Attack the Dragon
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Secure Transmission of Data Using Rabbit Algorithm
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Secure Transmission of Data using Rabbit Algorithm Shweta S Tadkal1, Mahalinga V Mandi2 1 M. Tech Student , Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar institute of Technology,Bengaluru-560056 2 Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar institute of Technology,Bengaluru-560056 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract— This paper presents the design and simulation of secure transmission of data using rabbit algorithm. The rabbit algorithm is a stream cipher algorithm. Stream ciphers are an important class of symmetric encryption algorithm, which uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt the data and has been designed for high performance in software implementation. The data or the plain text in our proposed model is the binary data which is encrypted using the keys generated by the rabbit algorithm. The rabbit algorithm is implemented and the language used to write the code is Verilog and then is simulated using Modelsim6.4a. The software tool used is Xilinx ISE Design Suit 14.7. Keywords—Cryptography, Stream ciphers, Rabbit algorithm 1. INTRODUCTION In today’s world most of the communications done using electronic media. Data security plays a vitalkrole in such communication. Hence there is a need to predict data from malicious attacks. This is achieved by cryptography. Cryptographydis the science of secretscodes, enabling the confidentiality of communication through an in secure channel. It protectssagainstbunauthorizedapartiesoby preventing unauthorized alterationhof use. Several encrypting algorithms have been built to deal with data security attacks. -
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama Joan Daemen1 and Craig Clapp2 1 Banksys, Haachtesteenweg 1442, B-1130 Brussel, Belgium [email protected] 2 PictureTel Corporation, 100 Minuteman Rd., Andover, MA 01810, USA [email protected] Abstract. We present a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and as a stream cipher. High performance is achieved through a combination of low work-factor and a high degree of parallelism. Throughputs of 5.1 bits/cycle for the hashing mode and 4.7 bits/cycle for the stream cipher mode are demonstrated on a com- mercially available VLIW micro-processor. 1 Introduction Panama is a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and a stream cipher. It is designed to be very efficient in software implementations on 32-bit architectures. Its basic operations are on 32-bit words. The hashing state is updated by a parallel nonlinear transformation, the buffer operates as a linear feedback shift register, similar to that applied in the compression function of SHA [6]. Panama is largely based on the StepRightUp stream/hash module that was described in [4]. Panama has a low per-byte work factor while still claiming very high security. The price paid for this is a relatively high fixed computational overhead for every execution of the hash function. This makes the Panama hash function less suited for the hashing of messages shorter than the equivalent of a typewritten page. For the stream cipher it results in a relatively long initialization procedure. Hence, in applications where speed is critical, too frequent resynchronization should be avoided. -
Permutation-Based Encryption, Authentication and Authenticated Encryption
Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Joan Daemen1 Joint work with Guido Bertoni1, Michaël Peeters2 and Gilles Van Assche1 1STMicroelectronics 2NXP Semiconductors DIAC 2012, Stockholm, July 6 . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric (Standard) hash functions make use of block ciphers SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, Whirlpool, RIPEMD-160, … So HMAC, MGF1, etc. are in practice also block-cipher based Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher (inverse operation) . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric When is the inverse block cipher needed? Indicated in red: Hashing and its modes HMAC, MGF1, … Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … So a block cipher -
Comparison of 256-Bit Stream Ciphers at the Beginning of 2006
