Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 Development And Performance Evaluation Of Screwed Electric Tyre/Tube Patching Vulcanizer

Akinnuli, B. O,1 Fasan , J. O2 and Yakubu, A. J3 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. 3Department of Computer Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Nigeria. E–mails: [email protected]*; [email protected]

Abstract—This research upgraded the old and sometime the use of inferior tubes. vulcanizing equipment to save time, investment, Punctured tube or tyre can be repaired by man power and to eliminate the problem of gas emission produced by the convectional (gas patching. The tube is removed from tyre to find fired) valcanizer in vulcanization. It also the leak by inflating the tube and submersing in determined the accurate temperature setting and water, bubble will appear when there is a leak, duration of vulcanizing process using a the spot is marked and the tube deflated and developed electronic vulcanizer. In constructing dried. this vulcanizer, a letter C body configuration made of mild steel with about 805mm long lag There are two ways to patch a tube that is either bolt with some electronic parts were installed, by cold patch or by hot patch. Cold patch like temperature gauge, digital timer, led, and method is the process in which the tube is heating element. Specifically, the product is cleaned, dried free from oil and grease. The area divided into different components: the frame, around the leak is roughed and covered with base plate, screw shaft and nut, heating chamber, heating element and temperature regulator. The vulcanized cement, which is allowed to dry until effectiveness level of the equipment was tested it is tacky [1]. The patch is pressed into the place utilizing three different temperatures at a and roded from the center out with the edge constant and variable time. For tube, the patch. While hot patch method is the process in o temperature is about 70 C, for vehicle tyre with which the tube is prepared in the same way as 1.5 – 3mm thickness is about 70oc, for truck tyre is about 90oC, The rate of energy consumed by for cold patch. The tools used by the vulcanizing the electronic vulcanizer is about Php 0.0757 include a piston or a hollow cylindrical object with an efficiency of 85.22% and for conventional e,g (engine cylinder inner) which is place over vulcanizer is about Php 1.08 with an efficiency of the patch, a clamp is then used to hold the piston 43.38%. The study revealed that more could is placed. If a hollow cylindrical object is used, a be vulcanized in a short period of time, therefore providing greater income over time. It is also little sand is poured on the patched area and environment-friendly since it does not emit paired on the sand [2].When the patch is ignited carbon dioxide as compared to the conventional the heat generated will vulcanize the patch. In a vulcanizing. The produced patching equipment is place where the piston is used, the piston is highly cost effective. It reduce its foreign cost by placed on the patched area and held firmly on the 30%. This will have high cumulative effect under mass production of the equipment. patch with the clamp [3]. A combustion material is then placed Keywords—Electric Tyre/Tube, Development, inside the piston and ignite as the material burns Performance Evaluation, Screwed, Patching, heat is generated and conducted the patch Vulcanizer through the piston there by vulcanizing the patch. It is obvious that hot patch method of I. INTRODUCTION vulcanizing described above cannot be done in an enclosed area, or inside a workshop because Truck, cars, motorcycle and Bicycle of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide owners sometimes face the problem of punctured gases which are form during combustion of fuel. tyre and this is as a result of bad roads, presence The tools used is this method of vulcanizing are of foreign material (sharp objects) on our roads

