New York Science Journal 2016;9(9) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork

North West region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserves, Garhwal Himalaya with Unexplored Wealth and its Medicinal Lichen Distribution in Different Aspect

Shobha Rawat*

Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Soban Singh Jeena Campus, Almora, Uttrakhand-263601. *Corresponding Author E-mail- [email protected], Mob:9450675466

Abstract: The present work describes lichen diversity in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserves, Chamoli district, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, in North West region of India. A total of 206 species belonging to 78 genera and 29 families were enumerated during the present study. family dominates with 72 species and 24 genera. The foliose lichen are represented by maximum growth of lichen families, namely Parmeliaceae > Physciaceae > Collemataceae by the no. of species 56 > 24 > 8 and maximum growth of crustose lichen Teloschistaceae > Lecanoraceae > Megasporacea by 11 > 9 > 5 and fruticose lichen Parmeliaceae > Cladoniaceae > Ramaliaceae by 16 > 9 > 3 respectively. Malari area has occurrence 67 species belonging to 45 genera of 18 families and the members of Parmeliaceae have 34 species and 15 genera While Jumma area has 62 species 31 genera. The Valley of Flowers represents 59 species belonging to 39 genera of of 21 families. Parmeliaceae dominances with 19 species and 11 genera. Out of the 72 species of Parmeliceae lichens, 33 species have medicinal properties. Out of these species only 14 species have Traditional medicine; 24 with antimicrobial activity; 13 with Anticancer/Cytotoxicity activity; 7 have antioxidant/tyrosinase, 2 have Immuno modulating and 1with Antiinflamatory from the different localities. Thus present baseline information on lichen species in these localities will be useful for biomonitoring, bioprospection, conservation policy, formulation and pharmacological studies, keeping in view of global warming and climate change. [Shobha Rawat. North West region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserves, Garhwal Himalaya with Unexplored Lichen Wealth and its Medicinal Lichen Distribution in Different Aspect. N Y Sci J 2016;9(9):28-40]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys090916.06.

Key Words: Lichen, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India.

Introduction North-Northwest of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) was “Nanda Devi is India’s second highest mountain” established in 1988 under the UNESCO's Man and (McGinley). The Reserve consists of a central core Biosphere (MAB) programme. Subsequently, in 1992, zone (624.62 km2) surrounded by buffer zone (161212 the NDBR was recognized as a “World Heritage Site” km2). Altitude varies from 1900 to 7817 m asl. From (Mohan and Bhaduria, 1996). It is one of least the geomorphological point of view, the Reserve disturbed protected areas of world (Anonymous, 1987 covers the whole Rishi Ganga catchment (a tributary and Gupta, 2002). The NDBR was named after the of Dauli Ganga) encircled by a number of high principal peak of the region i.e. Nanda Devi (7817 m); Himalayan peaks including India's second highest peak the bliss giving goddess. It is also the second highest Nanda Devi (Figure 1). There are 17 villages, 10 in peak of India. It has been an internationally recognized district Chamoli and 7 in district Bageswar and tourism center for naturalists, adventure tourists, Pithoragarh) in the buffer zone spread over an altitude scientists etc. for its exceptionally unique natural of 1900 to 3600 m asl. landscapes, endemic biodiversity (flora and fauna), The Lata village in Chamoli district, entry of high degree of inaccessibility and rich indigenous biosphere reserve having 23 km distance from culture etc. (Banerjee, 2001 and 2003; Singh and Mal, Joshimath. The temperatures range from 10° - 23° C 2009 and Srivastava, 1999a and b). The Nanda Devi from April to June, and from 7° - 22° C from July to National Biosphere Reserve spreads over three October. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve forest shows districts Chamoli in Garhwal and Pithoragarh and altitudinal variations, viz. sub-tropical, tropical, Bageshwer in near the Tibetan border in the Kumaun temperate and alpine regions. The mixed oak and (western) Himalayan region of Uttrakhand, India. The coniferous forests in temperate and subalpine areas Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve lies between 79º 41´ form the major forest vegetation. The tree vegetation 29” East and 30º 06´ 13 to 80º 12´ 51’’ North over an mainly comprises of Pinus wallichiana, Pinus area covers 5860.69 km2 area with core zone (712.12 roxbughaii, together with coniferous trees of Abies km2 and transition zone 546.34 km2. The Valley of pindrow and Taxus baccata. The varied topography Flowers is located in the Paspawati Valley 23 km and climate of the area provide suitable condition for

