1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 281 vival of Free Enterprise, composed of repre- PROPOSED AWARD OF SIX STARS adjournment until Tuesday next, at 12 sentatives from every industry, large and TO GENERAL MACARTHUR o'clock noon. small, in the United States, to conduct a The motion was agreed to; and (at ·4 - marketing and advertising campaign com­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, i ask mensurate with the importance of the sub- unanimous .consent to have printed in o'clock and 3 minutes p.m.) the Senate ject and lateness of the hour. ...- the RECORD a radiogram which I have adjourned, under the order previously This Joint Public Information Committee . . entered, until Tuesday, January 14, 1964, on Marketing and Advertising must call received fr.om John N. Hart. In it, Mr. at 12 o'clock meridian. upon and utilize the best minds to create Hart expresses opposition to the bill, ideas and dramatize them via all of the which has been introduced in the Sen­ media of communication to .. reach every ate, to award six stars to General Mac- segment of the American public, · Arthur. It is the position of Mr. Hart NOMINATIONS The formation of the Joint -public In- · . formation committee for the survival of that such an award should first go, 1f to Executive nominations received by the Free Enterprise must be a top management anyone, to Gen. George Marshall. Senate January 10, 1964: project on a long-range basis and must be There being no objection, the radio­ FEDERAL 'I'RADE COMMISSION under the direct supervision of the president gram was ordered to be printed in the John R. Re111y, of Iowa, to be a Federal · of the firm. The responsib111ty for the sue- RECORD as follows. Trade Commissioner for the unexpired term cess of the program to sell free enterprise ' · of 7 yea.rs from September 26, 1962, vice A. · must be given to a specific individual with a DECEMBER 28, 1963. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. sufficient budget to carry out his company's Hon. WAYNE MORSE, program. I think every group of stock­ U.S. Senate, AaMY DESIGNATION holders would be pleased to read in a com­ Washington, D.C.: The following-natned officer under the pro-. pany's annual report of such an enterprise, As American citizen, former Oregonian, visions of title 10, United States Code, section the cost of it, and the basic information ex­ strongly oppose Symington bill award Mac­ 3066, to be assigned to a position of im­ plaining why it ts necessary. Arthur six stars without beforehand similar portance and responsib111ty designated by This project would be a massive counter­ recognition George Catlett Marshall, whose the President under subsection (a) of sec­ offensive effort to awaken the Ame.rican peo­ contributions to our Nation exceed MacAr­ tion 3066, in grade as follows: ple to the good things we have because of our free enterprise system. It would also thur's and whose character far more praise­ Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson Goodpaster, serve to awaken the public to the constant worthy. 021739, Army of the United States (lieuten­ internal and external campaign which is be­ JOHN N. HART, ant colonel, U.S. Army), in the grade of lieu­ ing waged to destroy our free enterprise a. F. Sharp Co. tenant general. MANILA. system. Am FORCE DESIGNATION We hope that this book and its ideas wm Maj. Gen. Harold C. Donnelly, 647A, Regu­ contribute to a better understanding of the TO lar Air Force, to be assigned to position of meaning and importance of our free enter- ADJOURNMENT TUESDAY importance and responsib111ty designated by prise profit system. We hope, too, that it Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, in ac- wm contribute to the reawakening of the the . President in the grade of lieutenant American businessman to again become the cordance with the order previously en- general, under the provisions of section 8066, leader in his community and his Nation. tered, I move that the Senate stand in title 10 of the United States Code.

the House to a joint resolution of the Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Speaker, the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Senate of the following title: serious nature of events in the Panama S.J. Res. 136. Joint resolution providing Canal Zone cannot be overestimated. It MONDAY, JANUARY 13, 1964 for renaming of the National Cultural Cen­ is a first-class crisis which will get worse ter as the John F. Kennedy Center for the and spread if not properly and firmly The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Performing Arts, authorizing an appropria­ attended to. The Chaplain, Rev.Bernard Braskamp, tion therefor, and for other purposes. We have heard a lot of historical D.D., offered the following prayer: analysis as well as visionary speculation Timothy 2: 7: The Lord give thee un­ LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM as to the causes of these unhappy events. derstanding in all things. I would like to add a thought which I O blessed God, our Heavenly Father, Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, I ask have not heard voiced or seen in print, we humbly acknowledge that the coming unanimous consent to address the House but which I think is shared by many events and experiences of this new year for 1 minute. observers. are unknown to us and veiled in mystery. The SPEAKER. Is there objection In my opinion the United States is to the request of the gentleman from Grant that we mci.y trust Thee and reaping a whirlwind of agitation and de­ Illinois? not be afraid, believing that as our days fiance which was sown in seeds of ex­ There was no objection. so shall our strength be and that the cessive toleration of past threats and Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, may I insults. future is as bright as the promises of God. inquire of the majority leader as to any May each day be joyous and glorious Excessive toleration by our Govern­ possible change in the program for today ment invited the revolution in Cuba. with new hope and inspire us to go for­ and tomorrow? ward to higher achievement for none has Excessive toleration helped to establish Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, in re­ the Castro-Communist government. ever done enough for Thee and humanity. sponse to the gentleman's inquiry, in Constrain us by Thy love to meet our Excessive toleration has invited one view of the inclement weather and the problem after another-the confiscation duties and responsibilities with new re­ fact that many Members have not been solves and may we be determined to keep of American property, the kidnaping of able to arrive at the Capitol, the rice American citizens, widespread disrespect the lamp of lofty ideals and principles · bill will be put over to follow the airport burning brightly until our sun has set for the American flag, and the tempta­ bill tomorrow. There is no other change tion to use the United States as a scape­ and the eventide of life has come. in the program. Hear us in Christ's name. Amen. goat. Mr. ARENDS. I thank the gentleman. We ought to learn a lesson from the present crisis, but first it must be · re­ solved. THE JOURNAL THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE The Journal of the proceedings of The administration deserves great Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Speaker, I ask Thursday, January 9, 1964, was read and credit for &o promptly sending a peace­ approved. · unanimous consent to address the House making team of top-level diplomats to for 1 minute and to revise and extend Panama. Responsible officials of Pan­ ------my remarks. ama and the United States deserve great MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The SPEAKER. Is there objection credit for their eminently statesmanlike A message from the Senate by Mr. Mc­ to the reque::;t of the gentleman from conduct in submitting to the Organiza­ Gown, one of its clerks, announced that Mississippi? tion of American States the joint pro­ the Senate agrees to the amendments of There was no objection. posal to send an OAS team of negotiators 282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 to Panama. This imaginative maneuver CLAUDE S. SCHECKEL Mr. ALBERT. I am glad the gentle- headed off a debate which probably Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask man has taken this time for this pur­ would have degenerated into a propagan­ unanimous consent to address the House P?Se.. I desi~e to inclu.de myself with da shouting match with the troublemaker for 1 minute and to revise and extend him m the tribute he :paid to a very fine nations doing most of the shouting. my remarks. -... form~r servant of this House, an able I applaud these efforts and I do not The SPEAKER. Is there objection ~~ci:3-1 R.eP(!rter,. Claude Scheckel. I want my observations and suggestions to to the request of the gentleman from Jom m wish~ng him well throu~h the detract from them. My comments are Iowa? year~. In domg so, I an_i sur~ I v01ce the intended to be constructive and I hope There was no objection. sentiments of all of us m this Cha1:11~er. they will be so accepted and considered. Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, one ' of ~r. HO~VE~.N. I thank the distm- The establishment of a peacekeeping the Official Reporters of Debates of the gmshed maJority leader. patrol under supervision of a peacekeep­ House of Representatives, Claude S. ing authority composed of two Ameri­ Scheckel, found it necessary to seek re­ cans, two Panamanians, and two repre­ tirement on December 31, 1963, due to EFFECTS OF SMOKING sentatives of the OAS seems a little far illness. I wish to take a moment to pay Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, I ask out. It smacks of internationalization. tribute to my friend of long standing and unanimous consent to address the House It seems to me that U.S. soldiers patrol­ my former neighbor and to wish him the for 1 minute and to revise and extend ling their side of the border and Pana­ best of everything in the days ahead. my remarks. manian soldiers or police patrolling their Mr. Scheckel was born in my hometown The SPE,AKER. Is there objection side, is the proper way to maintain order. of Alton, Iowa, where he graduated from to the request of the gentleman from It is clear that we cannot yield owner­ St. Mary's Academy. His parents were Indiana? ship or management of the canal. This pioneer residents of our town, and There was no objection. should be made unmistakably clear im­ Claude and I became childhood friends. Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, the Sur­ mediately. Any other posture on our It so happens that our esteemed Chap­ geon General's Advisory Committee's re­ part would be misleading to the Govern­ lain of the House of Representatives, Dr. port on smoking is an indictment of the ment of Panama and to the world. Bernard Braskamp, also was born in Al­ practice which should by no means be Properly managed and maintained, ton, and it therefore has been a most sloughed off or ignored. If smoking is the canal is useful to the entire world pleasing coincidence that Dr. Braskamp, the chief cause of lung cancer, if it is and strategically essential to the free Claude Scheckel, and I have been so prudent to assume that smoking is a world. We acquired the canal legally closely associatedjn the House of Repre­ cause of heart disease, if smoking is one and justly. We have demonstrated our sentatives for so many years. of the important causes of chronic bron­ ability to manage it for the benefit of After graduating from St. Mary's chitis, and if smoking shortens the life­ the entire world. We have the means Acadmey at Alton, Iowa, c'Iaude studied span of man, then something should be and the determination to keep it for the shorthand and became a court reporter done about it. Several programs should free world. Our ownership and man­ in Chicago in 1911. He was associated receive immediate consideration. Label­ agement of the canal is not a fit subject at that time with Mr. F. S. Milberg, who ing tobacco products as injurious to for debate. Let us make that clear. is now one of our efficient and respected health, immediate restrictions on adver­ Further, the U.S. Government can Reporters of Debates in the House. Later, tising tobacco products, immediate cut­ prevent misunderstandings and do much Claude attended evening classes at the ting off of subsidies to the growers of toward preserving world peace and Chicago Kent College of Law from which tobacco, a program of education to alert tranquillity by announcing at once in he graduated, and was subsequently ad­ the public to the dangers of the use of every known language that no interven­ mitted to the bar in Illinois. tobacco, are but a few of the possible tion, military or otherwise, direct or in­ Claude Scheckel is a veteran of World courses of action. In addition, Mr. direct, from any other nation will be War I, having served at Camp Grant, Ill., Speaker, I would urge all law enforce­ tolerated. This is a dispute between the and as a field clerk in General Army ment officers and agencies to enforce United States and Panama. Other na­ Headquarters at Chaumont, France. those laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco tions should be respectfully but firmly After the war, he resumed court report­ products to minors. invited to stay out. ing in Chicago and later in Detroit before J Let us pronounce a hands-off doctrine coming to Washington, D.C., where for a and enforce it preemptively if necessary. time he engaged in freelance reporting. FEDERAL EXPENDITURE LEVELS This is the way to prevent incidents and He has practiced his profession before Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask to preserve peace. By preemptive en­ almost every agency in the Federal Gov­ unanimous consent to address the House forcement I mean we should not permit ernment. for 1 minute and to revise and extend an arms buildup of any sort, offshore or About 20 years ago Claude Scheckel my remarks. in neighboring Latin American States, was appointed a member of the staff of The SPEAKER. Is there objection if such activity has any relationship the Official Reporters of Debates of the to the request of the gentleman from whatsoever to the Panamanian crisis. House of Representatives, and he served Missouri? Finally, let us seek through all good with great honor and distinction in that . There was no objection. offices to reestablish proper diplomatic position until his retirement. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I have relations with Panama. Although we In a communication which I recently taken a special order today of 30 minutes did not take the initiative in terminating received from Claude, he says, "To all of to discuss what I recognize as the "New relations and fully recognizing Panama's my friends on both sides of the -aisle, I Frontier Expenditure Waltz," two steps sovereign right to keep or break such bid you an affectionate adieu." forward with very soft and quiet music, relations, let us take the initiative in I can only add that we have all missed with d~:.n lighting fallowed by one ·step extending the hand of friendship and Claude S. Scheckel since he gave up his backward with a great deal of-fanfare good neighborliness to our sister Re­ duties in the House of Representatives. and the glare of spotlights. public. I am sure that all of my colleagues join There was one important figure in To sum up my suggestions, first we with me in expressing the sincere hope President Johnson's message to the Con­ must not yield or appear to yield any that his health will continue to improve gress which has not received the em.:. degree of ownership or management of and that he may enjoy his retirement phasis it deserves. The only firm figure the canal. Second, we must serve notice with the full knowledge that he leaves in the state of the Union message is the of a hands-off· policy. We will take behind a host of friends in the House of expenditure level for fiscal 1964 of $98.4 whatever steps that may ~ required, Representatives who wish him the best billion. The budget figures for fiscal including preemptive measures, to pre­ of everything. 1965 are rough estimates. The $98.4 bil­ vent direct or indirect intervention. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the lion expenditure figure is an increase of And, third, we shall continue to extend gentleman yield? $600 million over the November 1963 esti­ the hand of friendship and good will to Mr. HOEVEN. I yield to the gentle­ mate of the previous administration of the Republic of Panama. man from Oklahoma. $97 .8 billion. So with all of the recent 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 283 fanfare of budget cutting and cutting world's greatest deliberative body could not foreign affairs or the prestige of a President back on Federal expenditures, in 2 prevail over an absent Member (Senator if he can win a few ·political chips at the WAYNE MORSE} who insisted that a quorum poker table. months the Johnson •administration has be present, whether or not he was there. HALLECK made it party strategy to press increased the expenditure level for fiscal So the Sehate meets again on Monday, the for an amendment limiting President John­ 1964 by $600 million. What decrease final twitch in the interminable 88th, the son's authority on wheat sales; it was all there was related only to the two steps longest peacetime session in history. right, he held, to take cash from the soviet Union for. wheat, but not to extend credit. forward previously taken from the fiscal A SWELLING CHORUS On December 14, the House approved the year 1963 expenditure level of $92.6 bil­ Yet the language of comedy is inadequate, lion. The total net Johnson administra­ Republican amendment to the foreign aid because what is at stake is profoundly im­ bill wlth the help of some Northern Demo­ tion increase is $5.8 billion, $600 million portant. In discrediting itself, Congress crats anxious to cast an "anti-Communist greater than the Kennedy administra­ discredits representative government, and vote" and sure that the Senate would k1ll the tion. there is little question that Congress has amendment anyway. The Senate did kill the nearly touched bottom in public esteem. amendment, but after its December 20 con­ What kind word can be said about an EXTENSION OF REMARKS ference with the House, HALLECK saw his · institution that in the name of frugality , chance. Mr. HARVEY of Indiana. Mr. slashes the foreign aid bill and at the same He rejected a compromise acceptable to Speaker, a recent edition of the Wash­ time tacks onto the bill a $2.7 million ex­ President Johnson and to s'enator KARL pense allowance increase for itself? MUNDT, the amendment's Republican spon­ ington Post carried the title "Our Sick, What ails Congress? That something is Sick Congress." I ask unanimous con­ sor in the Senate. The compromise, HALLECK wrong is admitted by Members themselves. allowed, "stunk." sent to extend my remarks at this point Last February Senator JOSEPH s. CLARK, What would happen if it came to a vote? in the RECORD to comment on this pseu­ Democrat, of Pennsylvania, was pretty much The minority leader said: doedi torial. a lonely voice when he indicted what he "The Democrats have 86 Members absent. The SPEAKER. Without objection, called the Senate establishment. But since We have 56 Members absent. I'll take a look it is so ordered. then, some of his colleagues have joined in at my hole card." The gentleman from In­ There was no objection. self-criticism. · diana played his usual shrewd hand, aided "Congress is becoming the laughingstock by- Mr. HARVEY of Indiana. Mr. of this Nation," Senator CLIFFORD CASE, Re­ Speaker, the attached pseudoeditorial The commuter complex: The largest club publican, of New Jersey, has said. on Capitol Hill is the Tuesday-Thursday So­ which I have asked to have reprinted in "The whole Senate seems to be pervaded by ciety, composed of some 50 big-city Demo­ the RECORD is typical of the derogatory a spirit of lethargy," Senator THOMAS J. DoDD, crats from centers like New York, Chicago, and unfair tactics this paper ha,s been Democrat, of Connecticut, has lamented. Boston, and Philadelphia who find the employing for several months. It is ap­ "Every Senator is becoming a partner in this thought of more than 3 days a week in Wash­ parent that their object is not the ref­ fiasco." ington unbearable. ormation of the Congress but its ulti­ Even pithier is the remark of the usually On the Friday before Christmas, with a kindly Senator GEORGE D. AIKEN, Republican, mate destruction. This article, for in­ major test vote in prospect, Democratic Mem­ of Vermont: "The country is disgusted with bers began drifting away from Washington, deed that is really what it is, is entitled us." their numbers swelled by some normally con­ "Our Sick, Sick Congress." THE DIAGNOSIS scientious legislators who had made elabo­ It seems to proceed with its planned But if the patient is ailing, physicians dif­ rate holiday plans. This circumstance offense along two lines. One is that of fer about the nature of the disease. Certain formed HALLECK's hole card. lampooning various Members, the other chronic afflictions were nevertheless apparent Friday afternoon, Congress was in recess, that of besmirching the leadership of during the final, frantic 2-week fight over awaiting the conferees' report on foreign aid, both parties within both Houses. As I foreign aid. and Democratic whips communicated little have stated on prior occasions, I do not In clinical terms, the pathology of Con­ sense of urgency to the melting majority. gress can be dissected under these headings: When the conferees finally did agree, a fur­ preclude the right of any publication The Passman Syndrome. Only in America ther hurdle remained to delay a vote. to criticize any segment of the Govern­ does the Executive submit its program to a Rules rigor mortis: The hurdle was the ment, that is guaranteed under our Con­ committee chairman wholly antagonistic to House Rules Committee headed by Repre­ stitution. But I do challenge the pro­ the principle of the.legislation he is supposed sentative HOWARD SMITH, Democrat of Vir­ priety and patriotism of any responsible to shepherd through Congress. It is a char­ ginia, the very symbol of the conservative newspaper to deliberately try to destroy acteristic irony that foreign aid bills go to coalition that thwarts majority rule in Con­ under the guise of reforming, the legisla­ Representative PASSMAN, Democrat, of Lou­ gress. In this instance, however, the courtly isiana, who yields to no one, not even to Judge SMITH was not at fault; a quorum of tive branch of our Government. Khrushchev, in his belief that Yankee dol- the committee was lacking. I trust you will read the article and lars should stay home. · Under House procedure, the Rules Com­ also conclude that such writings are not As chairman of the Appropriations Sub­ mittee can get two cracks at an important in the public interest. committee handling foreign aid, PASSMAN measure. It must first clear the bill for (From the Washington (D.C.) Post, wins guffaws in the House when he caus­ floor action. And once passed, if the b111 is Dec. 29, 1_963] tically attacks the legislation he is submit­ modified in conference with the Senate, the ting for its vote. OUR SICK, SICK CONGRESS Rules Committee must judge it anew-an Samples: "We have only one foreign pol­ auxiliary brake in an institution loaded with (By Karl E. Meyer) icy-the checkbook." "More heads of state brakes. It was an unlikely blend of the Keystone have been assassinated and more govern­ Eventually, a quorum was assembled, and Cops and Gotterdammerung. How else de­ ments overthrown since we began foreign ultimately enough truant Democrats flew scribe the penultimate moments of the 1st aid than in the previous 75 years, because back to Washington to uphold the President session of the 88th Congress? In terms of we give them something to fight for." in the House. In an extraordinary meeting low comedy, these are the scenes that stick Why did Oongress flounder in the last days at 7 a.m. December 24 (held early in order to in the mind: There were the planes swoop­ of.the session? In part, because OTTO PASS­ enable Members to attend the funeral of a ing over the country, scooping up absent MAN refused to compromise in conference Philadelphia Congressman), the foreign aid Congressmen and returning them to the with the Senate December 20. He said at one bill passed the House. Bu.t the end was not snows of Washington for an unheard-of point: yet. meeting at 7 a.m., the day before Christmas. "They [the Senators) wanted a $3.1 billion The Morse mumps: A handful of Senators There were the frantic conferences of the bill and we refused it. So there will be no was on the floor when the House communi­ weekend before, in which the terrible-tem­ foreign aid bill this year. • • • Good day, cated its approval. They were ready to pered Representative OTTO PASSMAN stormed gentlemen. I'm going home for Christmas." vote-but an absent -Member foiled them. into Capitol corridors to proclaim what The procedures of Congress, notably the Senator MORSE had insisted that a live changes he would or would not accept in seniority system, enable PASSMAN to address quorum be present, and Senator WILLIAM legislation which he heartily detests anyway. the world in tones usually reserved for PROXMIRE, Democrat, of Wisconsin, the act­ There was the unseemly tumult over as­ monarchs . . ing majority leader, felt bound to honor the sembling a quorum of the House Rules Hallecki tis: The procedures of Congress Oregon Senator's insistence. Committee so that one branch of the Na­ also enable an adroit minority to snarl the MORSE represents one of Congress' more tional Legislature could get the permission entire legislative process, and few know more e~igmatlc afflictions; theories flourish as to of a subbranch to cast a vote on a matter about the obstructive art than Representa­ what causes him to expend his br1lliance on it had already voted on before. tive CHARLES A. HALLECK, the Republican making life miserable for the Democratic There was the strange scene in the Senate leader. The gentleman from Indiana is leadership. The administration expects the on the day before Christmas, when the frankly not concerned with the niceties of hostility of Republicans and conservative 284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 Democrats, but it was the hostility of the In a representative cross sampling of eral of the United States entitled "Uneco­ liberals that led to this year's foreign aid Department of Defense procurement, the nomical Management of Commercially Avail­ disaster. General Accounting Office selected for able Items, Departl!len,t of Defense." Of During November, the Morse mumps were · OOO · ·t f special interest to wholesale-distributors is catching; the liberals joined with Republi- review some 561 , mmor l ems o sup- the Comptroller General's finding that six cans and southern democrats in scuttling ply stocked by our Defense Establish­ inventory control points in the Department the bill reported out of the Foreign Relations ment. These consisted primarily of of Defense have centralized procurement of committee. hardware, repair parts, industrial sup- approximately 500,000 commercially avail­ No one, in fact, emerged from the foreign plies, and other low volume items. An able items with an annual turnover of $400 aid fight looking very glorious. The Demo- examination into the dollar value of or less per item. This report certainly points cratic leadership looked languid; the Repub- issues of these items during a 12-month the road to many economies, which could licans, like crafty shell-game operators; the · d d" · 1961 d' 1 d th t b~ attained in Government procurement. liberals, like fair-weather soldiers or cranky perio en ing ln lSC ose a The National Association of Wholesalers crusaders. It is somehow appropriate that about 258,000 items, OJ:' 46 percent, had is composed of 39 commodity line whole­ the last gasp of the first session of the 88th not been is~u~d a sin~le time during that sale associations which are comprised of congress should be Monday's meeting of year. Add1t10nally, 1t was found that 17,500 wholesale companies. Wholesale Senator MoRsE's version of the Quorum Club. ~ approximately 213,000, or an additional channels moved $150 billion of goods in WHERE cREDIT 1s ouE 38 percent had annual issues ranging in 1963, our inventories now exceed $14 billion and we sell and service every city and ham­ The tale of the close was the tale of much value from less than $10 to under $400. let in the Nation. We stand ready to sell of the session-but not all of it. The Sen- There is no question that many items and service Government installations where­ ate did approve the test ban treaty and the which are used exclusively by the mili­ ever located the half million commercially congressional leadership can point to a scat- tary, which necessity demands be readily available items the Comptroller General rec­ tering of other meritorious works. available, or which are for use at for- ommended be purchased locally at a sav­ But in the memory of the present, and eign posts, must be centrally procured. ings to the Government of $50 million each probably in the verdict of history, the 88th's It is clear, however, that there is simply year. first session will be chiefly associated with no excuse for piling up management ex­ President Johnson has embarked on a a refusal to legislate. The failure to accord dynamic campaign to keep Federal expendi­ the administration even the courtesy of a penses by centrally procuring and stock- tures at a minimum. Uneconomical pro­ vote on civil rights and the tax cut drama- piling items which are readily available curement through overcentraUzation of pur­ tized as seldom before the archaic methods from commercial sources throughout the chase and supply functions appears to need of Congress. United States. serious attention at the highest levels of Quite possibly, the future may decide that A detailed examination by the Comp- Government. the chief accomplishment of the first session troller General's office of 2,614 supply The increased use by Government of the was to swell the demand for congressional items disclosed that 36 percent of these extensive distribution system operated by reform in the second· items were readily available on a local merchant wholesalers would greatly reduce basis. Of these, 67 percent could be ob­ the warehousing operations of the Federal Government and release Government in­ tained in 5 days or less. It was the opin­ vestment in inventories and facilities. FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS A YEAR ion of the General Accounting Office that CAN BE SAVED BY THE DEPART­ We have long noted, Mr. Chairman, your approximately 150,000 items, which com­ sustained interest in the wholesale indus­ MENT OF DEFENSE THROUGH prised 32 percent of the 471,538 items try and your appreciation of its economic LOCAL PROCUREMENT on which the annual volume was $400 or contri'bution to our national well-being. