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Safety Information for

Instructors and Students

EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______Introduction Ultralight aviation in the United States is the most unencumbered opportunity for solo flight in the world. Tremendous freedoms are given to ultralight pilots. However, at the same time there are strict limitations that must be followed. With this freedom, however, come responsibilities to ensure the safety of other individuals in the airspace as well as on the ground.

In 1982 the FAA issued Federal Aviation Regulation Part 103, Ultralight Vehicles. With this regulation, the FAA chose to identify ultralights as vehicles and not aircraft. Because they are vehicles and not aircraft, this regulation allows individuals to operate ultralight vehicles without requiring FAA pilot or vehicle certification.

Upon publishing Part 103 the FAA said it did not wish to issue pilot certificates for ultralight operators. Instead, the FAA said individuals who want to fly ultralights should participate in industry-established self-regulation and training programs. Since 1983 EAA has maintained programs to support Part 103 and has held an exemption to Part 103 that allowed the operation of 2-place ultralight training vehicles by authorized ultralight flight instructors.

In 2004, the FAA passed the sport pilot & light-sport aircraft regulations. One specific purpose of this new rule was to transition 2-place ultralight training vehicles to experimental light-sport aircraft. As a result, after the training exemption expires on 1/31/08 there will no longer be a way to fly a 2-place ultralight to train ultralight pilots. The FAA has said they intend ultralight pilot training to be conducted in N-numbered aircraft by FAA flight instructors.

The EAA Ultralight & Light-Sport Aircraft Council has developed this information guide for those individuals interested in ultralight flight training, FAA certified flight instructors (CFI), student ultralight pilots, or pilots transitioning to ultralights from other aircraft. This guide sets forth recommendations to students and flight instructors who wish to learn and train to fly ultralight vehicles under the rules of Part 103.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by the Experimental Aircraft Association from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither the Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither the Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that the Experimental Aircraft Association and its authors and editors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

2 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______

Table of Contents Page

Message to Students……………………………………………………………………………...….....4 Finding a Flight Instructor……………………………………………………………………………...4 Message to Flight Instructors…………………………………………...…………………………..….4 Ultralight Pilot Training……………………………………………………………………………...... 5 Flight Training Standards………………………………………………………………...…....5 Flight Test………………………………………………………..………….………………...5 Oral Test……………………………………………………………...………….………….....6 Written Test……………………………………………………………………………………6 EAA Ultralight Programs…………………………………………………………………………...….6 EAA Membership………………………………………………………………………………………6 Ultralight Vehicles Regulation (FAR Part 103)…………………………………………...………...…7 Recommended Weight-Shift Flight Training Standards I. Preflight Preparation………………………………………………………………………...9 II. Preflight Procedures……………………………………………………………..………....11 III. Airport Operations………………………………………………………………..…….…12 IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds……………………………………………………..12 V. Performance Maneuver………………………………………………………....…………14 VI. Ground Reference Maneuvers……………………………………………………………..15 VII. Navigation……………………………………………………………………………...…15 VIII. Slow Flight and Stalls……………………………………………………………………16 IX. Emergency Operations………………………………………………………………….…16 X. Postflight Procedures…………………………………………………………………….....17 Recommended Weight-Shift Written Test………………………………………………...…………....18 Additional References……………………………………………………………………...…………..22

3 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______Message to Students Flying a weight-shift ultralight is an enjoyable and rewarding experience. There is nothing quite like the freedom of flying in the open air and soaring like a bird as the countryside slowly unfolds below you. EAA highly recommends that if an enthusiast wants to fly an ultralight that he/she receives flight instruction from a competent person. Flying ultralights has proven to be a safe recreational aviation activity when done in accordance with recommended safety practices. The most important recommendation EAA can make to a new student is to find a qualified flight instructor and obtain dual flight instruction in a 2-place aircraft.

Enclosed in this booklet the student will find many recommendations to safely learn and participate in ultralight aviation. For his/her benefit and safety, please consider taking the time to become familiar with the information in this booklet and proficient to the recommended flight training standards that are enclosed.

EAA recommends that existing pilots transitioning to ultralights from heavier aircraft also would benefit from transition training. There are some significantly different flight characteristics between larger, heavier aircraft and powered parachutes that existing pilots should become familiar with.

A valuable source of information is other ultralight pilots. Find pilots flying the same type ultralight you want to fly, ask questions, and learn. The EAA Flight Advisor program has individuals experienced in test flying homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

Although the FAA does not require flight training to fly an ultralight, flight training is an investment in the student’s knowledge and ability. Trying to fly without proper instruction could be disastrous!

Finding a Flight Instructor One of the more important yet challenging aspects of learning to fly an ultralight is to find a flight instructor who has the desire to provide flight instruction for an ultralight student pilot. As a student, look for a flight instructor who has a weight-shift aircraft available for the flight training and a good understanding of ultralight vehicle flight characteristics.

Here are a few suggestions to locate a flight instructor: • EAA’s online directory of sport pilot flight instructors, www.sportpilot.org/instructors • National Association of Flight Instructors (NAFI), www.nafinet.org/directory/flight_lookup.html • Local EAA chapter network, www.eaa.org/chapters/locator/ • Ultralight manufacturer’s dealer network • Visit local airport and ask around • Other ultralight pilots

Message to Flight Instructors FAA Certified Flight Instructors (CFI) are a key link in ultralight pilot flight training. EAA encourages any CFI to become familiar with the flight characteristics of ultralight vehicles and make themselves available to potential new students seeking training to safely learn to fly an ultralight vehicle.

The FAA has no ultralight pilot or vehicle certification requirements. As a result there are many ultralight pilots over the years that either trained themselves or had very minimal training. While some pilots have succeeded in this manner, EAA strongly discourages it. This guide sets forth recommendations for both students and instructors in order to assure the training and knowledge necessary for flying an ultralight safely.

