Architecture/ History CHING JARZOMBEK PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION “Because of its exceptionally wide perspective, even architectural historians who do not teach PRAKASH general survey courses are likely to enjoy and appreciate it.” —Annali d’architettura

“Not only does A Global History of Architecture own the territory (of world architecture), it pulls off this audacious task with panache, intelligence, and—for the most part—grace.” —Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians ARCHITECTURE A GLOBAL HISTORY OF

REVISED AND UPDATED—THE COMPELLING HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S GREAT ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Organized along a global timeline, A Global History of Architecture, Second Edition has been updated and revised throughout to refl ect current scholarship. Spanning from 3,500 B.C.E. to the present, this unique guide is written by an all-star team of architectural experts in their fi elds who emphasize the connections, contrasts, and infl uences of architectural movements throughout history. The architectural history of the world comes to life through a unifi ed framework for interpreting and understanding architecture, supplemented by rich drawings from the renowned Frank Ching, as well as brilliant photographs. This new Second Edition: ■ Delivers more coverage of non-Western areas, particularly Africa, South Asia, South East Asia, and Pre-Columbian America ■ Is completely re-designed with full-color illustrations throughout ■ Incorporates additional drawings by Professor Ching, including new maps with more information and color ■ Meets the requirements set by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) for “non-Western” architecture in history education. ■ Offers new connections to a companion Web site, including Google EarthTM coordinates for ease of fi nding sites. Architecture and art enthusiasts will fi nd A Global History of Architecture, Second Edition perpetually at their fi ngertips. A GLOBAL HISTORY OF

FRANCIS D.K. CHING is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Washington. He is the author of numerous architecture and design books, including Architectural Graphics; Architecture: Form, Space, and Order; A Visual Dictionary of Architecture; Interior Design Illustrated; and Building Construction Illustrated, all from Wiley. ARCHITECTURE MARK JARZOMBEK is Associate Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning and Professor of the History and Theory of Architecture at MIT, as well as author of several books. SECOND EDITION VIKRAMADITYA PRAKASH is Professor of Architecture at the University of Washington and the author of several academic publications.

Companion Web site: wiley.com/go/globalhistory SECOND Front Cover Image: © Nagelestock.com / Alamy Images FRANCIS D.K. CHING EDITION MARK JARZOMBEK VIKRAMADITYA PRAKASH 23_402573_bgloss.indd 808 10/25/10 9:22 AM A Global History of Architecture Second Edition

01_402573_ffirs.indd i 10/22/10 9:18 AM 01_402573_ffirs.indd ii 10/22/10 9:18 AM A Global History of Architecture

Second Edition

™

Francis D. K. Ching Mark Jarzombek Vikramaditya Prakash

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

01_402573_ffirs.indd iii 10/22/10 9:18 AM This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ching, Frank, 1943- A global history of architecture / Francis D.K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzombek, Vikramaditya Prakash. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-40257-3 (hardback) 1. Architecture--History. I. Jarzombek, Mark. II. Prakash, Vikramaditya. III. Title. NA200.C493 2010 720.9--dc22 2010040984