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask less, could be obtained locally and pro­ Please accept our warmest thanks for call­ cured directly by the post or activity hav­ ing to our attention new opportunities to unanimous consent that the gentleman serve the Nation. from California [Mr. ROOSEVELT] may ing need for the item. Sincerely yours, I believe that all of us are aware that extend his remarks at this point in the J. A. BRYANT, RECORD and include extraneous matter. the small business community of America President. The SPEAKER. Is there objection has received far less than its fair share to the request of the gentleman from of Federal procurement. Frequently, it Oklahoma? , is argued that to enlar.ge small business' BIBLES IN COURTROOMS, WHY NOT There was no objection. share of procurement might entail ad­ IN SCHOOLS? Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, Pres­ ditional costs. The suggestion which I Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask ident Johnson is to be commended for have outlined for you today is also unanimous consent that the gentleman his determination to eliminate all un­ unique in that it would increase small .from New York [Mr. RIEHLMAN] may ex­ necessary Government spending. The business' share of procurement and si­ tend his remarks at this Point in the needs of our Nation are such that there multaneously save the taxpayers $50 mil­ REc9Rn and include extraneous matter. is no excuse for even $1 of waste. lion each year, as well as reducing Gov­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection The General Accounting Office recent­ ernment investments in stockpiled goods to the request of the gentleman from ly issued a report which presents a unique by $275 million. Kansas? opportunity to both increase efficiency I have discussed this situation with There was no objection. and effect a substantial saving. This the National Association of Wholesalers. Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speaker, I re­ report pointed out that if the Depart­ They tell me that the wholesalers of cently read an unusual letter in the Syra­ ment of Defense would stop stockpiling America stand ready and able to supply cuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard commenting supplies that are readily available from this need if the Department of Defense on the inconsistency of barring the Bible commercial sources, approximately $50 is willing to avail itself of this oppor­ from the classroom, yet continuing to use million a year could be saved and sup­ tunity to increase efficiency and reduce it in the courtroom. ply inventories could be reduced by ap­ costs. Although I have not signed the peti­ proximately $27!> million. An additional At this point, I request unanimous tion to discharge the committee and benefit that would be derived from local consent that a letter recently received bring the so-called prayer resolution to procurement of supplies would be the from Mr. J. A. Bryant, president of the the floor, which would also allow Bible stimulating of our local economies due to National Association of Wholesalers, be reading in the schools, I do believe the increased revenues of small businessmen. inserted in its entirety at this point in resolution has merit and should be con­ As a member of the Small Business the RECORD. sidered in committee. In my years of Committee and its Subcommittee on NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WHOLESALERS, congressional service I have not signed Procurement, and as a firm believer in Washington, D.C., January 8, 1964. discharge petitions, feeling that they are the necessity of insisting on full value Hon. JAMES ROOSEVELT, ah unwarranted intrusion on committee for each dollar of the taxpayer's money Chairman, Subcommittee on Distribution, responsibilities. House Small Business Committee, U.S. that is spent by the Federal Government, House of Representatives, Washington, The letter to the editor which follows is I would strongly urge the Department D.C.· a carefuly phrased examination of the of Defense to adopt the recommendations DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: It was indeed inconsistency of removing the Bible from contained in the Comptroller General's thoughtful of you to call our attention to the schools yet continuing its use in the report. the recent report of the Comptroller Gen- judicial system which outlawed its use. /

1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 285 I commend the letter to my colleagues, pledges. Congress agreed to provide $15.5 1963. In fact, from the beginning, the million to match, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, impression was given in publicity issued and it follows: money contributed by the public. BIBLES IN COURTROOMS, WHY NOT IN 8cHOOLS? by the Board of Trustees of the National Cultural Center that the $30 million fig­ To the EDITOR OF THE POST-STANDARD: Then, according to the Sunday Star, I saw a Bible ln a Syracuse courtroom. the Congress also : ure covered the -entire cost of the pro­ Now the courts have decreed the Bible out of Agreed to a Treasury loan of up to $15.4 posed building. the public schools but I saw one being sworn million to build a 1,600-car garage which I do not believe that the present site on at a recent trial. Let us be consistent: will also provide the foundation for the Cen­ is the most desirable one for the memo­ Let's paint a block of wood black with gold ter's superstructure. rial, especially if an underground garage edges and lettering. The coming genera­ is to be built, and I think that the Board tion, most of those who reach the criminal The fact is, as made clear by House courts, will not know a Bible when they see Report No. 1050, 88th Congress, 1st ses­ of Trustees, and President Johnson him­ it, much less what ls inside. sion, accompanying House Joint Resolu­ self, before he signs this bill into law, or No Bible ln American public schools; no tion 871: wben he does, should provide for an en­ recognition of basic moral tradition or train­ gineering study as to the feasibility of the ing in the education of our youth. I para­ The estimated cost for the construction present site for a garage. phrase a famous passage in this said Bible: of the superstructure based on preliminary architectural plans is $31 million and the If water is found a few feet down, How shall they know unless they hear: How im­ shall they hear unless they be taught • • • estimated cost of the construction of tbe would not this render the garage (ah yes, how?) That stealing is wrong? To parking facilities, which also serves as the practical? Certainly, the fact that the the untaught it is the getting caught that is substructure, is approximately $14 million. Center's site is filled ground alongside wrong. That immorality is wrong? Not ln This parking facility is a 3-level facility for the Potomac would suggest that water our higher education today. It is just the approximately 1,600 cars and includes the would probably be found, and that the getting "caught" that ls wrong. foundation, loads of the structure above, feasibility of the Center's location is open I claim this is the most vicious kind of the vertical circulation, and space for me­ chanical services of the structure above. to question. The Center's site has been segregation; this separating the favored chil­ flooded in the past. In comparison, the dren who (1) have homes, (2) go to church It is clear from this report that the • • • from the many who have no homes Lincoln Memorial is located on land 30 and from the most who never see the inside so-called parking garage, to be built with feet above the Potomac, and no flood will of a church. But the children of all the peo­ an uncollectible loan of $15.4 million, in­ ever reach it. Certainly, greater con­ ple are in schools. cludes the foundations of the three thea­ sideration must now be given to the lo­ Our atheists smug Christians and others ters to be erected above it. cation of this Memorial to President are taking from them the opportunity to be In other words, the $30 million build­ Kennedy in order to make certain that faced with the accepted moral law. Of course ing that was so dramatically unveiled a memorial designed for the ages is not mere Bible reading would not keep many from crime but at least they would realize among distinguished company at New­ irresponsibly located on a site which that this country is "under God" and they port, R.I., in September 1962, and which can be endangered by a spring thaw. would know what they are pulling against. was promoted alike to donors, founda­ Our colleague, the gentleman from Flor­ Yes, 1964 will continue Bibles in court­ tions, and the Congress, could never have ida [Mr. CRAMER] proposed that an rooms where the juvenile (and adult) delin­ been built, and was not intended to be engineering study be made, but in their quents come in droves, but wlll reject Bibles built, for $30 million. eagerness to get this legislation adopted in public schools where prevention may be Was this revealed by the Center's wit­ without any perfecting amendments the possible. There is no plea for devotional exercises led nesses during the hearings held by the congressional proponents may have been by teachers but for a facing of the facts House Public Works Committee on De­ placed in an untenable position by the inherent in the Decalog • • • the Ten Com­ cember 12 and December 16, 1963? It Center's Trustees. mandments. Freedom means nothing with­ was not. This vital information was It has been reported that a 1,500-space out moral sanctions. withheld, just as the true facts about the garage is to be built in the same general Communism bury us? We are more ln essential parking were withheld from area under private auspices for $4,289,- danger of being buried in our illogical, ridicu­ lous idea that our children, who can only be mid-1962 . until set forth in the House 392. This would indicate that what the reached in public schools, will become decent report accompanying House Joint Res­ Board of Trustees has been telling the citizens with no deliberate moral culture. olution 871. No attention was called to Congress was a $31 million cultural cen­ Let us keep our schools as basically American this vital matter in the House debate by ter is actually a $41 million cultural in ideals at least, as our courts. The Bible · the managers of the bill, nor was any , center. is part of our heritage. explanation offered as to how the $15.4 The Washington Post reported on CONCERNED. million mortgage will be amortized when January 12, 1964, that Edward Durell SYRACUSE. the garage is combined in this way with Stone, architect for the Center, has pre­ the substructure. dicted that work on the John F. Ken­ THE JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER The foundation, loads of the structure nedy Center for the Performing Arts OF THE' PERFORMING ARTS­ above, the vertical circulation, and space for could start in 3 months. The increasing PROBLEMS AND PORTENTS mechanical services of the structure above. evidence of poor site selection is ob­ Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask Only a few days ago on this floor I tried viously one reason why the Center's start unanimous consent that the gentleman to win a majority of my colleagues to the is now being pushed to prevent recon- from New Jersey [Mr. WIDNALL] may ex­ side of dignity and reason in connection sideration. ' tend his remarks at this point in the with the proposed memorial. I am proud I do not believe that any start can be RECORD and include extraneous matter. of those Members of Congress who spoke made legally until funds have been com­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection · similar views, and I am pleased to note pletely raised to pay for the Cultural to the request of the gentleman from that the sentiment for restraint was Center. Otherwise, the Federal Govern­ Kansas? strong, as the closeness of the vote shows. ment will undoubtedly be called upon to I have the unhappy impression that pay further large sums for completion of There was no objection. the Center should the private fund drive Mr. WIDNALL. Mr. Speaker, con­ politics, rather than the public welfare, struction of the John F. Kennedy Center or c;oncern for the memory of our again fail. for the Performing Arts, as well as its martyred President carried the day. Our colleague, the gentleman from operation and maintenance has already My concern is intensified by the ex­ New York [Mr. LINDSAY] pointed out created major problems for the Congress, traordinary fact that the defects in the during the House debate the dangers of and the Board of Trustees of the Center, hastily contrived and passed legislation Federal Government control of the Cul­ and will ,create more in the months and are already becoming apparent. tural Center's program unless there is years ahead. 1 Mr. Stevens failed to keep the Congress a major private contribution of private The Sunday Star of Washington, D.C., fully informed, for no mention was ever funds to the Center and its programs. reported on January 12, 1964, that: made of the need for additional funds The Washington Post declared, in an At the time of Mr. Kennedy's death, about for a garage over and above the $30 mil­ editorial on January 10, 1964, that the $13 million had been collected in cash and lion until the hearings on December 12, independence of the Cultural Center

I' 286 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 would depend upon the raising of suffi­ speaks of in order to qualify for the Ford the foundations of the Cultural Center, cient non-Government support to insu­ Foundation grant, and knew that the and then come right back to the Con­ late it from Government pressures. total would then be $20 million, he should gress with an accomplished fact, and a Certainly, the problem of raising the have requested only $11.5 million in demand for more Federal funds to cover funds necessary to give the Cultural Cen­ matching funds from the American tax­ this parking garage with its cultural ter the needed measure of independence payers, or he should have explained to "superstructure." The New York Tupes it must have to become a worthy center the Congress what he planned to do with commented' editorially that "Congress for the performing arts is not helped, in the excess amount. It is surprising to can hardly allow a Presidential memo­ fact, it is actually hindered, when the me to find Mr. Stevens so concerned with rial to go bankrupt." American people have no clear idea of an endowment fund when he completely I include as part of my-'remarks the the kind of memorial which will be pro­ ignored my suggestion for an annual ap­ newspaper articles to which I have re­ vided to our mourned President. The propriation to cover maintenance and f erred in these remarks. Sunday Star article is most instructi,xe operation, similar to the annual appro­ [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Jan. 12, regarding the utter failure of Center priation provided for the National Gal­ 1964) Chairman Roger Stevens to cope with lery of Art, to ke~p this Memorial Center CENTER START IN 3 MONTHS Is PREDICTED this aspect of the problem: for the Performing Arts from becoming a (By Susanna McBee) One of the most difficult jobs that lie white elephant. Architect Edward Durell Stone made an ahead of Mr. Stevens and his fellow mem­ · To sum up, then, it is clear, from the admittedly optimistic prediction yesterday bers of the Board is the task of determining words of Center Architect Edward Durell that work on the John F. Kennedy Center for what type of memorial to Mr. Kennedy Stone, reported by the Washington Post, the Performing Arts could start in 3 months. should be contained in the Center. Congress that the trustees of the Center propose Stone, interviewed in his New York office gave the Trustees that task-but also pro­ by telephone, added that he expects con­ vided that their decision should be reviewed to build their giant car park starting im­ struction to be finished in 2 ½ to 3 years. both by the Board of Trustees of the Smith­ mediately, long before they have the He gave a "rough timetable subject to sonian Institution and by Congress. money in · hand to build the "cultural" further refinement" for completion of the Should there be a statue of Mr. Kennedy? superstructure, for Roger Stevens as­ national memorial to the late President Some other piece of sculpture? A tablet en­ sured Congress that parking is not cul­ which Congress approved last week. graved with his writings? A painting? tural and hence shouJd be built under a The Center's board of trustees will meet Mr. Stevens said yesterday that he hadn't mortgage guaranteed by the Federal here Monday. Roger L. Stevens, board chair­ even had time to think how the Board would man, has scheduled a press conference at go about making its decision. Government. The entire substructure 1 :30 p.m., before the meeting. Stevens has I assume we'll establish a committee to including "the foundation, loads of the indicated construction could start by mid- consider the question but frankly, I haven't structure above, the vertical circulation, 1964 and be finished in 2 years. even begun to think of who should be on and space for mechanical services of the IN WORKS 5 YEARS such a committee. structure above," it now appears, are also Stone, who began working on the project Other memorials to President Kennedy not "cultural," if Mr. Stevens is to be 5 years ago, said his staff is now working outside of the Nation's Capital may well believed. with specialists on such technical problems attract funds which would go to the Congress, in its unseemly haste, has as seating, acoustics, and staging. Center if proper, and not hasty improvi­ indeed passed legislation that sets no The congressional joint resolution author­ qualifications nor restraints on this park­ izes up to $15.5 million in Federal funds to sation by Mr. Stevens and his colleagues match private donations and $15.4 million had been the rule in this vital matter. ing garage loan, and it follows that the in borrowing authority to build a three-tiered This entire problem could have been Center's Board of Trustees can demand underground parking garage. avoided if the Center's trustees had been that the U.S. Treasury buy its bonds As of last month, private funds in pledges more patient and farseeing. forthwith. and cash totaled $13.1 million, the Center's We now have been given additionai evi­ There is a possible catch in the fact trustees reported. dence that the Center's Trustees have yet that the House-passed measure was so Stone said the project "could be con­ hastily drawn by its proponents,- that the tracted for in stages." The General Serv­ to present to the Congress a fair account­ ices Administration will act as the agent ing of fundraising activities and the section authorizing the $15.4 million loan for inviting design and construction bids actual needs of the Cultural Center. for the parking garage was so drawn as for the Center, which will be built in Foggy The $15.5 million matching grant pro­ "to finance necessary parking facilities Bottom on the Potomac. vided in the House-passed measure was for the Center." "If they let the contract for the garage agreed to by the Congress on the assump­ No mention is made in the legislation before letting the contract for the super­ passed by the Senate and House of Rep-· structure, it would save a considerable tions that only $31 million would be amount of time," Stone said. necessary, and that only $15.5 million resentatives, and now before President would be raised through voluntary con­ Johnson for signature, about foundations HOPES FOR EARLY START tributions. No need was ever developed for a complex of theaters. Whether this Stone said he hopes site preparation1- and presented by Mr. Stevens and his is enough to deter those in charge re­ grading, excavation, and installing the foot­ mains to be seen. In any event, if chal­ ings on which the superstructure will rest-­ colleagues-for more than the $31 million. can be started in 3 months. Now, according to the Sunday Star lenged, it is doubtful that a court would "We could then start garage construction article to which I · have been referring, sustain the view that the legislation in 16 to 8 months, and by the time that Mr. Stevens hopes to raise an additional passed by the Congress actually provides is finished, let's say in 8 months or longer, $7 million, which wm bring the volun­ for the $15.4 million loan to cover such we could pave all the final drawings for the tary contributions to $20 million and the important and central portions of the superstructure ready," he said. total cost of the John F. Kennedy Cen­ Cultural Center as its very foundations. The superstructure would take another This would certainly seem to be some­ year to 14 months, he estimated. It will ter for the Performing Arts to $35.5 mil­ combine 3 halls under a single roof-a lion. thing which President Johnson himself 2,700-seat symphony hall, a 2,500-seat audi­ Mr. Stevens has left the impression should look into. torium for opera, ballet, and musical theater that the additional money will be used The President should also satisfy him­ and a 1,200-seat theater. for a cultural endowment fund. The self that the Board of Trustees can go Presum,ably the •Center's trustees can start fact is that Mr. Stevens needs this money ahead now to build the garage and the construction without waiting for a congres­ to bring the actual voluntary contribu­ foundation before they have any way of sional' appropriation since the garage borxow­ tions on hand to $15 million in order to knowing if they will have enough funds ing authority has been approved. qualify for a $5 million Ford Foundation to build the theaters. [From the Washington (D.C.)' Sunday Star, grant which he has insisted on including I very much doubt that this $7 million Jan. 12, 1964] in his $13 million figure of funds on hand. which Roger Stevens now admits he CULTURAL CENTER Is ASSURED; TRUSTEES' One can only hazard a guess as to why he needs will be raised in 3 months when PRoBLEMS GROW insisted on such faulty presentation of the construction of the garage and foun­ ( By Orr Kelly) dations is predicted to start. the matter, but the probable reason is Construction of the John F. Kennedy Cen­ that it made his fund drive appear to be It is only too clear that the-Board of ter for the Performing Arts is now assured tremendous success. Trustees is planning to get a loan from and those responsible for building and op­ However, since Mr. Stevens knew he the U.S. Treasury, dig a hole in the erating it are beginning to think of·the enor­ needed the additional $7 million he now ground, install a parking garage, and mity of the problems that still lie ahead. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 287 Both the House and the Senate agreed last Although it is planned that the Center The blow is compounded by the fact that week to a bill naming the National Cultural will be self-supporting and that there will be West Germany, France, Japan, and Spain Center for Mr. Kennedy and putting up no need for annual Federal appropriations, it competed with Britain for . the privilege of enough Federal funds, in loans and grants, would be naive not to assume that at least bailing Castro out of his transportation to assure an early start on construction. some Members of Congress would take a morass. President Johnson is expected to sign it in lively interest in what goes on at the Our policy of toppling Cuban communism the next few days. Kennedy Center. by economic containment is sunk without a The fact that the Center is now designated PRESSURE FEARED trace. as the sole memorial to Mr. Kennedy in the Willingness of the British to deal with the Washington area has, in a way, eased the Representative LINDSAY, Republican, of enemy of all democratic governments in the job of the Center's Board of Trustees. But New York, raised this question briefly during Americas-and tossing it off as routine­ it has also given them, in another sense, House debate on the bill last week and asked should not be too surprising. England, as a much greater responsib111ty. if the Center would not be subject to the Ed Lahey put it in the Herald yesterday, has same pressures as the cultural exchange pro­ been known to rise above principle when a PLAN FOR FUND gram. quick dollar was to be earned. There seems little doubt that it will be Representative ScHWENGEL, Republican, of We must admit also that our containment easier to collect money trom the public for Iowa, said he looked forward to hearing the tactic was never fl.rm and sure handed. It a memorial to an assassinated President than music of Meredith W1llson played at the was full of leaks. We never really cracked i.t .was to collect it for something as nebu­ Center. Certainly, no member of the Cen­ down, as we said we would, on All1ed ships lous as a cultural center. ter's Trustees can look forward to explaining bearing goods to Castro. Wh1le the efforts to obtain contrlbutions to any Member of Congress why he can't t.ear If the economic blockade ever served a from large donors will continue, Roger L. the music he likes or see the drama of his purpose, it is ineffective now. Castro has Stevens, Chairman of the Center's Board of State at the Kenendy Center. proven he can get what he wants from free Trustees, said a new plan is being devised to As the Nation's first living memorial to nations while the Soviet Union pumps in make an appeal for broad national support a President, the Kennedy Center undoubt­ arms. for the Center. But fundraising on such a edly will arouse questions of what is ap­ So what now? scale is a different, and in some ways a much propriate in a Presidential memorial. The There are signs that President Johnson is more complex, thing than raising large sums Bolshoi ·Ballet might well perform at a na­ moving to reassess the Cuban situation and from large donors. tional cultural center, but someone is sure to strengthen the team to deal with it. The Sometime this week, he said, he hopes ask if Russian Communists should perform OAS has matters pending that could lead to to be able to announce plans for the memo­ in a center erected to the memory of an as­ an inter-American blockade, one that could rial fund drive. sassinated President. be made to stick. At the time of Mr. Kennedy's death, about Tomorrow the Center's Trustees will hold The restless exiles might be unleashed to $13 million had been collected in cash and their annual organizational meeting at 2 help fight for their country's redemption. pledges. Congress agreed to provide $16.6 p.m. at 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., fol­ The vast internal unrest in Cuba could be million to match, on a dollar-for-dollar lowed by a meeting with the Center's Ad­ exploited rather than damped down. basis, money contributed by the public. In visory Board at the State Department. The British, in their business-as-usual addition, it agreed to a Treasury loan of up Mr. Stevens said he expected the meetings ardor, may have done the free Americans a to $15.4 million to build a 1,600-car garage · to be routine, but it was apparent that he service by making the situation and the need which will also provide the foundation for and his colleagues had already begun to grap­ for action clear. the Center's superstructure. ple with the problems that lie in the ne~t As we said long ago when the strength of 2½ years of construction and beyond. SEEKS ADDITIONAL MONEY the Communist thrust became apparent, halfway measures will not do the job that Mr. Stevens hopes to raise an additional inevitably must be done to return CUba to $7 million, to bring the public contributions the Cuban people. We might as well get to about $20 million. This will provide more COMMUNIST DOMINATION IS THE to it. than the $31 million it will cost to build the "AMERICAN ROADBLOCK" Center superstructure (including about $l Mr. Speaker, the proper reemphasis million already spent for fundraising and Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the gentleman of the problems caused by Cuba is fur­ administration). · ther seen in an editorial in the Thursday, Enough will be left over, it is hoped, to pro­ from Illinois [Mr. DERWINSKI] may ex­ vide at least the beginnings of an endow­ tend his remarks at this point in the January 9, edition of the Chicago Trib­ men,t to bring the best in the performing arts RECORD and include extraneous matter. une, emphasizing the same problem of to the Center. The SPEAKER. Is there objection nations trading and maintaining the One of the most difficult jobs that lie to the request of the gentleman from economy of Castro's Cuba. ahead of Mr. Stevens and his fellow members The inability to isolate and crush the of the Board is the task of determining what Kansas? There was no objection. Castro economy is dramatizei by the type of memorial to Mr. Kennedy should be Johnson administration's insistence to contained in the Center. Congress gave Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the the Trustees that task-but also provided fanfare of the New Year and the Presi­ subsidize and aid the economy of the that their decision should be reviewed both dent's state of the Union message have Soviet Union and other Communist coun­ by the board of trustees of the Smithsonian not brushed away the cold facts of life­ tries. The self-defeating purpose of this Institution and by Congress. that our foreign policy throughout the foreign policy is clearer than ever .. Should there be a statue of Mr. Kennedy? world, and especially in Latin America WHO'S ISOLATING WHOM? Some other piece of sculpture? A tablet en­ continues to deteriorate. Fidel Castro has once again thumbed his graved with