Comparison of 256-bit stream ciphers at the beginning of 2006 Daniel J. Bernstein ? [email protected] Abstract. This paper evaluates and compares several stream ciphers that use 256-bit keys: counter-mode AES, CryptMT, DICING, Dragon, FUBUKI, HC-256, Phelix, Py, Py6, Salsa20, SOSEMANUK, VEST, and YAMB. 1 Introduction ECRYPT, a consortium of European research organizations, issued a Call for Stream Cipher Primitives in November 2004. A remarkable variety of ciphers were proposed in response by a total of 97 authors spread among Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Korea, Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Evaluating a huge pool of stream ciphers, to understand the merits of each cipher, is not an easy task. This paper simplifies the task by focusing on the relatively small pool of ciphers that allow 256-bit keys. Ciphers limited to 128- bit keys (or 80-bit keys) are ignored. See Section 2 to understand my interest in 256-bit keys. The ciphers allowing 256-bit keys are CryptMT, DICING, Dragon, FUBUKI, HC-256, Phelix, Py, Py6, Salsa20, SOSEMANUK, VEST, and YAMB. I included 256-bit AES in counter mode as a basis for comparison. Beware that there are unresolved claims of attacks against Py (see [4] and [3]), SOSEMANUK (see [1]), and YAMB (see [5]). ECRYPT, using measurement tools written by Christophe De Canni`ere, has published timings for each cipher on several common general-purpose CPUs. The original tools and timings used reference implementations (from the cipher authors) but were subsequently updated for faster implementations (also from the cipher authors). -
Hash Functions and Thetitle NIST of Shapresentation-3 Competition
The First 30 Years of Cryptographic Hash Functions and theTitle NIST of SHAPresentation-3 Competition Bart Preneel COSIC/Kath. Univ. Leuven (Belgium) Session ID: CRYP-202 Session Classification: Hash functions decoded Insert presenter logo here on slide master Hash functions X.509 Annex D RIPEMD-160 MDC-2 SHA-256 SHA-3 MD2, MD4, MD5 SHA-512 SHA-1 This is an input to a crypto- graphic hash function. The input is a very long string, that is reduced by the hash function to a string of fixed length. There are 1A3FD4128A198FB3CA345932 additional security conditions: it h should be very hard to find an input hashing to a given value (a preimage) or to find two colliding inputs (a collision). Hash function history 101 DES RSA 1980 single block ad hoc length schemes HARDWARE MD2 MD4 1990 SNEFRU double MD5 block security SHA-1 length reduction for RIPEMD-160 factoring, SHA-2 2000 AES permu- DLOG, lattices Whirlpool SOFTWARE tations SHA-3 2010 Applications • digital signatures • data authentication • protection of passwords • confirmation of knowledge/commitment • micropayments • pseudo-random string generation/key derivation • construction of MAC algorithms, stream ciphers, block ciphers,… Agenda Definitions Iterations (modes) Compression functions SHA-{0,1,2,3} Bits and bytes 5 Hash function flavors cryptographic hash function this talk MAC MDC OWHF CRHF UOWHF (TCR) Security requirements (n-bit result) preimage 2nd preimage collision ? x ? ? ? h h h h h h(x) h(x) = h(x‘) h(x) = h(x‘) 2n 2n 2n/2 Informal definitions (1) • no secret parameters -
SPHINCS: Practical Stateless Hash-Based Signatures
SPHINCS: practical stateless hash-based signatures Daniel J. Bernstein1;3, Daira Hopwood2, Andreas Hülsing3, Tanja Lange3, Ruben Niederhagen3, Louiza Papachristodoulou4, Peter Schwabe4, and Zooko Wilcox O'Hearn2 1 Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 606077045, USA [email protected] 2 Least Authority 3450 Emerson Ave. Boulder, CO 803056452 USA [email protected],[email protected] 3 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Technische Universiteit Eindhoven P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4 Radboud University Nijmegen Digital Security Group P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. This paper introduces a high-security post-quantum stateless hash-based sig- nature scheme that signs hundreds of messages per second on a modern 4-core 3.5GHz Intel CPU. Signatures are 41 KB, public keys are 1 KB, and private keys are 1 KB. The signature scheme is designed to provide long-term 2128 security even against attackers equipped with quantum computers. Unlike most hash-based designs, this signature scheme is stateless, allowing it to be a drop-in replacement for current signature schemes. Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, one-time signatures, few-time signatures, hyper- trees, vectorized implementation 1 Introduction It is not at all clear how to securely sign operating-system updates, web-site certicates, etc. once an attacker has constructed a large quantum computer: RSA and ECC are perceived today as being small and fast, but they are broken in polynomial time by Shor's algorithm. -