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

01_402573_ffirs.indd iv 10/22/10 9:18 AM Contents

Preface xi

Early Cultures 1 Ritual Centers 4

3500 BCE 5 800 BCE 85 Beginnings of China’s Civilization 8 Olmecs 88 Niuheliang Ritual Center 8 San Lorenzo 89 Mesopotamia 11 La Venta 90 Khirokitia 12 Chavín de Huántar 91 Grain and Metal 13 Zhou Dynasty China 93 Catal Hüyük 14 The Ritual Complex 94 Early Indus Settlements 16 The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi 96 Eridu and Uruk 17 The Iron Age 98 Pre- and Early-Dynastic Egypt 20 The Etruscans 99 European Developments 22 Etruscan Religion 100 Etruscan Temples 102 2500 BCE 25 Greece: The Geometric Period 103 The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization 28 Emergence of the Greek Temple Form 105 Mohenjo-Daro 30 Temple of Poseidon 106 Early Empires of Mesopotamia 32 Saba/Sa’abia 107 Ziggurat at Ur 34 Temple of Solomon 108 Margiana 36 Kingdom of Kush 109 Domestic Architecture 38 Neo-Assyrian Empire 110 Egypt: The Old Kingdom 39 Babylon 111 Pyramids at Giza 42 Valley Temple of Khafre 45 400 BCE 113 Architecture and Food 46 Achaemenid Dynasty 116 Stonehenge 47 Pasargadae 117 Megalithic Temples of Malta 50 Greece and the Mediterranean 121 First Civilizations of the Americas 52 The Greek Temple 121 Caral 53 Greek Architecture and Language 123 El Paraiso 54 Telesterion at Eleusis 125 Delphi 126 1500 BCE 55 Temple of Apollo at Delphi 127 Shang Dynasty China 58 Ionic Order 128 The Minoans and Knossos 60 The Parthenon 130 Egypt: The New Kingdom 64 Erectheum 132 Karnak 67 Athenian Propylaea 134 Abu Simbel 71 The Hellenistic Age 135 Egyptian Columns 72 Delos 136 Egyptian Design Methods 73 Priene 136 Hittite Empire 74 Pergamon 138 Hattusas 74 Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos 139 Mycenaean Civilization 76 Ptolemies 140 Treasury of Atreus 78 Temple of Horus 141 Ugarit and Mari 79 Temple of Apollo at Didyma 142 Poverty Point 81 Mauryan Dynasty 143 Civilization of the High Andes 82 Asokan Pillars 144 Salinas de Chao 84 Barabar Hills Caves 145 Late Olmec Centers 146 The Early Mayas 146 China: The Warring States Period 148 Xianyang Palace 149 Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi 150

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0 151 Temple of the Feathered Serpent 227 The Founding of Rome 154 Ohio’s Hopewell Mounds 228 Pompeii 155 Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste 156 400 CE 229 The Roman Urban Villa 157 The Sassanian Empire 232 Republican Tombs 158 Zoroastrian Fire Temples 234 Tholoi Tombs 159 Ajanta Caves 235 Bribacte 160 Establishment of Chinese and Central Augustan Rome 162 Asian Buddhism 238 Forum of Augustus 163 Yungang Caves 239 Vitruvius 164 Mogao Caves 240 Corinthian Capitals 164 Mahabodhi Temple 242 Post-Augustan Rome 165 Sigiriya 243 Northern Palace at Masada 167 Hindu Renaissance 244 Palace of Domitian 168 The Pyu, Mon, and Funan 246 The Colosseum 170 Oc Eo 247 Imperial Rome 171 Mithraism 248 Rock-Cut Tombs 173 Emergence of Christianity 249 Petra 174 Martyria 251 Development of Mahayana Buddhism 176 St. Peter’s in Rome 251 Sanchi Complex 177 First Baptisteries 253 Abhayagiri Vihara 179 Post-Constantinian Age 254 Junnar Caves 180 Alahan Monastery 255 Caitya Hall at Kondivte 181 Tomb of King Theodoric 256 Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis 182 Zapotecs of Oaxaca 257 Qin Dynasty China 183 Monte Albán 258 Tomb of the First Emperor 184 Kofun Period: Japan 260 Great Wall of China 185 Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán 186 600 CE 261 Nakbe 189 Tikal 264 El Mirador 190 Tiwanaku 267 Age of Justinian 268 200 CE 191 St. Vitale, Ravenna 271 Roman Empire 194 Hagia Sophia 272 The Roman Theater 198 Byzantine Capitals 275 The Pantheon 199 Armenian Architecture 276 Hadrian’s Villa 202 St. Hripsime 277 Roman Vertical Surface 204 Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta 278 Roman Baths 206 Durga Temple and the Five Rathas 280 Diocletian’s Palace 208 Shore Temple at Mamallapuram 281 Baalbek 210 Southeast Asia 282 The Parthian Empire 212 My Son 283 Aksum 213 Sui and T’ang Dynasties 284 Amaravati Stupa 214 Daming Palace 284 Caitya Hall at Karli 215 Songyue Temple Ta (Pagoda) 286 Kushan 216 Nara Period: Japan 287 Takht-i-Bahi 217 Buddhism’s Arrival in Korea and Japan 290 Anuradhapura 218 Horyu-ji 291 Han Dynasty China 219 Han Tombs 214 800 CE 293 Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex 220 Chang’an 296 Moche and Nazca Civilizations 222 Nanchan and Foguang Monasteries 298 North Amazon Societies 223 Korean Buddhism 300 Nazca Lines 224 Rise of Islam 301 Teotihuacán 225 Dome of the Rock 302