his writings? A painting? nose at our economic blockade, this time with Mr. Stevens said yesterday that he hadn't We are somewhat diverted at the even had time to think how the Board would present time by the crisis in Panama but help froll} Britain. He has arranged to buy go about making its decision. at least 400 British buses to replace American we must realize that the Communist buses which have been disabled by the lack "I assume we'll establish a committee to domination of Cuba is the basic road­ of spare parts. These buses will help Castro consider the question," he said,/'but frankly, block to peace and advancement in Latin restore Havana's crippled transportation sys­ I hpven•t even begun to think of who should America. tem and thus mollify one of the more per­ be on such a committee." The Miami Herald, in a very kindly sistent of his people's many complaints. WORDING OF ACT editorial, discusses our Cuban foreign This is the latest of a number of deals The action by Congress last week assured policy, which as I have emphasized, is at Castro has made with our allies which are the construction of what the act referred to the root of our complications. thwarting our policy of trying to isolate as the "superstructure" of the Center. This Castro and thus bring about his downfall. word was used to distinguish the Center it­ OUR CUBAN POLICY GOES UNDER Yet the State Department's only comment 1s self from the garage and basement below Angry as we may be over Britain's deal to that it is "unhappy." and does not mean, as the word might imply, sell Fidel Castro buses under favorable long­ There is no ground for formal complaint, that the Center will be an empty shell. term credits, the development has some so­ because Britain has never agreed to help us But even though the Center will be com­ bering implications for our decisionmakers isolate Castro. In response to our many pleas plete with seats and lights and chandeliers in Washington. for help, Britain has merely promised to exert and drinking fountains, it will still, in a The United Kingdom, our closest ally, is "vigilance" 1n preventing further kidnapings sense, be an ~mpty shell until it comes alive betting not only the Castro will still be run­ by Castro in the West Indies. as a showplace of American culture. ning Cuba 6 years from now but that the Our other allies have been .likewise un­ This perhaps, will be the Trustees• most country will be fiscally sound with a surplus moved. Canada listened politely to our re­ difficult task--0ne that has probably been to pay off debts. quest for cooperation, and responded by sell­ complicated at least a little by the large Fed­ It is hard to imagine a more devastating ing a large supply of wheat to Castro. Spain eral contribution that has now been prom­ critique of our policy in relation to COm­ expressed doubt that our blockade would be ised. munist subversion next door. effective, and then proceeded to confirm its 288 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 • own do11bts by buying $80 million worth of mercial banks-11,700 of them-which Ian,. the bank renders services which Cuban sugar in exchange for Spanish ma­ are this very minute receiving a subsidy would cost the Government a lot of chinery and fruit. The French Government replied sanctimoniously that what French that in my opinion gives the lie to the money, and today the bank does this out exporters arranged with Cuba was none of its old saw that you can't get something for of the goodness of its heart. business. nothing. Incidentally, I do not want the Bank of Foreign trade with Cuba has, in fact, pro­ The banking system of the United Dela ware or any other bank rendering vided employment for the nearly 200 foreign States of America at this time is strong any service to the Government of the ships-most of them British, Greek, or Leb­ and powerful. Banks from one end of United States without being adequately anese- which have been c,a1Jght trafficking the country · to the other are highly . paid for that service. Most emphatically with Cuba and have been banned, under the profitable. They can afford to pay their decree of President Kennedy, from carrying I favor a service charge for any service cargoes finan9ed by the U.S. Government. way. Any subsidy to them is wasteful. rendered to the Government by the Thus the uselessness of our present pol­ Any subsidy to them is paid for by the banks. I want to see a fair ratio between icy has been compounded. American taxpayer. a reasonable profit made by banks on We have added to the lnco17-sistency of our It is indeed ironic that one gentleman Government deposits and actual work position by agreeing to sell American wheat I know who has gone around the country done for the Government by the banks. to Russia and thus conceding, in effect, that decrying subsidies is the president of a I do not want a bankers' bonanza as now there ls no point in penalizing American bank in Wilmington, Del., which re­ exists. farmers and exporters by restrictions which nobody else recognizes. ceives in effect a . Government subsidy But now to return to the subcommit­ We don't know how Castro is going to pay of at least $400,000 annually. This tee report I mentioned a moment ago for the Br.itish buses, but there is little the money accrues to the bank since it had regarding banks holding Treasury tax State Department could say even if it should on deposit as of October 15, 1963, more and loan account balances. What do we turn out that Britain is giving him credit. than $8 million of Federal money, a fig­ mean by a tax and loan account? This After all, the administration has insisted ure that was exceeded during most of the is simply U.S. Government money t})at that we give credit to Russia for the purchase year. As a matter of fact, in early Oc­ sits in private commercial banks. The of wheat. tober the bank had over $17 million of banks earn interest on 1.t but not the There is no rhyme or reason in a policy which must necessarily depend oh the co­ Federal money on deposit. His bank Treasury of the United States. The total operation of allies whom we obviously can't pays Uncle Sam not 1 cent for this amount of .such money in private banks control. If we cannot isolate Cuba ourselves, money, but it is loaned out to the citi­ as of mid-October was $4,040 million. there is no point in trying. ) zens\ of Wilmington and the State of Now how · did it get there? Several Delaware at the going interest rate for ways. First, when a bank buys Gov­ Let us hope that the light of reason commercial banks. ernment securities, whether for its will dawn upon the White House and the You know that I am talking about Ed customers or its own account, the Treas­ State Department, and an immediate Neilan, president of the Bank of Dela­ ury may permit the bank to pay for the reversal of our tragic foreign policy will ware.· He is in the tradition of the old . securities without turning the money be promulgated. sage who was lecturing on the virtues into the Treasury or.the Federal Reserve. of honesty with the stolen goose up his Instead, tbe bank opens an account in PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO COR- sleeve. His great crusade against you, the name of the U.S. Treasury and puts RECT INEQUITIES IN OUR MONE- the Representatives of the people...:.. the money into that. In this manner TARY AND FISCAL POLICIES against several hundred local chambers the bank gets to keep the money which of commerce, part of a national organi- is earmarked for the Government, and The SPEAKER. Under previous order zation he purports to head; against busi­ waits for the Treasury to call it into the of the House, the gentleman from Texas nessmen in general; against any pro­ Federal Reserve. In the meantime, the [Mr. PATMAN] is recognized for 60 min- gressive measures for the betterment of bank gets interest on . the securities utes. our country, such as ARA; and yes, which it did not pay .for, but got by Mr; PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask against subsidies-alas, this crusade is creating the dep·osit that bears no inter­ unanimous consent to revise and extend just as phony as I said it was before you est. These same securities could have my remarks and include extraneous gentlemen some time ago. And how do been sold to the Federal Reserve and it matter. · I know? Has Ed Neilan cried out against would not have cost the people interest. The SPEAKER. Is there objection the subsidy to his bank, accruing from A second source of funds in the tax to the request of the gentleman from the more than $8 million of Uncle Sam's and loan account is income taxpay­ Texas? money on deposit for which he pays not ments--not the big, single payment you There was no objection. 1 penny of interest? Has Ed Neilan make at the · end of the year that goes Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, there is come to the support of the extremely straight into the Treasury-but with­ nothing more important in the business astute and capable Joseph Campbell, holding income taxes from payrolls and I of legislation than to make certain that Comptroller General of the United large quarterly payments made by cor­ inequities in our monetary and fiscal States who, according to the Wall Street porations. This gives rise to probably policies be eliminated. Special favors for Journal on December 31, 1963, urged the most ludicrous situation in the whole the fortuitous few-for the financially that banks be charged for the use of relationship between banks and the powerful-at the expense of t~e many, Federal deposits? The General Account­ Treasury. Here the Treasury deposits make for trouble whether in Latin ing Office, a Federal "watchdog" agency, tax collections in commercial banks and America or in the United States of suggests that Congress require large the Government . receives nothing for America. banks to pay for the use of Government them. This same money can be used by I wish to call to the attention of the funds kept on deposit with them. the banks to purchase Government secu­ Congress an iniquitous absurdity in re- Where, oh where, has the scrooge of rities on which the Treasury pays. inter­ gard to the special treatment we afford a Wilmington been in failing to decry the est. Who benefits from this nonsensical large section of our banking institu- great giveaway to American banks in the situation? Only the commercial banks. tions. We are indebted to the Domestic "form of billions of Federal funds on de­ Who pays the bill? The poor taxpayer. Finance Subcommittee of the Banking . posit ~ree for nothing? Mr. Neilan wants Other sources of tax and loan account and Currency Committee· for compiling no Federal subsidies going to depressed funds include railroad retirement ,taxes, and releasing for your consideration and areas for projects that will put men back payroll taxes from the old age insurance that of the general public a volume en- to work. No, he says area redevelopment program, and cert'ain excise taxes. All titled "Banks Holding Treasury Tax and is bad for the country,,it is destructive of of this money is available for the unre­ Loan Account Balances as of October 15, private initiative, it just saps the soul stricted use of the banks until it is later 1963." Upon request, Members of Con- of a free nation.- But a subsidy to the called into the Federal Reserve system. gress or their constituents through their Bank of Delaware that costs not a penny It all earns interest, but not a penny of Cong-ressman may receive this report. It to Ed Neilan nor to his directors, includ­ interest goes back to the Government. contains a list prepared at my request by ing a few Du Pont stooges, he says that The Federal money on deposit is not a the Federal Reserve of the private com- is as it should be. According to Mr. Nei- convenience to the Treasury. The Treas- 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 289 ury does not draw checks on it. The time or other this inequitable arrange­ Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, will the Treasury:· I repeat, cannot use it until ment will be changed. gentleman yield? it is called into the Federal Reserve Then there are many free services pro­ Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle- ban.ks. vided to private banks by the Federal man from California. . . Whenever the Treasury balance of Reserve at an annual cost to the Ameri­ Mr. HANNA. . First of all, I would like. working cash, which is kept in the Fed­ can taxpayer of almost $150 million. to compliment the gentleman for bring: eral Reserve banks, gets too low, then These include free check clearance, free ing this very important and well-dis­ they call in tax and loan money, but telegraphic services, and a number ·of cuss~ problem to the attention of the since it is always coming into the banks other free services that are known to the Congress and to commend the commit­ as fast as it is going out to the Treasury, banking community. tee on the excellent survey that they even faster, the banks know that . they Last, and by far the most important, is have made, which I am sure is going to have a juicy subsidy in the form -0f free the fundamental power to create money, be a pleasure to many Members. 1 money from Uncle Sam. That is, depos­ and then earn interest on that which is I would like to ask the gentleman this its which cost them nothing, but which created. Whether the banks are buying question: can be loaned to the public. securities of the U .s. Government and Insofar as the disposition of public During the fiscal year 1963, there was earning interest on them, or making moneys is concerned, is this not a prob­ never any less than $2 billion sitting loans to business conceris and individ­ lem in the States of the United States there. Sometimes, on the other hand, uals and then collecting interest, they as well as the United States? there has been over $10 billion, and the are using the power of.,.the Federal Gov­ Mr. PATMAN. I am glad the gentle­ average for fiscal year 1963 was $5.3 bil­ ernment to create the money out -of thin man asked that question. lion. The interest for 1 year on $5.3 bil­ air. In 1933 and 1935 when the country lion at 5 percent is $267 million. Do I If anyone else except _the Federal Re­ was in a depression and we were all try­ hear Mr. Ed Neilan screaming about the serve did this, he would be arrested for ing to bring our country back to normal, $267 million annual subsidy to himself counterfeiting, and rightly so, but the there were big changes made in our and his friends? Will someone who b9,nks do it every day. Savings and loan, banking laws. Congress was voting for listens to his next "never-never" speech credit unions, mutual savings banks, and every change that was proposed, some­ on the wickedness of subsidies be good all the other competitors of the com­ times without argument or without de­ enough to ask him why he has not been mercial banks can lend or invest only bate. We were willing to vote for any­ opposed to the big bankers' bonus? what someone deposits with them, but thing in our anxiety to get the country Now there are 13,500 commercial the banks are not lending or investing back on its feet. The acts that were banks in America, and 11,700 of these are only what their depositors give them­ passed in the early thirties made sub­ official depositaries for tax and loan they are using the power of the Federal stantial changes in the banking laws account funds. The average amount of Government to create money on the giving the banks tremendous advan­ Government money on deposit with each credit of the Nation and then they are tages. They were looked upon at the bank is something over $345,000, and the earning interest on it and for the most time as temporary, to be in effect just average annual interest on this amount part, not paying that interest to any .... during the emergency. But they re­ at 5 percent is about $23,000. Some one but their owners. Let us look for mained part of the permanent laws of banks have much more than the aver­ a moment to the poor devil who fails to the country. age. The Bank of Delaware holds over pay his taxes on April 15 and who is One such provision in the act of 1935 $8 million in Federal money, which is hauled before the Internal Revenue made it unlawful for national banks to 23 times the average, and the more than people as a delinquent. Was his crime pay interest on demand deposits. In the $400,000 a year interest this bank earns against Uncle Sam or is he going to jail Federal deposit insurance law this was on this money is 23 times the average. or suffer ·a fine because he did not get made to apply to all insured banks. They Eight banks in New York City-Chase his money to the bank on time so that could not pay interest on demand de­ Manhattan, First National City, Chemi­ they could lend his money-perhaps posits. To do so would be in violation of cal Bank, Morgan Bank, Manufacturers back to him or somebody else-at a the law. Hanover, Bankers Trust, Irving Trust, profit to the bank and not to the Of course, bankers resent regimenta-· and Marine Midland-have over $800 Treasury Department? tion. Like the rest of us, they do not million combined, or more than 20 oer­ The purpose of my remarks has been like it; they do not like to have Con­ cent. That is 8 banks out of 11,700 that to point up a question which the Con­ gress tell them anything about what to have one-fifth of all the money in the gress must ultimately decide; namely­ do. This was one law, however, that tax and loan account. and here I am reading from the letter was very pleasing to the bankers. It In the main, I have discussed. but one of transmittal which is the preface to saved them several hundred million dol­ key subsidy that the Government pre­ the "Subcommittee Report on Treasury lars a year and that has increased year sents commercial banks. There are sev­ Tax and Loan Account Balances" I men­ by year. Now it will take a law to eral others besides the tax and loan tion in the first part of my remarks­ change that, so that banks will pay in­ account. the question which you must determine terest on demand deposits. Now let us consider for a moment an­ is: "Should the Treasury continue the Any person, now, can go into a bank other special treatment afforded our practice of leaving large amounts of to borrow a thousand dollars and tell the commercial banks. It is a simple fact funds on deposit with the banks on an banker: "I do not need this money, I that banks are not permitted to pay in­ interest-free basis? The general tax­ have a thousand dollars on deposit here terest on demand deposits. Now every­ payer is paying interest on these funds with you, but I do not want to disturb body else pays interest on their deposits, while they are in the hands of the banks, it. I want another balance on which I savings and loan, and even insurance because the amount of outstanding debt may draw checks. I will probably at all companies, but not the commercial on which the Treasury must pay interest times have a thousand dollars here on de­ banks. These demand deposits are raw is at all times larger than it needs to be, posit with you. I want a low rate of in­ materials, just like pig iron, that rep­ by the amount of the funds on deposit terest." But he gets the same rate of in­ with the private banks." terest that everybody gets. It is just like resent $150 billion on which banks are I personally believe that it is folly to they did in the OPA days when they had earning interest which they are not pay­ give the great handout that I have de­ price control and allocations, when a ing to the depositors. Checking ac­ scribed to you · today to our banks at merchant would say "I will be glad to counts are demand deposits. It is lawful absolutely no charge to them. Conse­ give you a better price on this, but Con­ for a bank to lend money to the holder of quently, I have ordered the drafting of gress has fixed it and I cannot do it." a checking .account and, of course, legislation which will call for payment Similarly, this banker will tell his cus­ charge him interest. But the banker to the U.S. Treasury of a reasonable tomer, "I know at the end of 6 months or would be violating the law if he were to interest charge from our commercial a year you will come back to pay this and pay interest on this checking account banks for Federal money which'they hold you probably will have on deposit as money which he in turn loans out. Some on deposit. much money as you borrowed. It is CX--19 290 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 legal for us to charge you interest, but Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ of the Nation, and it does not cost them Congress has said it is unlawful for us to tleman yield? a penny. I think that is very h~lpful to pay you interest. Therefore, we cannot Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle­ the banks. At one time the banks held do it. although we would like to." man from Ohio. about $60 billion of these bonds. I think That is the ridiculous situation we Mr. TAFT. May I say to the distin­ they hold now approximately $60 billion are in. guished chairman of the Committee on and at 4 percent that would be $2.4 bil­ I may say to the gentleman from Cali­ Banking and Currency that he has lion a year. Do these bonds cost them fornia, [Mr. HANNA], who is a member of brought to the House a matter that de­ anything? Absolutely nothing. So there the Domestic Finance Subcommittee of serves study. I do not believe it has been is $2.4 billion right there. You could the Banking and Currency Committee, reviewed for some time at the Federal enumerate all the benefits and subsidies that that law did not immediately apply level. It has been up in the States, such that the bankers get throughout-and ' to States, counties, cities, and political as in the State of Ohio, where I served remember I am not against the banks. subdivisions. At that time those partic­ in the legislature several terms. We I am for the banks-and I am for a prof­ ular entities were getting a substantial have that problem. I was the author of itable banking system. But I want them amount from the banks for the use of a bill, which was passed, which took to render service to the people of the their funds. It amounted to something care of the funds to the extent that the country-the real people, the plain peo­ substantial in their budgets. They were funds of the tate of Ohio were con­ ple of the United States. So when you pleased with it. They were glad to get it cerned. enumerate all the benefits that all the at all times. Evidently the people who It occurs to me that at the Federal banks get from the U.S. Government, it were behind this particular provision level, in viewing the whole national will aggregate a staggering sum. knew that the impact on them would be banking system and the Federal Reserve, Now if anybody wants to take issue tremendous if they immediately passed there may be ·problems here involved with me on that, I am ready to debate a bill which would apply to them. So which are not necessarily in any way in­ with them. there was a provision put in the 1935 act volved at the State level, in that at the Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, wm that it would not apply to States, coun­ State level, of course, the whole matter the gentleman yield? ties, cities, and political subdivisions un­ of monetary policy and monetary sup­ Mr. PATMAN. I am happy to yield to til 2 years later. So the impact did not ply is not involved. the gentleman. hit them until 2 years later. Then it I wonder if the gentleman would care Mr. YOUNGER. You made a remark was too late to do anything about it. to comment as to whether he does not about taxpayers paying for the clearing A large part of the Government's feel that perhaps the change which he of checks. Will you explain that? money has been borrowed from investors, is suggesting might have some effect on Mr. PATMAN. Oh, easily. We have 12 many of them banks, and the Govern­ the whole question of monetary policy Federal Reserve banks. At one time they ment pays interest on this money that and monetary supply, in fact, whether it were autonomous. Each bank was a it borrows. But it keeps the money that might not increase the monetary supply; separate institution. Under Woodrow it borrows in the banks and receives no whether any study has been made along Wilson it could not have been set up any interest on it. If the Government re­ these lines to indicate what the effect other way because he was against a ceived interest on its deposits, this money might be. central banking system. So it was could be paid on the national debt and Mr. PATMAN. I thank the gentleman created with 12 separate banking insti­ immediately save the .taxpayers a large and commend him for his action as a tutions-12 Federal Reserve banks, lo­ sum each day, each month and each year, member of the State Legislature of the cated in 12 areas. All the banks in an by reducing the national debt that much. great State of Ohio. area were served by a particular Federal But the Government is not paid the Personally, I have given much thought Reserve bank and they would send their money it should rightfully receive on and consideration to what the gentleman checks to that bank and they would be these deposits. has suggested, about whether a study cleared through the Federal Reserve The gentleman mentions the States should be made, and so forth. I think banking system. It would not cost the and their political subdivisions. May I the facts are well known. I stated in my particular bank anything. Not only that, say there has been a terrific demand in speech that if there were any services my dear friend, but when banks would many of the States of the country not rendered, we should pay the banks. But call up and want money shipped to them, to let these idle balances lie there and let when you evaluate in one column the it would be shipped at the taxpayers' the bank profit from them· when they benefits the banks get from the U.S. expense. There were telegraphic ex­ could save the taxpayers millions of dol­ Government, and in the other column penses and the taxpayers paid it. Post­ lars. I understand, as the · ,gentleman the cost to the banks, you will find it top­ age was paid. Express charges and has suggested, that some States have heavy on the side of benefits that the Brinks delivery charges were paid. passed laws that require State officials banks get from the Government. The Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. -Speaker, if the to make sure they get interest on their banks not only have the use of this gentleman will yield, where is this in the deposit balances. money free, but they get all their checks budget? It runs into a lot of money. For in­ cleared for nothing at Government ex­ Mr. PATMAN. If the gentleman will stance, if my information is correct, and pense. It costs the U.S. Government, the let me finish. I believe it is substantially correct, in taxpayers, about $150 million a year to Mr. YOUNGER. Would the gentleman addition to these $5 to $7 billion a year of render services to the banks. We pay the answer my question? Where in the the U.S. Government's money that is on bill for clearing all the checks of the big budget is the taxpayers' money going deposit free in these banks, there are corporations of the country that do mail for the Federal Reserve bank? about $15 billion owned by States, coun­ order business and any other kind of Mr. PATMAN. The gentleman will be ties, cities, school districts, road districts, business. The U.S. Government bears interested in this. You are against back­ drainage districts, and other political the cost of clearing them. It costs the door financing, I assume? subdivisions of the State governments, banks absolutely nothing to clear those Mr. YOUNGER. That is correct. on which they receive no interest. The checks all over the Nation. It runs to Mr. PATMAN. Yes, that is right. banks' excuse is just like the OPA ex­ about $150 million a year. This is one of the outstanding cases of cuse: "We would be glad to pay you in­ In addition to that, there is something back-door financing in America. You terest on this, but your Congress, your that I did not bring up here as yet-bond will not find it in the budget. It is not Congressman and others, make it unlaw­ purchases. I believe that all commercial reported to the Congress except in the ful for us to pay your interest on demand banks should be allowed to purchase a report that the Federal Reserve makes deposits." That is a law we want to reasonable amount of U.S. Government once a year. You will not find it any­ change. I believe the sentiment of our bonds and hold them in what you might where. It is a back-door spending deal Domestic Finance Committee supports consider the category of secondary re­ which has been permitted to the Federal changing this law so that a private con­ serves. I would not object to a reason­ Reserve banking system, which became tract between a depositor and a bank is able amount. But present law allows the a central bank long after Woodrow Wil­ legal and it is no longer unlawful for banks to buy all the bonds they want to son passed away; in 1935 it became a cen­ them to pay that depositor interest on his of the U.S. Government and then pay for tral bank and that central bank can pur­ deposit. them with money created on the credit chase U.S. Government bonds by paying