4 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______EAA is recommending that ultralight pilots be trained to a standard similar to a sport pilot. However, the instructor must consider the type of ultralight the student will fly and the type of environment they will be flying in and adjust the training so it is relevant. For the convenience of the flight instructor and the student, this booklet contains a slightly modified reprint of the FAA sport pilot practical test standards. We have used these as the recommended ultralight pilot flight training standards.

The following steps will help guide the instructor through the recommended process to train an ultralight student: • Have the student register with EAA as a ultralight student, complete the online form located at the following web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms • Provide relevant flight and ground training to the student • If student wants to complete ultralight pilot registration with EAA then: o Ensure you have given 10 hours flight training, and the student has passed the recommend written test, oral test, and flight test. o Have the student complete the online pilot registration. Forms available online at: www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms.

Ultralight Pilot Training EAA recommends that people who want to learn to fly an ultralight should seek qualified flight instructors teaching in weight-shift aircraft that exhibit ultralight-like flight characteristics. FAA flight instructors are authorized by the FAA to provide flight instruction for FAA pilot certificates. To fly an ultralight under the rules of Part 103 no FAA pilot certificate is required. However, to safely fly an ultralight it is critical that people get the appropriate level of training from a qualified person.

EAA recommends that the student and flight instructor determine the suitability of a particular weight- shift aircraft for training use. Further, it is important that the flight instructor be able to explain the differences in flight characteristics between the training aircraft and the ultralight vehicle to be flown. Many weight-shift ultralights are similar and fly like existing 2-place weight-shift and are suitable for dual flight training.

Flight Training Standards EAA recommends that flight instructors train ultralight pilots in accordance with the FAA sport pilot practical test standards (PTS). A slightly modified copy of the sport pilot PTS is reprinted in this booklet. Flight instructors should tailor their flight-training program to suit the student and the type of weight-shift vehicle the student will fly. For example there may be some tasks that should not be trained because it would not be relevant to the type of ultralight flying the student will do.

Ultralight pilot training standards previously published by EAA, United States Ultralight Association (USUA), and Aero Sports Connection (ASC) are also suitable standards and recommended by EAA.

The ultimate goal with the flight training should be to prepare the student to successfully and safely fly his/her ultralight vehicle. Instructors should tailor a flight-training program for each student with this ultimate goal in mind.

Flight Test If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training program the instructor should conduct a flight test with the student. The recommended flight-training test standard in this guide should be used as the standard for conducting the test. EAA recommends that the flight instructor test only those items that are appropriate to the type of ultralight the student will fly. To register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, a flight test is required.

5 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______Oral Test If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training program the instructor should conduct an oral test with the student. The flight instructor should use his or her own discretion on the extent and detail of the oral test. Ultralight pilot registration with EAA requires that the instructor test the student’s knowledge through verbal discussion.

Written Test If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training program the instructor should administer a written test to the student. Included in this guide is a recommended written test. The test is required for those who want to register as an EAA ultralight pilot. The test represents an assortment of questions that would be useful for an ultralight pilot to know. A passing score would be 70%.

EAA Ultralight Programs The EAA Ultralight registration programs are maintained for the benefit of EAA members. EAA and FAA highly recommend voluntary participation in these programs. By participating it enhances safety for everyone involved in the sport and helps ensure the privileges of Part 103 for future ultralight enthusiasts. Registration programs include: vehicle, student, and pilot registration. Registration can be completed online at: EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms or call EAA at 920-426-4821.

Student registration should be done at the start of any flight training. Student registration allows the student to use time flown in an ultralight vehicle to count toward a FAA-issued sport pilot certificate, in accordance with FAR 61.52.

Pilot registration can be done at the completion of the pilot training program. This shows that the student has been trained and tested to a minimum standard. To register as an ultralight pilot EAA recommends a minimum of 10 hours flight instruction, 3 hours supervised solo, and 25 takeoffs and landings and successfully pass a written, oral, and flight test. Included in this booklet are the recommended written and flight test standards. The oral test should be at the discretion of the flight instructor to determine the student’s knowledge to safely fly an ultralight.

Vehicle registration should be done with all ultralight vehicles. EAA assigns a vehicle registration number that begins with the letter “E”; an example is “E001AB.” Once the vehicle registration number is assigned it can be placed on the vehicle and used to show you are complying with the self-regulation intent of FAR Part 103. It also works great for radio communication purposes.

EAA Membership EAA is a membership organization that has developed and administers ultralight self-regulation programs. EAA members include ultralight, homebuilders, light plane, warbird, vintage, flight instructors and aerobatic enthusiasts, and people who simply love aviation. If you are not already a member of EAA, we ask that you consider joining to support EAA’s goals to preserve, promote, and protect recreational aviation.

EAA is pleased to furnish this information booklet and hopes that it will benefit you. EAA encourages and promotes safe and responsible ultralight flying activities.

EAA membership is $40 a year, which includes the EAA Sport Pilot & Light Sport Aircraft magazine. Call 1-800-JOIN-EAA to become a member.