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12011 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 absolute and it take time to vulcanise a tube world countries, as the first – worlds never use [4]. some [7]. In an automobile industry, vulcanizing is The discovery of vulcanization was the process of cooking or the through Good year that rubber could be vulcanizing rubber heating it to a temperature of improved by processing it with other 120 to 1500C but the temperature of 1280C but substances, as Good year was displaying a is considered best a layer of 1-5 mm for mixture of rubber and sulphur, the piece slipped vulcanizing requires is to 20 minutes with 5 from his hand into five, when he looked it out additional minutes for each additional 1-5 mm he found to his amazement that the mass has layer. The vulcanizing can be heated by charred without meeting. Good year named this electrical power, gas gasoline or steam. Most process of combining rubber with sulphur by vulcanizing process carried out across the heat vulganization. Later he discovered that the country today is still using the absolute tools addition of line, magnesium and lead and equipment and this involves the burring of compounds speed up the vulcanization process. fuel to generate heat required. This method, [8] and [9]. In the process of vulcanization, apart from being time consuming it consists a sulphur atom cross links between the chain health hazard such as hyocardial is chemia molecule of rubber, tying then firmly together. (along disease) accompanied by angina to the The vulganization process causes some striking person carrying out the vulcanizing process and changes in the property of rubber. Its strengths people within the vicinity where the vulcanizing is increased and it can be stretched to greater is being done. It can also lead to fire hazard on length than before. It will no longer dissolve in the fuel is highly inflammable [5]. gasoline or benzene, through it will swell up if In view of the above problems, there is it is soaked in them. [9]. need for electric vulcanizing machine to be developed, the electricity energy is converted to 1.2 Class of Vulcanizing heat energy which requires for the heating of Newly discovered rubber classes such as the patch on the tyre. The vulcanizing vulcanizing gum are now utilized for repairing temperature produce by the heating element will worm out rubber, such as an automobile tire. be conducted to the plate (housing), to the Vulcanizing gum is classified according to its heating element and the temperature will be texture, binding temperature and the content of with, the aid of thermostat regulated. accelerators. The three classes of gum were as follows: a) Class A usually bonds on the rubber 30 – 1.1 Vulcanizing 700C and is smooth. In the automobile industry, vulcanizing is b) Class B usually bonds on the rubber 35 - the process by which the physical properties of 800C and is moderately rough natural or synthesis rubber are improved; c) Class C usually bonds on the rubber 45 – finished rubber has strength and is resistance to 900C [10]. swelling and elastic over a greater range of temperature. In its simplest form, heating rubber Actually there are new vulcanizing equipment in with suphur bring about vulcanization, in the the market plus the internet ads, there are some o modern practice a temperature of 140 C to vulcanizes that are electrically operated but they o 180 c is develop and in addition to Sulphur don’t have timer nor temperature control. accelerating, carbon, black oxides is usually Commercial vulcanized (electric and manual) if added, not merely as an extender, but to not properly used the vulcanize gum may be improve further the qualities of the rubber [6]. burnt even with the tire; this hold true with Vulcanizing gum which is classified as ready to manually operated machine, compared to the heat rubber, is now utilized to repaire worn out manually operated vulcanizing equipment, this interior/ exterior rubber tires with the help of electronic operated vulcanize saves time, labor vulcanizing equipment certain problems such as money, and man power in the vulcanizing shop inaccuracy of the product are evident in third – operation. The flow chart of the study is shown in figure.1.

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12012 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020

Input Process output

Heat element Welding boring Portable electronic

temperature meter, connection of wires vulcanizing timer meter relay soldering of terminal equipment lead monitor buzzer reveting bolting, steel plate power panel board testing switch product data gathering.

Fig. 1.1: Flow chart for portable electronic vulcanizing equipment (Liming et al., 2018). Other types of vulcanize is convectional pressure and temperature. A typical types which make use of gas emission by vulcanization temperature for a passenger tire is burning diesel which produce a lot of carbon 10 minutes at 1700C [14]. Vulcanization is the monoxide. Also we have solar vulcanizer which chemical process by which the physical uses sun power foe vulcanization the solar power properties of are improved; operated vulcanize is an environmentally finished rubber has higher strength and friendly equipment. Its design is considered for resistance to swelling and abrasion and elastic greening the world to be lived from generation to over a range of temperature. In a simplest form, generation [11]. The modernization of this heating rubber with sulfur brings about gadded is introduced for the benefit of mankind, vulcanization. Data on table 1 and 2 shows that renewable energy dramatically lowers pollution the three vulcanizes has the best temperature of emission, reduces environmental health risks and 60oc which given when bonded exactly to the slow the deflation of finite natural resources rubber tire. For convectional vulcanize; the rate [12]. Renewable energy is derived from the sun, of energy consumption at php 1.08 and wind, water or earth core. It can also be derived efficiency of 43.38%, while the class B gum the from biomass. And all this energy varies. It can rate of energy consumption of php 1.52 and with not be available at all time, compare with the use an efficiency of 78.08%. for an electronic of standard generator powered to produce vulcanize: the rate of energy consumption at php current to functionalized the device.[13]. o.15 and with an efficiency of 85.22%. for solar vulcanize: the rate energy consumption of 1.3 Vulcanization Method 0.0033 and efficiency of 85.22%, while the class A variety of method exist for B gum, the efficiency of 85.22 [15]. vulcanization economically most important method (vulcanization of tires) uses high

Table 1: Time, temperature, power, fuel consumption of solar power, electronic and convectional vulcanization.

Table of Time in minutes Temperature in Power/fuel consumption vulcanizer 0oC A B A B A B Solar 1 2 60 60 0.005kW/h 0.10kW/h Electronic 1 2 60 60 0.005kW/h 0.10kW/h Convectional 5 10 60 60 200ml 30ml [16].