l 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 291 for them just by a flick of the pen. They It involves greenback money, printing­ not have a privilege of keeping that do not pay anything for them except the press money. It is all bad," and any money a little longer? . Government credit, and they have ac kind .of untrue s.,tatements. He could Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. Speak­ quired more than $30 billion of bohds in say, "Yes, Mr. Banker, I will vote against er, will the gentleman yield further? that way. They are held in the Federal that Patman bill.''. Mr. PATMAN. I yield further. Reserve bank. All Members could safely do that, be­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. I take it Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, will the cause they -would be catering to the from the gentleman's statement that if gentleman yield? banks and at the same time it would I lived, let us say, on the far side of a Mr. PATMAN. Let me finish, please. not hurt them with the people, because State, away from the Federal Reserve I am going to tell you about this, and ;r the people do not know anything about it. System, and I had a bank account there, hope you are interested in this. We have to make this a national cam- and I wrote a check to the Federal Gov­ Mr. YOUNGER. I am-I have heard . paign before Members of Congress will ernment for some social security tax it for 11 years. be in a .position to protect themselves by which was owed on a bank at the far Mr. PATMAN. No, you have not heard voting right on this issue. When they do, end of the State, the Federal Government this part and I know by your questions it will save a lot of money every year . . would permit that money to remain in that you have not, and by answering your Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. the bank, and would tell the banker to questions, I can bring this out and I am Speaker, will the gentleman yield? transfer it from my account over to glad to do it. They are holding in that Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle­ theirs? New York bank over $30 billion of Gov­ man. Mr. PATMAN. That is correct. ernment bonds purchased for nothing­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. In the Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. And the nothing but just the credit of the United study made in the subcommittee print, money would be left in the bank? States. Every year the taxpayers pay to which the gentleman has directed our Mr. PATMAN. It would be left in the interest on that to the Treasury and the attention, there are outlined the amounts bank indefinitely, until the Government Treasury sends to the open market com­ of money deposited in the various banks needed it. mittee in New York over a billion dollars throughout the United States, which The Government cannot draw checks a year. That pays for clearing these money belongs to the Federal Govern­ on this money which is in these banks. checks. That pays for everything that ment? The Government has no right to draw · they want to spend money for-big par­ Mr. PATMAN. That is correct. checks on the money any more than it ties that cost $5,000 an occasion, big Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Did the could draw checks on an individual who banquets, and expensive travel. They committee make a study to ascertain turned money into a bank. pay for it out of the taxpayers' money how those particular sums got into par­ The Government can only check on but they do not account to the Congress ticular banks, and whether there . was the Federal Reserve, and it is necessary for it. They just spend all they want to any favoritism? Who makes the de­ that the Government call the money into and turn the rest of it over to the Treas­ posits? the Federal Reserve System before the ury by the month and by the end of the Mr. PATMAN. We have not gone into Government can issue a check on it. year. This is back-door financing at its that yet. We shall commence a hearing Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. I do not worst, and I suggest since the old argu­ on January 21, which is Tuesday, a week believe the gentleman fully understood ment is made-does this kind of back­ from tomorrow. In the hearing we will my question and the subject to which I door financing exist--! say it does and go into the Federal Reserve System and made reference. - have introduced a bill to stop this busi­ its operations for the past 50 years and Suppose I had an account in a bank, ness of back-door financing. study some bills which will be offered or and I owed a tax to the Government, and This is the worst type. This is the have been offered to correct some abuses I issued my check to the Government, way they get the money to pay for clear­ we know now exist. and the Government submitted it to my ing the checks. I can tell the gentleman how that bank. Does the Government then have Mr. YOUNGER. Will the gentleman money gets there. a new policy of leaving the money in the come to a stopping place? Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. How does bank? Mr. PATMAN. I shall be glad to. I it? Mr. PATMAN. Tnat is the Policy. shall be very glad to. I am delighted to Mr. PATMAN. The money gets in Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. And then yield to the gentleman. there through several means, which I when my check was submitted to the Mr. YOUNGER. I thank the gentle­ outlined in the prepared speech I made, bank-- man. That is about the most round- including social security funds and in Mr. PATMAN. It is transferred from 11,bout explanation I have ever heard as many other ways. This means that if a your account to the bank's account. to how to obtain the taxpayers' money. bank buys a million dollars' worth of The gentleman knows he has never bonds which the Government has just Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Not the voted for anything against back-door issued or will issue, the million dollars bank's account? spending, since I have been in Congress. will not be sent to the Federal Reserve Mr. PATMAN. Yes; it is, to the"bank's .. Mr. PATMAN. Well, I have been try­ bank immediately for the Government, tax and loan account. ing to correct that all the time. The but the million dollars will be kept in the Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Is it not gentleman just did not notice it. I have bank. It will be kept there indefinitely­ trans!erred to the Federal Government? been trying to correct it. sometimes for weeks, sometimes for Mr. PATMAN. No, it is not trans­ I agree with the gentleman that this months, sometimes for a year or more. ! erred until it is called for; in other is a circuitous route. It is all around Then the bank gets the use of the money. words, a call has got to be made-"We Robin Hood's barn, but it satisfies the They use the money, or a large part of it, need some more money in the Federal bankers. They like it. They like it very for bonds that they purchase from the Reserve"-and they then send in a cer­ much, because they get $150 million a Government. The Government is pay­ tain .percentage of what they have got year from the taxpayers that way, and ing interest on those bonds from the time to the Federal Reserve so they can issue the people do not even know it. If the that the bonds are issued, yet the bank checks on it. gentleman offered a bill, or if I were to is keeping the money. · Mr. ROGERS of Colorado: The gen­ offer a bill right now, to change it, I That is the reason why I brought up tleman means that it stays there? doubt there is a single Member of the the question of a poor taxpayer who is Mr. PATMAN. It stays there until House, of all the 435, including myself, charged with not paying his taxes on it is called, because they cannot check who could not be called to the telephone time, by April 15. What is the charge, on the gentlemap's bank; the Federal while the vote was being taken by some really? Is it that the taxpr..yer failed to Government has no right to check on important banker, who lived in his dis­ pay the money due to the U.S. Govern­ the gentleman's· bank. The Federal trict. ment? No. It is that the taxpayer Government will tell the gentleman's All of us know important bankers, who failed to pay the money to the bank. bank that a certain percent of that ac­ are our frie.nds. We answer the tele­ The bank can use the money for weeks count that they hold will have to be phone when they call. They could tell and months, and sometimes for a year turned in by a certain time to the Fed­ Members, "Do not vote for that Patman or more, without turning it in to the eral Reserve because they want to check bill. That Patman bill is inflationary. Government, so why doe~ the taxpayer on the Federal Reserve. 292 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~ HOUSE January 13 Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. But is it from Texas is pursuing a course of pru­ give us a greater fluidity of goods in the carried in the bank in the name of the dence and economy in raising this ques­ consumer market? bank? · tion. I hope that the):learings which his Mr. PATMAN. The gentleman is Mr. PATMAN. It is in the name of committee, the House Committee on correct. It will not be harmful-it will the Treasury of the United States; that Banking and Currency, is about to hold, be helpful. May I suggest that the hard is, it is where it can be called in the will farther illuminate this situation and money, high interest policy that started Treasury's name, but it is used by the hopefully enable the gentlemen to come in this country in 1953 and has con­ bank as though it were in the bank's up with some very concrete recommen­ tinued more or less up to date, has re­ name until it is called for by the Treas­ dations to the Cangress and the adminis­ sulted in our paying over $10 billion a ury. And they get the fruits of it; name­ tration which will enable this country's year interest on U.S. Government obli­ ly, interest. Treasury to recoup some of the interest gations. It is the second largest item in Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. If you are payments which would make such a dif-' our national budget. The largest item not a member of the Federal Reserve f erence in our annual budget obligation. is for national defense. The next larg­ System you do not get that advantage? Mr. PATMAN. I thank the gentleman, est item is for interest on the national Mr. PATMAN. Yes, you do. Mem­ and also I want to thank the gentleman debt. But today it is my belief from what bers of the Federal Reserve have the from California [Mr. HANNA] for their knowledge I have of this subject and same right. contributions. Both these gentlemen are from the work and study I have done Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. But I say, valuable m~mbers of our committee and on it over a long period of time, that if if you are not a member of the Federal have been very helpful on this subject. we would go back to 1952 and have the Reserve-- They are studying it every day; -they are rate as of 1952 applied to our national Mr. PATMAN. They get the same ad­ working on it. I appreciate the work debt now, it would be approximately $4 vantage if they are an insured bank and they have done. They are very valuable billion less than we will be paying this a depositary. members of our committee. year. You can look that over and you Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, will the·gen­ Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, will the will come to the same conclusion, be­ tleman yield? gentleman yield? cause there was a time when this coun­ Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle­ Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle­ try used the Federal Reserve as it should, man from Wisconsin. man. in the interest of the people and the tax­ Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, I commend Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, I thank payers of the United States. the gentleman from Texas [Mr. PATMAN] the gentleman for his kind remarks. But I can· give you a specific example. for his constructive contribution he is in trying to clarify the point made by the Take the rate and the amount from making this afternoon. As the current gentleman from Ohio [Mr. TAFT], he June 30, 1939, to June 30, 1951, a 12-year economic documentation from the ad­ brol.lght up the question about the effect period. Early in 1939, about the middle ministration reveals, our expenditure in on the subject, particularly, that there be of the year, we had 7 or 8 million unem­ the next budget for interest on the na­ some interest paid on demand deposits, ployed people. Our country was suffer­ tional debt is going to be a tremendous on our fiscal policy. It brought to my ing from a depression. We were having item, perhaps the highest interest ex­ mind-and I would like to have the hard times. The war commenced about penditure in history. I take it that what chairman check my information relative September 1 and we began to prepare the gentleman from Texas is saying is to this, as to its correctness, the recent for the war against passible enemies. this: That as long as the taxpayers of change in the interest paid on time de­ We had a special session of Congress on the United States have to pay out in posits under regulation Q to 4 percent. September 15 to do that. Then we com­ interest on the national debt these multi­ That resulted in a tremendous spurt in menced spending money. We spent lots billion-dollar sums every year it cer­ the amount of deposits in time deposits, of money. During the war we went from tainly behooves our financial housekeep­ growing much more rapidly than demand a severe depression into the most infla­ ers to make sure that on the income side deposits. Am I correct in assuming that tionary condition in the world, and we the Government of the United States the demand deposits play a more dynam­ were spending as much as a quarter of a gets every penny of interest which it is in ic role in the money supply of the United billion dollars a day on the battlefield. right entitled to. Is that the sense of States than the time deposits? Ordinarily prices would have gone out of the gentleman's position? Mr. PATMAN. Yes, the gentleman is the roof, the cost of money would have Mr. PATMAN. That is a good state­ correct. The volume of monei in the gone 50 percent higher than it was dur­ ment and I agree with that. United States is, of course, the amount ing Lincoln's time. But the Federal Re­ Mr. REUSS. Can the gentleman give of money outstanding, about $30 billion serve was working for the Government us any estimate of the amount of revenue in Federal Reserve notes, coins, and so then during that 12-year period. W~ lost to the U.S. Treasury every year as a forth, plus the amount of demand de­ can see that the cost of bonds did not go result of the current practice of not ob­ posits in banks. You do not count the up. They remained at 2-percent interest taining interest on these tax and loan time depasits when you measure the during that 12 years, the roughest time and similar accounts? volume of money in the country. that this country or any other country Mr. PATMAN. Judging by last year, Mr. HANNA. I thank the gentleman. ever suffered. 1963, and judging by the rate of around Mr. PATMAN. The gentleman is cor­ After the war was over there was a let­ 4 percent, there was an average of $5.3 rect. down. People had their pockets filled billion in the banks last year, and if you Mr. HANNA. Am I correct in assum­ with money, their checking accounts multiply that by 4 percent, that comes ing that there is a definite relationship were filled with money, and they wanted to about $212 million a year. Of course, between the ability of the United States to buy something quick, automobiles, ap­ the banks get 5 percent for the use of to consume its gross national product, pliances, and everything else that had that free money, but figuring it at the and the amount of money supply there is been denied them during the war. Government's long-term rate of 4 per­ on hand? There was a terrible credit inflation. cent it would mean $212 million a year. Mr. PATMAN. Yes, the gentleman· is But during that 12-year period bonds For $7 billion, of course, it would be $280 correct. And the low volume of money stayed at 2-percent interest. The cost of million a year. If it were $10 billion, as has hampered, hindered, and deterred interest did not go up and no bonds, not it is sometimes, that is in these banks our Government for many, many years one--and I challenge any Member of this free of charge, it amounts to a consider­ in comparison particularly with the ad­ House of Representatives to name me able sum of money-$400 million a vancement and expansion made in other any time when the bonds went below year-which otherwise could be saved to countries of the world where they had par. the taxpayers. a more realistic and sensible view of the Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. REUSS. Certainly, even if the ac­ situation and handled it accordingly. gentleman yield? tual saving to the taxpayers should turn We have let our monetary system act as Mr. PATMAN. I yield to the gentle­ out to be less than the estimates just a drag on the economy. man from Missouri. given by the gentleman from Texas, it is Mr. HANNA. I assume if paying an Mr. CURTIS. I think the gentleman obviously up in the scores of millions of interest rate on demand depooits were does recognize it was not the Federal dollars every year. This is a tremendous to increase the demand deposits, as we Reserve System that did this during the sum. Once again I think the gentleman have seen on de~and deposits, this would war and after the war. There was price 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 293 and credit control; there was actually sumer price index and the price of the Mr. CURTIS. Independent from rationing imposed on our people by the bonds themselves as far as the purchas­ elected officials. Government. We got rid of 10 million ing power was concerned, and that is Mr. PATMAN. Do you mean inde-· unemployed by putting them in uniform. where the gentleman's argument is pendent from the Government? I do not think the gentleman is using fallacious. Mr. CURTIS. Independent from this as an example of a peacetime system. Mr. PATMAN. It has been done many elected officials, independent of the Con·­ I would like to ask the gentleman, was times, and there is where the difference gress. it not the result of the Federal Reserve arises, because the taxpayer and the con­ Mr. PATMAN. I do not agree with in 1951 under President Truman, and I sumer are the same. that at all. I do not agree with that think that was wise, where the Federal The Domestic Finance Subcommittee at all. Reserve System stopped buying these will meet January 21, next Tuesday. We Mr. CURTIS. And independent of the bonds at the usually pegged rate of 2 expect to go into the Federal Reserve President of the United States. All I am percent, and let the bonds seek their banking system. Some interesting things saying to the gentleman, and I think he market value, that stopped the World have taken place in the last 50 years has accurately stated his theory which War II inflation, where the dollar had since Woodrow Wilson first advocated is that this Board should be under po­ been cut in half? So we had this effect: the Federal Reserve System, which is a litical domination-and I am using that We told our people to buy Government great system. I am not trying to destroy in the fine sense of the word-and should bonds in 1940 for $18.75, and we would it. I want to keep everything that is good not be independent. But at least give pay them back in 10 years $25. That and change everything bad that has de­ those who disagree with the gentleman was with the interest. We paid them veloped during these 50 years. At first the benefit of being equally well moti­ back $25, but that $25 had a purchasing we had 12 Federal Reserve banks, sepa­ vated for the benefit of our country, feel­ power of $12.50. This was the way the rate and distinct. Then we had a central ing that creating an independent Board Federal Government took money out of banking system that was created during that would not reflect the political judg­ its pockets and did not give the people the depression. I do not say that the ment of the times would be better. any interest, actually, put took the dif­ people who were interested took advan­ The SPEAKER pro tempore are still largely phase, since they had no continuous constit­ you may think of us in the unions, we in unorganized, also have educational, cultural, uency to ratify new programs and which the unions think of you as a part of the political, and even economic expectations would recognize the need to pay for the costs same protest movement which gave birth to which cannot be met without a profound of a twisting struggle. Very often in the past our unions. You and we come from the reorganization of our politics, our Govern­ the turning business cycle, or the onset of same tradition. .. ment, and our economy· around the program a war, temporarily met the most pressing History has brought us to a place in time which has been developed and spoken for needs of their supporters, who then drifted where we must give explicit recognition to most articulately by the unions of this off. our identity of interests, or both of us may country. All of these reasons for failure can be lose our way. Already, the uncertainties in American summed up in the inability to put down roots The labor movement, by virtue of its suc­ life are finding political expression. An where cause, and results achieved, produced cesses from 1935 to 1964 has lost some of its attempt is being made by people who do not an organization which was self-sustaining. bite, its sharpness, and its fervor. This is want change or reform or any alteration Whether or not these hazards face you ls natural, since its constituents, through their in the present distribution of privileges, to for you to decide but you might give thought efforts, have won a relatively comfortable make the labor movement a target scapegoat to a program of continuing activities which middle ground in the American society. The for many different frustrations. How shrewd would take you around these rocky contin­ wages, the working conditions, the health this tactic is becomes evident when you gencies, and at the same time, serve your ul­ programs, the retirement provisions, the remember that the hope for reform cannot timate purposes effectively. status of American union members has to possibly succeed except through a political I do not suggest that you should let up in some degree set them apart from the unorga­ organization which hinges on the unions and your effort to achieve absolute equality of nized people who work for wages on farms, brings together into one movement, the treatment or of membership, or of oppor­ in many of the service trades, and on the expanding employments, organized wage­ tunity within the American labor movement economic fringes of the society. earners, and the people without privileges in or in the opportunity to work at the Jobs 1n When you consider the problems that have the society. the Jurisdiction 1n the American unions. faced the labor movement the past 6 to 8 Essentially President Kennedy was at­ There ls an important moral imperative 1n years, it is easy to realize why the attention tempting to organize this new ~linement. this effort of yours, whether or not it is prof­ of trade union leadership was turned inward. President Johnson will be working in the itable economically and socially. Not only were the problems present of merg­ same direction. But profound reforms, Philip Randolph's reminder to the labor ing two great organizations-the AFL and sweeping social reconstruction, and economic movement should also be noted by you. You the CIO, with their distinct different tradi­ reconstitution can only succeed under the are not apart from labor, you are not in op­ tions and ways of doing things-but the la­ power of the moral electricity which is gen­ position to it. This is what Philip Randolph bor movement had to weather the effects of erated by a "corps of young, of purposeful, of said: "If the Negro's nonviolent movement three successive recessions and the rapidly idealistic, of courageous, and imaginative owes a great deal to Gandhi and Thoreau, lt increasing displacement of workers through leaders." is also indebted to the American labor move­ automation and the technological revolution This analysis of structure of the Ameri­ ment. If the behavior of militant Negroes which has been taking place. can politics is not original with me. A. Philip baffles many white Americans, it should not But even this relative affluence is not guar­ Randolph described the AmeriC'an scene to baffle the house of labor. For more than any anteed. Indeed, at the moment it rests on the recent con¥ention of the AFI.r-CIO 1n other segment of the American society, we an economy which is undergoing dynamic essentially the same terms. He, too, under­ (the labor movement) have intimate knowl­ changes. What union members now have line the responsibility of the Government edge of the forces blocking the Negroes' cannot be protected by locks, or by any and the entire society to create the conditions stride toward freedom." standstill, last-ditch defense of what we for social justice, and the necessity for a But while you take justifiable pride in have today and what we had yesterday. strengthened Negro-labor alliance to abolish your militance, I know you are well aware As you well know, the American labor the American underclass and to allow the that even when you have won absolute equal­ movement does not manage the controls underprivileged, the exiles, and the untouch­ ity of opportunity in the factories, and in which ·can bring about full employment and ables to enter fully into the life of the Ameri­ the building trades, and in the shops and the realization of the Just and reasonable can community. warehouses, you may have won a ticket expectations of the people in the United It ls not a secret that if the American which at best entitles you only to share in States who live on the lowest income levels. labor movement is to carry its weight in this the uncertainties and difficulties that will It does not, by itself, have sufficient control common moral task, it needs a fuel injection. beset every worker in the trades that are over the economy even to insure the secure I think we are getting it. Your energies, being automated. Victory on this sector continuity of its own place in the society. your daring, your imagination can help speed will be dramatic and important morally, but Moreover, the relative importance of the up this rejuvenation of the American unions. I suspect when it is won, when you examine labor movement is in danger of declining But we must find-a workable relationship your triumph, there is the danger that you even more. The people who make up the centered around the American labor move­ may find you have won the right merely to largest section of the work force, profes­ ment. We must solve the problem of finding equality in the lines of the unemployed. sional and technical workers, those in the economic support for civil rights efforts. You For this obvious reason we all have to raise expanding governmental and scientific em­ must secure a method for conserving and our sights. ployments are increasing in numbers to an developing leaders. Your task is to establish Ph111p Randolph, and I should add, Walter extent that the numerical strength of the an operation which will give meaningful and Reuther, especially 1n his recent speech be­ labor movement is being diminished pro­ significant purpose for your work. fore the last convention of the Industrial portionately. So we find ourselves today You are young people. You are not work­ Union Department of the AFL-CIO, detailed with the work force of the Nation today in ing for salaries. You are working out of con­ the features of a political and economic pro­ three tiers. viction. You have at the present time the gram we must assume responsibility for, if 1. The poverty stricken, unemployed, the sympathy of most of the American people. the slogans you raise now are not to mock underemployed, the migratory workers, the You are an inspiration to many Americans. you 10 and 20 years from today. uneducated young people, the oldtimers And you are engaged on an important moral Here obviously we cannot rely on our orig­ without pensions-a massive block of our fro;.1t. inality or imagination. Any program we people without effective voice. But at the same time you are dependent on choose must come out of the evolving pres­ 2. The great middle bloc-of which orga­ the continuing interest and support of the ent and the program American wage earners nized labor constitutes the great bulk­ American people. You exist within the pro­ have fashioned out of their needs and ex­ fraught with its own problems, wrestling tection of a sympathetic society. You are periences. For us this means that we must with sweeping changes in technology, fight­ dependent on the generosity of many people, reexamine our past, back at least to the ing defensively in many instances in what it and most critically, at the present time as you Roosevelt New Deal, which we can now see considers to be in the interest of its mem­ win rights for your people, you lose them was more than a set of political battle cries. bers. as constituents because you have no estab­ To meet the specific requirements of the 3. The new and expanding technical and lished organization to hold them after you sharecroppers, the tenant farmers, the un­ professional, largely white-collar educated have gotten-them jobs or votes. employed, he devised a legislative program 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 297 which provided CWA and WPA jobs for peo­ Take the dedication and service concept of SNCC and CORE over the last year. Now ple who were looking for work. Through the Peace Corps and put it to work at home. we hope we can move past meeting together farm security, the Agricultural Adjustment Philip Randolph suggests a Marshall plan to working together. Administration Act, and the Rural Electrifi­ for this rediscovery of America. It may be we will fall short of complete cation Administration he enabled farm fam­ The Peace C_orps, without abandoning its success. But even in that event, there is ilies to restore their soil, to electrify their work overseas can also work in the South much we in the labor movement can gain homes, to connect with the nationwide net­ and in our big cities. from solidarity with you in your efforts and work of telephones, to begin to live in the The training schools, which the U.S. AID much that you can gain from association contemporary American society. The Wag­ is supporting in north Africa, in Latin Amer­ with us. ner Act gave workingmen the opportunity ica, in Africa, and in Asia,. for the young Together, to quote President Kennedy's to become industrial and political citizens of people in the developing nations, need coun­ inaugural speech: the country, and the social security legisla­ terparts in the United States. "Let both' sides unite to heed in all cor­ tion was the foundation of whatever income American aid overseas is committed to the ners of the earth the command of Isaiah-to security most people in the country have to­ establishment of superb