For Additional Information: EAA Aviation Services, PO Box 3086, Oshkosh, WI 54903, 920-426-4821, www.eaa.org/ultralights

6 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION PART 103 ULTRALIGHT VEHICLES

SOURCE: Docket No. 21631, 47 FR 38776, §103.7 Certification and registration. Sept. 2, 1982, unless otherwise noted. (a) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining to certification of aircraft or their parts or SUBPART A - GENERAL equipment, ultralight vehicles and their component parts and equipment are not required §103.1 Applicability. to meet the airworthiness certification standards This part prescribes rules governing the specified for aircraft or to have certificates of operation of ultralight vehicles in the United airworthiness. States. For the purposes of this part, an (b) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining ultralight vehicle is a vehicle that: to airman certification operators of ultralight (a) is used or intended to be used for manned vehicles are not required to meet any operation in the air by a single occupant; aeronautical knowledge, age, or experience (b) Is used or intended to be used for recreation requirements to operate those vehicles or to have or sport purposes only; airman or medical certificates. (c) Does not have any U.S. or foreign (c) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining airworthiness certificate; and to registration and marking of aircraft, ultralight (d) If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds; vehicles are not required to be registered or to or bear markings of any type. (e) If powered:

(1) Weighs less than 254 pounds empty weight, SUBPART B - OPERATING RULES excluding floats and safety devices which are intended for deployment in a potentially §103.9 Hazardous operations. catastrophic situation; (a) No person may operate any ultralight vehicle (2) Has a fuel capacity not exceeding 5 U5. in a manner that creates a hazard to other gallons; persons or property. (3) Is not capable of more than 55 knots (b) No person may allow an object to be dropped calibrated airspeed at full power in level flight; from an ultralight vehicle if such action creates a and hazard to other persons or property. (4) Has a power-off stall speed which does not exceed 24 knots calibrated airspeed. §103.11 Daylight operations.

(a) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle §103.3 Inspection requirements. except between the hours of sunrise and sunset. (a) Any person operating an ultralight vehicle (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this under this part shall upon request, allow the section, ultralight vehicles may be operated Administrator or his designee, to inspect the during the twilight periods 30 minutes before vehicle to determine the applicability of this official sunrise and 30 minutes after official part. sunset or, in Alaska, during the period of civil (b) The pilot or operator of an ultralight must, twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if: upon request of the Administrator, furnish (1) The vehicle is equipped with an operating satisfactory evidence that the vehicle is subject anticollision light visible for at least 3 statute only to the provisions of this part. miles; and §103.5 Waivers. (2) All operations are conducted in uncontrolled No person may conduct operations that require a airspace. deviation from this part except under a written waiver issued by the Administrator.

7 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______§103.13 Operation near aircraft right-of-way §103.21 Visual reference with the surface. rules. No person may operate an ultralight except by (a) Each person operating an ultralight vehicle visual reference with the surface. shall maintain vigilance so as to see and avoid aircraft and shall yield the right-of-way to all §103.23 Flight visibility and cloud clearance aircraft. requirements. (b) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in a manner that creates a collision hazard with when the flight visibility or distance from clouds respect to any aircraft. is less than that in the table found below. All (c) Powered ultralights shall yield the right-of- operations in Class A, Class B, Class C, and way to unpowered ultralights. Class D airspace or Class E airspace designated for an airport must receive prior ATC §103.15 Operations over congested areas. authorization as required in §103.17 of this part. No person may operate an ultralight vehicle over any congested area of a city, town or settlement, Airspace Flight Distance from or over any open air assembly of persons. Visibility Clouds Class A Not Applicable Not Applicable §103.17 Operations in certain airspace. Class B 3 statute miles Clear of Clouds No person may operate an ultralight vehicle Class C 3 statute miles 500 feet below within Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D 1,000 feet above airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the 2,000 feet horiz. surface area of Class E airspace designated for Class D 3 statute miles 500 feet below an airport unless that person has prior 1,000 feet above authorization from the ATC facility having 2,000 feet horiz. jurisdiction over that airspace. Class E Less than 10,000 feet MSL: [Doc. No 24456, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17 1991] 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1,000 feet above §103.19 Operations in prohibited/restricted 2,000 feet horiz. areas. At or above 10,000 feet MSL: No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in 5 statute miles 1,000 feet below prohibited or restricted areas unless that person 1,000 feet above has permission from the using or controlling 1 sm. horizontal agency, as appropriate. Class G 1,200 feet or less above the surface: §103.20 Flight restrictions in the proximity 1 statute mile Clear of clouds of certain areas designated by notice to More than 1,200 feet above the surface airmen. but less than 10,000 feet MSL: No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in 1 statute mile 500 feet below areas designated in a Notice to Airmen under 1,000 feet above Sec.91.137, Sec.91.138, Sec.91.141, Sec.91-143 2,000 feet horiz. or Sec.91-145 of this chapter, unless authorized More than 1,200 feet above the surface by: and at or above 10,000 feet MSL: (a)Air Traffic Control (ATC); or 5 statute miles 1,000 feet below (b)A Flight Standards Certificate of Waiver or 1,000 feet above Authorization issued for the demonstration or 1 sm. Horizontal event. [Amdt. 103-17, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17, 1991] [Doc. No. FAA-2000-8274, 66 FR 176, Sept. 11, 2001]

8 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______RECOMMENDED WEIGHT-SHIFT ULTRALIGHT PILOT FLIGHT TRAINING STANDARDS

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION 3. Describes the importance of avoiding adverse weather and inadvertent entry into A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). DOCUMENTS 4. Explains courses of action to safely exit Objective. To determine that the applicant from an inadvertent IMC encounter. exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by: D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT 1. Explaining— PLANNING a. Ultralight pilot privileges, and Objective. To determine that the applicant: limitations. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related b. pilot logbook or flight records. to cross-country flight planning appropriate to 2. Locating and explaining— the category/class aircraft. a. airworthiness and registration. 2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical b. operating limitations, placards, instrument charts. markings, and flight training supplement. 3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, c. weight and loading data. and terrain features. 4. Selects easily identifiable en route B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS checkpoints, as appropriate. REQUIREMENTS 5. Selects most favorable altitudes considering Objective. To determine that the applicant weather conditions and equipment capabilities. exhibits knowledge of the elements related to 6. Determines headings, flight time, and fuel airworthiness requirements by: requirements. 1. Explaining— 7. Selects appropriate navigation a. required instruments and equipment for system/facilities and communication ultralight pilot privileges. frequencies, if so equipped. b. procedures and limitations for determining if 8. Applies pertinent information from an aircraft, with inoperative instruments and or NOTAMs, AFD, and other flight publications. equipment, is airworthy or in a condition for safe 9. Completes a navigation log and simulates operation. filing a VFR flight plan. c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit. E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM 2. Explaining— Objective. To determine that the applicant a. safety directives. exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the b. maintenance/inspection requirements and National Airspace System by explaining: appropriate record keeping. 1. Ultralight pilot privileges applicable to the following classes of airspace— a. Class B. C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION b. Class C. Objective. To determine that the applicant: c. Class D. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to d. Class E. real time weather information appropriate to the e. Class G. specific category/class aircraft by consulting 2. Special use and other airspace areas. weather reports, charts, and forecasts from 3. Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs). aeronautical weather reporting sources. 2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS based on available weather information. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the

