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The Political Culture of Elections in Northampton, 1768-1868

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The Political Culture of Elections in Northampton, 1768-1868 This work has been submitted to NECTAR, the Northampton Electronic Collection of Theses and Research. Thesis Title: The political culture of elections in Northampton, 1768-1868 Creators: Dyndor, Z. Example citation: Dyndor, Z. (2010) The political culture of electiRons in Northampton, 1768-1868. Doctoral thesis. The UniversAity of Northampton. Version: Accepted version http://nectarC.northampTton.ac.uk/3590/ NE The Political Culture of Elections in Northampton, 1768-1868 Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Northampton 2010 Zoe Dyndor © Zoe Dyndor 2010. This thesis is copyright material and no quotation from It may be published without proper acknowledgem NIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTO P/ ' 'SRARY Abstract This thesis uncovers political culture In Northampton borough from 1768-1868 through the study of parliamentary elections. The thesis provides a comprehensive method of studying political culture at a local level. Northampton is an example of an 'open' pre- reform borough in which a large proportion of men were able to vote in parliamentary elections; pollbooks, political ephemera, newspapers and correspondence have been used to provide both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the borough's elections. By analysing gender and space history alongside more traditional approaches to political history such examining party politics, politicians and pollbook analysis, this thesis shows the importance of linking various methodologies to provide a complete picture of political culture. This study argues that the home was used as a political space during pre- reform elections due to election customs and the exchange of property. It shows the involvement of non-elite women in pre-reform elections through their role as homeowners and witnesses. By testing 'new political history' this study argues that the constituency was not solely constructed by politicians, and nor did it mirror national agenda: local political rhetoric was actually of a pragmatic nature, and shifted to suit the electorate and encompass common social terminology. This thesis argues that practical changes made by reforms of parliament facilitated ideological shifts and had unintended consequences. Finally, this thesis suggests that political culture must focus on the practicalities of politics at the local level. Acknowledgements Three years and seven months after starting the PhD and it's finally ready for printing. It has certainly been an experience and there are a number of people I'd like to thank for helping me through it. First to my supervisor Matthew McCormack, for checking all those drafts, always being there when I needed advice and not killing me for my manic use of the semi colon! Thanks to Jon Stobart again for his advice and support and looking through the thesis in the final stages. Thanks to Matthew Cragoe and Drew Gray, my examiners, who made my viva an enjoyable experience and gave me invaluable feedback about my work. Thanks to everyone in the Knowledge Exchange, who were always there when I needed them. David, special thanks to you- I honestly don't know how we'd cope without you! On a personal note, Mum, Dad and Fizz, thanks for putting up with me! Thanks to all of my friends, who have understood and not abandoned me when I was too busy to see them. Those in unit one offered endless support and helped me keep my sanity throughout the three years and seven months, so thank you all. Special thanks go to Tris, Rosie and Michie. All of my peers have been fantastic as I've embarked on this project, so thanks to you all, both in Northampton and further afield. It's been great, now I'm ready for the next project. Contents List of figures and tables ii Chapter One: Introductlon 1 Themes and historiography .•.•...................................•.•...•..................•..•.•... 3 Sources and methods ....•.•.•..........•........................................................... 15 Concluding remarks .•.......••••.• ,......•.•.....•.•••...•.......•....•............... ,......•....•. 23 Chapter Two: Northampton Borough: Background and context 25 Chapter Three: Principles, Party and the Platform: The Politics of Elections 42 Political Principles .......•......•.....•................•...•.......•......•....•...................... 44 Factions and Party Politics ........•........•......•...•.•..........•.....•..........•............. 60 Chapter Four: 'The Man from the Moon' to the 'Mummy': Roles and Representations of Northampton Borough Candidates 76 Honour ...•.............•.•...•.•...•......•..•.•.•••.•••.•..••................•.......•.........•.....•.. 78 Locality ................•...•...........•............•..