new universities in 'undo the heavy burdens • • • (and) let the day, the housing acts provided decent homes the new countries. There is a new country ·oppressed go free.' for tens of millions of American families, to be discovered in the United States which "All this wm not be finished in the first granting our present urgent needs. · needs equivalent scholarships and fellow­ 100 days. Nor will it be finished in the first Almost everyone except Philip Randolph ships and teachers and buildings and equip­ 1,000 days, nor even perhaps in our lifetime has tended to forget what made President ment. on this planet. Truman's Marshall plan a successful turning , ,A $2-an-hour minimum wage will open "But let us begin." point in history. The Marshall · plan suc­ doors and opportunities far beyond the very ceeded in Europe because it invested some important right to eat a hamburger which $13 billion in roads, in factories, in jobs, in was won by sitting down 1n the 10-cent "AN APPRAISAL OF U.S. AEROSPACE homes, in hospitals, in schools, and in train­ stores. POWER: 1964" BY SECRETARY ing programs, and because it embodied a If we can establish a national technologi­ ZUCKERT principle which has not yet been accepted in cal clearinghouse and a central planning our Government, democratic central plan­ agency that wm make automation work for The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ning for the !;lmployment of the national re­ the people of the country, we will begin to previous order of the House, the gentle­ sources of a country. deal with what Ph111p Randolph called the man from Illinois [Mr. PRICE], is recog­ This principle, it should be added, has "economic uselessness of the Negro." nized for 30 minutes. been so widely applauded because of its suc­ The American Government requires that Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ cess in Europe and so totally neglected in oversea governments which receive Ameri­ imous consent to extend my remarks at application in the United States, that it can aid adopt what might be roughly called this point in the RECORD and include an should not be passed over with a phrase. democratic social planning, an inventory of The Marshall plan was based on the aware­ resources, a setting down of priorities, a di­ address by the Secretary of the Air Force. ness of the value of human beings as a na­ rection of effort toward the correction of eco­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there tional resource. Beginning in many cases nomic and social injustices, and a provision objection to the request of the gentleman only with people and rubble, the Marshall for periodic audits to determine what prog­ from Illinois? plan brought economic and social planners ress is being made. Here in the United There was no objection. together who very quickly blueprinted an States, the Employment Act of 1946 is a be­ Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, under leave economy to meet the specific needs of the ginning in this direction, but obviously we to extend my remarks I include herewith national and the European community. As need a legislative commitment to full em­ the excellent speech of the Honorable a consequence, unemployment has largely ~loyment, to equal educational opportunity, been abolished in France, Belgium, Germany, and specific allocations of funds to meet the Eugene M. Zuckert given before the meet­ Holland, and is very nearly nonexistent in urgent needs of the ·40 million or more ing of the Harvard Business School of Italy. With our material and technical re­ Americans who live in poverty or behind the Washington on January 8, 1964. These sources, it is inconceivable that a national bars of discrimination. Provision should timely remarks will be of concern to all plan could not prQduce the schools, the be made for a national audit by a council of us in the consideration of the military houses, and the industrial opportunities which represents all the people concerned, budget which will be one of the major which could deal simultaneously with the not beneficiaries, it should be noted, but citi­ items for consideration during this ses­ waste of lives involved in 4 million unem­ zens who have a long overdue and unre­ ployed, and the erosion of justice that is deemed pledge from the Government in the sion of Congress. implicit in the creation of an artificial sec­ Constitution. Throughout the years, those of us who ond-class confinement for 20 million Ameri­ You in the civil rights movement, we in are members of the House Armed Serv­ cans with all the locked-up talents and abili­ the labor movement, the many Americans ices Committee have watched with con­ ties that are the virtue of any 20 million in the professions and the government must cern the development of pet phrases people, planning to achieve a democratically achieve these goals together, or each of.us will often used by news media and others in determined goal. But, this assumes that undergo a continuing succession of frustrat­ the evaluation of our forces for defense ,people will take the personal responsib111ty ing crises separately. and defense posture. The meaning of for making the democratic determination. But the enactment of political programs these pet phrases has become so blurred President Kennedy's conception of a Peace depends upon successful political organiza­ Corps brought the responsib111ty for chang­ tion, and political organization is founded in the minds of the general public that all ing the world and the possib111ty for its on the economic and social interests of the the true understanding of the effective­ achievement very close to the personal lives community as they find expression in the ness of our military forces is often dis­ of all of us. Here, for the first time in political activities of the spokesmen for torted completely. Secretary Zuckert, in modern history at least, outside of war, the these different groups. his address, does much to clarify the individual was given an opportunity to work It is your task and your responsib111ty as terms that can be used intelligently as himself, directly with his own hands, with it is ours to make the connection between yardsticks in the measurement of the ef­ his own brains, at the great task. the ideal goal and our daily labors. fectiveness of our Armed Forces. It seems inevitable that we wm have a You need to build the economic, political, landing on the moon whether we ask for and social organization which will enable In implementing· the rigid economies the round trip ticket or not. But more ur­ you to take part in the democratic planning, directed by President Johnson, Secretary gently we need a rediscovery of America, to write the details of the legislation for an Zuckert points out: which we will not get, unless we produce it American Peace Corps, to provide the eco­ With economy-which means more effi­ ourselves. nomic plan that w1ll insure that Negroes wm cient use of resources-as a major premise It seems to me that the time is now for be raised up by automation and not struck for the appraisal checklist, the Job of the this country to take the best of the ideas down. military and civ111an heads of the services of Roosevelt, Truman and Kennedy and mod­ I want to assure you that I am not saying becomes one of protecting substance, of pre­ . ernize them. this is your job, and that we in the labor servingilghting strength. movement, having pointed to the shovel and Take the direct aid concept to individ­ wheelbarrow, will sit by and watch you suc­ I recommend to you the reading of the uals embodied in the WPA and the CCC and· ceec,t or fail. entire wxt of Secret~ry Zuckert's speech: the NYA for jobs and education. It is our responsib111ty, mine and yours, AN APPRAISAL OF U.S. AEROSPACE POWER: 1964 Take the massive directed, planned spend­ the unions and SNCC, the A~CIO and (Remarks by Hon. Eugene M. Zuckert, Sec- ing concept of the Marshall plan and de­ CORE, the broad community of Americans retary of the Air Force, Harvard Business clare an all-out war on poverty and illitera­ and the NAACP. School of Washington, January 8, 1963) cy in the rural South, the depressed areas We in the industrial union department of The real estate appraiser has a going mar- in the country and in the teeming central the AFL-CIO have worked with the NAACP ket against which to value a house, but the cities. for many years, have been meeting both with appraiser ·of mmtary forces has no such

. J 298 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 obvious and publicly understood basis for with it, not because it mt.ght make them Damage limitation is another essential to determining their effectiveness. technologically unemployed, but because it the maintenance of peace through m111tary Both the written and the electronic press is a necessary part of the defense package. power. It calls for the ab111ty to limit the today carry much expert advice and analyses, It is both an end-in terms of possible relief collateral damage generated by either side. both real and armchair, of our military from the burden of arms investment'.-and It involves accuracy of targeting, and posture-what it is and what it ought to a means--in terms of the Job that the mm­ promptly responding defensive systems which be. It is hard, however, to find a firm meas­ tary has to perform. can neutralize weapons at safe distances. It uring stick as to how effective our defense Current military planning must provide includes passive defense measures, and the preparations really are. for forces not dependent upon nuclear test­ ability to assess accurately the degree of For one thing, there are too many labels ing or any other type of restrictions to damage inflicted upon the en~my. Damage and tricky phrases which do little more than which the nations may agree. They must limitation is obtained in part by striking at reflect the inadequacy of the language in be forces which are stabilizing in effect and enemy mmtary forces, not at centers of pop­ describing some very complex concepts. not provocative either through vulnerabil­ ulation. It seems to me that the public is con­ ity or other characteristics. These forces One of the aspects of planning this kind fused with so many terms which are sup­ must have built-in assurance against acci­ of defense involves something called a posed to put into tight word packages the dental, unauthorized or premature employ­ threshold of negotiation. It is a new term, concepts referred to by "nuclear stalemate," ment, and the force structures must be I believe, in military planning. It provides "overkill," "counterforce," "countervalue," adaptable to monitoring and inspection for definition of terms for a cessation of hos­ "finite deterrence," and so on. Similarly, roles as they may emerge. t111ties based on clear objectives and certainty views about nuclear war, general war, limited Related to arms control, but quite . sepa­ of their attainment. It may be established war, conventional war, or any other grada­ rate in terms of its role in the exercise of in advance. It reflects determination to tions, become so blurred as to· be of little power is something called crisis manage­ stop war at the lowest point of intensity on help in measuring the effectiveness of our ment. This covers the ability to keep even favorable terms, a clear understanding of military forces. · an intense and long-lasting international what those terms should be, acknowledge­ My remarks tonight relate specifically to crisis from exploding into war, or a low ment that destruction of an enemy is not an the U.S. Air Force. Since this is the air­ intensity conflict from escalating into higher objective, and recognition of the fact that power component of U.S. defenses, .what I dimensions of war. It requires military unrestrained warfare ls necessarily unfavor­ am actually saying, therefore, applies across forces with specific warning and response able to both sides-militarily, politically, and the board to all our military requirements. capabilities. It takes carefully tailored mili­ socially. Airpower must be appraised or measured tary power as well as sound nerves and good Stopping a war takes termination capabil­ against the totality of the defense needs of intelligence. ity. This includes all the other capab111ties. the Nation and not against any part thereof. All of the factors that go into our ability It implies forces still able to fight after being The effort to evaluate forces is a continu­ to discourage an aggressor, or preclude an hurt, or, as the military planners say, forces ous process within the military. We in the attack by the obvious strength to crush it, recyclable in a degraded environment. It Air Force have been giving special attention we call deterrence. demands the ability to counter escalation to this problem in recent years, for the sim­ Deterrence of war, general or otherwise, is with increased power at each higher level of ple reason that the cost and complexity of our primary national objective. The im­ intensity. It calls for full control of forces aerospace weapons-all weapons for that portance of the deterrent capability at any at all times, the intelligence capability to matter-have increased so much that there's level of intensity is directly proportional assure timing initiative. It also includes no possibility that any military service, ours to the damage to be expected at that level. provision for the posthostility responsibil­ or anybody else's, can . have everything it At the top is the strategic nuclear deterrent' ities. would like to do its Job. We need first, and we have it, a force grest Now, I've mentioned 10 items on the check­ For this reason, selections have to be enough to wreak unacceptable damage upon list--arms control, crisis management, de­ made among possible weapon systems. Sec­ an aggressor who initiates a nuclear attack. terrence, flexibility, controlled response, retary McNamara has introduced cost ef­ But that means full power strike. How do multiple options, survivability, damage limi­ fectiveness as a basic yardstick and the we respond to something less? We don't tation, threshold of negotiation, and termi­ program package method of pooling all costs want to be caught with no choice but all­ nation capability. in order to make accurate measurements. out nuclear response. This is what was These are not new concepts in themselves, It is an intensive process and works well. wrong with the massive retaliation theory. but they are being brought together and You have to have something like that in There are other aspects of deterrence. Other used in a new way for the type of analysis order to compare one weapon system with capabilities or qualities have to be built into that the Air Force ls now making to deter­ another. the force if we are to be able to preserve mine what future forces might be like. But all of us realize that there is some­ ourselves as well as defend ourselves. We find that all possible wars in the near thing even more basic than measuring cost One of these qualities is flexibility. It is and foreseeable distant future are not easily effectiveness. The real problem is to meas­ the key element of any force structure, but classifiable into one or two categories of con­ ure the whole force-all the weapon sys­ it has a specific meaning in terms of the flict, nor are they inevitably or necessarily tems-against the requirement. Defining organization, equipment, and capab111ty for destined to become all-out nuclear conflicts the requirement is not easy. That is when rapid deployment of forces to cover the full resulting in total destruction of contestants, you have to go beyond and behind all the range of crisis situations or war require­ and perhaps a major portion of the rest of panacea prescriptions. You have to make ments. There are many variables, and they the world. sure you have defined the mission before extend into general war. We need to be We find also that if we want to prevent you try to prescribe the hardware. In sim­ able to fit the force to the Job. such a war as that, we had better be prepared ple terms, you have to decide what you want A controlled response to any threat or de­ to stop it at some lower level. That is why to do with your military forces. gree of aggression is essential to the free we have been working for the last 3 years on We start from the basic premise that for world's effort to keep peace. The mainte­ strengthening U.S. airpower in areas other the period of time in history with which nance of military forces to keep peace makes than at the top of the curve of war's inten­ we are necessarily concerned-now and as no sense without the ability to adapt the sity. far ahead as we can see-man's efforts to military response to the requirement. We My appraisal for 1964 indicates a continu­ ke.ep the peace, to settle differences be­ must be able to respond at a predetermined ing increase in aerospace power. All of the tween peoples by nonviolent and nonde­ level of intensity and quantity of force in Atlas and Titan missile squadrons were op­ structive means, must be backed up by mili­ order to retain initiative and press for settle­ erational by the end of 1963, but our total tary power. ment of issues on freedom-serving and peace­ U.S. strategic power, the backbone, and But the damage potential of modern building terms. starting point of deterrence, will more than weapons, with thermonuclear explosives But there has to be more than one form double in 1964 when new Minuteman stra­ deliverable anywhere on earth in minutes, of response subject to control. A choice of tegic missile wings become operational. makes the unleashing of that power a mat­ options is necessary. Multiple options must The strategic bombers, however, become ter of gravest concern to both sides in be built into the forces in terms of alternate another year older. We are seeking a new any confrontation of people, nations, and target plans, ability to retarget, multiple manned system which wlll give us multiple governments--as well as those in the delivery systems, selectivity of both strike options, flexibility, controlled responses, and middle. characteristics and targets, and versatility the ability to limit damage and stm be ef­ . So the nations are caught in the bind of fective at points lower on the rising curve feeling on the one hand that they must of employment in both strategic and tactical of intensity of conflict, i.e., at points below have military power to defend themselves missions. the peak of strategic missile barrage. and enforce peace, while on the other, they Survivability of the forces and weapons In the tactical area, in 1964 we wm add recognize that uncontrolled · use of that systems must be evident in order for the new squadrons of F-105's, and have the first power totally defeats its purpose. · deterrent to be credible and it must be real operational F-4C's, which started out as a It is this dilemma which makes arms in order to provide defense. Survivab111ty carrier-based Navy fighter and is now the control the first item on my 10-polnt check­ covers prelaunch protection against nuclear highest performing fighter in any service. list for appraising today's military forces. attack, the ability to penetrate defenses, and We have scheduled by the end of the year Arms control is now a military require­ immunity to sabotage, clandestine opera­ the first flight of the F-111, which with its ment in itself. Military men are concerned tions, and capture. variable sweep wing wm be the most ver-

,, l 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 299 satile fighter in the world. These weapon gambling resort where, if he plays long Panama could not build a chicken coop. svstems-the F-105's. the F-4C's. and the enough, the customer always loses and Terminal buildings, which Panama in­ F-lll's-m,ea:q new airpower for the Stricom, the combined Army-Air Force force formed the profits of which are correspondingly sisted should be surrendered by the for quick deployment to any part · of the attactive. United States, have not..been maintained world. • He then explained that at the time the and are now practically in ruins. Pana­ Airlift. is a key element of these forces. hotel was built the Republic of Panama manians could not operate the canal Late this year the great new C-141 mm­ . ha.d agreed to advance a million dollars 3 days. tary cargo transport becomes operational. toward its construction. But when com­ So great have been the benefits of It can carry 16 tons nonstop to Japan and pleted and application was made to the American cooperation that Panama, al­ 35 tons nonstop to Europe. It is the first President of Panama for the million though one of the smallest of the group plane designed from scratch for 'high-speed cargo handling and transport. dollars he had informed them that the now ranks near the top in economic Today's appraisal of airpower must also money would not be forthcoming until status. cover the space front. The Air Force space his brother had been cut in for half the The number of American vessels using program wm have a Manned Orbital Labora­ daily profits of the casino. the canal constitute only a percentage of tory as its central project. The switch from It is not our prerogative to pass on the the total day-to-day tonnage through Dyna-Soar to MOL reflects a change in em­ morals of our neighbors but when we ne­ the canal. No distinction is made and phasis toward on-orbit experiments rather gotiate with them it is well to consider the service is open to all. than reentry experiments. The prospect of a defense requirement in their attitude toward past obligations. The military value of the canal to space may afford a startling example of what · A short time ago the Congress added American defense is illustrated by the new technologies can do to the costs of mm­ a needed facility to the Canal Zone emergency mobilization under President tary preparedness. The "increased cost-­ equipment in, the construction of the Kennedy of American warcraft and cum-technology" process has been acceler­ Thatcher Ferry Bridge, named for Dr. M. transports carrying American marines ating since World War II and makes in­ H. Thatcher, former Governor of the concentrated in the Caribbean which evitable the rigid economy measures which Zone and a distinguished Member of the so decisively checkmated Russian com­ President Johnson has ordered. House from Kentucky and directed that manders, compelled the .return to base With economy-which means more ef­ ficient use of resources-as a major premise a plaque be installed and dedicatory of Russian ships loaded with missiles for the appraisal checklist, the job of the services held on the day of the opening and munitions, and dictated the evacua­ mmtary and civil1an heads of the services of the bridge. The services were inter­ tion of Russian missiles already on their becomes one of protecting substance, of pre­ rupted by a howling mob from across the pads with sights trained on American serving fighting strength. We must make border which tore down the American cities. sure that savings are not made by any trim­ flag and trampled it underfoot; chiseled To that extent the canal contributed ming which might weaken existing forces. off and destroyed the plaque and pre­ Accordingly, the Air Force is taking a new, to one of the most brilliant triumphs in hard look at the fundamentals of airpower vented completion of the ceremonies. So the history of world diplomacy. employment. We are testing our founda­ far as I am aware no report was made by President Kennedy risked nuclear tions. The appraisal checklist indicates one the State Department to the Congress war. But he met the situation head on type of analysis. The 10 items I have dis­ which had provided the money and di­ and his victory in that crisis marked the cussed are objective criteria for the design rected the installation of the commem­ turn in military strategy from which of the most economical force structure for the orative plaque. An alien force rioting Russian power has steadily declined and future. on American soil and destroying Govern­ American strength has steadily grown. We get substantive design data, such as ment property and dishonoring the the appraisal checklist, out of studies like At the time we acquired the site of Project Forecast, a carefully organized at­ American colors constituted an interna­ the canal, more than 60 years ago, our tempt to determine where we should be tional incident but no announcement negotiations with the Republic of Pana­ placing our research and development em­ was ever made of any representation to ma culminated in the Treaty of Novem­ phasis over the next 10 years. We are trying the Panamanian Government. ber 18, 1903. In that treaty the Repub­ to anticipate progress in technology and in Last week the President of the Re­ lic of Panama granted to the United military science, against a l>ackground of public of Panama announced the break­ States all-and I quote from the treaty political reality and America's purpose and ing of all diplomatic relations with the itself-"all extraterritorial rights in per­ role in the free world. - United States charging "unjustifiable ag­ Studies of this nature are imperative if we petuity." are· to practice economy-and we have no gression" and seeking to brand the The treaty provided that these rights choice-and stlll provide adequate defense. United States as an "aggressor" and should be exercised-and again I quote This is the real job of the managers and stated he would not resume relations with the language of the treaty-"to the en­ planners in the military departments, and the United States until an agreement had tire exclusion of the exercise by the Re­ we have to do constant reappraising. been reached to renegotiate the treaty public of Panama of any · sovereign I have found the process of appraisal to of 1903. be encouraging. It is encouraging to know rights, power, or authority." Nothing The "unjustifiable aggressions" to could be more definite. that we can establish guide points to provide which he referred was the defense of direction and measuring for controls in the We renegotiated this treaty in 1936. continuing and so far unavoidable pational American soldiers and civilians and Gov­ But in that renegotiation we merely investment in arms. ernment property on American territory against an armed mob from across the withdrew our guarantee of the inde­ Panamanian border which left 20 dead pendence of the Republic of Panama and and more than 300 wounded and the did not in any ·way refer to, or in any way PANAMA CANAL ZONE affect, our jurisdictio.n or our sovereignty burned ruins of Government buildings. or control over the canal and the Canal The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under The Panama Canal is one of the great Zone. previous order of the House, the Chair waterways of the world. It was built recognizes the· gentleman from Missouri by American genius, American engineer­ The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. [Mr. CANNON] for 15 minutes. ing efficiency, American .medical science, BURKHALTER). The time of the gen­ Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, some and American capital. The French en­ tleman from Missouri has expired. years ago, at a time when we were mak­ gineers who built the great Suez Canal Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, I ask ing appropriations for the Panama attempting to construct the Panama Ca­ unanimous consent to proceed for an ad­ Canal, I took advantage of the Christmas nal were so decimated by disease spread . ditional 10 minutes. holidays to spend a part of the vacation by malarial insects they were compelled The SPEAKER pro tempore. With­ in the Canal Zone. to abandon the project after the expend­ out objection, it is so ordered. The new El Panama Hilton Hotel had iture of thousands of lives and vast There was no objection. recently been completed and I noted on sums of money. ·The United States un- Mr. CANNON. So we ask ourselves, the second floor a commodius space ap­ . dertook the task and against seemingly What is back of this incendiary mob vio­ parently unoccupied. I asked the man­ insurmountable obstacles, banished dis-. lence? Is the objective local or has it ager, who accompanied us, if this space ease, designed new machinery, modern­ a wider al'ld a more sinister connotation? had been reserved for some special pur­ ized engineering methods, and built the They tell us the Canal Zone belongs to pose and he said ·it was reserved for the canal and have been operating it suc-cess­ them, that they have a right to a share casino-an elaborate and entertaining fully ever since. of the tolls. 