9 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______operation of systems by explaining the following 3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the systems, if applicable: pilot action required to prevent or correct these 1. Wing control and trim. occurrences. 2. Water rudders, if applicable. 3. Powerplant and propeller, if applicable. I. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME 4. Landing gear. RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE 5. Fuel, oil, hydraulic, and coolant system (if NAVIGATION liquid cooled). Objective. To determine that the applicant 6. Electrical. exhibits knowledge of the elements related to 7. Avionics and auxiliary equipment (if seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to installed). marine navigation by explaining: 8. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated 1. How to locate and identify seaplane bases flight instruments, as appropriate. on charts or in directories. 2. Operating restrictions at seaplane bases, if G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS applicable. Objective. To determine that the applicant 3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pertinent to seaplane operation. aeromedical factors by explaining: 4. Marine navigation aids such as buoys, 1. The effects of alcohol, drugs and over-the- beacons, lights, and sound signals. counter medications. 2. The symptoms, causes, effects, and J. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND corrective actions of at least three (3) of the LIMITATIONS following— Objective. To determine the applicant: a. hypoxia. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related b. hyperventilation. to performance and limitations by explaining the c. middle ear and sinus problems. use of charts, tables, and data if appropriate, to d. spatial disorientation. determine performance and the adverse effects e. motion sickness. of exceeding limitations. f. carbon monoxide poisoning. 2. Exhibits knowledge of the center of gravity g. stress and fatigue. on weight shift performance. h. dehydration. 3. Describes the effects of atmospheric i. hypothermia. conditions on the weight shift’s performance. 4. Explains the effects and hazards of high H. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE wind, referencing the ground speed, high rates of CHARACTERISTICS turn and power requirements on making Objective. To determine that the applicant downwind turns in close proximity to the exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground. water and seaplane characteristics by explaining: 1. The characteristics of a water surface as K. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT affected by features, such as— Objective. To determine the applicant exhibits a. size and location. knowledge of basic aerodynamics and principles b. protected and unprotected areas. of flight including: c. surface wind. 1. Forces acting on a weight shift machine in d. direction and strength of water current. various flight maneuvers. e. floating and partially submerged debris. 2. Weight shift stability and controllability. f. sandbars, islands, and shoals. 3. Loads and load factors. g. vessel traffic and wakes. 4. Angle of attack, stalls and stall recovery, h. other features peculiar to the area. including flight situations in which unintentional 2. Float and hull construction, and their effect stalls may occur. on seaplane performance. 5. Effects and use of wing control, including the purpose and proper technique for use.

10 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______4. Briefs occupant on the use of safety belts, II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES shoulder harnesses, doors, and emergency procedures. A. TASK: ASSEMBLY Objective. To determine that the applicant: E. TASK: ENGINE STARTING 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related Objective. To determine that the applicant: to the assembly procedures following the 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related manufacturer’s procedures. to recommended engine starting procedures. 2. Selects a suitable assembly area and 2. Positions the weight shift control aircraft provides sufficient crewmembers for assembly. properly considering structures, surface 3. Follows the appropriate checklist. conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of 4. Uses proper tools. nearby persons and property. 5. Handles components properly. 6. Cleans and lubricates parts, as appropriate. F. TASK: TAXIING 7. Accounts for all tools and parts at the Objective. To determine that the applicant: completion of assembly. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 8. Performs post-assembly inspections, to safe taxi procedures. including a control check. 2. Performs a brake check immediately after the weight shift control aircraft begins moving. B. TASK: WING TUNING 3. Positions the wing properly for the existing Objective. To determine that the applicant: wind conditions. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 4. Controls direction and speed without to wing tuning procedures. excessive use of brakes. 2. Describes the correct procedures for tuning 5. Complies with airport/taxiway markings, the wing to fly straight. signals, ATC clearances, and instructions. 3. Describes the correct procedures for tuning 6. Taxies so as to avoid other aircraft and the wing to fly faster or slower. hazards. 4. Exhibits knowledge of the relationship between speed and stability with regard to wing G. TASK: TAXIING AND SAILING tuning. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related C. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION to water taxiing and sailing procedures. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 2. Positions the wing properly for the existing 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related wind conditions. to preflight inspection. This shall include which 3. Plans and follows the most favorable course items must be inspected, the reasons for while taxi or sailing considering wind, water checking each item, and how to detect possible current, water conditions and maritime defects. regulations. 2. Inspects the weight shift control aircraft with 4. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi reference to an appropriate checklist. technique. 3. Verifies the weight shift control aircraft is in 5. Uses wing, water rudder, and power correctly condition for safe flight. so as to follow the desired course while sailing. 6. Prevents and corrects for porpoising and D. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT skipping. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 7. Avoids other aircraft, vessels, and hazards. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 8. Complies with seaplane base signs, signals, to cockpit management procedures. and clearances. 2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and on each occupant are removed, stowed, or secured. 3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so they are readily available.