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growth of different plant groups including lichens. The in all type of substratum as rock, bark, leaves and soil. climate of the area is moist temperate and with short Among the localities Malari exhibited highest number cool summer and long severe winters. of lichens with 67 species followed by Jumma with 62 The present study was carried out in enumeration species. Four localities Rini, 2 km before Belta, 1 km of lichen diversity, from only in Chamoli district, before Belta and Srenikhal exhibited least number of region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, lichen with 13 and 14 species each in the later three Uttarakhand. A number of taxonomic studies localities. pertaining to the lichens of the Himalayas are Out of 206 species of lichens from Nanda Devi available, however information on Kumaun region of Biosphere Reserve, 35 species of lichen have Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve by Upreti and Negi medicinal properties. Present medicinal property data 1995, 1996, Upreti, et. al. 1995, Negi et. al. 1996, analyzed on the base of literature. This data analyses Joshi et. al. 2007, Rawat et. al. 2010, Upreti & Joshi first time report and analysis is base line pattern for 2010. Therefore, there has very few records of lichens medicinal lichens distribution and enumeration (Table: diversity and and no record of medicinal importance 2). Out of the 33 species 29 species have known lichens of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in Chamoli antimicrobial activity followed by 17 each of district, Garhwal region, So that present study deal traditional and anticancer/ cytoxicity. Single species of with made to enumeration of the lichen diversity, its lichen Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus uses as medicinal importance having lichens. Traditional medicine, Antimicrobial activity, Anticancer/Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant/ tyrosinase Materials and Methods inhibition, Antiinflamatory purposes in India. The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve forest Thamnolia vermicularis (Swattz) Schaer. used as localities between altitudes of 2000-3600m were Traditional medicine, Antimicrobial acticity, explored and more than 600 specimens of lichens were Anticancer/Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant/ tyrosinase collected. The specimens were identified in respect of inhibition (Table 1 Fig.A). their morphology, anatomy and chemistry (Awasthi 1. Traditional medicine Lichen have been appreciated 1988, 2000; Divakar & Upreti 2005, Nayaka 2004). in traditional medicine. In folklore, During the Middle The chemistry of all the specimens were performed by Ages lichen figured prominently in the herbals used by colour spot tests (K, C, Pd) followed by thin layer medicinal practitioners (Hale 1983). Folk use of chromatography (TLC) by Walker and James (1980). Thamnolia vermicularis (Swattz) Schaer. Hads has The chromatograms were developed in solvent A recorded from Lata village of Nanda Devi Biosphere (Toluene: 1-4 dioxane: acetic acid 180: 60: 8 ml). The Reserve (Upreti and Negi 1996). These common specimens examined in the present paper are preserved lichen Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm., Lobaria in the Herbarium of National Botanical Research retigera (Bory) Trevisan, Dolichousnea longissima Institute, Lucknow (LWG). (Ach.) Articus, Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Everniastrum nepalense (Taylor) Hale ex Sipaman, Results and Discussion Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Parmelia sulcata The area has comprised of 206 species lichen Taylor, Parmotrema reticulata (Taylor) M. Choisy, belonging to 73 genera and 28 families from seventeen Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale, different localities at different altitudes enroute Peltigera canina (L.) Willd., Peltigera membranacea Joshimath to Niti in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Ach.) Nyl., Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) D. D. (Table1). Out of the 206 species of lichens, foliose Awasthi, Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Beltr. lichens were dominating with 115 species, where as (Fig.A) lichens are used as medicine and have been crustose, fruticose and lignicolus lichens were used in the different pharmacopoeias of the world. represented by 60, 31 and 5 respectively. There was 2. Antimicrobial activity: These common lichens of dominance of 114 corticolous lichen species in all the study area Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., Cladonia seventeen localities. Saxicolous and terricolous lichen furcata (Huds.) Schrad., Thamnolia vermicularis repenting least number of lichen with 89 and 36 (Swattz) Schaer., and microlichen Lecanora muralis species respectively. In the studied area lichen family (Schreb.) Rabenh., Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Parmeliaceae is the most common with 20 species and Articus, Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Flavoparmelia 12 genera. Within the family Physciaceae is most caperata (L.) Hale, Parmelia squarrosa Hale, common with 10 species. Evernia mesomorpha Parmelia sulcata Taylor, Parmotrema praesorediosum Nyl. and Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale these two (Nyl.) Hale, Parmotrema reticulata (Taylor) M. lichens species are commonly present in maximum Choisy, Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) twelve localities out of seventeen localities. One of the Hale, Xanthoparmelia pulla Ach., Usnea subflorida most common species of the area Heterodermia Stirton, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd., Peltigera diademata (Taylor) D. D. Awasthi species was found membranacea (Ach.) Nyl., Peltigera praetextata

