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REPRESENTING the DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY: UNVEILING the SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION of an INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DARIO RODIGHIERO Beyond That Sign

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REPRESENTING the DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY: UNVEILING the SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION of an INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DARIO RODIGHIERO Beyond That Sign THE PARSONS INSTITUTE 68 Fifth Avenue 212 229 6825 FOR INFORMATION MAPPING New York, NY 10011 piim.newschool.edu Today the scientific community refers to this practice Representing the Digital Humanities as Information Design. Robert Jacobson, one of Community: Unveiling the pioneers in this field, defines Information Design The Social Network Visualization as the discipline whose “purpose is the systematic arrange- ment and use of communication carriers, channels, of an International Conference and tokens to increase the understanding of those participating in a specific conversation or discourse”. DARIO RODIGHIERO The conceptualization of this domain was first introduced in the 1970s and became official with the publication KEYWORDS Actor-network theory, data visualization, of the Information Design Journal in 1979. However, interpretant, semiotics, social network visualization important thinkers such as Charles Joseph Minard, John Snow, Florence Nightingale and Otto Neurath previ- ABSTRACT This paper deals with the sense of represent- ously carried out some significant works in this field. ing both a new domain as Digital Humanities and In recent years, other areas of study entered Informa- its community. Based on a case study, where a set of tion Design with different denominations. One of visualizations was used to represent the community these is Data Visualization, a recent domain that attending the international Digital Humanities conference explores how digital data can be portrayed. Now “Data of 2014 in Lausanne, Switzerland, the meaning of Visualization” as a term is in wide-spread use all over representing a community is investigated in the light the world; it is common to come across writings, courses, of the theories of three acknowledged authors, namely and web sites related to this domain: FlowingData is Charles Sanders Peirce for his notion of the interpretant, one of them, a web magazine whose payoff is “Data Ludwig Wittgenstein for his insights on the use of Visualization, Infographics and Statistics”. language, and finally Bruno Latour for his ideas of This article expands on the notion that it can be representing politics. reductive to only speak about visualization. In the past, There results a proposal to designing and interpreting people who lived in Valcamonica were not simply social network visualizations in a more thoughtful way, drawing what they saw; rather they used images to while remaining aware of the relation between objects represent their community and their lives. What they in the real world and their visualizations. As this type drew was not just a sign, they also implied a behavior of work pertains to a wider scope, we propose bringing a theoretical framework to a young domain such as data visualization. In Valcamonica, a valley close to Brescia in the north of Italy, there is the largest number of prehistoric petroglyphs in the world. Here, UNESCO identified about 140,000 different drawings. But the actual number is likely twice as much because some of them are still covered by vegetation. All these incisions date back to different ages: Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Copper Age, etc., until the Middle Age. This corresponds to a long period, about six or eight millenniums, where people have used this kind of visual communication. Historical information has been deduced from these drawings: people living in that area practiced agriculture, fought to protect their community, hunted wild animals, and prayed according to their religious beliefs. For thousands of years, people living Figure 1: The network visualization based on authors and there represented their world through visualization. keywords derived from publications. PIIM IS A RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT © 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR FACILITY AT THE NEW SCHOOL INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING REPRESENTING THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY: UNVEILING THE SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DARIO RODIGHIERO beyond that sign. Illustrations are meaningful because Subsequently the original network was split in two they represent something important to the community; networks: the first representing the authors, the consequently, it is fundamental that those who observe second the keywords. The purpose was to simplify them also detect the object indicated so as to hear the visualization in order to make it more comprehensible. the voice of the community who drew the sign. To This network represents all authors attending the