•.......•.........................•.......••.•.•.. 83 Patriotism .......•.............•............•...•.•••.•••.................•.............•............•... 86 Religion ....•................................•......•.•.........•.....•..•.......•........................ 90 Independence in thought and action 95 Chivalry .....•...................•............................•...•.•........•............•............. 100 Manliness .•........•...............................................•..••........•..................... 105 Chapter Five: 'Northampton men turn nincompoops'? Men and electoral politlcs ,..............................•............... , I •••• 111 The early years: honour and gratitude 113 The reform years: independence and the shoemakers 120 The later years: the working classes and non-voters 133 Conclusion: The Northampton Electorate 141 Chapter Six: Widows, Wives and Witnesses: The Participation of Women in Northampton Borough Elections 144 Elite Women and Elections .....••............•...•..•...•........•........•..................... 148 Women as homeowners and witnesses In 1768 154 Women's influence: canvassing and the 1818election 168 Chapter Seven: 'The theatre of electioneering exertion': Election Ritual, Ceremony and Space , ,.•,..• 180 Ceremonies and rituals .........................•..•.••..•..•.•..........••...•.......•••.....••.. 182 Riot and Disorder .......•. ,...•...•.•........•.............•............. ,.. ,......•............ ,.,' 206 Conclusion: The Political Culture of Elections 219 Appendix 1- Candidates who stood for MP for Northampton, 1768-1868....... 227 Appendix 2- List of occupations in each class 229 Appendix 3- A list of the trades classed In the shoemaking industry 235 Bibliography .•..•...••.....•.•.•••.•..• ,....•.•••.... ,..•...........................•................. 236 List of figures and tables Figures Figure 3.1: A handbill from the 1852 Northampton borough election in support of the Tory candidate Hunt Figure 3.2: A handbill from the 1768 Northampton borough election in support of George Rodney and George Osborne, against their opponent Thomas Howe Figure 3.3 A handbill from the 1841 Northampton borough election inviting Conservatives, Radicals and Chartists to join forces against Whig Liberal Robert Vernon Smith Figure 5.1: Graph showing the percentage of electors employed in each occupational class Figure 7.1: Election scene in Covent Garden by Robert Dighton (British Museum) Figure 7.2: Map showing poll booth locations in 1832 and 1868 Figure 7.3: The Northampton Election 1830, W.M.L Turner (Tate Gallery) Figure 7.4 - Map of Northampton in 1746 by Noble and Butlin Figure 7.5 - Map of Northampton in 1807 by J Roper and G Cole Figure 7.6 - Map of Northampton in 1847 by J Wood and E.F. Law Figure 7.7 - Map of the proposed parliamentary boundaries for Northampton in 1868 from, Report of the Borough of Northampton (Northampton, 1767) Figure 7.8 -Map showing the route of the election parades Tables Table 2.1: Population growth in Northampton, taken from census returns (Northampton borough council annual report) Table 5.1: The number of voters in each election from 1768-1796 Table 5.2: The social-economic breakdown of the electorate from elections 1768-1818 by occupation, shown as a percentage of the total electorate Table 5.3: The top five occupations represented by voters in each election, and total number of different occupations represented in each election, 1768-1796 Table 5.4: The number and proportion of shoemakers and those in related trades that voted in Northampton borough elections from 1818-1867 Table 5.5: The socio-economic breakdown of the electorate in elections from 1818 to 1837 Ii Table 5.6: The number of voters employed in significant occupations 1768- 1857, column one shows the number of workers and column two shows the proportion of the electorate Table 5.7: The number of voters in elections from 1837-1868 in relation to the population of the town Table 5.8: The social-economic breakdown of the electorate from 1841-1865, shown as a percentage of the total electorate Table 6.1: Reasons for the disqualification of voters in the 1768 Northampton borough election iii Chapter One: Introduction When embarking on a trip to the Eatanswell borough election, Mr Pickwick remarked, 'we will behold and minutely examine a scene so interesting to every Englishman,.l This assertion not only indicates that elections were an important part of English life in the nineteenth century, but also provides the starting point for this thesis. As access to parliamentary elections can be indicative of engagement with politics, elections have been used as a measure of politicisation. This thesis will investigate how far politics were a part of people's lives, and how far people could access a political system that may not have allowed them voting rights. Elections have
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