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(Flörke ex Sommerf.) Vain., Heterodermia leucomela 4. Antioxidant/Tyrosinase inhibition: Thamnolia (L.) Poelt, Ramalina conduplicans Vainio, Ramalina vermicularis (Swattz) Schaer., Dolichousnea sinensis Jatta, Stereocaulon foliolosum Nyl., Xanthoria longissima (Ach.) Articus, Evernia prunastri (L.) parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Beltr., Diploschistes scruposus Ach., Parmotrema tinctorium (Nyl.) Hale, Peltigera (Schreb.) Norman, Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) rufescens (Weiss) Humb., Xanthoria fallex (Hepp ex. Mann. extract showed antimicrobial activity against Arnold) Arnold, Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann. Bacillus subtilis, Staphyrococcus aureus (Yamamoto 5. Antiinflamatory: Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) et al. 1998). Articus only single Antiinflamatory fruticose lichen 3. Anticancer/ Cytotoxicity: Parmotrema tinctorium from study area. This species has growing luxuriantly (Nyl.) Hale, has not only most common lichen species and having usnic acid medicinal important substance of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve even it is also (Fig. A). common from Garhwal Himalaya. These lichens 6. Immunomodulating: Parmotrema tinctorium having anticancerous and cytotoxicity property (Nyl.) Hale, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. Dolichousnea Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) longissima (Ach.) Articus, these three mcrolichen are Schrad., Leptogium cyanescens (Pers.) Körb., very common from localities. Dolichousnea Thamnolia vermicularis (Swattz) Schaer., longissima (Ach.) Articus, uses as Traditional Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, Everniastrum medicine, antimicrobial activitiy, nepalense (Taylor) Hale ex Sipaman, Parmotrema Anticancer/Cytotoxicity activity, praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale, Xanthoparmelia pulla antioxidant/tyrosinase, and Antiinflamatory Ach., Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl., Xanthoria antmicrobial activity and traditional medicine. It is the elegans (Link.) Th. Fr., Xanthoria fallex (Hepp ex. common combination of medicinal species (Fig.B). Arnold) Arnold, Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Beltr. (Fig.A).

Table 1: Total lichen taxa of Nanda Devi Biospere Reseve, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India

lowers

Lichen species Rini Lata

Belta Habit Malari Jumma Habitat Srenikhal Jogidhara Joshimath Kothidhar Kanukdhar Lata kharkh Londcha Thaili 2km Beltabefore 1 km Belta before Valley ofF 10 Nitibefore km. Medicinallyimportant 10 Gamsali Km. before

1 Acarosporaceae

Acarospora 1 saxicola Fink ex S cr + ------Hedrick smaragdula 2 S cr + + - - - + + ------(Wahlenb.) A. Massal. 3 privigna (Ach.) A. S cr - - - - - + + ------Massal. 2 Biotoraceae

4 Biatora sp. C cr + ------3 Caliciaceae

Amandinea 5 punctata (Hoffm.) S cr ------+ - - + + + - + + + - - Coppins & Scheid. Buellia 6 placodiomorpha S cr ------+ ------Vainio Calicium 7 C cr - - - - + ------robustellum Nyl. Cyphelium sessile 8 C cr ------+ ------(Pers.) Trevisan Pyxine berteriana 9 C fo - - + + - - - - + + ------(Fée) Imshaug Pyxine 10 himalayensis D. D. C S fo + + - - - + ------Awasthi Pyxine subcinerea 11 C fo - - - - - + ------Stirton 4 Candelariaceae

Candelaria 12 concolor (Dicks.) C fo - - + ------B. Stein

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Candelariella 13 aurella (Hoffm.) S cr ------+ ------Zahlbr Candelariella 14 reflexa (Nyl.) C cr + ------Lettau Candelariella 15 vitellina (Ehrh.) C cr ------+ ------Müll. Arg. Candelariella 16 xanthostigma C cr ------+ ------(Pers.) Lettau 5 Chrysothricaceae

Chrysothrix 17 candelaris (L.) J. C S cr ------+ - R. Laundon 6 Cladoniaceae

Cladonia 18 awasthiana Ahti & C fr ------+ ------Upreti Cladonia 19 cartilaginea Müll. L fr ------+ ------Arg. Cladonia 20 coniocreae C fr - - - - - + + ------+ - - - - (Flörke) Spreng. Cladonia fimbriata 21 C fr ------+ - - + - + - - + - 2, 3 (L.) Fr. Cladonia 22 S C fr ------+ + ------fruiculosa Kremp. Cladonia furcata 23 S T fr ------+ - + 2, 3 (Huds.) Schrad. Cladonia 24 ochrochlora C fr ------+ - + - + - - - Flörke Cladonia pocillum 25 T fr ------+ - - - (Ach.) O. J. Rich. Cladonia pyxidata 26 T fr + - - - - - + - - + + + + + + - 1 (L.) Hoffm. 7 Coiniocybaceae

Chaenotheca 27 furfuraceae (L.) C cr ------+ - - - - Tibell. 8 Collemataceae -

Collema 28 subflaccidum C fo ------+ - - + - - - - - Degel. Collema 29 subnigrescens S fo ------+ ------Degel. Leptogium 30 austroamericanum C fo + ------(Malme) Dodge Leptogium C 31 burnetiae C.W. fo + - - - + - - - + + + + - + - + - - T L Dodge Leptogium 32 cyanescens S fo - - - - - + + ------3 (Rabenh.) Körb. Leptogium 33 furfuraceum S fo + ------(Harm.) Sierk Leptogium 34 pulchellum (Ach.) C fo ------+ ------Nyl. Leptogium 35 saturninum T S fo + + - + + - + ------

(Dickson) Nyl. 9 Graphidaceae

Graphis lineola 36 C cr ------+ - - - - - Ach. Graphis 37 subglauconigra C cr ------+ ------Nagarkar & Patw. Phaeographis 38 dendritica (Ach.) C cr + ------Müll. Arg. 10 Icmadophilaceae