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Umayyad Mosque 303 Canterbury Cathedral 372 Baghdad 304 Cefalù Cathedral 373 Great Mosque of Samarra 305 Pilgrimage Churches 374 Great Mosque of Córdoba 306 Dover Castle 375 Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples 308 Tuscany 376 Kailasnath at Ellora 310 Cathedral of Pisa 377 Mahaviharas at Nalanda and Somapura 312 Baptistery of Parma 378 Indonesia at a Crossroads 314 Seljuk Turks 379 Borobudur 315 Sultan Han 380 Candi Prambanam 316 First Madrasas 381 Samye, Tibet 317 Great Mosque of Isfahan 382 Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia 318 The Fatimids 384 Bakong 320 Muqarnas 385 Ghana 321 Mosque at Qayrawan 386 Byzantine Empire 322 Almoravid Dynasty 387 Theotokos Tou Libos 323 Medieval Scandinavia 388 Europe and the Carolingians 324 Plan of St. Gall 324 1200 CE 389 The Palatine Chapel 326 Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat) 392 Mayan City-States 328 Angkor Tom and Preah Khan 394 Copán 329 Kingdom of Pagan 396 Quirigua 330 Sanju-sangen-do 398 Guayabo 330 Itsukushima Shrine 399 Southern Song Dynasty 400 1000 CE 331 Yingzhao Fashi 401 Mayan Uxmal 334 The Mongolian Empire 402 Cahokia 336 Yuan Dynasty China 402 Serpent Mound 337 Delhi 404 Pueblo Bonito 338 Tughlaqabad 405 Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms 340 Quwwat-ul-Islam 405 Sun Temple at Modhera 342 Tomb of Ghias-ud-Din Tughlaq 407 Chandellas 344 Qutb Minar 407 Khandariya Mahadeva Temple 345 Sun Temple at Konarak 408 Tantrism 346 Hoysalas 409 Vastu-Shastras 347 Vadakkunnathan Temple 410 Orissa and Lingaraja Temple 348 Africa 411 Jains 350 The Mamluk Sultanate 412 Jain Temples at Mt. Abu 351 Rock-Cut Churches of Lalibela 414 Cholamandalam 352 The Great Zimbabwe 415 Rajarajeshwara Temple (Dakshinameru) 352 Mosques of Mali 416 Polonnaruwa 354 Europe: The High Middle Ages 417 Song Dynasty China 356 Fontenay Abbey 418 Sage Mother Hall 357 Cathedral Design 420 Iron Pagoda 358 Amiens Cathedral 421 Mu-Ta 358 Notre-Dame of Reims 422 Dulesi Monastery 359 Mendicant Orders 423 Pure Land Buddhism 361 Castel del Monte 424 Byzantine Revival 362 Exeter Cathedral 425 Kievan Russia 363 Italian Town Halls 426 Armenia 364 Siena 426 Sanahin Complex 364 Republic of Novgorod 428 Ottonian Germany 367 Nasrid Sultanate 429 Speyer Cathedral 369 Toltec Empire 432 The Normans 370 Chichén Itzá 432 Durham Cathedral 370