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12013 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 Table 2: Efficiency and rate of energy consumed (php) of solar power Electronic /convectional vulcanize

Types of Cost in kw/hr Rate of energy Results Efficiency (%) vulcanize Gas ml consumption Class A B A B A B A B Solar Php 0.0067 Php Php Best Bonding 85.22% 0.0033 0.067 Electronic Php 0.0067 Php0.0757 Php 0.15 Best Bonding 85.22% Convectional Php 0.0067 Php 1.08 Php 1.52 Good 43.30%/78.08% Bonding [16]. TRMG made the following recommendations; rasp provides a clean/ even surface for Tires that are manufactured with puncture adhesion of the new tread rubber. sealing capabilities require specialized repair h) Buffer template: a machine device of a techniques. The tire and or sealant manufactures specified shape used to obtain the should be Contacted for recommendations. It required buffed tire radius. [18]. may be necessary to repeat the pre-cleaning process) to ensure that the repair area is free of The tread rubber and Tire Repair materials contaminants [17]. Group (TRMG) has released additional recommended practices (RPs) for 1.4 Key Repair Terminology (From Buff retreading and repairing through the Tire Contour to Buffing Template) Retread and Repair Information Bureau (TRIB) website. The RPs are free to view on Whether attempting a minor rubber repair, the TRIBs website. www.retread.org. [18]. only time a repair can be made in the bead area, puncture nail hole repair or section repair, one TRMG advices selecting the appropriate of the key step involves buffing. repair unit either a one or two piece repair, based on repair material manufacturer Buffing terms and meaning: recommendation. “for inquries with an angle greater than 25 degrees, depending on repair a) Buff contour; the specified shape of a manufacturer use a two- piece unit system buffed area. [19]. b) Buffing: removal of the previously vulcanized rubber surface. 1.5 Puncture Repairs c) Buff line: the dividing line in the cross The big different between light truck tires section of tire between the buffed surface below Load range E and LT tires Load Rang E of the original tire and the new treaded and above is the size of the permissible puncture rubber. repair. Both repairs should be limited to the d) Buff radius: a measurement of the buffed treaded area only, but light truck radial fabric surface curvature from shoulder to body ply tire. Puncture repairs should not exceed shoulder. ¼ inch (6.0 mm) in diameter after preparation e) Buff surface: a specially repaired surface (Jiada et al., 2019; Lifeng at el., 2020; Javier et of a tire casing or repair area to provide al., 2019). They went further and said for light proper texture to help promote adhesion truck radial steel body ply tires, the puncture to the new rubber. repair should not exceed ¼ inch (6.00 mm) in f) Buffed texture: that surface produced by diameter after preparation buffing rasping or cutting as standard by the rubber manufacturer association. g) Buffer: a machine use to rasp the old

tread from the casing. A powered rotary

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12014 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 1.6 Cleaning Tips and (b) Heating time as per thickness of TRMG recommend removing all tyres/tubes. contaminants from around the injury. However, this has become more problematic with the increased popularity of puncture sealants. 2.2 Machine Description Whether they are purchased in the aftermarket or The patching equipment comprises three major come with vehicles without spares, they also units: need to be removed. (i) The frame unit

(ii) The screw shaft unit (iii) The heating chamber and the base of the equipment. II. MATERIAL AND METHOD The frame is like letter “C” turned backward in standing on the bottom plate by welding method. The patcher/sealing equipment was The screw shaft unit which comprises the shaft developed to solely handle the patching process wheel for pressure loading and release on the of an injured tyre or tyre tubes. The stages of tyre to be repaired. The heating chamber which research work involved; design comprise the heating element and the base plate conceptualization, design of the equipment, on which the tyre or tube are placed during fabrication of the designed equipment and patching process, the base plate is the one that testing of the machine to evaluate its carries all the load and positioned them for performance. stability, also timer is used to check the time when the patching is done. 2.1 Design Conceptualization In order to effectively develop the tyre 2.3 Design Analysis of the Vulcanizer patching equipment and its components, various Machine factors were considered which directly deal with the function of the equipment and its The components of the equipment are: The components, material selection, environmental frame, Base plate, Screw shaft and nuts, Heating usage, the end users and the interest of the chamber, and Temperature regulator. designer. Some of factors considered for the equipment’s development are: (i) Design analysis of the frame Cost, Strength, Varieties of tyres/tubes, Tyre The material used is column angle iron of mild damage, Durability of the equipment, Ease of steel, the frame was designed to hold firm the component production, Ease of assembly, order machine component for an effective Integrity and High efficiency. Some design operation. It is of 850mm in height, 450mm base parameters were selected based on data obtained length. from related literatures on tyre patching and such parameters are listed; (a) Heating element power

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12015 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020

2.3.1 Determination of the centroidal axes (IXC , Iyc , ru and ry).

yc x

a1

850mm

x c a2 a3

90

450mm

Fig. 2.1: Determination of the centroidal axes (IXC , Iyc , ru and ry).