Thamnolia 39 vermicularis T fr ------+ - - 1, 2, 3, 4 (Swattz) Schaer. 11 Lecanoraceae

Lecanora alba 40 C cr - - - - + + ------Lumbsch

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Lecanora albella 41 C S cr + - - - + + - - - - + ------(Pers.) Ach. Lecanora 42 albescens (Hoffm.) S cr + ------Branth & Rostr. Lecanora 43 frustulosa C cr ------+ ------+ - (Dickson) Ach. Lecanora leprosa 44 C cr - - - - - + ------Fée Lecanora muralis 45 S cr + - - - - + + ------+ 2 (Schreb.) Rabenh. Lecanora wilsonii 46 S cr - + ------Müll. Arg. Lecidella alaiensis 47 S cr ------+ ------(Vainio) Hertel Lecidella 48 elaeochroma S cr - - - - - + ------(Ach.) Choisy Lecidella 49 stigmatea (Ach.) S cr + - - - - - + ------Hertel & Leuckert 12 Lecideaceae

Lecidea confluens 50 S cr ------+ ------(Weber) Ach. Lecidea fuscoatra 51 C cr - - - - - + ------(L.) Ach. Lecidea plana (J. 52 S cr ------+ ------Lahm) Nyl. 13 Lobariaceae

Lobaria 53 meridionalis C fo + ------Vainio Lobaria C 54 pindarensis fo + - - - - - + + - + + + + + - - - - T Räsänen Lobaria retigera C 55 fo + - + - + - - - - + ------1 (Bory) Trevisan T L Sticta praetextata 56 (Räs.) D. D. C fo + ------+ - + - - + - - - - - Awasthi 14 Megasporaceae

Aspicilia 57 almorensis S cr - - - - + + ------+ - - - Räsänen Aspicilia coronata 58 (A. Massal.) B. de S cr ------+ - - - - + - - - Lesd. Aspicillia 59 dwaliensis S cr - + ------Räsänen Lobothallia alphoplaca 60 S cr ------+ ------+ (Wahlenb.) Hafellner Lobothallia 61 praeradiosa (Nyl.) S cr - - - - - + + ------Hafellener 15 Nephromataceae

Nephroma C 62 helveticum (Ach.) fo + - - - - - + - - + ------T L Ach. Nephroma parile C 63 fo + - - - - - + ------(Ach.) Ach. T 16 Parmeliaceae

Allocetraria nygricascens 64 T fo ------+ - (Nyl.) Karnefelt & Thell Bryoria smithii 65 (Du Rietz) Brodo C fr ------+ - - - & D. Hawksw. Bryoria tenuis 66 (Dahl) Brod & D. C fr ------+ + - - + - - - Hawksw. Bulbothrix 67 meizospora (Nyl.) C fo - + + ------Hale Cetrelia cetrarioides 68 C fo + - - - + + + - + + + + + + - - - - (Delise) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb

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Cetrelia collata 69 (Nyl.) W. L. Culb. T fo - - - - + ------+ - - - - & C. Culb Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) 70 C S fo + - - - + - - + + ------W. Culb. & C. F. Culb. Dolichousnea 1, 2, 3, 71 longissima (Ach.) C fr + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - 4, 5 Articus Evernia 72 C fr - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - + + - mesomorpha Nyl. Evernia prunastri 73 C fr ------+ ------1, 2, 4 (L.) Ach. Everniastrum 74 cirrhatum (Fr.) C fo + - - - + - - + + + + + + - - +

Hale ex Sipman Everniastrum 75 nepalense (Taylor) C fo - - - - + - - - - - + ------1, 3 Hale ex Sipman Everniastrum sorocheilum 76 C fo ------+ + - - - - (Vainio) Hale ex Sipman Flavoparmelia 77 C S fo + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - + - 1, 2 caperata (L.) Hale Flavopunctelia 78 borrerioides C fo + ------Kurok. Flavopunctelia 79 flaventior (Stirton) C fo - + - + + + + + - + - - - + - + - - Hale Flavopunctelia 80 soredica (Nyl.) C fo - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - + - - Hale Hypogymnia 81 tubulosa (Schaer.) C fo ------+ - - Hav. Hypotrachyna 82 imbricatula C S fo + + - - - - - + ------(Zahlbr.) Hale Hypotrachyna 83 pluriformis (Nyl.) S fo - - - - + ------Hale Melanelia tominii 84 S fo ------+ - (Oxner) Essl. Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr.ex 85 Duby) O. Blanco S fo ------+ - Crespo, Divakar, Essl. D. Hawksw. Melanelixia vilosella(Essl.) O. 86 Blanco Crespo, C fo - - - - - + + - - - + - - - - + + - Divakar, Essl. D. Hawksw.. Myelochroa 87 aurulenta (Tuck.) S fo ------+ - - - + ------Elix & Hale Myelochroa metarevoluta 88 T fo + ------(Asahina) Elix & Hale Nephromopsis laii (A. Thell & 89 C fo ------+ ------Randlane) Saag & A. Thell Nepromopsis nephromoides 90 C fo ------+ ------(Nyl.) Ahti & Randlane Nepromopsis pallescens 91 S C fo - - - - + - + ------(Schaer.) Y. S. Park Parmelia 92 C fo ------+ - - + + ------meiophora Nyl. Parmelia 93 C fo ------+ + ------+ - - 2 squarrosa Hale Parmelia sulcata 94 C fo ------+ ------+ - 1, 2 Taylor Parmelina tiliacea 95 C fo ------+ ------(Hoffm.) Hale

