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Mount Baker – Studying the Active Volcano in Our Backyard

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Mount Baker – Studying the Active Volcano in Our Backyard the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Baker – studying the Mount Mount active volcano in our backyard mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Dave Tucker Mount Baker Volcano Research Center Geology Department Western Washington University 1 Acknowledgements: my colleagues in the field Kevin Scott, USGS Dave Lewis, Wes Hildreth, USGS MBHS the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Jon Riedel, NCNP 2 Melissa Park, WWU Kristin Hill, WWU Recent research gravity studies Dr. Bob Watters U Nevada- Reno rock stability Brendan Hodge, WWU the active involcano our backyard - volcano deformation Nikki Moore, WWU Baker basalt chemistry Troy Baggerman, WWU Mount Mount andesite chemistry mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Dr. J. Caplan-Auerbach, WWU, seismology Melissa Park, WWU Sarah Polster, USGS Sherman Crater Sherman Crater magnetic 3 morphology survey 4 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Field work at Field work Baker 5 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Getting there Getting 6 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard 7 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Tephra sampling Tephra Volcanic ash layers at Baker ash layers Volcanic Gravimetry Geodesy- GPS the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount dendrochronology mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu 8 9 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Stream Stream gaging seismometry Fumarole gas collection gas Fumarole 10 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard What do we learn from from dowe learnthis? all What Some volcanoes of the Mount Baker volcanic field Epley Portals 70ka Hannegan caldera 3.72 Kulshan The Bastile 322ka Ma caldera 1.15 Ma the active involcano our backyard - Carmelo Crater Baker Lava Divide 10-43ka Mount Mount 743ka Forest Divide 400 ka vent under Baker mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Black Buttes 495-288ka Sherman Crater ~8ka - today Schreiber’s Meadow cinder cone 8.8 ka Lake Shannon cone 2003 others, and Hildreth from Geology 6 miles 94? ka 11 Ma= million years; ka= thousand years 12 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard The Mount Baker volcano: 40,000 years ago to ago to years 40,000 volcano: Baker Mount The present Carmelo Crater now filled with 84 m of ice •Oldest Baker lavas the active involcano our backyard are ~40,000 years - Constructing Mount Baker: the Carmelo Baker •Pleistocene vent Crater eruptive periodwas Carmelo Crater. Mount Mount Active until ca. South wall of the summit 10,000 years ago •lava flows mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Coleman Headwall- Baker’s ‘North Face’ about 20 stacked lava flows 13 14 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Post glacial volcanichistoryat MountBaker Post 15 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard begins with high elevation flank collapse at Roman flank at Roman withWall highcollapse elevationbegins 6600 yearsago: 6600 Mazama Park eruptiveperiodMazama Schematic diagram, USGS diagram, Schematic Aerial view looking north Grant Peak Two landslides into MF Nooksack~ 6600 years ago Roman Wall the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Sherman Crater West rim 16 The Middle Fork Nooksack Lahar •Largest known mudflow from Mount Baker, 6600 years ago. •Traveled at least 36 miles down valley the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu 17 The Middle Fork Nooksack Lahar 6600 years ago the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu 280 feet thick 18 Mud and boulder deposit 30 ft thick at Nugent’s Corner Mazama Park eruptive period Culminates in an ash eruption ca.6500 years ago. the active involcano our backyard - Baker May have been something like this: Mount Mount Mount Redoubt, AK. 1990 mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Ash layers at Table Mountain 19 1975: Sherman Crater heats up. •increased heat flow •large steam plumes the active involcano our backyard - Baker •½ of crater ice Mount Mount melted, forming a lake “Majestic Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Baker may be a ticking time bomb” Bellingham Herald •Baker Lake lowered to trap possible lahars; financial loss to resort operators and Puget Power 20 •Mountain closed to climbing Photo by DJ Easterbrook, 1975 Volcano Monitoring at Mount Baker 1. Two seismometers are maintained by Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (UW-USGS). The USGS recommends five. the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu 2. Periodic fumarole gas sampling in Sherman crater to 21 monitor changes in magma chemistry and temperature. Sherman Crater and its fumaroles Ice-filled Carmelo Crater the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Sherman Crater 22 Aerial photos by John Scurlock Sherman Crater fumarole gas sampling the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount Fumaroles are 195- 275 degrees F mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu John Scurlock photos Gas, mostly water vapor, is collected 23 in vacuum flasks Sherman crater fumaroles emit •5 tons H2S / day •Up to 180 tons CO2 / day the active involcano our backyard - Baker Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Russ Burmester photo, 2008 24 Volcanic Hazards from Mount Baker • Ash eruptions- usually restricted effect • Lava flows- very restricted effect the active involcano our backyard - Baker • Pyroclastic flows (hot ash) - uncommon at Mount Mount Baker mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu • Debris avalanches (volcano collapse)- have occurred, and can give rise to lahars • Lahars (volcanic mud flows) 25 Lahars (volcanic mudflows) are the greatest threat Mount Redoubt, AK, 1990: small lahars descend Drift River valley 35 km- a good model for Baker activity, past and future the active involcano our backyard - LOW probability, HIGH Baker consequence events. Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Photograph by S.R. Brantley on April 23, 1990 27 GRAVITY COLLAPSE- not predictable Partial collapse of Baker’s flanks form huge the active involcano our backyard - slides of rock, mud, and ice. These become Baker lahars, or mudflows, in the valleys Mount Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu 28 29 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Mud and boulderMud deposit 30 ft thick at Nugent’s30 ft 280 feet thick feet 280 bridge 30 mbvrc.wwu.edu Mount Baker- the active volcano in our backyard Mount Baker’s volcanic future •Recent research has made Baker’s history among the the active involcano our backyard - best known in the Cascades. Baker Mount Mount • Subduction will continue for the next few million years, so will volcanism. mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu • Fumarolic activity and sulphur gas emissions, indicate that magma is present beneath the volcano. SO: •Future eruptions are likely. Lahars are the greatest 31 hazard based on the volcano’s past behavior. More information: •Cascade Volcano Observatory- www.vulcan.wr.usgs.gov •Photography: John Scurlock- www.pbase.com/nolock/mtbaker the active involcano our backyard - •Soon to be published, detailed Baker USGS report on Mount Baker Mount Mount history and hazards. •Eruptive history and Main website: geochronology of the Mount mbvrc.wwu.edu mbvrc.wwu.edu Baker volcanic field, by W. www.mbvrc.wwu.edu Hildreth, 2003, GSA Bull. v 115 Free email subscription blog www.mbvrc.wordpress.com Thanks for coming today. Up-to-date research and references; photos; links. 32 Please support us with your donation, or buy a t-shirt! .
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