The ‘X’ centroidal axis lie at one half the height. each part to the ‘xc’ axis. The total moment of The location of the ‘Y’ centroidal axis must be inertial is then; determined. The channel was broken into three 2 areas as a1 , a2 , and a3 respectively. IXC = IX + Ad y - - - (2.1) Ix is the moment of inertial of each component part with respect to the ‘X’ centroidal axis of While each part. 2 Iyc =IY +Ad x - - - (3.2) Dy is the transfer distance of each component part measured from the ‘x’ centroidal axis of Table 2.1: Computation table

2 2 S/N Shape Area X Ax Ix dy Ad y Iy dx Ad x 2 4 4 4 (mm ) (mm) (mm) (mm ) (mm) (mm ) (mm) (mm) (mm ) 6 1. a1 40,500 225 9.11x10 27.34x 450 6.64x 68.34 40,32 6.558 (450)( 106 109 x106 9 x1013 90) 6 2. a2(625 56,250 312.5 17.58x10 37.97x 0 0 27.34 55,98 1.763 )(90) 106 x106 9 x1014 6 3. a3 40,500 225 9.11x10 27.34x 405 6.64x 68.34 40,23 6.558 (450)( 106 109 x107 9 x1013 90) Total 137,250 260.8 35.80x106 92.65x 13.28x 13.94 3.075 4 106 109 x108 x1014

3 3 6 IX1=1/12bh =1/12x450x90 =1/12(328,050,000) 35.80 x 10 =27,337,500 = 27.34x106 x   260.84mm 3 3 137,250 Ix2 = 1/12bh = 1/12x625x90 6 1 =1/12(455,626,000) = 37,968,750 =37.97x10 퐼푦 = (푏ℎ3) = 68.34 × 107푚푚4 1 12 www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12016 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 1 Note from data n    30 since the index angle 퐼푦 = (푏ℎ3) = 27.34 × 106푚푚4 2 12 is so small. Then dy1  dy 3  405, dx1  dx 3  x1 - x  40,500 - 260.84  40,239.16   0.0509  12/0.866   T  4000 0.00546    (0.25(0.006) 1-(0.12)(0.0509)/0.866  dx2  x2 - x - 56,250 - 260.84  55,989.16     2 4 13 From Table 2.1 a1  Ad mm  6.558 x 10 2 2 4 14 Screw torque + collar torque = 4.16 + 6 = a  Ad mm  1.763x10 10.16Nm 3 2 4 13 a  Ad mm  6.558 x 10 The section A-A above the nut, is subjected to 2 Total  Ad  3.075 x 1014 torques and bending. Also the section B-B below x the nut is subjected to torque and direct 2 퐼푋퐶 = 퐼푥 + 퐴푑푦 compressive load. It will be necessary to check 9 4 = 13.373x10 mm Tr 2 both sections for maximum shear stress S3  퐼푦퐶 = 퐼푦 + 퐴푑푥 J  3.075 x1014mm 4 - - - (3.4) (10.16)(0.00493)   54.3MN/M 2 표 퐼푋퐶 -9 휏푥 = √ 0.924 x 10 퐴 Where T = 10.16 Nm (from above) 3 9.85  9.870 x10 r  r  mm, j  1  r 4  0.924x10 -9 m  2 2 c 4 표 퐼푦퐶 휏푦 = √ M bc 퐴 Bending stress, St  (3.5) I 표 6 휏푦= 1.497x10 (12)(0.00493) 2 표 3  128MN / m 휏푥 = 9.870x10 0.462x10 9 Where (ii) Design Analysis of the Screw shaft M 6  (80)(0.15)  12 Nm, C  r  4.93mm Determination of the required torque the and I  1  r 4  0462 x10-9 m4 following data were collected from data table for 4  the design of the required torque: 1 S 2 Maximum share stress max   2  Ss - - - ISO meteric threads 2 t Pitch = 1.75mm (single-thread) (3.6) Outside diameter = 12mm 2 Root diameter = 9.853mm  83.9MN / m 2 W Root area = 76.25mm The direct compressive stress r S  - - - Coefficient of thread friction = 0.12(=f) c A Coefficient of collar friction = 0.25 (fc) (3.7) Mean collar radius = 6mm 8400 =  52.5 MN/m 2 Load required W = 4000N  (0.00985) 2 / 4 Operator can comfortably exert a force of 80N at Hence the maximum shear stress rs the end of the turning wheel 2 2 2 The torque Required “T”  (max)  (52.5/2)  (32)  41.4MN/m