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Parmotrema 96 andinum (Müll. C fo ------+ ------Arg.) Hale Parmotrema 97 crinitum (Ach.) M. C fo - - + ------Choisy Parmotrema 98 hababianum C fo ------+ ------(Gyeln.) Hale Parmotrema 99 nilgherrense (Nyl.) C fo + - - - - - + ------Hale Parmotrema 10 pseudonilgherrens C fo + ------+ ------0 e (Asahina) Hale Parmotrema 10 praesorediosum S fo - + - + ------2, 3 1 (Nyl.) Hale Parmotrema 10 rampoddense C fo ------+ - 2 (Nyl.) Hale Parmotrema 10 reticulata (Taylor) C S fo + + + + + - - - - + - + - - - - - 1, 2 3 M. Choisy Parmotrema 10 tinctorium (Nyl.) C S fo - - + - - + ------3, 4, 6 4 Hale 10 Punctelia borreri C fo + - - - + + + + - + + + ------5 (Sm.) Krog 10 Punctelia neutralis C fo - + ------+ - - - - 6 (Hale) Krog Punctelia subflava 10 (Taylor) Elix & J. S fo - + + + + ------7 Johnst Punctelia 10 C subrudecta (Nyl.) fo + + + - + + + ------8 T S Krog Rhizoplaca 10 chrysoleuca S fo + - - - + + ------+ - - - 9 (Smith) Zopf Rhizoplaca peltata 11 (Ramond) Leuck. S fo ------+ - 0 & Poelt. Tuckermanopsis 11 chlorophylla T fo + ------1 (Willd.) Hale Xanthoparmelia 11 antleriformis S fo - - + ------2 (Elix) Elix & Jonston Xanthoparmelia 11 australasica D. S fo - - - - - + ------3 Galloway Xanthoparmelia 11 bellatula (Kurok. T fo ------+ - 4 & Filson) Elix & Johnston Xanthoparmelia 11 conspersa (Ehrh. S fo ------+ 1, 2 5 ex Ach.) Hale Xanthoparmelia 11 maxicana (Gyeln.) S fo - - + - + + ------6 Hale Xanthoparmelia 11 murina (Kurok.) C fo - - + ------7 Elix Xanthoparmelia 11 pseudocongensis T fo - - - - - + ------8 Hale 11 Xanthoparmelia C fo - - - - - + ------2, 3 9 pulla Ach. Xanthoparmelia 12 stenophylla (Ach.) S fo - - - - + + ------+ - 0 Ahti & D. Hawksw. Xanthoparmelia 12 terricola Hale, S fo - - - - - + ------1 Nash & Elix Xanthparmelia 12 tinctina (Maheu & S fo - - - - - + ------2 Gill.) Hale Xanthoparmelia 12 xizangensis (J.C. S fo - - - - + + + ------3 Wei) Hale

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12 Usnea S fr - - - - + + + ------4 eumitrioides Mot. 12 Usnea himalayana C fr + ------+ + + + - - - - 5 G. Awasthi 12 Usnea nepalensis C fr - - - - + ------6 G. Awasthi 12 Usnea norketti G. C fr - - - - - + ------7 Awasthi 12 Usnea orientalis C fr + - - - + ------8 Mot. 12 Usnea pectinata C fr - - - - + ------9 Taylor 13 Usnea perplexans C fr ------+ - - - + - - - - + - - 0 Stirton 13 Usnea subflorida C fr + - - - + + + ------2 1 Stirton Usnea 13 subfloridana C fr - - - - + + + - - + - - + + - + - 2 Stirton 13 Usnea thomsonii C fr ------+ ------3 Stirton 13 Usnea undulata C fr + ------4 Stirton 13 Vulpicida pinastri C fo ------+ ------+ - - 5 (Scop.) Mattsson 17 Pannariaceae

Fuscopannaria 13 praetermissa T fo ------+ - - - - 6 (Nyl.) P.M. Jorg 18 Peltigeraceae

13 Peltigera canina T fo ------+ + ------1, 2, 6 7 (L.) Willd. Peltigera didactyla 13 (With) J. R. T fo ------+ - - 8 Laundon Peltigera 13 membranacea T fo ------+ ------1, 2, 3 9 (Ach.) Nyl. Peltigera 14 praetextata (Flörke C fo + - - - + + + - - + - + + - - + - 2 0 ex Sommerf.) T Vain. Peltigera 14 pindarensis D. D. T fo ------+ - + + - - - - - 1 Awasthi & M. Joshi 14 Peltigera rufescens T fo - - - - + + - + - + - - - - + - 4 2 (Weiss) Humb. 19 Pertusariaceae