11 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______H. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK 5. Maintains orientation with the Objective. To determine that the applicant: runway/landing area in use. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, to the before takeoff check. This shall include and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots, if the reasons for checking each item and how to applicable. detect malfunctions. 2. Positions the weight shift control aircraft C. TASK: AIRPORT RUNWAY properly considering other aircraft/vessels, wind MARKINGS AND LIGHTING and surface conditions. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 3. Divides attention inside and outside the 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related cockpit. to airport/seaplane base, markings and lighting 4. Ensures that engine temperature is suitable with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance. for takeoff. 2. Properly identifies and interprets 5. Accomplishes the before takeoff checklist airport/seaplane base markings and lighting. and ensures the weight shift control aircraft is in safe operating condition. IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND 6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, GO-AROUNDS takeoff distances, departure, and emergency procedures. A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND 7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no TAKEOFF AND CLIMB conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff Objective. To determine that the applicant: position. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 8. Completes the appropriate checklist. to normal crosswind takeoff and climb,

including rejected takeoff procedures. III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE 2. Positions the wing for the existing wind OPERATIONS conditions.

3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS position and aligns the weight shift control Objective. To determine that the applicant: aircraft on the runway center/takeoff path. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff to radio communications at airports without power. operating control towers. 5. Establishes and maintains the most efficient 2. Selects appropriate frequencies. planing/lift off attitude and corrects for 3. Transmits using recommended phraseology. porpoising and skipping. 4. Acknowledges radio communications. 6. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and

accelerates to appropriate climb speed. B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS 7. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain Objective. To determine that the applicant: appropriate climb speed +10/-5 knots or speed 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related recommended by the POH/AFM to maintain to traffic patterns at airports without operating control if you have an engine failure. control towers, prevention of runway incursions, 8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, maneuvering altitude. and wind shear. 9. Maintains directional control and proper 2. Complies with proper local traffic pattern wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and procedures. climb. 3. Maintains proper spacing from other aircraft. 4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

12 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______B. TASK: POWER-ON AND CROSSWIND by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots during the APPROACH AND LANDING climb. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related maneuvering altitude. to a power-on and crosswind approach and 9. Maintains directional control and proper landing. wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and 2. Adequately surveys the intended landing climb. area. 3. Considers the wind conditions, landing D. TASK: GLASSY WATER APPROACH surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable AND LANDING touchdown point. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 4. Establishes the recommended approach and 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related landing configuration (water rudders down) and to glassy water approach and landing. airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as 2. Adequately surveys the intended landing required. area. 5. Maintains a stabilized approach and 3. Considers the wind conditions, water depth, recommended airspeed. hazards, surrounding terrain, and other 6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control watercraft. application during the roundout and touchdown. 4. Selects the most suitable approach path, and 7. Contacts the water at the proper pitch touchdown area. attitude. 5. Establishes the recommended approach and 8. Touches down smoothly at appropriate landing configuration (water rudders down) and airspeed. airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as 9. Touches down at or within 400 feet beyond required. a specified point, with no drift, and with the 6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the weight shift control aircraft's flight path aligned recommended approach airspeed, or speed with and over the runway center/landing path. recommended by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots 10. Maintains directional control throughout the and maintains a touchdown pitch attitude and approach and landing sequence. descent rate from the last altitude reference until touchdown. C. TASK: GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF 7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power AND CLIMB and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch Objective. To determine that the applicant: attitude and rate of descent to touchdown. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch to glassy water takeoff and climb. attitude, and slows to idle taxi speed. 2. Positions the wing for the existing 9. Maintains directional control throughout the conditions. approach and landing sequence. 3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards and/or E. TASK: ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF vessels and surface conditions. AND CLIMB 4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff Objective. To determine that the applicant: power. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 5. Establishes and maintains an appropriate to rough water takeoff and climb. planing attitude, directional control, and corrects 2. Positions the wing for the existing for porpoising, skipping, and increases in water conditions. drag. 3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate 6. Utilizes appropriate techniques to lift takeoff path considering wind, swells surface aircraft from the water considering surface hazards and/or vessels. conditions. 4. Establishes and maintains an appropriate 7. Establishes proper attitude/airspeed, and planing attitude, directional control, and corrects accelerates to best climb or speed recommended for porpoising, skipping, or excessive bouncing.

13 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______5. Lifts off at minimum airspeed and 5. Establishes a ground track aligned with the accelerates to best climb or speed recommended runway centerline and an airspeed, which results by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots before leaving in minimum float during the roundout. ground effect. 6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control 6. Maintains takeoff power to a safe application during the recovery from the maneuvering altitude. maneuvers, the roundout, and the touchdown. 7. Maintains directional control and proper 7. Contacts the water at the proper pitch wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and attitude. climb. 8. Touches down smoothly at appropriate airspeed. F. TASK: ROUGH WATER APPROACH 9. Touches down smoothly at an appropriate AND LANDING speed, at or within 400 feet beyond a specified Objective. To determine that the applicant: point, with no side drift, and with the weight 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related shift aircraft’s ground track aligned with and to rough water approach and landing. over the runway centerline. 2. Adequately surveys the intended landing 10. Maintains directional control throughout the area. approach and landing. 3. Considers the wind conditions, water, depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other H. TASK: GO-AROUND/REJECTED watercraft. LANDING 4. Selects the most suitable approach path, and Objective. To determine that the applicant: touchdown area. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 5. Establishes the recommended approach and to a go-around/rejected landing. landing configuration (water rudders down) and 2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as approach to landing. required. 3. Applies takeoff power immediately and 6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the transitions to climb pitch attitude for best climb recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots and maintains appropriate climb or speed with wind gust factor applied. recommended by the POH/AFM +10/-5 knots. 7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power 4. Maneuvers to the side of the runway/landing and control application during the roundout and area to clear and avoid conflicting traffic. touch down. 5. Maintains takeoff power to a safe 8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch maneuvering altitude. attitude, and at the proper airspeed, considering 6. Maintains directional control and proper the type of rough water. wind-drift correction throughout the climb. 9. Maintains directional control throughout the approach and landing sequence. V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

G. TASK: STEEP APPROACH TO A A. TASK: STEEP TURNS LANDING Objective. To determine that the applicant: Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns. to a steep approach to a landing. 2. Establishes the manufacturers recommended 2. Adequately surveys the intended landing airspeed. area. 3. Rolls into a 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank. 3. Considers the wind conditions, landing 4. Performs the task in opposite direction, as surface and obstructions, and selects a suitable specified by the examiner. touchdown point. 5. Divides attention between aircraft control 4. Demonstrates effective use of controls at the and orientation. point from which a landing can be made using steep approach techniques.