On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers
On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers Côme Berbain and Henri Gilbert France Telecom R&D {[email protected]} research & development Stream Ciphers IV-less IV-dependent key K key K IV (initial value) number ? generator keystream keystream plaintext ⊕ ciphertext plaintext ⊕ ciphertext e.g. RC4, Shrinking Generator e.g. SNOW, Scream, eSTREAM ciphers well founded theory [S81,Y82,BM84] less unanimously agreed theory practical limitations: prior work [RC94, HN01, Z06] - no reuse of K numerous chosen IV attacks - synchronisation - key and IV setup not well understood IV setup – H. Gilbert (2) research & developement Orange Group Outline security requirements on IV-dependent stream ciphers whole cipher key and IV setup key and IV setup constructions satisfying these requirements blockcipher based tree based application example: QUAD incorporate key and IV setup in QUAD's provable security argument IV setup – H. Gilbert (3) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-less case: PRNG notion m K∈R{0,1} number truly random VS generator g generator g g(K) ∈{0,1}L L OR Z ∈R{0,1} 1 input A 0 or 1 PRNG A tests number distributions: Adv g (A) = PrK [A(g(K)) = 1] − PrZ [A(Z) = 1] PRNG PRNG Advg (t) = maxA,T(A)≤t (Advg (A)) PRNG 80 g is a secure cipher ⇔ g is a PRNG ⇔ Advg (t < 2 ) <<1 IV setup – H. Gilbert (4) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-dependent case: PRF notion stream cipher perfect random fct. IV∈ {0,1}n function generator VSOR g* gK G = {gK} gK(IV) q oracle queries • A 0 or 1 PRF gK g* A tests function distributions: Adv G (A) = Pr[A = 1] − Pr[A = 1] PRF PRF Adv G (t, q) = max A (Adv G (A)) PRF 80 40 G is a secure cipher ⇔ G is a PRF ⇔ Adv G (t < 2 ,2 ) << 1 IV setup – H. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
Ascon (A Submission to CAESAR)
Ascon (A Submission to CAESAR) Ch. Dobraunig1, M. Eichlseder1, F. Mendel1, M. Schl¨affer2 1IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria 2Infineon Technologies AG, Austria 22nd Crypto Day, Infineon, Munich Overview CAESAR Design of Ascon Security analysis Implementations 1 / 20 CAESAR CAESAR: Competition for Authenticated Encryption { Security, Applicability, and Robustness (2014{2018) http://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html Inspired by AES, eStream, SHA-3 Authenticated Encryption Confidentiality as provided by block cipher modes Authenticity, Integrity as provided by MACs \it is very easy to accidentally combine secure encryption schemes with secure MACs and still get insecure authenticated encryption schemes" { Kohno, Whiting, and Viega 2 / 20 CAESAR CAESAR: Competition for Authenticated Encryption { Security, Applicability, and Robustness (2014{2018) http://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html Inspired by AES, eStream, SHA-3 Authenticated Encryption Confidentiality as provided by block cipher modes Authenticity, Integrity as provided by MACs \it is very easy to accidentally combine secure encryption schemes with secure MACs and still get insecure authenticated encryption schemes" { Kohno, Whiting, and Viega 2 / 20 Generic compositions MAC-then-Encrypt (MtE) e.g. in SSL/TLS MAC M security depends on E and MAC E ∗ C T k Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M) ∗ e.g. in SSH E C M security depends on E and MAC MAC T Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM) ∗ IPSec, ISO/IEC 19772:2009 M E C provably secure MAC T 3 / 20 Tags for M = IV (N 1), M = IV (N 2), . ⊕ k ⊕ k are the key stream to read M1, M2,... (Keys for) E ∗ and MAC must be independent! Pitfalls: Dependent Keys (Confidentiality) Encrypt-and-MAC with CBC-MAC and CTR CTR CBC-MAC Nk1 Nk2 Nk` M1 M2 M` IV ··· EK EK ··· EK EK EK EK M1 M2 M` C1 C2 C` T What can an attacker do? 4 / 20 Pitfalls: Dependent Keys (Confidentiality) Encrypt-and-MAC with CBC-MAC and CTR CTR CBC-MAC Nk1 Nk2 Nk` M1 M2 M` IV ··· EK EK ··· EK EK EK EK M1 M2 M` C1 C2 C` T What can an attacker do? Tags for M = IV (N 1), M = IV (N 2), . -
CHUCK CHONSON: AMERICAN CIPHER by ERIC NOLAN A