Pertusaria 14 albescens (Huds.) C cr + ------3 Choisy & Wern. in Wern. Pertusaria 14 C himalayensis D. D. cr ------+ - - - 4 T Awasthi & Srivast. 20 Physciaceae

14 Anaptychia ciliaris C fo ------+ ------5 (L.) Körb. 14 Anaptychia C fo ------+ - 6 kaspica Gyeln. 14 Dimelaena oreina S cr - - - - - + + ------+ - 7 (Ach.) Norman Diplotomma 14 alboratrum C cr - - - - - + ------8 (Hoffm.) Flot., Heterodermia 14 angustiloba (Müll. C fo ------+ ------9 Arg.) D. D. Awasthi Heterodermia T S 15 diademata L fo - + + - + - + ------1 0 (Taylor) D. D. C Awasthi Heterodermia 15 firmula (Nyl.) S fo - - - - + ------1 Trevisan Heterodermia 15 galactophylla C fo ------+ ------2 (Tuck.) W. Culb. Heterodermia 15 himalayensis (D. C fo - - - + ------3 D. Awasthi) D. D. Awasthi

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Heterodermia 15 hypocaesia C fo - - - - + - + - - + ------4 (Yasuda) D. D. Awasthi Heterodermia 15 japonica (Satô) C fo - - - + ------5 Swinsc. & Krog Heterodermia 15 C leucomela (L.) fo - - + - + + - - + + + + + + - - - 2 6 T Poelt Heterodermia 15 speciosa (Wulfen) S fo - - - - + ------7 Trevisan Phaeophyscia 15 endococcina C fo ------+ + + ------8 (Körb.) Moberg Phaeophyscia 15 C hispidula (Ach.) fo + + + + + + + + - - - - + - + - - - 9 T S Essl. Phaeophyscia 16 orbicularis S fo - + - - - + ------0 (Necker) Moberg Phaeophyscia 16 primaria (Poelt) S fo - - + - - - - - + ------1 Trass 16 Physcia dilatata C S fo - + + ------2 Nyl. 16 Physcia dubia C S fo - - - - - + + ------3 (Hoffm.) Lett. Physcia 16 gomukensis D. D. S fo ------+ - 4 Awasthi & S. R. Singh Physcia leptalea 16 (Ach.) DC in C fo - - + ------5 Lamarck & Candolle 16 Physcia stellaris C fo + - - - - + + ------+ - 6 (L.) Nyl. 16 Physcia tribacia C fo - - - - - + ------7 (Ach.) Nyl. 16 Physconia detersa C S fo - - - - - + - - - + + + + - - + - - 8 (Nyl.) Nyl. 16 Physconia grisea S T fo - - - - - + ------+ - - - - - 9 (Lam.) Nyl. Physconia 17 isidigera (Zahlbr.) S fo ------+ - - - - - 0 Essl. 21 Porpidiaceae -

Porpidia 17 albocaerulescens S cr + ------1 (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph Porpidia 17 macrocarpa (DC.) S cr + ------+ ------+ - 2 Hertel & A. J. Schwab 22 Ramaliaceae

17 Bacidia C cr - - + ------3 arnoldiana Körb Ramalina 17 conduplicans C fr - - - - + + - - - + - - + - - - - 2 4 Vainio 17 Ramalina hossie C fo - - - - - + ------5 Vain. Ramalina roesleri 17 (Hochst ex C fr ------+ ------6 Schaer.) Hue 17 Ramalina sinensis C fr + - - + + + + + - + + - - - - + - 2 7 Jatta 23 Rhizocarpaceae

Rhizocarpon 17 geographicum (L.) S cr + - - - - - + ------+ - + - 8 DC. 24 Stereocaulaceae

Lepraria 17 caesioalba (B. de T cr ------+ - - + - - - - 9 Lesd.) J. R. Laundon 18 Lepraria lobificans T S cr + - - - + + ------0 Nyl. 18 Lepraria neglecta C cr - - - + ------1 Nyl.

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18 Stereocaulon ST fr + ------2 2 foliolosum Nyl. 25 Teloschistaceae