300 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 Contrary to the general impression, mission to fly joints flags in the Canal Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I agree the United States receives no profit from Zone, which was given in 1960, was not with the gentleman wholeheartedly that those tolls. The rates are so closely cal­ the result of a treaty revision but the re­ the Congress of the United States culated to encourage international com­ sult of an Executive order. At that time, should oppose with every weapon avail­ merce that we have not yet redeemed the as chairman of the Subcommittee on able any weakening or any abrogation original bonds with which we paid for Inter-American Affairs, I introduced a of our existing treaty rights in the the construction of the canal. We are resolution expressing the sense of Con­ Panama Canal Zone. It was my under­ still paying interest on these bonds. If gress that flying the Panamanian flag in standing that in the last few years there we gave to Panama, as Panama insists, the Canal Zone would constitute a major has been under consideration with the one-half of the profits-Panama would policy change and should be made only Department of State certain additional get nothing. There are no profits-we pursuant to treaty-with the advice and concessions to the Panamanian Govern­ have never made enough to liquidate consent of the Senate and the knowl­ ment in order to "ease tensions." It is our original cost of construction. What edge of the American people. my understanding that according to the they want is not one-half of the profits; The House passed that resolution over­ press this morning, there is under nego­ they want one-half of the receipts. If whelmingly. There was only a handful tiation the question of whether there they were granted that, it would be at of votes against it. Within a week after should be OAS representatives, along the expense of the taxpayers of the the adjournment of the 86th Congress with Americans and Panamanians on a United States because the receipts do President Eisenhower, by Executive or­ commission as a sort of peacekeeping not equal the payments for the purpose der, permitted the flying of the Pana­ machinery to have such jurisdiction over of establishing the canal at the time it manian flag in the Canal Zone. We are Panama Canal boundary disputes. This was built and maintaining it. now paying the price of this policy of is an additional concession. Then there is the claim that the Pan­ vacillation in dealing with unreasonable I agree with the gentleman whole­ amanian flag should be flown beside the Panamanian demands in recent years. heartedly. If any concessions of any American flag. The statement is made We were-and we are-in the Canal kind are going to be made they should that some years ago an agreement was Zone, as the distinguished gentleman be made through the proper treaty­ entered into between the United States from Missouri has pointed out, by legal making machinery, including approval and Panama under which this right was right and by moral right. The demands by the Senate of the United States. ceded to Panama. Certainly no such of opportunist Panamanian politicians There is no way to appease or to sat­ right was ever authorized by Congress. either to give the Panama Canal to Pan­ isfy the political appetites of the Pana­ I regret to say it has been my obser­ ama or to internationalize the canal, manian leaders who traditionally use vation over a long period that too often have no basis in historic fact or interna­ the United States Panama Canal policy when a diplomat is sent to represent the tional law. as a political football. The more we United States abroad, he immediately be­ The lesson of recent days, Mr. Speaker, appease, the more we whet the appe­ comes a partisan of the state to which is that we must make known our firm tites of the anti-U.S. politicians in Pan­ he is accredited instead of that of his intention to safeguard American lives ama who will never be satisfied until own country. and interests in that area. There should the United States gives the· canal up Mr. Speaker, Panama has no more be no further retreat from principle and entirely. Further concessions in the right to fly her flag in the Canal Zone national self-interest. American lives, face of Panamanian mob violence, which than England has to fly her flag in the rights, and property should not be bar­ is being influenced further by pro­ city of Washington. tered to appease either political oppor­ Castro and pro-Communist agitators, They have no more right to demand tunists or Castro-inspired mobs in the will only give rise to further demands a renegotiation of the treaty of 1903 Canal Zone area. and it is time for the United States to and ask additional money, jurisdiction, Mr. Speaker, I commend the gentle­ make it perfectly clear that we intend to or prerogative than any citizen has to man from Missouri for his statement assert our full rights and to retain full demand renegotiation of his warranty and concur in what he has said. control over this vital waterway, par­ deed made 60 years ago and request a Mr. CANNON. Of course, we realize ticularly in the face of the Communist higher payment than that he agreed to that such Executive orders are issued menace in this hemisphere and the receive in the deed. only on the recommendation of the De­ partment of State. strategic military value of the canal., Mr. Speaker, this is not a tempest in Mr. Speaker,, I congratulate the gen­ a teapot. It has the widest application. We also recognize that a policy of ap­ It is not a mere question of the greed of peasement has never been successful. tleman on his purpose and hope that this provincial supernumeraries. ·An attempt to appease merely whets the will be the purpose as well of the admin­ The President of Panama himself con­ appetite of the aggressor. Mr. Cham­ istration. ceded that his synthetic mob was infil­ berlain, the man with the umbrella, who Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, if such a trated by Communists, sent there by · went to Munich to confer with Hitler, proposition had been submitted to this Castro, recruited from Cuba and Rus­ made every concession hoping to placate House, it could not have marshaled a sia and kindred Communist satellites. der Fuhrer. He came home with the cry corporal's guard in support. It is a carefully calculated move of com­ of, "Peace in our time" when he had just Let no one attempt to barter away a munism again Americanism. surrendered to Hitler all hope of peace birthright which this House, or the peo,­ Mr. Speaker, if we allow the narrowest as long as Hitler survived. And here the ple it represents, will never consent to re­ deviation, if we permit the slightest in­ more we yield, the more will be de­ linquish. fringement of our sovereign rights in the manded. We have no alternative but to Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the Canal, it will shake the foundations of stand on our rights, on the provisions of gentleman yield? international landmarks throughout the our treaty-it is the only road to world Mr. CANNON. I yield to the gentle­ world. peace. man from Iowa. It is high time that our State Depart­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I, too, ment realized that its position with re­ of the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. want to commend the distinguished gard to Panama must be to preserve the CANNON] has expired. chairman of the Committee on House integrity, the authority, and the sover­ Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I ask Appropriations for the remarks he has eignty of our Government -if we are to unanimous consent that the gentleman made, as well as to commend the gentle­ maintain our standing in any chancellery from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] may pro­ man from Alal)ama [Mr. SELDEN], who on the globe. ceed for an additional 5 minutes. is the chairman of the Inter-American Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Subcommittee of the House Committee gentleman yield? objection to the request of the gentleman on Foreign Affairs for the remarks he Mr. CANNON. I am glad to yield to from Florida? has made. the gentleman from Alabama. There was no objection. In the present situation, instead of Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, I com­ Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, will the the Panamanians expecting to collect mend the distinguished gentleman from gentleman yield? damages or reparations, call them what Missouri [Mr. CANNON] for his fine state­ Mr. CANNON. I yield to the gentle­ you will, from the United States, we ment. I remind the gentleman that per- man from Florida. ought to be asking reparations of Pan-

I 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 301 ama-not that we pay them, but that I sincerely hope that the President of the May I ·point out one final thing. I am they pay us. . United States and the entire executive sure the gentleman from Alabama will I happen to have had the privilege of branch will take whatever action is nec­ recall that not too many months ago, offering to the House an amendment to essary, even if it means a direct and either a year or a year and a half ago, one of the bills passed, I believe in-1960- complete reversal o:E action previously this Government through the recom­ this was at a time when we were being taken by the executive branch of our mendation of the State Department prepared for the flying of the Panama­ Government, in order to make certain decorated with an American medal one nian flag in the Canal Zone-an amend­ that the position of the prestige of the Thelma King, a well-known Communist ment to a bill to provide that moneys ap­ United States of America, which has suf­ in Panama and once an associate of propriated in that bill could not be used fered greatly in the past 4 days, will be Fidel Castro. She was given a medal and for the erection of flagpoles for this restored to a position of prestige and her pictqre appeared in the Panamanian purpose. respect by peoples throughout the world. paper. How ridiculous can we be? I The amendment was adopted by the Mr. CANNON. And as a step toward join the gentleman in hoping that we will House.of Representatives; as a matter of the reestablishment of that prestige it remain firm in all our commitments. fact, it was adopted by the (.;ongress, but is to be hoped that the Department of Mr. CANNON. I thank the gentle­ a previous President of the United States, State will intimate to those who are to­ man. And it should also be noted-and President Eisenhower, and I disagreed day recommending that we abandon self­ the world should not forget-that we with him violently on this, went ahead respect and self-preservation and re­ have continued the tolls that were and used other funds, or sopie of his sub­ negotiate tlie treaty of 1903-and that we originally imposed in 1914. Everything alterns used other funds to construct the grant a percentage or all of the receipts has advanced since that time, but as a flagpoles on which the Panama flag is of the canal to Panama for no consid­ service to the commerce of the world the flown on an equality with the U.S. flag eration whatever-take a sober second United States has maintained those tolls in the Canal Zone. thought and submit questions involv­ and still maintains them at the rate I say this ought to be a flrst condition ing national sovereignty for the consid- originally imposed in 1914. now, demolition of the flagpoles and per­ eration of the Congress. · Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the mission of the Panama flag to be flown Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ gentleman yield further? in the Canal Zone on an equality with tleman yield? Mr. CANNON. I yield to the gentle­ the U.S. flag rescinded. Mr. CANNON. I yield to the gentle­ man from Alabama. Again I congratulate the gentleman man from Ohio. Mr. SELDEN. Referring again to the for bringing this matter to the attention Mr. BOW. I think the gentleman has resolution that this House passed in of the House. made a great contribution here today, 1960, I would like to point out that it Mr. CANNON. And we might also ask particularly in pointing out the fact there was passed with almost unanimous ap­ what funds will compensate the families is no profit in the operation of the proval of both sides of this House. of American soldiers slain on American Panama Canal. The gentleman has Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ soil by Communists imported from said that we have not even paid the sent to insert at this point in the RECORD Cuba and Russia and sent across the bonds. The world is led to believe by House Concurrent Resolution 459 of the border from Panama? the Communists that we are making a 86th Congress which passed the House of Mr. FLYNT. Mr. Speaker, will the Representatives on February 2, 1.960, by gentleman· yield? great profit in the operation of the canal. If the Panama Canal were turned over a vote of 381 to 12. Mr. CANNON. I yield to the gentle­ to the Panamanians, they could not af­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without man from Georgia. ford to operate it. It is an expense to objection, it is so ordered. Mr. FLYNT. I congratulate the gen­ us. The chairman of the Committee on There was no objection. tleman from Missouri for taking the Appropriations knows we must appro­ The matter referred to follows: time he has today in discussing with H. CON. RES. 459, EIGHTY-SIXTH CONGRESS great knowledge the subject which is priate each year funds of the taxpayers to continue operation of that canal. I Resolved by the HO'USe of Representatives foremost in the minds of the American have been with the distinguished gen­ (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense people at this time. The situation down tleman on this question before. I re­ of the Congress that any variation in the there at the present time is not only gret that our distinguished colleague traditional interpretation of the treaties of serious, but it is of grave concern to from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLOOD] is not 1903, 1936, and 1955 between the United the entire future foreign policy of the States and the Republic of Panama, with here, who over the years has been calling special reference to matters involving the United States. attention to the trap we are falling into It is imperative that the position of provisions of such treaties concerning ter­ by appeasement throughout the years. ritorial sovereignty, shall only be made pur­ the U.S. Government at this time be one suant to treaty. of strength, one of :firmness. May I point out. that the flying of the Some time ago I was in the Republic of flag of Panama in the Canal Zone was a Mr. SELDEN. May I say again to Panama and also in the Canal Zone on great mistake. We should not permit the gentleman from Missouri that I com­ official business. This question at that the flying of the Panamanian flag. It is mend him on the position he has taken. time was brought up in conversation. an infringement on American sover­ I am confident that the sooner we make Immediately upon my return to the U.S. eignty. At the beginning only ·one flag it very clear to the Government of the Capitol I sought by appropriate means was to be flown in the Panama Canal Republic of Panama that we expect to and through appropriate channels to call Zone. Today I understand there are carry out our obligations under· the ex­ to the attention of the executive branch 57 areas where that flag is flown. isting treaty and that we expect them. of the Government the circumstances I trust that recent trends where the to do likewise, the better it will be for and conditions Which were in a state of Congress put certain limitations on the both of our nations. foment at that time. In my conversation sale of property that might be turned Mr. CANNON. May I say, in conclu­ this very occurrence which took place over to Panama and where the Executive sion, that while our diplomatic repre- . last week was foreseen and predicted. has said, "Pay no attention to the Con­ sentatives in Panama were demurring It is possible that the real cause of this gress of the United States"-! hope that and vacillating, the question was so fun­ grave situation in the Canal Zone goes has not weakened the position of the damental and so obvious that the school­ back to the action of the executive State Department in standing firm. I children did not .hesitate to show their branch when an Executive order pro­ join with the gentleman. I sincerely colors and display the Stars. and Stripes. vided that the flag of the Republic of hope our State Department will stand They were American. · · Panama should be flown on an equal firm. I do not think we should turn over status with the flag of the1United States. the guarding or the policing of our sov­ It occurs to me at that time the mistake ereignty in the Panama Canal Zone . to SPECIAL ORDER was made. Since that time the mistake the Panamanian National Guard. It Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask has been compounded. should be done by our own people. It is unanimous consent that on next Thurs­ I join the gentleman from Missouri time that we stiffen our backs and begin day, after the legislative business of the in the comment which he has made to to assert our sovereignty wherever it may day has been completed, I be permitted the House of Representatives today, and be. to address the House for 1 hour on the 302 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 life and character and public service of be concerned about this, because the the past has been good, or in what re­ our late colleague from Tennessee, How­ strong arguments we have available on spect it has been bad, or how it needs to ard Baker. this subject are not expressed by our be improved, so as to win the hearts The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without representatives in the State Department and the minds of people around the objection, it is so ordered. · nor are they expressed by powerful peo­ world. It is not enough merely to ex­ There was no objection. ple who, though they are not elected by press the viewpoint of our own peo­ the people of this country to serve in the ple. Senate and in the House, have access to Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the FEDERAL EXPENDITURE LEVEL the public relations media and who can gentleman yield? The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under and do write news columns and appear Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentle­ previous order of the House, the gentle­ on television and the radio as news com­ man from Alabama. man from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] is mentators and express their views. The Mr. SELDEN. When the flying of the recognized for 30 minutes. views they express on foreign policy mat­ Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone was Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, before I ters are not by and large in agreement under consideration 4 years ago, the proceed to the topic for which I took this with the views we hear expressed on the subcommittee of which I have the hon­ special order, I should like to comment floor of the House. So I am very hopeful or to be chairman conducted hearings on the previous speech and the colloquy. instead of these expressions and conclu­ on this particular subject. The subcom­ I was very pleased that a subject of this sions which I happen to share on the mittee issued an exhaustive printed re­ importance would . be taken up on the Panamanian policy, we begm to examine port, which went into great detail as to floor of the House, but I would also like carefully into the reasons behind the the original treaty, the events which to suggest that the House as a whole and Panamanian policy. The gentleman took place subsequent to the 1903 treaty, the Congress as a whole ought to con­ from Ohio [Mr. Bowl pointed out some and the treaty revisions. We then intro­ sider well the limited results stemming of the points and some of the misconcep­ duced a resolution, whicp was approved from the various expressions of foreign tions about the Panama Canal; namely, by the Committee on Foreign Affairs. policy in speeches on the floor and that it does not make money and that The resolution came before the House through formal congressional resolu­ actually it costs our taxpayers money. of Representatives and was thoroughly tions. But these are the facts that the world debated. It passed this body almost Because the people who have the au­ needs to know, and these are the kinds of unanimously. thority to decide our foreign policy and facts that our representatives in the Mr. CURTIS. I do recall what the carry it out, apparently, are in disagree­ United Nations should be hammering gentleman has said. The statement is ment with the expressions uttered here home. accurate. and are in disregard of what the Con­ Mr. Speaker, I want to bring out one I believe the gentleman probably gress might say or think on the subject. final point. I remember when the Cuban would agree with me that when com­ Certainly, it is true that the position resolution was adopted on the floor of mittees of Congress call before them of the United States is not being pre­ the House a year ago. I was one who those who are knowledgeable in the fleld sented in the same fashion by our diplo­ voted against it. Why? I took the floor and those who have different points of mats as we find here presented on the of the House to say to my colleagues, view and, after full hearings, with the floor of the House and as we present it in there is nothing in that resolution that help of professional staff, write careful other resolutions. says anything about whether we affirm reports which are debated on the floor I recall well when we were debating, I or disaffirm the Monroe Doctrine. I hap­ of the House, those reports, like so many think for the 19th time, the resolution pen to feel that the Monroe Doctrine is congressional reports, are largely ignored that Red China should not be admitted sound today, and we should affirm it, but by the news reporters and commenta­ to the United Nations, I took the floor to the Cuba resolution proposed avoided the tors of this country-by the radio, tele­ suggest to the Committee on Foreign basic discussion of the applicability of vision, and magazine writers. Affairs that someone ought to consider the Monroe Doctrine. If there were It is about time that we should rec­ why it is that the Congress comes 19 those, I said, who disagreed and felt that ognize that this is the weak link in rep­ times to say the same thing and each the Monroe Doctrine was no longer apro­ resentative government today-the ig­ time we fail, and we did then, to spell out pos and was outmoded, let them take the noring of the studies of Congress and its the reasons for the judgment of the well of the House and express their rea­ debate. If we are in error-and cer­ Congress. I thought we were accurately sons so that those of us who disagree can tainly we can be in error in respect to reflecting the feelings of the American. exptess our reasons. Not one Member of many of these things-we should at least people, that admission of Red China was the Congress took the floor of the House have the courtesy of having reasons ex­ unwise policy, but I wanted the reasons to do o'ther than proclaim his adherence pressed as to why. , set forth. It took me over a year to get to the doctrine. But the news reporters As, I recall, it was a unanimous re­ some statements out of the Department and commentator~ of this country, the port of the subcommittee, was it not? of State through the help of the Com­ media, carried only one version that I Mr. SELDEN. It was a unanimous mittee on Foreign Affairs spelling out the saw, when they troubled to discuss the report. reasons for opposing the admission of matter, and that was that the Monroe Mr. CURTIS. Yes. Red China, and the statement was not Doctrine was outmoded. They did not Mr. SELDEN. We had printed a very very well done in my judgment. Now the debate it. they merely said it was out­ large number of those reports. Although reasons are the important thing because moded. So if I have any words of plead­ the reports are now exhausted, I have as we talk here on the floor of the House, ing with my colleagues, let us get to the requested the chairman of the Commit­ we will see in tomorrow's press and on the root of these things when we debate. Let tee on Foreign Affairs to determine radio and television and in the weekly us get to the argument and the reasons whether additional copies of the re:port magazines, just the opposite viewpoint on the Panamanian question, and let us can be printed. on the Panamanian policy. There will respect those who disagree with us on it, Mr. CURTIS. I hope they will be. I be very few of our colleagues, probably and there are apparently those in our am glad that the committee rep·ort has none, who will take the floor of the House country who do-let us respect them even been brought forward. I hope the com­ and engage in forthright debate to sup­ though theY. -seem unwilling to recipro­ mittee will update it, because probably port the policy followed by the State De­ cate. Let us hear what they have to say. it needs some updating. partment so that those of us who may If there is any Member of the House who Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the disagree with them may have an oppor­ wants to defend the position of the State gentleman yield? tunity to express this disagreement. Department, let him take the will of the Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentleman. Now let us get to the arguments and House. Mr. GROSS. I have only one observa­ the facts as they are alleged. It is the I hope the Committee on Foreign Af­ tion. All too of ten these reports are failure to advance facts and arguments fairs, under the subcommittee of the ignored by the State Department. that causes us to lose the debate in the gentleman from Alabama, will go into Mr. CURTIS. It is almost without United Nations and in the opinion of the this subject. Let us have a position pa­ question that they seem to be ignored people throughout the world. We should per as to why our Panamanian policy in there. I do not mind so much their 1964 J • • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ·- HOUSE 303 ignoring the conclusions, but I object to Zone they make ·an, active effort to do am not interested in all of this talk .of their ignoring the arguments and the so. economy any more, I want to see what facts which are presented. .If they dis- Our trouble stems from the policy of the figures are going to be. And so I was· "' :; agree~ let them come forward with· facts vacillation we have followed in recent waiting for this key figure, the revised and arguments to show why they. dis­ years ,in connection with our Panama... expenditure figure for this current fiscal agree. nian relations. · year ending June 30, 1964. It was $98.4 Mr. CR.AMER. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. CURTIS. r thank the gentleman. billion. The November 1963 estimate, gentleman yield? I wish to say that the vacillation, re­ the last estimate of the Kennedy admin­ Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentleman. grettably,· is not confined to Panama. istration used as a basic figure as late as · Mr .. CRAMER. It i.s .my-hope that the , The Panamanian question is only typical November 21, 1963, when the Senate Committee qn Foreign Atf airs, as the of what has been the. policy in foreign passed the debt ceiling bill, was $97 .8 gentleman sugge.sted, will look into the affairs, particularly in the past 3 years billion. present crisis situation in Panama and in regard to our foreign policy. Again, So in the less than 2 months operation will look into it in depth, so that the the facts and arguments are not being of this new administration, which has Members of Congress and the people of brought forth~forthrightly so that they been issuing press releases as if it was this country will know not only what are can l:5e debated or· even understood by economy minded, the expenditure level the facts but also what has caused the the people of the United States and, quite of this current fiscal year has been in­ present crisis and what proposals are importantly, by the people of the world creased by $600 million. being made with respect to doing some­ in other nations. . Now, what do we do in the Congress thing about it, to help determine what Because if we are wrong on any of of the United States and in this Nation should be the position of the U.S. Con­ these things--and we can be wrong-we when we have this kind of doubletalk gress in relation to it. want to know 'it. But it should be on the going on. In a few days we can begin to · It is my nope that the Committee on basis .of arguments and facts and not see how accurate the $97.9 billion figure Foreign Affairs ·will go into the question these preconceived notions; certainly, given for 1965 fiscal year expenditures is. in depth, as I believe was suggested by not this business of letting the United Was it chosen conveniently to confuse the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. SEL­ States be whipped constantly, because the people about the $97.8 billion figure DEN]. The greatest service which could we have people representing us at the of the fiscal year 1964 given in November be rendered would be to have this issue U.N. and the State Department who do by the Kennedy administration? The laid at rest, so· that the politicians in not stand up for American policies with $97.9 billion expenditure figure that the Panama will know that this is not a fruit­ cogent facts and arguments when we are Johnson administration says it projects ful political issue for them ad infinitum, right. for the fiscal year 1965? We will see just because the United States is going to take Mr. Speaker, I want to take up the how firm a figure that is when we get a firm position demanding its treaty topic for which I asked for this time, the budget message in the next few days. rights and the Panamanian Government Federal expenditure levels. Under the Then we can start moving forward on and people should know that. 1-minute rule, I said that I took this that, because indeed there should be and What has been of greater advantage to time to discuss what I recognize as the needs to be true expenditure reform, not the Panamanian Government and people New Frontier expenditure waltz--two conversation or public images. and their economy than the existence of steps forward, with very soft music, with Mr. Speaker, I am going to quote from the Panama Canal? That has been the dim ligp.ting, followed by one step back­ an article that appeared in the Tax main thing which has lifted the economy ward, with a great deal of fanfare and Foundation's Monthly Tax Features in to the status it now enjoys. The economy the glare of spotlights. the December 1963, issue, volume 7, No. is now much higher than it was prior to There was one important figure, and 11. It refers to a speech that I gave be­ the existence of the canal. The United really only one that was listed in Presi­ fore the Tax Foundation in New York States has made a tremendous contribu­ dent Johnson's state of the Union mes­ City early in December. tion to the Panamanian people. sage to the Congress, which is a firm "The popular congressional notion is," said Those are things which any report, I figure. And this figure, somewhat like OuRTIS, "that under continuing resolutions, believe, should go into in depth. I trust the points made in the previous colloquy, the Executive can spend only at the level of that the committee will do that. the preceding fiscal year, which was $92 .-6 bil- has not received the emphasis of the re­ lion for fiscal 1963." · Mr. CURTIS. I thank the gentleman. porting media that it deserves. It de­ Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the serves emphasis because it ls the only There is the beginning steps of New gentleman yield? firm figure in the state of the Union mes­ Frontier waltz, with no fanfare, the ex­ Mr. CURTIS. If I may, I should like sage. It is the revised expenditure level penditures go forward to $98.8 billion in to continue with my main topic. for fiscal year 1964. That revised figure fiscal year 1964 from $92.6 b11lion in fis­ Mr. SELDEN. I have a comment ap­ is $98.4 billion. The budget figures for cal year 1963. The fanfare and the spot­ ropos of this discussion. 1965 fiscal year are only rough estimates. light is then directed to the cutback of $1 Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentle­ The $98.4 billion expenditure figure, for billion from the $98.8 billion estimate in man. fiscal 1964 is a relatively firm figure, be­ January 1963 to the $97.8 billion, which Mr. SELDEN. The committee has cause it relates to 6 months that have Pr~sident Kennedy gave us in November studied this particular issue in depth. already gone by and it is directed to ex­ 1963. And then President Johnson's If the gentleman from Florida will ob­ penditure levels for the months immedi­ state of the Unlon message directs no tain a copy of the hearings which we ately upori us which permit us to-make attention to the revi'sed figure, the latest conducted in connection with this sub­ a fairly accurate estimate. The figure figure of November 1963, $9.7.8 billion, but jec~ given by President Johnson to this Con­ directs our attention to the $98.8 billion Mr. CRAMER. I have read those gress and the Nation just a week ago was figure, the old January 1963 figure. hearings, I say to the gentleman. an increase of $600 million over the So it looks like the figure $98.4 is a Mr. SELDEN. If he will also review a November 1963 revised estimate of the $100 million cut, instead of the $600 mil­ copy of the report, I am sure he will agree Kennedy administration. Let us put lion increase. It really is on top of the that the subcommittee covered the.,sub­ that in context with the newspaper basic increase which went from $92.6 bil­ ject quite thoroughly. Although cir­ headli~es, and the radio and TV com­ lion to $97.8 billion for a grand total $5.8 cumstances may have changed, the issue ments and with the weekly magazine billion increase over last year's expendi­ remains the same. To put it bluntly, comments about the Johnson economy tures. there are some demagogic politicians move, cutting out Cadillacs-oh, sure, I go on with the quote: in Panama who find it easier to main­ these are things that catch the public The Congressman said that these resolu'­ tain their position of leadership by in­ tions achieve what they are believed by most eye-cutting out jobs in the Federal Gov­ Congressmen to achieve, the spending level sisting on taking over the Panama Canal ernment, things that, of course, should for the first 6 months of fiscal 1964 wm be rather than by attempting constructively be done, economies that we are inter­ at an annual rate of $92.6 billion and not to develop their own resources. Any ested in. But were these real economies the $98.8 billion in the President's budget. time they believe they can chip away the or merely to distract the Congress and He added: "Regretfully, I am afraid my rights of the United States in the Canal the public's attention? I kept saying, I colleagues are due for a rude awaking about