investigate this theme, the argument should be built conference who had entered at least one submission. by investigating the relationship between visualization The authors in the middle of the network are the most and representation, as can be shown by a practical linked, both due to their co-authoring and to common example of design; the brand image of DH2014, keywords. In fact, this is not just a network showing who the Digital Humanities conference that took place at published with whom, but also a network displaying the EPFL and UNIL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. authors with shared keywords or, in other words, who The idea was to represent the Digital Humanities worked on the same theme. (DH) domain as a pattern that could be beautiful and The force-directed graph, arranged by combining ductile, which would allow it to be used as a brand image ForceAtlas 2 and Fruchterman–Reingold algorithms, for producing posters, covers, banners, etc. The DHLAB, makes identification of author clusters easy. Due to laboratory in Digital Humanities at EPFL, one of the these algorithms, the spatial disposition doesn’t have organizers of the conference, accomplished this task a disposition based on coordinates, rather its relevance by using the conference data set—in particular the is in terms of proximity; the closer two authors are, submission information. By analyzing this data it was the more documents or interests they share. possible to create a network visualization based on The social network of authors was printed and placed authors and keywords derived from the metadata found in front of the conference’s entrance. Due to its large size in all papers and posters accepted for the conference. All this visualization, reified in a carpet, gave participants the keywords of each document were linked, as well as a clear invitation to exploration. As shown in the photo- all authors of each document. Then, the authors and graph, authors were attempting to locate themselves on keywords of each document were linked. The three sets of the map. What soon became a game was a perfect mix links were merged to form a unique network that provided between entertainment and examination; each person a representation of the DH community’s complexity. followed their personal path within the social network. Figure 2: Conference authors represented by co-authoring Figure 3: The authors network visualisation and shared keywords. materialized in a red carpet, placed just in front of the conference entrance. PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING © 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR VOLUME VII ISSUE 2, SPRING 2015 INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS [PAGE 2] INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING Anas Fahad Khan Ouafae Nahli Vania Baldi Drayton Callen Benner Mark Wolff Lev Manovich Federico Boschetti Angelo Mario Del Grosso Karin Gross John Macarthur Lídia Oliveira Marion Lamé Craig Macnamara Penny Johnston Izabella Pluta Thomas Zastrow Keisuke Koguchi Elizabeth Losh Kiyonori Nagasaki Jean-Paul Fourmentraux Deborah Van der Plaat Osamu Imahayashi Takako Hashimoto Gavin Bannerman Miyuki Nishio A. Charles Muller Janina Gosseye Clarisse Bardiot Hieke Huistra Jane Hunter Masahiro Hori Christopher W. Forstall Thomas Krause Masahiro Shimoda Andrae Muys Walter J. Scheirer Fred Tappenden Toru Tomabechi Nieves Baranda LeturioMaría Dolores Martos Pérez Anke Lüdeling Chris Donaldson Patricia Murrieta-Flores C.J. Rupp Carson Logan María Carmen Marín Pina Joachim Berger Katrina Fenlon Brenton Sullivan Masakatsu Murakami Ayaka Uesaka Debora Marques de Matos Fraser Dallachy Robert Morrissey Michael Muthukrishna Andrew Hardie Stewart Brookes Ian Gregory Scott Piao Peter Anthony Stokes Alistair Baron Doug Oard Edward Slingerland William J. Turkel Stefan Sinclair Matilda Watson Craig Willis Clovis Gladstone Colleen Fallaw Geoffroy Noël Aaron Mathew Mauro Jean Anderson Adi Hajj-Ahmad Christian Kay Alaa Abi Haidar Vinodh Rajan Anita Law Yukari Shirota David Mimno Jill Belli Stéphane Couture Glenn Roe Rolf Fredheim Whitney Trettien Giancarlo Buomprisco Marie Giltner Saldaña Dennis Zielke Timothy W. Cole Jean-Gabriel Ganascia Thomas Bartz Marc Alexander Graham Alexander Sack Peter Schirmbacher Mark Andrew Algee-HewittLaura Eidem Timothy R. Tangherlini RIchard Lawrence Edwards Simon Ganahl Yoshihiro Nikaido Olliver Dyens Timothy Compeau Christian Pölitz Nadja Radtke Padmini Ray Murray Michael Eberle-Sinatra David Hoover Rachele Sprugnoli Caleb Derven Peter M. Broadwell Monica Brown Daren Mueller Andrew Goldstone Paul Rayson Aaron Louis Plasek Marcello Vitali Rosati Laurent Bolli Carolina Ferrer Aja Teehan Jaap Verheul Angelika Storrer Johanna Drucker Tanya Llewellyn Rory Solomon Tony Borries Aaron Plasek Eric Poitras Mary Caton Lingold Carolin Odebrecht Toine Pieters Sara Tonelli Joris Job Van Zundert Christopher Long Devon Elliott Boris Orekhov Radu Suciu David Smith Michael Sperberg-Mcqueen Anastasia Bonch-Osmolovskaya Edith Gwendolyn Nally Naoki Yamazaki Elena Pierazzo Ashley Clarkson Alberto Campagnolo Kerstin Brückweh Michael Beißwenger
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