Caloplaca 18 arenaria (Pers.) S cr ------+ ------3 Mull. Arg. Caloplaca 18 cerinelloides S cr ------+ ------4 (Erichs.) Poelt Caloplaca 18 flavocitrina (Nyl.) S cr - - - - - + ------5 H. Olivier Caloplaca 18 flavovirescens S cr - - - + + ------6 (Wulf.) Dalla Torre & Smith Caloplca 18 holocarpa S cr + - - - - + + ------7 (Hoffm.) A. E. Wade Caloplaca 18 lithophila H. S cr - - - - - + ------8 Magn. Caloplaca 18 obliterans (Nyl.) S cr + ------9 Blomb. & Forss. Caloplaca 19 ochroplaca Poelt S cr + ------0 & Hinter. Caloplaca 19 pachychella Poelt S cr - - - - - + ------1 & Hinteregger Caloplaca 19 phlogina (Ach.) S cr - - - - - + ------2 Flag. 19 Caloplaca saxicola S cr + ------+ + - 3 (Hoffm.) Nordin 19 Xanthoria elegans S fo + - - - - + + ------3 4 (Link.) Th. Fr. Xanthoria fallex 19 (Hepp ex. Arnold) C fo - - - - - + ------3, 4 5 Arnold Xanthoria fulva 19 (Hoffm.) Poelt & S fo - - - - + - - - - - + ------6 Petut. Xanthoria 19 parietina (L.) Th. C fo - - + ------1, 2, 3 7 Fr. Beltr. Xanthoria 19 sorediata (Vain.) S fo ------+ - - 8 S. Kondratyuk & Karuefelt Xanthoria 19 ulophyllodes C fo + ------9 Räsänen 26 Thelotremataceae

Diploschistes 20 actinostomus (Pers S cr - - - - + ------0 in ach) Zahlbr. Diploschistes 20 scruposus T cr - - - - + ------+ - 2 1 (Schreb.) Norman 27 Umbilicariaceae

20 Lasallia pertusa S fo ------+ - - + - - - - 2 (Rass.) Llano 20 Umbilicaria indica S fo + ------3 Frey 28 Verrucariaceae

Dermatocarpon 20 miniatum (L.) S fo + + + + - + + - + + ------2, 4 4 Mann. Dermatocarpon 20 vellereum S fo + + + + + + + ------5 Zschacke Endocarpon 20 subrosettumA. T cr - - - - - + ------6 Singh & Upreti Total lichen 59 20 22 13 48 62 67 14 14 35 28 18 22 21 14 22 23 33 species C=Corticolous (growing on bark), T=Terricolous (growing on soil), S=Saxocolous (growing on rock), fr=Fruticose, fo=Foliose, cr=Crustose, 1= Traditional medicine, 2=Antimicrobial acticity, 3=Anticancer/Cytotoxicity, 4=Antioxidant/ tyrosinase ihibition, 5=Antiinflamatory, 6=Immunomodulating fr=30, f=116 cr=61 s=89 c=115 t=36

37 New York Science Journal 2016;9(9) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork

Antiinflam Immunomo Antioxidan atory, 1 dulating, 2 t/ tyrosinase ihibition, 7

Traditional medicine, 14

Anticancer/ Cytotoxicit y, 13 Antimicrob ial acticity, 24

Fig. A: Total medicinal lichen species which is present in NDBR, these lichen is using in India in different perposes

Medicinal lichens from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Forest

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 X. pulla X. X. fallex X. C. furcata C. P. canina P. . fimbriata . P. sulcata P. L. muralis L. X. elegans X. rmicularis L. retigera L. sinensis R. C. pyxidata C. ongissima cyanescens C caperata F. X. parietina X. E. prunastri E. P. rufescensP. D. miniatum D. P. reticulata P. E. nepalense E. P. squarrosaP. conspersa X. S. foliolosum S. scruposus D. P. tinctorium P. H. leucomela H. L. subflorida U. H. diademata H. P. praetextata P. D. l D. T. ve T. R. conduplicans R. P. membranacea P. P. praesorediosum P.

Traditional medicine Antimicrobial acticity Anticancer/Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant/ tyrosinase ihibition, Antiinflamatory, Immunomodulating

Fig. B: Medicinal importantnt lichen species, in India these lichen species are using in different medicinal aspect