 o  tan  f/cosn   It is hereby concluded that the maximum shear 2 T  W rm    f c rc x - - - stress ours at section A – A is 83.9MN/m  1- f tan/cosn   The bearing pressure on the thread ‘P’ (3.3) W Where r  1 (12  9.853)  5.46mm P   m 4 2 r h Lead 1.75 n m ` tan    0.0508 nut length 2r 2 (5.46) n  , h  r - r m pitch 0 0

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12017 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 12 -9.853 E    % h   1.07mm f I 2 0.004(4000 ) 16 1   80% rm  4  0.25 0.00000795 (4000) x 2 0.19993 4000 P  mm P  1,132N/mm 2 (iv) Determination of the weight of the 2 3142x14.3x0.25x1.07 equipment The total weight is the weight of the; (iii) Screw press Efficiency Determination frame + screws shaft + screw wheel + heating E f chamber cover and regulator switch which are

negligible. This can also be added by weighing Output work per turn 0.054W them and add their weight to the first three E f   2 - - - input work per turn (0.00348N) weights (3.9) (a) Area of the frame (thickness of plate used -6 Note 7.95X10 (selected from data available) 3mm) 277

90 A 282 B

C 627 90

450

Assuming all shapes are rectangular 277 Area of a1= 90 x2 A1 277

Fig. 2.2: Determination of the weight of the 85,000mm2 equipment Total Area of frame : A + B + C + D 2 a2 = 100 x 2 = (86,260 + 53,580 + 85,000)mm - - A1 = 2(277x90) + A2= 2(277x100) (3.10) 2 2 A1 = 40,860mm +45,400 =224,840 mm 2 A1 = a1 + a2 = 86,260mm Since the thickness of plate used is 3mm. Area B 90 Therefore volume = Area x Thickness Volume = TA X t - - - (3.11) 282 = 224,840 x 3 = 674,520mm 3 Convert to m3 = 0.00067452m3 b1 = 282 x 100 + b2 = 282 x 90 100 Density of the mild steel = 7858kg/m3 BArea = b1 + b2 mass = 28,200 + 25380 Since Density = - - - (3.12) volume B = 53,580mm3 Area Mass of the frame = Density x Volume Area C = C + C 1 2 M= DV =450x90+ 450x100 M = 7858kg/m3 x 0.00067452m3 =40,500 + 45,000

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12018 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 M = 5.300378kg Total volume of the lower shaft and housing Weight of the frame; W = mg - - - (3.13) Tv = 0.00007281585 + 0.000084834 W = 5.300378kg x 9.81 = 0.00015764985m3 = 51.996N  52N Mass = Density x Volume Weight of the screw shaft M = DV wheel = 143, shaft = 607, width of the shaft = = 7858kg/m3 x 0.00015764985m3 30mm M = 1.239x 1010kg Area of the wheel; 퐴 = 휋푟2 W = 12.153N Length of the wheel = circumference = 2πr Volume of the wheel = 휋푟2 x 2πR - - - (3.14) Total weight of the vulganizer machine V = 휋푟2 x 2πR = 3.142 (1.5)2 x 2(3.142) Twv = weight of the frame + weight of upper 143 screw shaft + weight of the lower plate shaft + weight of the lower base shaft housing 2 Twv = (52+ 0.58 + 12.153)N = 3 =65.11N 3,176.37m Mass = DV 3 (v) Design of the heating chamber = 7858 x 0.00000317637m This was done base on the available data. From Mass of the screw shaft = the data the following data were selected since 0.02495991546kg 2 this unit were not fabricated they are bought out Volume = πr l - - - (3.15) good and required value are available aready. 2 = 3.142 (1.5) x 607 Therefore for the production of this vulcanizer 3 = 4,291.1865mm patch equipment the following component and 3 = 0.0000042911865m value were selected; Mass = DV power of the heating element = 500w 3 3 = 7858kg/m x 0.0000042911865m voltage = 220v = 0.033720143517kg vulcanizer temperature =30 – 900c Total mass of the screw shaft vulcanizer time less than 7minutes Tss = weight of the wheel + weight of the screw shaft 2.4 Summary of the designed parameter = (0.02495991546 + 0.033720143517)kg of the vulcanizer = 0.058680058977kg Frame centroid in the x- axis (Ixc) = 13.373 x Weight of the shaft W. = mg 109mm4 = (0.058680058977 x 9.81)N Frame centroid in the Y- axis (Iyc) = 3.075 x = 0.57565137kg  0.58N 1014mm4 Screwshaft pitch = 1.75mm The mass of the lower shaft for lower plate Shaft outside diameter = 30mm Root diameter 2 Volume =  r L =28.853mm 2 = 3.142 x (15) x103 Root area =76.25mm2 3 = 72,815.85mm = Coefficient of thread friction =0.12 (=f) 3 0.00007281585m Coefficient of collar radius =0.25 (=fe) 30 the shaft housing Mean collar radius =6mm