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1400 CE 435 Buland Darwaza 505 End of the Steppe Invasions 438 Diwan-i-Khas 506 Ming Dynasty China 439 Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Mahal) 507 The Forbidden City 439 Vijayanagara 510 Mount Wudang 441 Bijapur 512 Temple of Heaven 442 Palace of Thanjavur 513 Joseon Dynasty, Korea 443 Isfahan 514 Muromachi Japan 444 Suleymaniye Complex 516 Kinkakuji 444 The Dogon of Mali 518 Ginkakuji 445 Italian High Renaissance 520 Ottoman Empire 446 Campidoglio 521 Beyazit Medical Complex 447 Il Redentore (Church of the Savior) 522 Topkapi Palace 448 Palladian Villas 523 Timurid Dynasty 450 Villa Rotonda 524 Deccan Sultanates 452 Spanish Conquest of America 526 Friday Mosque of Gulbarga 452 Atrios 527 Pandua 453 Santo Domingo 528 Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad 454 Il Gesù 528 Chittor Fort 455 El Escorial 530 Ayutthaya 456 Uffizi Gallery 531 The Republic of Venice 457 Villa Farnese 532 Mamluk Sultanate 458 St. Peter’s Basilica 534 Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay 459 Baroque Italy 536 Cathedral of Florence 460 Sant’Andrea al Quirinale 537 Florentine Loggias 461 St. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 538 Italian Renaissance 462 St. Peter’s Square 540 San Lorenzo 463 San Filippo Neri 542 Rucellai Palace 465 Place Royale 543 Pienza 466 Kremlin’s New Churches 544 Sant’Andrea at Mantua 468 Church of the Ascension 545 Villa Medici 469 Amsterdam 546 Miracle Churches 470 Amsterdam Town Hall 547 Santa Maria della Consolazione 470 Elizabethan England 548 St. Peter’s Basilica 472 Hardwick Hall 549 Vatican Belvedere 473 Banqueting House 550 The French Châteaux 474 The Americas 475 1700 CE 551 The Hopis 475 Colonialism 554 New England Societies 476 Colonial Forts 556 Tenochtitlán 477 Haciendas 557 The Incas 479 Brazilian Haciendas 558 Machu Picchu 481 Italian Masserie 558 Coffeehouses 559 1600 CE 483 French Culture of Empire 560 Tokugawa Shogunate 486 Hôtels 561 Nikko Toshogu 487 Place Vendôme 562 Nijo-jo 488 East Facade of the Louvre 563 Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa) 490 Château de Versailles 563 Ryoanji 494 Hôtel des Invalides 566 Ming Tombs 495 Basilica of the Invalides 567 Potala Palace 499 L’Observatoire de Paris 568 Voyages of Zheng He 502 England: House of Stuart 568 The Mughals 503 St. Paul’s Cathedral 570 Humanyun’s Tomb 503 Blenheim Palace 571 Fatehpur Sikri 504 St. Mary Woolnoth 573

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Spread of the Baroque 574 The Industrial Revolution 636 Facade of Santiago de Compostela 576 Lowell, Massachusetts 637 St. Petersburg 577 Albert Dock 638 Bavarian Baroque 578 Panoptic Prisons 639 Neresheim 578 Workhouses 640 Sans Souci 580 The Shakers 641 Georgian Architecture 581 August Welby Pugin 642 Chiswick House 582 Greek Revival 644 King’s Chapel, Boston 583 Tennessee State Capitol 645 Stowe Gardens 584 Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc 646 Nurosmaniye Mosque 586 Architectural Preservation 647 Qing Dynasty China 587 Bibliothèque St. Geneviève 648 Yuanmingyuan 588 Synagogues 650 Qingyi Garden 588 John Ruskin 652 Edo, Kyoto’s Odoi, and Shimabara 590 Joseon Dynasty, Korea 592 1900 CE 653 Mallas of Nepal 593 Victorian England 656 Nayaks of Madurai 594 The Reform Club 657 Constantia 596 The Athenaeum 658 Public Sector Architecture 659 1800 CE 597 London Law Courts 661 Japan: Edo Period 600 Railroad Stations 662 Kanamaru-za 600 National Museums 663 Emperor Qianlong 602 World Fairs 664 Chengde 602 The Passage 665 European Architecture: An Introduction 605 Victorian Domestic Architecture 666 Neoclassicism 605 Central Park 667 Robert Adam 606 École des Beaux-Arts 668 Syon House 607 Paris and Georges-Eugène Haussmann 670 Piranesi and Romanticism 608 Colonial Bombay 672 Strawberry Hill 609 The Chettinad Mansions 673 Marc-Antoine Laugier 610 Henry Hobson Richardson 674 St. Geneviève 611 Al-Rifa‘i Mosque 676 Le Petit Trianon 612 Arts and Crafts Movement 677 Salt Works of Chaux 612 William Morris and William R. Lethaby 677 The French Revolution 614 Indo-Saracenic Style 678 Bibliothèque Nationale 614 Shingle Style 680 Napoleonic Cemeteries 616 Arts and Crafts in California 681 Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand 617 The Bungalow 682 Bank of England 618 Campus Architecture in the United States 683 Neoclassicism in the United States 619 Art Nouveau 684 Washington, DC 620 Maison Tassel 685 Royal Pavilion 622 City Beautiful Movement 686 Romantic Nationalism 623 Rise of Professionalism 687 Altes Museum 624 European Ports 688 Jaipur and the End of the Mughal Empire 626 Garden City Movement 689 Darbar Sahib 628 Changing Global Economy 690 Dakhma 629 Skyscrapers 690 Colonial Calcutta: The Esplanade 630 Wrigley Building 692 Writers’ Building 630 Casa Batlló 692 St. John’s Church 631 Frank Lloyd Wright 694 Government House 632 Taliesin East 694 Metcalfe Hall 632 Walter Burley Griffin 696 Khorezm 633 Colonial Africa 696 Wat Pra Kaew 634 International Beaux-Arts 698