I , I 304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE January 13 the real import of' continuing resolutions. I Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Then ponent figures making up the $97.8 bil­ fear that the rate of spending for the past what the gentleman is saying is "that the lion total are spelled out. These same 5 months has not been kept to a $92.6 bil­ appropriations made by the Congress :figures can be found in the hearings that lion annual rate. I suspect it will turn out to be about a $97 b1111on annual rate." constitute that amount at the end of I previously referred to before the Ways fiscal 1964, are you not? There is no and Means Committee on October 29. And what a poor prophet I turned out evidence that what has happened be­ On page 3 the Secretary of the Treasury to be. Instead of continuing the cutting tween the time that we have had the makes this statement: that we were getting under the Kennedy continuing appropriations the executive Consequently, as the Director of the Bu­ administration through the discipline of department spent in excess of that. reau of the Budget wm testify in detall, fiscal the debt ceiling bills and under the pres­ · Mr. CURTIS. Let me point that out. 1964 expenditures are now estimated at a sures of the tax bill to cut expenditures, If the gentleman does not see it, there level of $97 .8 billion, $1 billion below the so we might cut the reviseg. $97.8 billion is nothing more I can say that would January bud.get. down further to $97 billion the Johnson direct his attention to the aggregate :fig­ On pages 6 and 7 the Director of the administration revised this fine trend ures. Anyone can see there is a dis­ Budget, Mr. Gordon, testified: and increased the $97 .8 to $98.4 billion. crepancy because we do have rather con­ It now appears that expenditures will be But I had no powder in my eyes about stant expenditure levels by months. If about $97.8 blllion, $1 bi11ion below the Jan­ what the chairman of the Appropriations we take the previous expenditure levels uary estimate. The lower level of expendi­ Committee and others of the Congress they follow a pretty level monthly ex­ tures seems likely despite some unforeseen · thought we were doing in these continu­ penditure rate, they do not fluctuate increases, and takes into account the effects ing resolutions. So instead of $97 bil­ greatly. Certainly not as greatly as these of amendments to the 1964 budget thus far lion we end up with $98.4 billion, an in­ revised totals would require. submitted by the President, reductions crease. Under this continuing resolution the already mad~ by the Congress, and possible Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. Executive should have been spending at a further reductions, as well as other factors. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? 92.6 level. Now we find .out that he is On . page 7 he placed a table in the Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentleman projecting a 98.4 level and that can only record showing expenditures as esti­ from Colorado. come about through an increased ex­ mated at $98.8 and then current expendi­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Does the penditure level of the balance of the 6 . tures estimated at $97 .8 billion, which is gentleman have any evidence that the months in the fiscal year 1964. I think the November estimate to which I have executive department did not comply it is rather apparent expenditures nor­ been referring. with the continuing resolution adopted mally are not going to increase in that If the administration or anyone cares by the Congress? fashion, certainly not with wisdom. If to take the floor to def end the adminis­ Mr. CURTIS . . I think this is pretty they do they would require considerable tration in this matter to point out what good evidence. Would you not say so? explanation. It looks very apparent the President had in mind in saying he Here is the evidence. these levels have not been followed. was cutting expenditures in 1964, I think Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. What is Some of the members of the Commit­ it should be done, because the :figures are the evidence? tee on Appropriations have told me they quite clear that as of November 21, 1963, Mr. CURTIS. The fact that the ex­ are going to look into this. I request when the Senate debated and passed the penditures level of 1963 was $92.6 and the chairman of the committee to look debt .ceiling bill, the estimates of ex­ the expenditure level projected for 1964, into it. penditures for 1964 were $97.8 billion. after 6 months of theoretically comply­ I would further direct attention to the Within 2 months under President John­ ing with the $92.6 billion level of expendi­ hearings of the Committee nn Ways and son these expenditures have been revised tures, they are projecting a rate of $98.4 Means of October 29, 1963. page 38, upward to $98.4 billion. This is far from billion. I say the burden of proof shifts where I interrogated the Director of the a move toward economy and cutting to the executive to tell us where these in­ Budget right along these lines: expenses. creases come if they had at any time Mr. CURTIS. The second major question, Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the adhered to the $92.6 billion rate of ex­ and maybe this wm have to be supplied for gentleman yield? penditure. the record, is this. I am sure you know the Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentle­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. The gen­ Congress has been extending this continued man from Iowa. tleman was the one who made the state­ authorization or appropriation, which means, Mr. GROSS. I assume that next week ment that the executive department had as I understand it, that the various agencies, we will get the budget message. I will be not complied with the resolution. and so forth, have to spend only at the 1963 expenditure level. That ls what was said on very much interested in looking at the Mr. CURTIS. That is correct. the floor of the House. Is that a factual figures. I know that the distinguished Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. I ask the statement? chairman of the Appropriations Com­ gentleman for some proof. Mr. GORDON. I am not sure I can answer mittee, the gentleman from Missouri Mr. CURTIS. I gave it to the gentle­ that fully, Mr. CURTIS. The continuing reso­ [Mr. CANNON], is on the House floor. man. lution, as I remember it, ls somewhat more Following his usual procedure, on that Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Your compllca ted than that. It depends on the same day he will take the floor of the statement is based upon information that stage which the appropriation b111 has House and give us some information with at the end of the year it might go up to reached on July 1. respect to the budget that is that day 98. Under unanimous consent to extend submitted and what in his judgment he Mr. CURTIS. This is not my figure. my r~marks and include extraneous mat­ thinks of these :figures. I will be very This is President Johnson's figure of ter I will put in this whole colloquy be- interested, particularly this year, in the 98 4, not my figure. tween the Director of the Budget Bureau, light of the President's message of last Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Is there Mr. Gordon, and myself. Finally I asked week at the joint session of the House any evidence of fact they have not com- what effect these continuing resolutions and his estimate of spending, as well as plied with the resolution? would have on the expenditure level of the remarks of the gentleman this after­ Mr. CURTIS. If the gentleman can- fiscal 1964 and the Director of the Budget noon. I am going to be very much in­ not see that in 6 months in the fiscal . said he did not know but he would try to terested, more interested this year than year 1964, if they are supposed to be find out. ever before, in hearing the gentleman spending at a 92.6 level in the first 6 I debated this during the debt ceiling from Missouri follow the budget message months, then they jump to a total ex- debate on November 7 in the House. I next week. penditure level of 98.4 for the whole year, made these very same points then. You Mr. CURTIS. I thank the gentleman. ·obviously they must be spending during will find my comments along this line I want to emphasize again the figures I the balance of fiscal 1964, at an expendi- in the CoNGREss10NAL RECORD, volume have been discussing are not the figures ture level of well over $100 billion, which 109, part 16, page 21388. in the 1965 budget. Those figures, and is not the orderly way set out in the I also referred to this basic figure of that is what we are going to be getting budget for the expenditure of funds. It $97.8 billion, which the House can find next week, will be estimates of fiscal 1965. will require considerable explanation on in the Ways and Means Committee ma­ I am talking about the one relatively firm the part of the executive. jority report', on page 5, where the com- figure that was in the state of the Union /

1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 305 message, and that figure1 I might say, is billion, but what we actually gave him are making, certain programs tend to have required to be included in the budget would be around $103 billion-but you a long leadtime while other programs that estimate for next year by the Budget and would add to that $103 billion, $87.2 bil­ are in for appropriations would tend to be shorter, so the mix ts always going to vary? Accounting Act. That act requires, lion in order to get the total figure of Secretary DILLON. It varies 10 percent up along with the budget for fiscal 1965, that what the President has authority to and down there, yes, but it ts around that there be a January estimate which is a spend in the present fiscal year-that is mix. reestimate of the expenditure level of the $190.2 billion. The President alone really Mr. CURTIS. I am very eager for the Con­ current fiscal year, which will be fiscal has control over what his expenditure gress to develop the proper mechanisms over 1964. level is. Congress has not developed the expenditure rates. This is what we talk The SPEAKER pro tempore. The mechanism for expressing its judgment about when we talk about a legislative time of the gentleman from Missouri has of how much out of this pool of $190 budget. Of course it has to do with new obligational authority, but, on the other expired. billion-what should be the expendi­ hand, we do not at present do an:,;thing about Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask ture levels for a particular fiscal year. expenditure rates and get into the policy unanimous consent to proceed for 5 addi­ We need to develop that machinery, aspects of what should our expenditure rate tional minutes. That is what some of us on the Commit­ be in relation to anticipated revenues. This The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there tee on Ways and Means have been try­ ls what bears on the problem of what is best objection to the request of the gentleman ing to do in the debt ceiling legislation for us now, how much additional bonds are from Missouri? and that is what we are trying to do in we going to have to market and what are the tax bill. It was to give the Congress the economic consequences of marketing There was no objection. that additional amount of bonds in that Mr: CURTIS. In other words, in Jan­ a mechanism and the opportunity of ex- . pressing its judgment as to what should particular fiscal year . uary of 1963 when President Kennedy Right now, this debt ceiling bill 1s about submitted to us the budget message for be the expenditure level for the particu­ ;;he only mechanism that we have developed fiscal year 1964, he was required, and lar fiscal year. So of that $190.2 billion and it has only been in the past 2 or 3 years all Presidents before him were required, of authority to spend, President Ken­ that we have attempted to use the debt ceil­ to do this and he did it, add a January nedy had originally said he was going ing as a mechanism for expressing the con­ estimate revising the expenditure figures to spend $98.8 billion. He revised it to gressional judgment on expenditure rates. for the current fiscal year of 1963. So $97 .8 billion under the discipline of the That is the reason, Mr. Secretary, I was so debt ceiling that the Congress imposed disappointed that the administration resisted this next week there will be this revised the effort of part of the Congress, on our side expenditure figure in the President's mes­ only to have President Johnson come in largely, to try to tie in expenditure rates sage relating to the current fiscal year and up it $600 million to $98.4 billion. with the tax bill. 1964. This is the figure that President So we will want to see what the carry­ The President predicated the tax bill on Johnson gave to us ahead of time in his over ·authority in this budget will be economic assumptions, and one of the basic state of the Union address of $98.4 beginning July 1, 1964, and then couple assumptions there, of course, is the expendi­ billion. that with the new request for obligation­ ture level. The President had at that time given us an expenditure level in 1964 of $98.8 Now when we go to look at these :figures al authority for fiscal year 1965. Then this fiscal picture would begin to come billion and in the Congress on this side of in the budget message for fiscal year the aisle the majority felt that $97 billion 1965, here is where we need to get into into focus. Then we on the Committee was a more reasonable level if we were going the details of the estimates and the basis on Ways and Means will try to figure out to have the beneficial economic results from upon which the $97.9 billion expenditure how we are going to get the money to the tax cut. The administration by not even figure for fiscal 1965 is made. meet these expenditures, how much from arguing over what the proper level should taxes, how much from selling more Gov­ be and by resisting a congressional debate Now one final line of discussion. It ernment bonds. over levels, but just simply opposing any seems to me that it is important that There follows the excerpts from the level Congress suggested, prohibited Con­ we keep separate in our minds the dif­ gress from really effectively passing its policy ference between expenditure levels for a Ways and Means hearings of October 29, judgment on expenditure levels. specific fiscal year and the appropriation 1963, on expenditure levels: The minority members of the Joint Eco­ bills-which is really the request for new Mr. CURTIS. I will make a couple of nomic Committee in their report earlier this obligational authority. In the fiscal year observations. year on the President's economic report esti­ 1964, the present fiscal year, President First. I am very pleased that both of your mated that we would have to hold the ex­ statements have brought out forcibly the penditure level to $94 billion for fiscal 1964 Kennedy in his January message asked difference between new obligational authority as well as fl.seal 1965 if we were to attain for $107.9 billion of new obligational and expenditures. Some of my colleagues in these benefits from the tax cut. authority. But as all previous Presidents the House will be helped by this distinction That was our jud_gment. I mean that ls have done in their budget requests, he be•Jause this was a matter of confusion during the policy matter. The Tax Foundation did not contemplate spending $107 .9 bil­ the debate on the tax bill. Committee, perhaps you have seen its report lion, particularly of this new obligational The attempt on the Republican side was that came out just a couple of weeks ago, authority in that fiscal year, but only to impose congressional control over the was very interesting to me. It followed the 40 expenditure rate of specific fiscal years. same basic economic reason of the minority about 30 to percent, depending up­ Congress does not at present exercise such of the Joint Economic Committee, only the on the particular kind of expenditure control. It hasn't developed the mechanism committee came up with a $95 billion ex­ and the department that would be · to do so. The only thing we exercise control penditure level for 1964 and for 1965, taking spending it-that is only about 30 to over is the new obligational authority. Only the same point that expenditures had to be 40 percent of this NOA, that is new to the extent new obligational authority does held to a lower level. obligational authority, will be spent in have some impact on expenditure rates for I grant to you, and I have in our previous the fiscal year in which it appears as specific fiscal years is congressional judgment colloquy on this subject, that the debt ceil­ a part of the appropriation bill. The brought to bear. ing is a cumbersome way of getting at this, In fact, Secretary Dillon, you say here on but, on the other hand, it ls about the only balance of the 60 to 70 percent of ex­ page 5: "This year, for instance, nearly 50 way right now, that Congress has developed penditures will be made in the ensuing percent of our expenditures are determined to try to express its policy judgment on ex­ fiscal years. by appropriations of earlier years." penditure rates. New obligational authority, So there is another key figure that I had gotten from some of our people on as you clearly pointed out in both your pa­ we all want to look for in the President's the Appropriations Committee that roughly pers, is inadequate for Congress to do it. It budget message that is coming next only 40 percent was the figure. isn't enough. week-what is the carryover authority to secretary DILLON. I don't know whether The majority on the Ways and Means Com­ they included the continuing appropriations mittee debated on the floor of the House, spend money that has come from pre­ for the public debt, because Mr. CANNON that the way to cut expenditures is through vious appropriation bills passed by the always leaves that off in some other category. Congress cutting back on new obligational Congress that has not been spent in That ls why I mentioned that. That ls about authority, or, rather, their directing attention those fiscal years? The carryover figure 10 or 12 percent. to that and cutting it back. That is quite in­ was $87.2 billion in the President's budget Mr. CURTIS. It is no different from this. effective on the expenditure levels of fiscal message of last January. So beginning Of the new obligational authority that you 1964 and I would say quite limited even on asked to be granted this year of $108 billion, fiscal 1965. Our carryover balances in the on July 1 of this year, 1963-the begin­ only 40 percent would be scheduled for ex­ budget, Mr. Director, of this year were esti­ ning of fiscal year 1964-not only did the penditure in fiscal 1964. That would vary, mated to be $87 billion, is that correct? President have-he did not get the $107 .9 would it not, because, the point that you Mr. GORDON. $87.2 bill1on is correct. CX--20 I

306 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOC5SE January 13 Mr. . CURTIS. $87.2 billion which would be "Although 1963 expenditures were $1.7 bil­ scinded or what might not, but it is.a little added to the $108 billion. I think it is $107.9 lion less than estimated in the January different process I think when you actually billion. budget, new obligational authority was also a.re going over to review things. Programs Mr. GORDON. $107:9 billion. less. The final totals of indefinite authoriza­ where previous authority was granted might Mr. CURTIS. That would give a total pool tions (e.g., interest) and enacted.supplemen­ be programs that have sort of been forgotten of authority to•11pend which the Executive tal authority will change from the January about and they a.re not touched upon in the would have and he did say that $98.8 billion estimaites mainly because the $2 billion re­ new request Ior obligational authority. was his expenditure level. Let me ask a tech- quest for additional borrowing authority for Mr. GORDON. As you know, Mr. CURTIS, it is nical question. . . . . the Export-Import Bank was not enacted." a very common thing for the appropriations When you cut back the. estimates tn ex­ M~. CURTIS. Now I want to get to that. subcommittees to look at the unobligated penditures levels-it was estimated for fiscal , What lapsed would be quite interesting. I authorizations, and occasionally to point out 1963 to be $94.6. billion. Am I cotrect? Is ' do kndw that some funds if not spent by opportunities for reprograming to finance that the January 1963 budget estimate? June 30l do lapse and anyone who observes new activities so that new amounts a.re not Mr. GORDON. $94.6 billion was the estimate the frantic efforts of the procurement officers necessary. in the January 1963. budget, I think. in our various departments and agencies im­ I think that is a very common part of the Mr. CURTIS. In the January budget mes­ mediately before the June 30 da.te realizes work of the appropriations subcoznml-ttees, sage? that there is ·reason for trying to .. get these so I think there is a fairly organized look at Mr. GORDON. The January 1962 figure in ·funds obligated in the sense that they will be unobligated spending authority through the the original 1_963 budget was almost identical carried as expenditures, because your term appropriations process. with actual expenditures in 1963. "expenditure," and this I want to be sure Mr. CURTIS. There is to some degree, but Mr. CURTIS. I am relating to the budget of, isn't actually cash going out, is it, there are a lot of loopholes under this process presented in January 1963. · or is it? and that is why I call attention to the pos­ Mr. GORDON. Yes. Mr. GORDON. It is cash going out; yes. sib11ity of developing a rescission bill which Mr. CuRT:i;s. Which is essentially .the budget Mr. CURTIS. Yes. I doubt if there would be would call these things to the Congress' at­ for fiscal 1964, but the Budget and Account­ much lapsed authority to spend as a result tention as a whole, because the Appropria­ ing Act requires a new January estimate of of cutting back your expenditure rate from tions Committee might do it, but if there expenditures levels for fiscal 1963 and that $94.3 to $92.6 billion, because I suspect these were a rescission bill it would call the atten­ was the $94.6 billion figure? people would have protected themselves by tion of Congress as a whole to these things. Mr. GORDON. Very close to that. obligating it so it wouldn't lapse, but it Mr. GORDON. As you know, a good deal Mr. CURTIS. Yes. would be very interesting if you supply the more than half of this unspent authority is If that is somewh~t in error we will cor­ figures as to what lapsed and why they obligated at the beginning of the fiscal year. rect the record. occurred. The contracts are signed. The authority is Mr. GORDON. $94.3 billion was ·the January Mr. GORDON. There are lapses every year, just being continued into the new year to estimate. The actual was $92.6 billion. Mr. CURTIS, and we would be glad to supply pay the bills when the goods a.re delivered. Mr. CURTIS. $94.3 billion and this estimate whatever results for fiscal 1963 that we can. The obligated balance is a good deal more is to be accompanied with the $87 .2 billion I might say that in the January budget this than half. carryover authority to spend, ri~ht in the year we estimated that $1.3 billion of au­ Mr. CURTIS. That is one thing you would same message? I am relating the expendi­ thority would cease to be available in 1964; look at, but another thing you would look ture level of fiscal 1963 with the carryover about $600 million of this estimate consisted at, too, is this business of deobligating by an authority to spend, beyond fiscal 1963 that is, of lapsed and rescinded appropriations and agency and then reobligation. the obligational authority which· the Presi­ the remainder consisted of interfund pay­ Now; theoretically, that should not be done dent has from previous appropriation bills ments to the Treasury. without the review of the Congress, and pos­ that would not be spent in fiscal 1963. So Mr. CURTIS. That was the question I was sibly we get into technicalities that make as of July 1, 1963, we would have under this going to ask. some of that proper, but this kind of exercise message $87.2 billion. Is that right? Your January estimates assumed a certain I am suggesting might get into it. Mr. GORDON. The $87 .2 billion was the es­ amount of lapsing? Well, I wanted to develop that Just a little timate of the carryover from 1963 to 1964. Mr. GORDON. That is correct. bit. l.\{r. CURTIS. That is correct, and it relates Mr. CURTIS. I want to seek some advice Now, essentially, though, the rate of ex­ to the $94.3 billion expenditure level. from you because I think one of the things penditure that you have now projected of Now, here is the question. Your actual ex­ Congress can and should do, and should get $97.8 billion is under the control of the ex­ perience was that you didn't spend $94.3 bil­ to it right now, is to develop a rescission bill ecutive department and Congress, unless it lion, but you spent $92.6 billion? toward the end of each secsion of Congress develops some of the techniques that I have Mr. GORDON. That is correct. to rescind or to go over all of this $87 .2 been suggesting, has no control over that Mr. CURTIS. I am very gratified about that, bUlion authority to spend that hasn't been rate. · I might say. The question though is, Does used, to review it to see that which really Secretary DILLON. I don't think that is the this then mean that there is an additional ought to be rescinded because of change of case because I think that one of the main carryover authority to spend $1.7 billion, the policy, change of circumstances. reasons for possibly moving in the way you difference between $94.3 and $92.6 billion, to This would be a very healthy thing too, suggest, having a joint review of expenditure add to $87 .2 billion? wouldn't you think? rates by Congress a.s well as appropriations, Mr. GORDON. Thai is a very cogent ques­ Mr. GORDON. Congress, of course, is always ls to make clear·that expenditures are really tion. I am sure the answer is that some part free to do that, Mr. CURTIS. governed by appropriations. I don't think of the 1963 supplemental requests was not Mr. CURTIS. Congress is always being ad­ Congress means to say that "once we have enacted, some part of the enacted authority vised by the Executive of what is the proper appropriated the money we don't have any­ lapsed, and some pa.rt carried over. I don't thing to do, and I think rightly so, so I am thing to do with it anymore, and expendi­ know offhand whether I can tell you what the asking-doesn't the executive department tures a.re up to the Executive." individual parts were. have some recommendations in this area? Mr. CuRTIS. What I meant, Mr. Secretary, Mr. CURTIS. Can· you supply for the record Maybe Congress ought to have every year was an actual control that would come in as the revised figure for authority to spend car­ a rescission bill. Congress interjects its Judgment of that. ried over from the previous authorizations? Mr. GORDON. To speak of a rescission bill, Now, the President, and I am not saying In other words, revise the figure of $87 .2 Mr. CURTIS, kind of prejudges the conclu­ this adversely critical because every Presi­ bUlion. sion that some of the spending authority dent does, looks over programs and will ac­ · Mr. GoRDON. I am sure we can do that, Mr. should be rescinded. · tually slow one down or accelerate one or CURTIS, and we will break out the part of the Now, I am sure that cases arise in which actually will freeze funds as a matter of authorizations which lapsed because it the spending authority has become obsolete, policy decision. wasn't used and the part which carr-ied over. is not going to be used anyway, and could Secretary DILLON. Only up at a point, (The material referred to follows:) without injury be rescinded. though I think it has been clearly estab­ "Specific figures on unexpended balances I point out, though, that 1f you look at lished that in the defense area the President, and expiring or lapsed appropriations at the ' the composition of these unspent author­ as Commander in Chief, has rights he doesn't end of fiscal year 1963 will not be available izations I think you would take a somewhat have elsewhere. If he deems some expendi­ until the Treasury Department prepares the more modest view of how much could be tures or some programs or projects, individ­ official 'Combined Statement of Receipts, Ex­ rescinded. ual ones, to be unnecessary or unwise, he Just penditures, and Balances of the U.S. Gov­ Mr. CURTIS. Oh, I am not disputing that a says, "I won't do them," and that has been ernment.' This information usually does not bit. In fact, all I am saying 1s let's do take accepted. become completely available until November a look at it because there is a lot where we In other areas of the budget, certainly the of each year. A preliminary estimate com­ certainly would say this is proper, but the Executive has the obligation to spend the piled by the Treasury Department's Bureau point is, Mr. Director, Congress doesn't look funds that have been appropriated at a pru­ of Accounts indicates that actual unexpend­ at this. We don't go into it looking at it dent rate and in a prudent manner, but I ed balances at the end of fiscal year 1963 will in that fashion. To some extent, and in fact don't think that the President has the right­ be close to the January 1963 ( 1964 budget to a large extent, the requests for new obli­ and I don't think that any President has felt document) estimate of approximately $87 gational authority of the same agency are he had the complete right-Just to say, "I billion. considered in light of what might be re- won't spend any money for this dam in this 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 307