103 Design load =4000N Torque =10.16NM 40 Bending stress =128MN/M2 Maximum shear stress 2 2 Volume = ( r L -  r )L =83.9MN/M2 2 2 =( 3.142 30 – 3.142 x 15 ) 40 Operator force to exerted =80N 3 = 84,834mm Bearing pressure 3 = 0.000084834m =1,132N/mm2

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12019 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 Efficiency of screw press =80% b. Tube procedure; Total weight of vulcanizer =65.11N Power of the heating element =500N The process involves: Voltage =220V i. Cleaning the affected surface Vulcanizer temperature =30 – 90oc ii. Applying glue Vulcanizer time =less than iii. Place the patching pad on the affected 7minutes area iv. Place a paper across the surface of the 2.5 Patching Procedure patching pad The patching procedure covers both tyre and v. Then take the tube to the machine by tubes placing the affected area between the a. Tyre procedure heating chamber and thighting it down to The following steps are taken in repairing tyres; create pressure on the punctured side i. Note and mark the affected area with vi. Plug to electrical circuit and observe the white materials or chalk sealing process according to the stated ii. Widen the tyre in use a wood to hold the temperature above but depending on the tyre from returning back to its original thickness. width vii. Screw it up after which the temperature iii. Clean the surface affected area with , also have reach clean the punch emery cloth ole with a viii. Use water to poured on the surface gently round file. rob the paper away from the patch area. iv. Apply a glue on the affected surface and III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the hole. v. Use a small rubber to fill the hole 3.1 Results depending on the thickness of the tyre The results generated from this research covers vi. Place patching pad on the inner surface the designed values of the patching equipment of the affected area (vulcanizer), the experiment results collected vii. Place a paper across the surface of the from the use of the vulcanizer in order to patching pad evaluate its performance. The designed analysis viii. Then take the tyre to the machine by results for the vulcanizer are: placing the affected area between the Frame centroid in the x- axis (Ixc) = 13.373 x 9 4 heating chamber and thighting it down to 10 mm , Frame centroid in the Y- axis (Iyc) = create pressure on the punctured side 3.075 x 1014mm4, Screw shaft pitch 1.75mm, ix. Plug to electrical circuit and observe the Shaft outside diameter 30mm, Root diameter sealing process according to the stated 28.853mm, Root area 76.25mm2, Coefficient of temperature above but depending on the thread friction 0.12 (=f), Coefficient of collar thickness. radius 0.25 (=fe), Mean collar radius 6mm, x. Screw it up after which the temperature Design load 4000N, Torque 10.16NM,Bending have reach stress 128MN/M2, Maximum shear stress xi. Use water to poured on the surface gently 83.9MN/M2, Operator force to exerted rob the paper away from the patch area. 80N, Bearing pressure 1,132N/mm2, Efficiency of screw press 80%, Total weight of vulcanizer 65.11N, Power of the heating element 500N, Voltage 220V, Vulcanizer temperature 30 – 90oc, Vulcanizer time less than 7minutes.

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12020 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 Table 3.1.Experimental results

Sample Thickness(mm) Temperature (Ooc) Vulganizer time (mint) Standard value(tube) 1 30-70 7 Car/buses TA 0.8 50 4 TB 0.5 55 3 TC 0.6 60 4 TD 0.7 60 5 TAV 0.65 56.3 4 Standard value(tube) 7 3.42 30-80 Truck/tractor TA 2.51 65 6 TB 2.56 70 5 TC 3.01 75 6 TD 2.90 68 5 TAV 2.75 70 5.5 Standard value(tyre) Car/buses 6.5 50-90 7 TyA 5.5 75 6 TYB 5.7 80 5 TyC 6.0 85 5.5 TyD 5.9 87 6 TYav 5.8 82 5.6 Standard value(tyre) Truck/tractor 200 100-120 7 TyA 150 100 6.5 TyB 130 95 5.5 TyC 145 90 6.0 TyD 180 100 6.5 TyAV 151.25 96.3 6.1

Table 3.2 Shows average of the data collected from the sample which will describe how the graph should be.