14 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______6. Maintains the entry altitude ±100 feet, 4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±10°, and rolls out on track a constant radius turn around the selected the entry heading ±10°. reference point. 5. Divides attention between aircraft control VI. GROUND REFERENCE and the ground track. MANEUVERS 6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE Objective. To determine that the applicant: VII. NAVIGATION 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course. A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD 2. Selects a suitable reference area. RECKONING 3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend Objective. To determine that the applicant: below 400 feet above the ground at an 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related appropriate distance from the selected reference to pilotage and dead reckoning, as appropriate. area, 45° to the downwind leg. 2. Follows the preplanned course by reference 4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to landmarks. during straight-and-turning flight to maintain a 3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface constant ground track around the rectangular features to chart symbols. reference area. 4. Verifies the aircraft’s position with 3 5. Divides attention between aircraft control nautical miles of the flight-planned route. and the ground track. 5. Determines there is sufficient fuel to 6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains complete the planned flight, if not, has an airspeed, ±10 knots. alternate plan. 6. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet B. TASK: S-TURNS and headings, ±15°. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related B. TASK: DIVERSION to S-turns. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 2. Selects a suitable ground reference line. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend to diversion. below 400 feet above the ground perpendicular 2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport or to the selected reference line. landing area and route. 4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to 3. Determines there is sufficient fuel to fly to track a constant radius turn on each side of the the alternate airport or landing area. selected reference line. 4. Turns to and establishes a course to the 5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over selected alternate destination. the selected reference line. 5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, +200 feet 6. Divides attention between aircraft control and headings, + 15. and the ground track. 7. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains C. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES airspeed, ±10 knots. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT to lost procedures. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 2. Selects an appropriate course of action. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 3. Maintains an appropriate heading and to turns around a point. climbs if necessary. 2. Selects a suitable ground reference point. 4. Identifies prominent landmarks. 3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend below 400 feet above the ground, at an appropriate distance from the reference point.

15 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and or C. TASK: WHIP STALL AND TUMBLE contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as AWARENESS appropriate. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS whip stall and tumble awareness by explaining: 1. Elements related to whip stalls and tumbles. A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING 2. Flight situations where unintentional whip SLOW FLIGHT stalls and tumbles may occur. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 3. The techniques used to avoid whipstalls and 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related tumbles. to maneuvering during slow flight. 4. The likely results of executing a whip stall 2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the or tumble. task to be completed no lower than 1,000 feet AGL. IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 3. Establishes and maintains a minimum flying airspeed. A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND 4. Accomplishes straight-and-level flight, LANDING (SIMULATED) turns, climbs, and descents specified by the Objective. To determine that the applicant: examiner. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 5. Divides attention between weight shift to emergency approach and landing procedures, control aircraft control and orientation. including energy management. 6. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet; 2. Establishes and maintains the recommended specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/−5 knots best glide and airspeed, ±10 knots. and specified angle of bank, ±10°. 3. Selects a suitable landing area. 4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALL selected landing area considering altitude, wind, Objective. To determine that the applicant: terrain, and obstructions. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related 5. Prepares for landing, or go-around, as to power-off stalls. specified by the examiner. 2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no lower than 1,000 feet AGL. B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 3. Establishes a stabilized descent in the MALFUNCTIONS approach or landing configuration, as specified Objective. To determine that the applicant: by the examiner. Transitions smoothly from the 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude to system and equipment malfunctions that will induce a stall. appropriate to the weight shift control aircraft 4. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in provided for the practical test. straight flight; maintains a specified angle of 2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°; in turning flight, action for simulated emergencies appropriate to while inducing the stall. the weight shift control aircraft— 5. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the a. partial or complete power loss. stall occurs by simultaneously reducing the b. engine roughness or overheat. angle of attack, increasing power to maximum c. carburetor or induction icing. allowable, and leveling the wing to return to a d. loss of oil pressure. straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum e. fuel starvation. loss of altitude appropriate for the weight shift f. electrical malfunction. control aircraft. g. flight instruments malfunction. 6. Accelerates to normal speed; returns to the h. pitot/static. altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the i. landing gear malfunction. examiner. j. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. k. inadvertent prop strike.