CHUCK CHONSON: AMERICAN CIPHER By ERIC NOLAN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Eric Nolan To my parents, and to Nicky ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents, my teachers, and my colleagues. Special thanks go to Dominique Wilkins and Don Mattingly. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER 1 LIVE-IN GIRLFRIEND, SHERRY CRAVENS ...................................................... 1 2 DEPARTMENT CHAIR, FURRY LUISSON..........................................................8 3 TRAIN CONDUCTOR, BISHOP PROBERT........................................................ 12 4 TWIN BROTHER, MARTY CHONSON .............................................................. 15 5 DEALER, WILLIE BARTON ................................................................................ 23 6 LADY ON BUS, MARIA WOESSNER................................................................. 33 7 CHILDHOOD PLAYMATE, WHELPS REMIEN ................................................ 36 8 GUY IN TRUCK, JOE MURHPY .........................................................................46 9 EX-WIFE, NORLITTA FUEGOS...........................................................................49 10 -
On the Use of Continued Fractions for Stream Ciphers
On the use of continued fractions for stream ciphers Amadou Moctar Kane Département de Mathématiques et de Statistiques, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 av. de la Médecine, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada. [email protected] May 25, 2013 Abstract In this paper, we present a new approach to stream ciphers. This method draws its strength from public key algorithms such as RSA and the development in continued fractions of certain irrational numbers to produce a pseudo-random stream. Although the encryption scheme proposed in this paper is based on a hard mathematical problem, its use is fast. Keywords: continued fractions, cryptography, pseudo-random, symmetric-key encryption, stream cipher. 1 Introduction The one time pad is presently known as one of the simplest and fastest encryption methods. In binary data, applying a one time pad algorithm consists of combining the pad and the plain text with XOR. This requires the use of a key size equal to the size of the plain text, which unfortunately is very difficult to implement. If a deterministic program is used to generate the keystream, then the system will be called stream cipher instead of one time pad. Stream ciphers use a great deal of pseudo- random generators such as the Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR); although cryptographically weak [37], the LFSRs present some advantages like the fast time of execution. There are also generators based on Non-Linear transitions, examples included the Non-Linear Feedback Shift Register NLFSR and the Feedback Shift with Carry Register FCSR. Such generators appear to be more secure than those based on LFSR. -
High Performance Cryptographic Engine PANAMA: Hardware Implementation G
High Performance Cryptographic Engine PANAMA: Hardware Implementation G. Selimis, P. Kitsos, and O. Koufopavlou VLSI Design Labotaroty Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras Patras, Greece Email: [email protected] hardware implementations are more efficiency in FPGAs ABSTRACT than general purpose CPUs due to the fact that the algorithm specifications suits much better in FPGA structure. In this paper a hardware implementation of a dual operation cryptographic engine PANAMA is presented. The Typical application with high speed requirements is implementation of PANAMA algorithm can be used both as encryption or decryption of video-rate in conditional access a hash function and a stream cipher. A basic characteristic applications (e-g pay TV). The modern networks have been of PANAMA is a high degree of parallelism which has as implemented to satisfy the demand for high bandwidth result high rates for the overall system throughput. An other multimedia services. Then the switches which they are profit of the PANAMA is that one only architecture placed at the nodes of the network must provide high throughput. So if there is a need for secure networks, the supports two cryptographic operations – encryption/ systems in the network switches should not introduce delays. decryption and data hashing. The proposed system operates PANAMA [3] is a cryptographic module that can be used in 96.5 MHz frequency with maximum data rate 24.7 Gbps. both as a cryptographic hash function and as stream cipher in The proposed system outperforms previous any hash applications with ultra high speed requirements functions and stream ciphers implementations in terms of In this paper an efficient implementation of the PANAMA is performance.