Table 3.2: Average data collected from the samples

Vulganizer time Sample Thickness mm Temperature (Ooc) (minit) Tube. (Car/buses) 0.65 56.3 4 Tube. (Truck/tractor) 2.75 68 5 Tyre. (Car/buses) 5.8 82 5.6 Tyre. (Tractor/truck) 151.25 93.3 6.1

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12021 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 3.3 Cost Analysis The production cost of the patching equipment is as shown in table 3.3. Table 3.3: Production cost of the patching equipment S/N MATERIALS PRICE (N) 1. Rectangular body frame using 2” by 2” thick angle 14,000 iron 2. Lead screws 15,000 3. Heating chamber 15,000 4. Heating elements 3,000 5. Temperature controller with sensor 6,000 6. Base plate 2,000 7. Electrical equipment installations 3,500 8. Miscellaneous expenses 30,000 Total 88500

6

5

4

3 thickness (mm) 2 temperature (oc) 1 vulcanizer time (mint) 0

Figure 3.1: Production cost of the patching equipment

3.4 Discussion a. car and buses tyres: the thickness were between 5.8-6.5mm based on the wear level The vulcanizer has been well designed of each tyre. Their average patching time is with the specification listed under results. This 5.6minutes which is 1.4mins less than the specification made it producible and maximum time of 7minutes at 30-80oc. reproducible anywhere in the world and still b. truck and tractor tyre: their thickness varies follow the same performance. While two types between 147.5-200mm due to their wear of different manufacturer, ( and level. Their average patching time is Goodyear) are used.

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12022 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 6.1minutes which is 0.9 less than maximum 59 (S1) , E367-E374. DOI: time of 7minutes. 10.1002/pen.24989.

The performance on the vulcanizing tubes of [4]. Y. Liu, J. Huang, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, L. 1mm and that of patching temperature of the Cao, Y. Chen. ‘Influence of selective tube is between 30-70oC with time spent of distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles on 4minutes from the average of set of sizes used, shape memory behavior of co-continuous compared with maximum time of 7minutes. It PLA/NR/SiO2 TPVs. Materials saves 3minutes. Chemistry and Physics’ 2020, 242, 122538. DOI: IV. CONCLUSION 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122538.

4.1 Conclusion [5]. S. Liu, Y. Lin, Y. Wei, S. Chen, J. Zhu, The aim of this research has been L. Liu. ‘A high performance self-healing achieved by it the development of the patching strain sensor with synergetic networks of equipment and its performance was evaluated. It poly(ɛ-caprolactone) microspheres, has been designed, fabricated and tested to know graphene and silver nanowires. its level of performance. Composites Science and Technology’ Details of its good performance, made 2017, 146, 110-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.03.044. the equipment fit for commercialization as it met the required engineering and economic values. [6]. J.-Hui Chen, X.-Pei An, Y.Dong Li, M. Wang, J.-Bing Zeng. ‘Reprocessible V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Epoxy Networks with Tunable Physical The authors appreciate the Technologists, Properties: Synthesis, Stress Relaxation Technicians and other staff of and Recyclability. Chinese Journal of Industrial/Production Engineering Science 2018, 36 (5) , 641-648. department, Federal University DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2027-9. Technology Akure, Nigeria; who had in one way or the other contributed to this [7]. J. Liu, D. Li, X. Zhao, J. Geng, J. Hua, X. research. Wang. ‘Buildup of Multi-Ionic Supramolecular Network Facilitated by REFERENCES In-Situ Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite in 1,2-Polybutadiene. [1]. F. Hajiali, A. Shojaei, Network structure ’ 2019, 11 (3) , 492. DOI: and mechanical properties of 10.3390/polym11030492. polydimethylsiloxane filled with [8]. S. Stein, A. Mordvinkin, B. Voit, H. nanodiamond – Effect of degree of Komber, K. Saalwächter, F. Böhme. silanization of nanodiamond. Composites ‘Self-healing and reprocessable bromo Science and Technology 2017, 142, 227- butylrubber based on combined ionic 234. DOI: cluster formation and hydrogen bonding. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.02.005. ’ 2020, 11 (6) , 1188- [2]. Q. Zeng; Y. Feng, R. Wang, M. Piming. 1197. DOI: 10.1039/C9PY01630A. ‘Fracture behavior of highly toughened [9]. Y. Wang, Z. Gong, C. Xu, Y. Chen. poly(lactic acid)/ethylene-co-vinyl ‘Poly (vinylidene acetate blends. e-Polymers 2018, 18 (2) , fluoride)/fluororubber/ rubber 153-162. DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017- vulcanizates prepared 0114. through core-shell dynamic [3]. Y. Zhang, H. Li, C. Li, X. Chen, ‘Alan vulcanization: Formation of different Lesser. Investigation of “Zn 2+ salt- rubber/ interfaces via controlling bondings” cross linked ENR with shape the core from “soft” to “hard”. Materials memory effect via ionic interactions. Chemistry and Physics’ 2017, 195, 123- Polymer Engineering & Science[ 2019,