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Conclusion From the present study it is evident that Nanda Acknowledgments Devi Biosphere Reserve is dominated by foliose lichen The author Dr. Shobha Rawat is grateful to the which show moist and healthy habitat in a forest Head, Lichenology, National Botanical Research succession. It is interesting to note that a Parmeliaceae Institute, Lucknow and Head, Department of Botany, group of lichen was dominant in study areas. Most of Soban Singh Jeena, Kumaun University, Lucknow, for genus in Parmeliaceae family having economically providing laboratory facilities and also grateful to the importance in India. It is good remarks foliose are UGC, New Delhi for financial support through Post growing luxuriantly in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Doctoral Fellowship. Reserve forest. Out of 206 species, 33 medicinally important species are present in study area, which References further apply for applied sciences. This information 1. Awasthi, D. D. 2000. A handbook of lichens will be definitely helpful for further medicinal and Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, pharmacopeia study in India. Ecologically lichens are India. probably the most important primary colonizers and 2. Pinokiyo, A. and Singh, K.P. (2004). Foliicolous stabilizers in an area. Lichens together with other lichen diversity in India. Phytotaxonomy, 4: 109- cryptogams plays important role in holding the soil in 121. place, prevent soil erosion, stabilishing the surface and 3. Singh, K.P. & Sinha, G.P. 2010. Indian Lichens building up humus to form more fertile soil. An Annotated Checklist. Botanical Survey of The moist forest of the Nanda Devi Biosphere India. Kolkata. Reserve is especially rich in lichens. The vegetation 4. Upreti D. K. and Joshi S. 2010. Lichen wealth of and altitudinal range make this district rich in lichen Uttrakhand and itsrole in economy of the state. diversity. The tall tree trunk and canopy of the forests In: Sigh M. and Paliwal A. K.. (Editors) contain more number of species because they are the Advancement Science and Technology, best site for the lichen growth. The large number of Jagdamba Publishing Company, New Delhi: 95- medicinal and economic value of these lichens, which 106. is using in world level but their local people using only 5. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P. (2009). one species only Thamnolia vermicularis. Present Lichen flora of Mandal and adjoining localities study will be help to local people for awareness, towards Ukhimath in Chamoli district of knowledge and medicinal prospect through this paper. Uttarakhand. Journal of Phytological Research Being a famous for tourist places in the Himalayas, the 22 (1) 47-52. Hemkund Sahib, Niti Pass, Badrinath, Valley of 6. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P. (2010). Flowers and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve receives a Lichen diversity in Valley of Flowers National large number of tourist activities throughout the year. Park Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. The area in and around Rini, 2 km before Belta, 1 km Phytotaxonomy 10 112-117. before Belta, and Srenikhal exhibit poor diversity of 7. Upreti, D. K. and P. K. Divakar (2011a). lichens due to heavy anthropogenic pressure. The Xanthoparmelia xizangensis (J. C. Wei) Hale, a present study clearly indicates that the lichen poor sites new record of lichen from India. Geophytology of the forest probably may be the result of the heavy 41 (1-2) 101-103. tourist pressure in the area. It has been observed in the 8. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P., present study that in many other sites of the forest the (2011b). Estimation of epiphytic lichen litter fall lichen population is decreasing fast. However, still a biomass in three temperate forests of Chamoli good number of lichen species are growing luxuriantly district, Uttarakhand, India. International Society in some difficult and inaccessible terrain. The present for Tropical Ecology 52 (2) 193-200. inventory of the lichens can be used as base line 9. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P. (2011c), information for future monitoring of lichen Lichen Diversity in Jumma and Malari area of biodiversity and other environmental studies in the Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. Biotic Potential different localities. The present work of lichen and Abiotic Stress, pp.142-152. enumeration will be helpful for future as commercial, 10. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P (2013a). economical, medicinal, traditional value and for Lichen diversity, Distribution and its Medicinal climate changes of the localities. This baseline properties in Joshimath-Jogidhara- Lata Ghursu information on lichen species in the localities will be forest, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttrakhand, India, useful for conservation policy formulation, Journal Of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, pharmacological, bioprospection, and biomonitoring 37:4 647-653. studies keeping in view of global warming and climate 11. Rawat, S., Singh, R. P. Upreti, D. K., (2013b). change. Lichen Flora of Niti Area From Garhwal

39 New York Science Journal 2016;9(9) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork

Himalaya, Uttarakhand, Journal of Nature and 17. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P. (2010). Science, (9), 103-105. Lichen diversity in Valley of Flowers National 12. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P (2014a). Park Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. ‘Macrolichen Biomass in Nanda Devi Biosphere Phytotaxonomy 10 112-117. Reserve, Chamoli District, Uttrarkhand, 18. Joshi, S., Upreti, D. K., Punetha, N., and Rawat, Geophytology 44 (2) 155-168. S., (2007). Diversity of Lichen from the Buffer 13. Rawat, S., Upreti, D. K. and Singh, R. P (2014b). zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. In Five New Lichens Records from India, Biodiversity Potentials of the Himalaya. Geophytology 44 (1): 77-80. Gyanodaya Prakashan. pp. 397-416. 14. Upreti, D.K. & H.R. Negi. 1995. Lichens of 19. Awasthi, D. D. 1988. A key to macrolichen of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Uttar Pradesh, India and Nepal. Journal Hattori. Bot. Lab. 65: India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic 207 -302. Botany 3:627-635. 20. Awasthi, D. D. 2000. A handbook of lichens 15. Negi, H. R. and Gadgil, M. 1996. Genus level Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, diversity in lichens of Nanda Devi Biosphere India. Reserve India, in Environment and Biodiversity 21. Divakar, P. K. and Upreti, D. K. 2005 Parmelioid in the context of south Asia (Eds. P K Jha, GPS Lichens in India. (A revisionary study). Edn. Ghmire, S.B. Karmacharya, S. R. Baral and P. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Deheradun. Lacoul). Ecological Society (ECOS), Nepal. Pp. 22. Nayaka, S. 2004. Revisionary studies on lichen 191-202. genus Lecanora sensu lato in India, Ph. D Thesis, 16. Joshi, S., Upreti, D. K., Punetha, N., and Rawat, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University S., (2007). Diversity of Lichen from the Buffer Faizabad, U.P., India. zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. In 23. Walker, F.J. & P.W. James. 1980. A revised Biodiversity Potentials of the Himalaya. guide to micro chemical technique for the Gyanodaya Prakashan. pp. 397-416. identification of lichen products. British Lichen Society Bulletin.46:13-29.

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