16 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______l. Ballistic recovery system if applicable. 7. Completes the appropriate checklist. m. any other emergency appropriate to the weight shift aircraft. B. TASK: ANCHORING 3. Follows the appropriate procedure. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT to anchoring. AND SURVIVAL GEAR 2. Selects a suitable area for anchoring, Objective. To determine that the applicant considering seaplane movement, water depth, exhibits knowledge of the elements related to tide, wind, and weather changes. emergency equipment appropriate to the 3. Uses an adequate number of anchors and following environmental conditions: lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure 1. mountainous terrain. the seaplane's security. 2. large bodies of water. 3. desert conditions. C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING 4. extreme temperature changes. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related X. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES to docking and mooring. 2. Approaches the dock or mooring buoy in the A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING, proper direction considering speed hazards, AND SECURING wind, and water current. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 3. Ensures seaplane security. 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after landing, parking and securing D. TASK: RAMPING/BEACHING procedures. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 2. Maintains directional control after 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related touchdown while decelerating to an appropriate to ramping/beaching. speed. 2. Approaches the ramp/beach considering 3. Observes runway hold lines and other persons and property, in the proper attitude and surface control markings and lighting. direction, at a safe speed, considering water 4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the depth, tide, current and wind. safety of nearby persons and property. 3. Ramps/beaches and secures the seaplane in a 5. Follows the appropriate procedure for manner that will protect it from the harmful engine shutdown. effect of wind, waves, and changes in water 6. Conducts an appropriate postflight level. inspection and secures the aircraft wing while exiting the aircraft, and properly securing the aircraft in high wind conditions.

17 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______RECOMMENDED WEIGHT-SHIFT ULTRALIGHT PILOT WRITTEN TEST

1. The final authority as to the operation of an 8. The fuel vent on many weight-shift aircraft ultralight is the is located A FAA. A in the fuel cap. B Manufacturer. B adjacent to the crankcase breather. C Pilot in-command. C in the fuel tank pressure relief valve.

2. Who is responsible for determining if a 9. During flight, advancing thrust will vehicle is in condition for safe flight? A increase airspeed. A The owner or operator. B cause the powered parachute to climb. B The pilot in command. C cause the powered parachute to climb C A certified aircraft mechanic. and increase airspeed.

3. True airspeed is 10. One of the functions of the wing’s crosstube A the speed of the wind over the ground. is to B the speed of the aircraft over the ground. A hold the wings open. C the speed of the aircraft through the air. B provide surface to grip and control the aircraft. 4. Motion of the air affects the speed with C provide an attachment point for the which weight-shift vehicles move carriage. A over the earth’s surface. B through the air. 11. A powered ultralight must give right of way C in a turn. to A all other aircraft. 5. The four forces acting on an aircraft in flight B unpowered vehicles. are C all of the above. A lift, weight, thrust, and drag. B lift, weight, gravity, and thrust. 12. What effect, if any, does high humidity C lift, gravity, power, and friction. have on ultralight vehicle performance? A It increases performance. 6. When are the four forces acting on an B It decreases performance. aircraft in equilibrium? C It has no effect on performance. A During unaccelerated flight. B When the aircraft is accelerating. 13. What is the one common factor which C When the aircraft is at rest on the affects most preventable accidents? ground. A Structural failure. B Mechanical malfunction. 7. The purpose of the fuel tank vent system is C Human error. to A remove dangerous vapors from the tank 14. A Flight Service weather briefing can be and prevent explosion. obtained any place in the U.S. by B allow air to enter the tank as fuel is A calling 1-800-WXBRIEF. consumed. B calling the local FAA office. C ensure a proper fuel to air ratio. C checking the local news stations.

18 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______15. Which aircraft component ensures the wing B The vertical distance of the aircraft has a pitch-up tendency? above the surface. A Keel pocket. C The height above the standard datum B Luff lines. plane. C Washout rod. 22. Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) must 16. As a weight-shift aircraft wing approaches A inform pilots of fuel prices. a stall, the wing tips B be complied with by ultralight pilots. A decrease the wing’s angle of attack. C inform aircraft owners of ultralight B act in much the same way as ailerons on vehicle safety directives. a three-axis aircraft. C increase the wing’s angle of attack. 23. The keel pocket’s purpose is to A act as a longitudinal stabilizer, keeping 17. During a wing stall, the wing tips of a the wing from wandering left and right. weight-shift aircraft are B act as a roll stabilizer, keeping the wing A ineffective for stall recovery. from wandering left and right. B effective for stall recovery. C act as a yaw stabilizer, keeping the wing C effective only when combined with from wandering left or right. maximum engine output. 24. Excessively high engine temperatures will 18. The crosstube is positioned by A cause damage to heat conducting hoses A a quick release pin. and to the cooling fins. B self-locking bolts. B cause loss of power and possible C restraining cables attached to the rear of permanent internal engine damage. the keel. C not affect an aircraft engine.

19. On some trikes, the hang point is part of 25. Adding more oil to the fuel than specified A a variable trim arrangement that allows by the manufacturer of a 2-cycle engine will the pilot to adjust the aircraft center of result in gravity during flight to obtain the most A increased engine performance. favorable aircraft performance. B increased carbon buildup and engine B an adjustable trim arrangement that fouling. allows the pilot to adjust the aircraft C increased engine lubrication and optimal center of gravity during flight to obtain performance. the most favorable aircraft performance. C an adjustable trim arrangement that 26. One purpose of the dual ignition system on allows the center of gravity to shift fore an ultralight engine is to provide for and aft along the wing’s feel. A improved engine reliability. B uniform heat distribution. 20. What is absolute altitude? C balanced cylinder head pressure. A The altitude read directly from the altimeter. 27. Which condition is most favorable to the B The vertical distance of the aircraft development of carburetor icing? above the surface (AGL). A Any temperature below freezing and a C The height above the standard datum relative humidity of less than 50%. plane. B Temperature between 32 and 50 degrees F and a low humidity. 21. What is true altitude? C Temperature between 20 and 70 degrees A The vertical distance of the aircraft F and high humidity. above sea level (MSL).