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12023 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 131. DOI: reinforcing effect of graphene-zinc 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.04.016. dimethacrylate on EPDM and improvement mechanism of sealing [10]. L. Cao, D. Yuan, X. Fu, Y. Chen. ‘Green resilience’. Composites Part A: Applied method to reinforce with Science and Manufacturing 2019, 121, tunicate cellulose nanocrystals via one- 254-264. DOI: pot reaction. Cellulose’ 2018, 25 (8) , 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.03.039. 4551-4563. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018- 1877-1. [16]. J. Huang, W. Mou, W. Wang, F. Lv, Y. Chen. ‘Influence of DCP content on the [11]. J. Fan, L. Cao, J. Huang, D. Yuan, Y. toughness and morphology of fully Chen. ‘The construction and verification biobased ternary PLA/NR-PMMA/NR of toughening model and formula of TPVs with co-continuous phase binary poly(lactic acid)-based TPV with structure’. Polymer- Technology co-continuous structure. Materials and Materials 2020, 59 (6) , 674-684. Chemistry and Physics’ 2019, 231, 95- DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1695265. 104. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.04.014. [17]. J. Nie, W. Mou, J. Ding, Y. Chen. ‘Bio- based epoxidized natural rubber/chitin [12]. X. Ji, M. Zhang, H. Yin, Y. Lyu, M. nanocrystals composites: Self-healing Hoch, X. Shi. ‘Properties and mechanism and enhanced mechanical properties. of EVM–GMA terpolymer Composites Part B: Engineering’ 2019, cross-linked by epoxy–anhydride 172, 152-160. DOI: reaction’. Polymer Bulletin 2020, 70 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.04.035. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03133-3 [18]. L. Ma, W. Yang, C. Jiang. ‘Stretchable [13]. L. Cao, A. Zheng, X. Cao, D. Yuan, C. conductors of multi-walled carbon Xu, Y. Chen. ‘Morphology and non- nanotubes (MWCNTs) filled isothermal crystallization of dynamically thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) vulcanized PP/EPDM blends in situ composites with enhanced compatibilized via magnesium electromagnetic nterference shielding dimethacrylate. Polymer Testing’ 2017, performance. Composites Science and 62, 68-78. DOI: Technology’ 2020, 195, 108195. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.06.014. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108195. [14]. M. Hernández Santana, M. Huete, P. [19]. Javier Araujo-Morera, M. Hernández Lameda, J. Araujo, R. Verdejo, M. A. Santana, R. Verdejo, M. Angel López- López-Manchado. ‘Design of a new Manchado. ‘Giving a Second generation of sustainable SBR Opportunity to Tire Waste: An compounds with good trade-off between Alternative Path for the Development of mechanical properties and self-healing Sustainable Self-Healing Styrene– ability’. European Polymer Journal 2018, Butadiene Rubber Compounds 106, 273-283. DOI: Overcoming the Magic Triangle of Tires. 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.040. Polymers 2019, 11 (12) , 2122. DOI: [15]. Z. Yuan, W. Li, C. Li, L. Ye. 10.3390/polym11122122. ‘Construction of multiple crosslinking networks in EPDM rubber: Synergistic

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12024 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020 Appendices I: Isometric drawing of the vulcanizer machine

Appendices II: side and front view of the vulcanizer machine

Appendices III: plan(top) view of the vulcanizing machine

www.jmest.org JMESTN42353364 12025 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 7 Issue 6, June - 2020

Appendices iv: othogragphy drawing of the vulganizing machines

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