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Kyoto National Museum 698 Chandigarh 758 Myongdong Cathedral 699 Secretariat and High Court 759 Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Assembly Building 760 Company Building 699 Ahmedabad 761 25b, rue Franklin 700 Chapel at Ronchamp 762 Adolf Loos 701 Guggenheim Museum 763 The Factory Aesthetic 702 Touba 764 Deutsche Werkbund 703 Ekistics 765 Concrete 704 Architecture of Prestige 766 Garnisonskirche 704 Sydney Opera House 767 Expressionism 706 Eero Saarinen 768 Czech Cubists 706 Caribbean Modernism 769 New Delhi 709 Seagram Building 770 Gunnar Asplund 710 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 771 Hollyhock House 711 Uruguayan Modernism 772 Dutch Kampung 712 National Schools of Art, Havana 773 De Stijl Movement 713 Salk Institute 774 Friedrichstrasse Office Building 714 Sher-e-Banglanagar 775 Russian Constructivism 715 Metabolism 776 Tatlin’s Tower 716 Brutalism 777 Soviet Pavilion 717 Archigram 778 The Bauhaus 718 Alternative Architecture 778 Le Corbusier 720 Post-Corbusier India 780 Villa Savoye 720 University of Ibadan 782 Lovell House 722 Postmodernism 783 Postmodern Museums 786 1950 CE 723 The Preservation Movement 787 Modernism 726 The Postmodern, Non-Western World 788 Weissenhof Siedlung 728 Magney House 790 Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne 730 Globalization Takes Command 791 Pavilion Suisse 731 Afterword 797 Barcelona Pavilion 732 Buckminster Fuller 734 Glossary 799 Palace of the Soviets 736 Bibliography 809 Mombasa 737 Photo Credits 819 Rockefeller Center 738 Index 823 Czechoslovakia 739 Ankara 740 Israeli Modernism 741 Japanese Pavilion 742 Villa Mairea 742 Usonian Houses 744 Fallingwater 745 Brazilian Modernism 746 Italian Fascist Architecture 748 Casa del Fascio 749 German Fascist Architecture 750 Säynätsalo Town Hall 751 Illinois Institute of Technology Library Building 752 Farnsworth House 753 Eames House 754 Yale University Art Gallery 755 Brasília 756