19 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______28. The possibility of carburetor icing exists 34. Flight over congested areas by ultralight even when the ambient air temperature is as vehicles is only allowed if A high as 70 degrees F and the relative A written waiver is obtained from FAA. humidity is high. B great care is exercised. B high as 95 degrees F and there is visible C it is between the hours of 0800 and moisture. 1100. C low as 0 degrees F and the relative humidity is high. 35. The numbers 9 and 27 on a runway indicate that the runway is oriented approximately 29. If the grade of fuel used in an aircraft A 009 degrees and 027 degrees true. engine is lower than specified for the engine, it B 090 degrees and 270 degrees true. will most likely cause C 090 degrees and 270 degrees magnetic. A a mixture of fuel and air that is not uniform in all cylinders. 36. If an airport's rotating beacon is operating B lower cylinder head temperatures. during daylight hours it indicates C detonation. A there are obstructions on the airport. B the weather is below basic VFR weather 30. The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air minimums. charge in advance of normal spark ignition is C the Air Traffic Control tower is not in known as operation. A combustion. B pre-ignition. 37. Which is the correct traffic pattern C detonation. departure procedure to use at a non-towered airport? 31. Filling the fuel tanks after the last flight of A Depart in any direction after crossing the day is considered good operating procedure the airport boundary. because this will B Make all turns to the left. A force any existing water to the top of the C Comply with any FAA traffic pattern tank and away from the fuel lines. established for the airport. B prevent expansion of the fuel by eliminating airspace in the tanks. 38. The wing of a weight-shift aircraft twists so C prevent moisture condensation by that the angle of attack eliminating airspace in the tanks. A from the center of the wing to the wing tip is variable and can be adjusted by the 32. Every physical process of weather is pilot in flight to optimize performance. accompanied by, or is the result of, a B changes from low angle of attack at the A movement of air. center of the wing, to a high angle of B pressure differential. attack at the tips. C heat exchange. C changes from a high angle of attack at the center of the wing, to a low angle of 33. What should be the first action after starting attack at the tips. an aircraft engine? A Adjust for proper RPM and check for 39. How can you determine if another aircraft desired indications on the engine is on a collision course with your aircraft? gauges. A The other aircraft will always appear to B Place the ignition switch momentarily in get larger and closer at a rapid rate. the OFF position to check grounding. B The nose of each aircraft is pointed at C Test the brakes. the same point in space. C There will be no apparent relative motion between your aircraft and the other aircraft.

20 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______40. Prior to starting each maneuver, pilots should A check altitude, airspeed, and heading 46. A 2-cycle engine thrust and fuel efficiency indications. can be greatly compromised when B visually scan the entire area for collision A exhaust systems are installed that are not avoidance. specifically tuned for an engine. C announce their intentions on the nearest B carbon deposits build up on exhaust CTAF. valves. C intake valve lifters fail to pressurize and 41. The responsibility for collision avoidance provide adequate fuel to the combustion rests with chamber. A the other pilot. B the controlling agency. 47. What is the maximum allowable empty C all pilots. weight for a powered ultralight? A No more than 250 pounds. 42. A blue segmented circle on a Sectional B No more than 350 pounds. Chart depicts which class airspace? C Less than 254 pounds. A Class D. B Class E. 48. If an ultralight is equipped with an C Class C. anti-collision light visible for 3 nm A you can fly in Class D airspace. 43. Unless otherwise authorized, two-way radio B you can fly at night. communications with ATC are required for C you can fly 30 minutes before sunrise landings or takeoffs and 30 minutes after sunset. A at all tower controlled airports regardless of weather conditions. 49. Ultralight vehicles are not allowed operation B at all tower controlled airports only in Class D airspace unless when the weather is below VFR . A prior authorization is obtained from the C only at Class D airports when the controlling facility. weather is below VFR. B great care is exercised to avoid other traffic. 44. An ATC clearance provides C you have strobe lights on your vehicle. A priority over all other traffic. B adequate separation from all other 50. Under what conditions can objects be traffic. dropped from an ultralight vehicle? C authorization to proceed under specified A Only in an emergency. traffic conditions in controlled airspace. B If precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property on the 45. A typical 2-cycle engine ignition coil is surface. powered by C If prior permission is obtained from the A a battery. FAA. B a battery or alternator. C a magneto. ______

21 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______

Additional References Weight-Shift Control Handbook by Eric Johnson, available at www.kemmeriesaviation.com

Trikes – The Flex-Wing Flyers by Lucian Bartosik and Hal McSwain, available at 1-270-881-1369

Hamilton Flight Training Systems by Paul Hamilton, available at www.ap-store.com/ultraining.html

Be a Pilot, Learn to Fly an Ultralight Trike – DVD - by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA, product number F02171

How to Preflight an Ultralight Weight-Shift Trike – DVD – by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA

How to Setup and Take Down a Trike Wing – DVD – by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA.

A Professional Approach to Ultralights by Carol & Brian Carpenter, available from EAA, product number F03745

First Flight in your Ultralight video. Available from EAA, product number F10289

Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, published by FAA, item FAA-H-8083-25, available online www.faa.gov

EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights

EAA Ultralight Pilot Logbook. Available from EAA, product number E00385

Experimenter Magazine April 1997, article titled Traveling Light, A Primer on the Transition to the Light end of Aviation, by Dan Johnson. Available online at: www.eaa.org/ultralights

Amateur-Built Aircraft & Ultralight Flight Testing Handbook, item AC 90-89A, published by FAA, available online at, www.faa.gov

Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook, item FAA-H-8083-5, published by FAA, available online www.faa.gov

Pilot Written Test Answers 1. C 9. B 17. B 25. B 33. A 41. C 49. A 2. B 10. A 18. C 26. A 34. A 42. A 50. B 3. C 11. C 19. C 27. C 35. C 43. A 4. A 12. B 20. B 28. A 36. B 44. C 5. A 13. C 21. A 29. C 37. C 45. C 6. A 14. A 22. B 30. B 38. C 46. A 7. B 15. B 23. C 31. C 39. C 47. C 8. A 16. A 24. B 32. B 40. B 48. C

22 EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3 ______

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EAA - PO Box 3086 - Oshkosh, WI 54903 EAA Aviation Services - 888-EAA-INFO www.eaa.org/ultralights