general approximations and not as a definitive analysis on habitat availability/accessibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Water in the Eugene-Springfield Area, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon
    Ground Water in the Eugene-Springfield Area, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2018 Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer Ground Water in the Eugene-Springfield Area, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon By F. J. FRANK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2018 Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 72-600346 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price: Paper cover $2.75, domestic postpaid; $2.50, GPO Bookstore Stock Number 2401-00277 CONTENTS Page Abstract ______________________ ____________ 1 Introduction _________ ____ __ ____ 2 Geohydrologic system ___________ __ _ 4 Topography _____________ ___ ____ 5 Streams and reservoirs ______ ___ _ __ _ _ 5 Ground-water system ______ _ _____ 6 Consolidated rocks __ _ _ - - _ _ 10 Unconsolidated deposits ___ _ _ 10 Older alluvium ____ _ 10 Younger alluvium __ 11 Hydrology __________________ __ __ __ 11 Climate _______________ _ 12 Precipitation ___________ __ 12 Temperature -__________ 12 Evaporation _______ 13 Surface water __________ ___ 14 Streamflow _ ____ _ _ 14 Major streams __ 14 Other streams ________ _ _ 17 Utilization of surface water _ 18 Ground water __________ _ __ ___ 18 Upland and valley-fringe areas 19 West side _________ __ 19 East side __________ ________________________ 21 South end ______________________________ 22 Central lowland ________ __ 24 Occurrence and movement of ground water 24 Relationship of streams to alluvial aquifers __ _ 25 Transmissivity and storage coefficient ___ _ 29 Ground-water storage _ __ 30 Storage capacity _ .
    [Show full text]