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What is a global history of architecture? There is, of or indirectly. These effects could be a consequence course, no single answer, just as there is no single way of the forces of economy, trade, and syncretism; of to define words like global, history, and architecture. war, conquest, and colonization; or the exchange of Nonetheless, these words are not completely open- knowledge, whether forced, borrowed, or bought. ended, and they serve here as the vectors that have Our post–19th century penchant to see history helped us construct the narratives of this volume. through the lens of the nation-state often makes it With this book, we hope to provoke discussion about difficult to decipher such global pictures. Furthermore, these terms, and at the same time furnish a framework in the face of today’s increasingly hegemonic global students can use to begin discussion in the classroom. economy, the tendency by historians, and often enough This book is global in that it aspires to represent the by architects, to nationalize, localize, regionalize, and history of the whole world. Whereas any such book must even microregionalize history—perhaps as meaningful inevitably be selective about what it can and cannot acts of resistance—can blind us to the historical include, we have attempted to represent a wide swath interconnectivity of global realities. What would the of the globe, in all its diversity. At the same time, for us, Turks be today had they stayed in East Asia? The the global is not just a geographic construct that can be movement of people, ideas, and wealth has bound us simply contrasted with the regional or local: the global to each other since the beginning of history. And so is also a function of the human imagination, and one without denying the reality of nation-states and their of the things we are very interested in is the manner claims to unique histories and identities, we have in which local histories imagine the world. This book, resisted the temptation to streamline our narratives however, is not about the sum of all local histories. to fit nationalistic guidelines. Indian architecture, for Its mission is bound to the discipline of architecture, instance, may have some consistent traits from its which requires us to see connections, tensions, and beginnings to the present day, but there is less certainty associations that transcend so-called local perspectives. about what those traits might be than one may think. In that respect, our narrative is only one of many The flow of Indian Buddhism to China, the settling possible narratives. of Mongolians in the north, the influx of Islam from Synchrony has served as a powerful frame for the east, and the colonization by the English from the our discussion. For instance, as much as Seoul’s coast—not to mention India’s then-current economic Gyeongbok Palace is today heralded in Korea as an expansion—are just some of the more obvious links example of traditional Korean architecture, we note that bind India, for better or worse, to global events. It that it also belongs to a Eurasian building campaign is as much these links, and the resultant architecture, that stretched from Japan (the Katsura Imperial as the “Indianness” of Indian architecture, that interests Villa), through China (Beijing and the Ming Tombs), us. Furthermore, India has historically been divided to Persia (Isfahan), India (the Taj Mahal), Turkey into numerous kingdoms that, like Europe, could easily (the Suleymaniye Complex), Italy (St. Peter’s Basilica have evolved (and in some cases did evolve) into and the Villa Rotonda), Spain (El Escorial), France their own nations. The 10th-century Chola dynasty of (Chambord), and Russia (Cathedral of the Assumption). peninsular India, for example, was not only an empire The synchrony of these buildings opens up for us but possessed a unique world view of its own. In writing questions such as, What did one person know about the its history, we have attempted to preserve its distinct other? How did information travel? How did architectural identity while marking the ways in which it maps its own culture move or become “translated”? Some of these global imagination. questions we have addressed directly; others we have Broadly speaking, our historiographic goal is to help raised and left unanswered. But to call Gyeongbok students of architecture develop an understanding Palace traditional is to overlook the extraordinary of the manner in which architectural production is modernity of all the buildings listed above. always triangulated by the exigencies of time and This is not to say that our story is only the story location. More specifically, we have narrated these of influence and connection. There are numerous interdependencies to underscore what we consider to examples of architectural production where the specific be the inevitable modernity of each period. We often circumstances of their making were unique to their own think of the distant past as moving slowly from age to immediate context. Indeed, we have tried to be faithful age, dynasty to dynasty, or king to king, and only of our to the specificities of each individual building while recent history as moving at a faster pace. In such a acknowledging that every specific architectural project is teleological view, the modern present is at the apex of always embedded in a larger world that affects it directly civilization, and history becomes a narrative of progress

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that is measured against the values of the sculpture. But what architecture itself We have not painted a picture of the present. By contrast, we have tried to present constitutes is always the subject of great historical development of vernacular and every period in history in terms of its own debate, particularly among architects, other nonmonumental architecture, such challenges and the history of architecture as architectural historians, and critics. Some as the domestic space. This is not because the history of successive and often dramatic have argued that architecture arises out of we do not recognize the importance of the changes spurred on by new materials, new an urge to protect oneself from the elements, latter but simply because we have used technologies, changing political situations, others that it is an expression of symbolic the category of monumental architecture and changing aesthetic and religious ideals. desires, or that it is at its best only when it is as one of the constraints by which we have These changes, spelled out differently in embedded in local traditions. In this book, delimited the boundaries of this book. That different times, have always challenged the without foreclosing the discussion, we hope said, our emphasis is not only on a building’s norm in a way that we, in our age, would call that the reader begins to see architecture as monumentality. We see history as dynamic. modernity. a type of cultural production. Ideas, technologies, theories, religions, and The Sumerian urbanization of the We have emphasized issues of patronage, politics are all continuing to play a role in Euphrates Delta made the earlier village- use, meaning, and symbolism, where building the history of architecture. Each centered economy of the Zagros Mountains appropriate, and have attempted to paint chapter introduces the set of terms that obsolete. The introduction of iron in the a broad civilizational picture of time and shape the architectural production and 9th century BCE spelled the demise of the context while, at the same time, making meaning of that age. Changes in some places Egyptians and allowed societies such as sure we have covered the salient formal are perhaps more dramatic than in others, the Dorians, Etruscans, and Nubians, who features of a structure. Of course, words like but in all cases we try to explain the causes. were once relatively marginal in the global culture and civilization are, like the word The ancient Egyptian pharaohs during a perspective, to suddenly dominate the architecture, open to contestation and will period of time commissioned pyramids; but cultural and architectural landscape. The have different meanings in different contexts. then they stopped and built huge temples. Mongolian invasion of the 13th century Yet despite these ambiguities, we believe The reader needs to come to understand the may have destroyed much, but in its wake that civilization is unthinkable without those political reasoning that necessitated this. Not came unprecedented developments. By buildings that are given special status, only did Buddhism, as it filtered its way into concentrating on the modernity of each whether for purposes of religion, governance, East Asia and Southeast Asia, morph as it historical example, we have used the industry, or living. Just like the processes went; so too did Buddhist architecture. The global perspective to highlight the drama of agricultural and animal domestication, rock-cut temples of Ellora did not appear of historical change, rather than viewing architecture emerged in our prehistory out of a vacuum, but the technology of rock- architecture as driven by traditions and and will remain an integral part of human cutting had never been attempted at that essences. expression to the very end. scale and would die out by the 13th century. Turning now to the term architecture, few By and large, we have only dealt with In that sense we ask readers to not only would have any difficulty in differentiating large or significant symbolic monuments: compare architecture across space, but also it from the other arts, like painting and the traditional objects of academic scrutiny. across time.

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3500 BCE

2500 BCE

1500 BCE

800 BCE

400 BCE

Organization of the Book 293 800 CE Rather than preparing chapters on individual 0 296 Chang’an countries or regions, such as India, Japan, 298 Nanchan and Foguang Monasteries or France, we have organized the book by 200 CE 300 Korean Buddhism “time-cuts.” Eighteen chronological slices of 301 Rise of Islam 400 CE time, beginning with 3500 BCE and ending 302 Dome of the Rock with 1950 CE, comprise the armature of the 303 Umayyad Mosque book. Each time-cut marks not the beginning 600 CE 304 Baghdad of a time period, but roughly the middle 305 Great Mosque of Samarra of the period with which each chapter is 800 CE 306 Great Mosque of Córdoba concerned. The 800 CE time-cut, for instance, 308 Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples 1000 CE covers the period from 700 to 900 CE. Yet 310 Kailasnath at Ellora we have not been strict about the scope of 312 Mahaviharas at Nalanda and Somapura a particular time-cut. Whenever necessary, 1200 CE 314 Indonesia at a Crossroads for purposes of coherence, we have not 315 Borobudur hesitated to include material from before 1400 CE 316 Candi Prambanam and after its prescribed limits. Each time-cut 317 Samye, Tibet should, therefore, be seen more as a marker 1600 CE 318 Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia amid the complexity of the flowing river of 320 Bakong history rather than a strict chronological 1700 CE 321 Ghana measuring rod. 322 Byzantine Empire We have begun each time-cut with a 1800 CE 323 Theotokos Tou Libos one-page summary of the historical forces 324 Europe and the Carolingians graphing that period of time, followed by 1900 CE 324 Plan of St. Gall a map and a timeline locating all of the 326 The Palatine Chapel major buildings we discuss. After that, 1950 CE 328 Maya City-States the discussions of individual buildings 329 Copán and groups of buildings are in a series 330 Quirigua of small subsections marked by relevant 330 Guayabo subcontinental location—East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Central America, or South America.

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