I , district or this road somewhere else," just One other thing I would just like to say I will give you criteria that I have given deciding "I am not going to do it." That is about the debt ceiling is it is peculiarly inap­ before as to why I don't think it ls tight the reason he has not been allowed an item propriate and not a good means of trying to in relation to the previous budgets, in rela­ veto, and that ls the reason these things are obtain this control that you are talking a,bout tion to the expepdlture rate when this ad­ included in overall bllls. I think there ls an for the reason that it has to take into ac­ ministration first came in, which was $81 overall responslblllty that the President has. count two things: One ls expenditures and billion, if I ·remember correctly, and then For instance, on the National Institutes of· the other ls revenue estimates, and looking we went up to $98.8 billion. Compare those Health he has held back some funds at times, back over the past 10 years it ls perfectly clear increases per year with the increases in the but the only basis of tha"t was that there that the ability to estimate revenue in ad­ 8 preceding years, which, as I remember, were more funds than could be prudently vance ls less good than the ablllty to estimate roughly ls a comparison of about $1 % bil­ spent, spending ' just as fast as they could. expenditures. In the latter case, you have lion increase to $5 or $6 billion. If that is Although funds may have been held back, definite programs, and estimates come closer the criterion of a tight budget it would seem the President has not said, "I just won't than for revenues since the economy moves to me that this budget isn't tight. spend money for that." back and forth. Even at this time of year There may be some other criteria or there Mr. CURTIS. Exactly, Mr. Secretary, but the average estimates on revenues over the may be some refinements. when.you get into this area of prudence, this past 10 years have been off on an average of Secretary DILLON. The quick answer, of ls the area of judgment. about 3 percent for the total actual receipts course, ls that there has been this very sub­ Secretary DILLON. That ls right. each year, which would be nearly $3 billion, stantial increase in the two areas of defense Mr. CURTIS. This area and rightly so, and or $2¾' billion, this year. and space for which there was no such com­ that ls why I said I am not commenting ad­ I hope we wllI do better, but that is the parable increase in earlier years. That dis­ versely; I am trying to point out-­ reason that by setting any particular cell1ng, torts, or makes the figure big, and if you wash Secretary DILLON. No; it should be done. the celllng either could turn out to be of no that out and look at the other figures you Mr. CURTIS. That the President should ex­ effect in holding down expenditures because will find they are very comparable. In fact, ercise prudence over the flow, and his esti­ revenues are better, or, if expenditures are the increases have been somewhat more mate of the flow has been made in January strictly held down, it would have an unin­ modest in the last 3 years than they were in and that estimate in various programs will tended effect if revenues fall short. That the preceding years. alter, based upon prudence. is the great difficulty of this mechanism. Mr. GORDON. May I comment on that, Mr. Secretary DILLON. That ls right. Mr. CURTIS. It would have to involve these CURTIS? Mr. CURTIS. But the point ls, Congress judgment decisions; but I was thinking if Mr. CURTIS. Certainly. doesn't become involved in that judgment there were cooperation between the Execu­ Mr. GORDON. I would like to because this or prudence. tive and Congress, exemplified by the kind of question of what is a tight budget is obvi­ Secretary DILLON. I have no objection to meeting that is going on here right now, an ously a very difficult one to answer in terms their becoming involved. exchange of views as to, as a matter of policy, of generalities. I tried to give a speech on Mr. CURTIS. That ls what I am talking what programs should be funded in the con­ the subject about a month ago. partly about. What I want to relate it to ls text as I have been suggesting of an agreed­ Mr. CURTIS. Is that available? I would like the fact--and we are dealing in aggregates in upon expenditure level. I have tried to point to read it. this committee when we talk about debt out in recent talks, in regard to this process Mr. GORDON. It was printed in the CON­ celling-that the President, I guess, has of budgeting, that the difficult thing isn't so GRESSIONAL RECORD yesterday. I would be glad made a fiscal determination of what we much cutting out the extravagance because to submit it for this record. should · be spending in a particular fiscal this is a matter of identification. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, may I ask year in relation to our anticipated revenues. It may be difficult to identify, but, on the unanimous consent that it be inserted in this If it creates a deficit then the determination other hand, 1f you identify the extravagance record? must be made in relation to the problems we are all agreed it should be eliminated. Mr. KING. Without objection it wm be that we are going to have in marketing addi­ These create no partisan problems. I think included. tional bonds. It ls with respect to that judg­ the real art of budgeting ls establishing (The material referred to follows:) ment that I seek to develop a mechanism so priorities between deslra:ble programs. One [The material omitted in CONGRESSIONAL the Congress can express its judgment. you can always say is a good program and RECORD.) I think we have to do this and this ls someone else can say another ls, but if we Mr. GORDON. I wlll be happy to submit it, what this debt celling bill can be if we go recognize the need for limiting total expendi­ Mr. Chairman. What I tried to do, Mr. into the details. You, today, have given us tures in a given year so it wlll have some CURTIS, was to ask what we mean by the ques­ your revised figures on your anticipated rev­ relation to revenue we must defer many de­ tion of what ls a tight budget and I tried to enue, how the President has altered the ex­ sirable programs to the time when we have divide this question into, in effect, three penditure rate, how the President himself the revenue. parts: What functions ls it proper for the has cut it back a bllllon dollars. Congress There has to be this kind of judgment Federal Gqvernment to perform? How much should be expressing its judgments here. exercised on priorities and this is where I should it spend on each of these functions? I don't want to take the time here, al­ think the Executive, if he really wanted to ..And h"'" w~ 11 a.nd efficiently ls it discharging though we really should, of getting into the get expepditures down, would consult with these functions? economic consequences of marketing the ad­ the CongreEs, on priorities. One of the ques­ And I concluded, as you might have antic­ ditional bonds required under this projected tions I had to ask you-but it may not be ipated, that in fact we do have a very tight $9 billion deficit this fiscal year. This must appropriate to ask you this, other than to budget. For example, one of the points be weighed in conjunction with the turnover pose lt--in the light of recent developments, made-which I hadn't seen previously-was that we already have of the Federal debt the statement of Khrushchev in regard to that about 75 percent of all of the expendi­ which requires us to go to the market again Russia abandoning the moonshot, which is tures in the administrative budget relate to to resell. Congress should express its judg­ a very expensive program, shouldn't a policy functions of the Federal Government which ment on whether we won't be better off decision be made as to whether our moonshot were considered proper and appropriate func­ economically to try to market $7 blllion in­ program should be stretched out? Part of tions of the Federal Government in the early stead of $9 billion, for example. Then figure the policy decision should be made in con­ days of the Republic, in the 18th century. out, 1f it ls to be $7 blllion instead of $9 text with our fiscal problems. I am not say­ All of the debate relates to the remaining 25 billion, as a matter of priorities on these ing what the answer would be. I have my percent. Then I tried to go through the expenditure programs, where we best ought own views, of course, but I am talking sim­ remaining 25 percent of the f.unctlons to ask to slow down a program, cut it out, put it ply about going through the operation of where the disagreement lies and I con­ on the shelf. Let the Congress review it in evaluating these things as components of cluded-and I would be happy to discuss this a rescission blll, or the President could send the aggregate fiscal policy of whether we further-that, in fact, the disagreement wltb. up a message saying, "Let's rescind this par­ should have a deficit and 1f we are going to respect to the proper functions of the Fed­ ticular program and look at it later when have one how big a one can we stand. eral Government relates only very, very mar­ we have the money for it." We have had this before. In your state­ ginally to the level of expenditures. This gets us really into the field of estab­ ment and yourself, Mr. Director, you use the Mr. CURTIS. This can be very profitable in lishing fiscal policy which I think we have term that you have a "tight budget," and Mr. furthering debate. I don't want to do it todo. Secretary, on page 2 you say you are going here other. than I can't refrain from making a Secretary DILLON. I would agree with you. "to maintain effective expenditure control." comment, though. I hope that Just because I think that the only point is that under It comes down to a difference in lnterpreta- . we did something at the end of the 18th this general authority of carrying out the tlon of your language as to what you regard century. therefore we Just keep it on the shelf projects that have been approved, of carrying as a "tight budget" and what I regard as one. and we don't do anything about it and say them out in a prudent manner, there is no The criteria that I would apply indicates that that ls a legitimate function. allowance outside of defense, for any very you haven't got a tight budget at all. Rather Mr. GoaooN. This consists of such things drastic action in curtalllng the spending of than do it with words here that are Just as national defense, the operation of the funds that have been appropriated. There­ thought up at the time, could you supply for post office, the administration of justice, and fore, the appropriation in one year, as you the record what you think constitutes a tight veterans' benefits. have said, tend to govern what is going to budget, what the criteria are and why you Mr. CURTIS. Let me give you an example be spent in later years. think this is tight? that has been intriguing me. Back in 1790, 308 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 of course, and still today, we expect the Fed­ is changing. It does seem to me that a not anticipate that entered into the picture eral Government to have concern over navi- . realistic view of the matter should relate to make it go up $500 million? gable streams. Back in those days any sort changes in Federal employment to other Secretary DILLON. The increase in Federal of a creek was a navigable stream, but today changing magnitudes. Reserve rediscount rate in June and the ac­ the real economic conct!pt of a navigable Mr. CURTIS. Of course, it should. companying increase in short-term interest stream has no relation at all to the tradi­ Mr. GORDON. In this year in which Federal rates is almost entirely responsible for that tional jurisdiction of the Federal Govern­ employment has declined by 242 persons, whole difference. ment. State and local employment has increased Mr. CURTIS. Wasn't that done with the ad­ The Federal Government has continued by 300,000. ministration's approval? In fact, wasn't it to assume Jurisdiction over practica1ly all Mr. CURTIS. You relate that, as you say, to urged? rivers and streams simply because we have the functions, but you also should relate Secretary DILLON. Yes; but we didn't know not updated these definitions. Streams in it to productivity increases. · about it in January when we made the u. my own State of Missouri are not navigable Mr. GORDON. Indeed, it is made possible estimates. within the State of Missouri and the prob­ very largely by productivity increases. Mr. CURTIS. That is what I want tb get lems connected with them are local and · Mr. CURTIS. So that one understands the back to. You want me to assume that you State and not with navigation over which whole problem we are discussing. didn't know? we conceived the Federal Government should Mr. GORDON. It is the productivity in­ Secretary DILLO:r.r. I didn't. have concern. creases in the Government which are taking Mr. CURTIS. I think that you in January, I merely suggest that ~s one of the areas place--and, I think, at an accelerating rate-­ Mr. Secretary, had come around to the point that we need to go into. Others have sug­ which have made it possible for the Federal of view or a policy that related in a large gested, and I am one who does, maybe we Government to discharge its responsibilities degree to our balance-of-payments problem, should reconsider whether we should be in with Just about the same number of em­ that you were going to try to increase the the post office business. . ployees it had a year ago. short-term rates and peg them, if you could, Back in 1790 I am sure I would have sup­ Mr. CURTIS. Now we are getting the thing hold the long-term rate low, so if this was ported strongly the constitutional provi­ in context, but this was not what the Presi­ in your anticipation why wasn't it reflected sions giving the Federal Government power dent did in his nationwide address to the in your original estimate? over post offices and post roads, but I think people, and this is what I was criticizing. Secretary DILLON. We had always felt that we have a different economic situation in I have criticized this publicly before, taking we had to hold short-term interest rates up 1963. this matter out of context and relating it to to keep substantial outflows of funds from Well, I will review that and maybe we can two items, one, number of Federal employees taking place for balance-of-payment rea­ conduct that debate a little bit further at per thousand people, without any relation sons; you are quite right. But we have been another time. to the productivity, and one other thing you reasonably successful, we thought, at the Mr. GORDON. I can't resist, if I may add one and I have been discussing and then using rates that were then current although it was more point-- this 10-year reference without calling to the obvious that there might have been some Mr. CURTIS. You are certainly entitled to people's attention that, of course, in 1953 slight upcreep. This big outflow of short­ it. the Federal Government was engaged in the term funds only took place in the second Mr. GORDON. Giving you the very latest Korean war-- quarter of the year, which brought on a new employment figures as of the present--these · Mr. GORDON. Of course. situation and made us reevaluate the situ­ are the September figures we got Just yes­ Mr. CURTIS. And, as usual in wartime, had ation. The Federal Reserve reached its con­ terday. They show that over the last year, a very high incidence of employment. clusion in its independent capacity, but cer­ from September 1962 to September 1963, ci­ Mr. GORDON. In 1953, if I remember cor­ tainly ·with no objection from the Treasury. vilian employment in the Federal Govern­ rectly, there were 17 Government employees Indeed, it helped from our balance-of-pay­ ment declined by 242 persons. per thousand population. By 1957 it was ments point of ,view. This was July, just Mr. CURTIS. That is very gratifying news. down to 14, it is now down to 13, so it ts at the beginning of the fiscal year, but it I hope that we don't have the President not Just a 10-year comparison. It is a trend affects us during the whole fiscal year, to again address the Nation in terms of a Justi­ which has taken place over the years. raise short-term interest rates. fication for an increase in Federal employ­ Mr. CURTIS. Yes; but, of course, one of the That increase of about one-half of 1 per­ ment on the grounds of numbers per thou­ basic criticisms that I have directed to your cent or a little more in rates from those that sand people, because productivity increases Council of Economic Advisers and the ad­ had been in effect earlier account for most of indicate that we ought to be able to provide ministration is the failure to distinguish an this difference of $500 million. A little less the same amount of Government services economy based on war conditions and one than 10 percent, 5 percent maybe, about $30 with fewer people Just as in the agriculture based on peace, so you can't take a war year or $35 million of it, is accounted for by the sector we provide the food and fiber for our and use it as a base of reference for peace­ increase in interest costs involved in our two people with 42 percent fewer employees than time years. advance refundings. We couldn't foresee how we did 10 years ago. - Incidentally, that is the little stunt that much they would be. The second observation, inasmuch as you has been employed to try to allay the proper That ls a minor amount. The rest of it raise the-- fears our people have of the high Federal was the change in short-term interest rates. Mr. CURTIS. Then you anticipate, I pre­ Mr. GORDON. I think that it ls perfectly debt. They say, "Well, look at tltis ratio of debt in 1946 of GNP and Federal debt. Well, su~e. these interest rates are to stay high? legitimate, Mr. CURTIS, to relate employment Secretary DILLON. At this level; yes. to the population. 1946 is not a good base year. It is not an optimum. It is probably the worst· year you Mr. CURTIS. You don't have the policy, and Mr. CURTIS. If he also relates it to pro­ can pick as a good example because it was this is a question, of trying to increase those ductivity, but, when you only give one part right after very heavy deficits from World rates higher? of the employment picture and couple it War II. Secretary DILLON. No; I would think now with another statement that is equally mis­ Mr. GoRDON. I would agree fully, Mr. we are in a situation where it ls very hard to leading; namely, saying the Federal civilian CURTIS, and I would say that the same rule foresee a situation where short-term inter­ employment was greater 10 years ago than it should apply in the estimate of the average est rates should go any higher for balance­ ls .today, a completely erroneous picture is annual expenditure increase in the last ad­ of-payment reasons because if they did at pi:esented. Ten years ago is such an easy ex­ ministration, remembering that the last this moment they would begin to disrupt pression that one thinks it has Just been administration started out in war and ended the international equilibrium that appar­ taken out of the air until one reflects and up in peace. ently has been achieved and would merely realizes that 10 years ago was at the height Mr. CURTIS. I couldn't agree with you cause parallel increases in other countries of the Korean war. Again, that is part of more. This is how we move debate forward which would then begin, if they didn't do my argument, Mr. Director, that is not ad­ · and probably get at ·some of these problems something, to lose substantial funds to the vancing the public debate on these very dif­ that face. us. But certainly the President of United States which they couldn't afford to ficult problems on which you and I and the United States, whoever he ts, should be lose. I think the short-term rates are pretty others can have differing opinions. To take one who tries to improve the techniques of generally in equ111brium now across the statistics in this fashion and present them debates rather than to indulge in· these kinds board, and any further substantial increase to the public not putting them in context of half figures and innuendos that anyone would not be useful from the point of view isn't proper, but · I am very, very pleased/ familiar with the subject knows are going of the international payment system. with the fact that in absolute figures, as you to mislead. Mr. CURTIS. This, of course, does include / say, Federal employment has declined about Whether they are designed to or not is an­ what you anticipate to have to pay from 242 persons this last year. · other question. . Let me ask this specific that portion of the additional $9 billion of · Mr. GORDON. I would like to add a dissent question on page 3. I have taken a longer debt that you might have to be financing on that point . .It does seem to me that most time than I intended. Why were your esti­ during this period of the fiscal year? people find it very illuminating to relate mates on the interest .on Federal debt so Secretary DILLON. Yes; that was included Federal employment to other magnitudes. low? in both estimates. Actually, there is a cer­ Obviously, we are a changing society; the In other words, they were based on esti­ tain amount of saving there because we were number of people ts changing, our e?onomy mates. What were the things that you did estimating in January a slightly bigger deft- 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 309 cit. The saving isn't substantial because the Mr. GORDON. Yes. You are talking now, the credit markets because of an excessively deficit has been incurred gradually over the Mr. CURTIS, about fiscal 1963. That is cor­ high sale of assets. year, and the fa.ct that we now foresee a. defi­ rect. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, may we have cit of some $3 blllion less didn't make any Mr. CURTIS. You are right; yes. So this that table put in again updated in light of very great difference in the interest compu­ indicates that you have only been able to your present answer? tations, but did reduce them a. little. add about $200 million more. Are we sort Mr. GORDON. Happy to do that. Mr. CURTIS. I have four additional points of running out of those capita.I assets that Mr. KING. Without objection, it will ap­ that I would like to just briefly get into. we can readily market? pear in the record. One, I wish when we get into this expendi­ Mr. GORDON. Yes and no, Mr. CURTIS. The (The material referred to follows:) ture area. we would always separate out the total assets, as you know, of this sort run "The following tables bring up to date in­ two items that go to make up expenditures. about $28 to $29 blllion, but we presented formation supplied to the committee in July, One is the expenditure itself, but the other, to the committee last spring a detailed on the mortgages and other financial assets unfortunately confusing, is the sale of capi­ analysis of this portfolio and concluded that of the Federal Government. tal assets. the more salable of these assets ca.me to "Table I compares the latest estimate of sales of such assets in fiscal year 1964 with Can't we get better bookkeeping so that something in the neighborhood of $6 to $7 we don't have listed under reduced exp~ndi­ the estimate made in the budget last Janu­ blllion, very roughly, so that in fact there is ary, and indicates the actual sales through tures that which really is the sale of more stlll a substantial volume of assets in these capital assets than we anticipated? September 30, 1963. various portfolios which are salable. The "Table II provides information on the Mr. GORDON. This doesn't seem to me to be limitation is not so much the saiab111ty of lllogica.l, Mr. CURTIS. When we acquire the amount of such assets outstanding on Sep­ asset, that· is, when we make the loan, this the assets as the desire to avoid disrupting tember 30, 1963." is treated a.s a.n expenditure. It seems to me perfectly logical-and the corollary of TABLE !.-Estimated sales of mortgages and other financial assets in fiscal year 1964 that trea.tment--tha.t when we sell the asset [In millions of dollars] or when the loan is repaid, this is treated a.s a. reduction ln expenditures. Estimated Revised Change from Actual sales Mr. CURTIS. Yes; but it certainly fouls up Agency and program in January , estimate, Jannary as of Sept. as understanding of what is going on here budget October 1963 budget 1 30, 1963 for those of us who a.re really interested :in getting expenditures cut. In your budget, Housing and Home Finance Agency: for the benefit of our press and the public, College housing_------50 50 17 you show a decrease in agricultural expenl-1- FNMA special assistance and other______199 200 +1 72 Public facility loans-----~------______30 +30 1 tures from your 1963 budget to that of 1964 Federal Ho11sing Administration______60 60 1 of $1 billion but on examination one finds Veterans' Administration: there was a.n increase of current expendi­ Direct Joan pro!!l"am______18 150 +132 56 Loan guarant.ee program (vendee loans)______147 150 +3 60 tures of a.bout a billion, not a. decrease. An Export-Import Bank______540 540 51 increased sale of Commodity Credit assets of Small Business Administration______7 7 2 a.bout $2 billion disguised the increase in expenditure of it, and left the impression TotaL ______------1,021 1,187 +166 260 of a. cut in expenditure. All I am saying is that the information was there for anyone 1 Increases in sales figures decrease budget expenditures in an equal amount. who would dig for it, but one has to dig. NOTE.-Sales estimate!! exclude (a) amortization, (b) prepayments, (c) sales made as part of the process of insuring It does create a.n erroneous impression to loans, and (d) sales to FNMA. , those who are seeking to cut down the an­ nual expenditures, but who a.re not famillar TABLE · II.-Outstanding loans and other TABLE II.-Outstand.ing loans and other with the details of this strange system of financial assets owned by Federal agencies financial assets owned by Federal agencies accounting. Sept. 30, 1963 Sept. 30, 1963-Continued Mr. GORDON. I understand your point, Mr. ( In millions of dollars] ( In millions of dollars] CURTIS, but I wonder really whether it would Actual Actual give a. more accurate picture of Commodity or latest or latest Credit transactions, in the case, for example, AGE~CY AND PROGRAM estimate estimate in which the Commodity Credit Corporation 1. Some classes of financial assets 2. In some programs, legislation this month buys a. bushel of wheat and next cannot or should not be sold: would be needed to allow sales, month sells a. bushel of wheat, to treat that Department of Defense: military to allow sales below par, or to as a.n increase in expenditures and an in­ assistance credits______185 provide the guarantees necessary crease in receipts. It seems to me the two Department of Health, Educa- to make sales feasible: wash out. tion, and Welfare: defense Department of Agriculture: Mr. CURTIS. Let me ask a question, though. education loans (estimated)__ 296 Rural Electrification Admin­ How do we handle postal receipts? That Department of the Interior: istration ------3, 738 goes into the Genera.I Treasury and ts re­ Bureau of Reclamation loans Farmers Home . Administra- garded as revenue? ( estimated) ------~------72 tion (estimated)______1,520 Mr. GORDON. We handle the Post Office a.s Department of State: loans to Department of Commerce: a. revolving fund, as we do virtually a.11 other United Nations______110 Area Redevelopment Admin- similar operations, and we carry in the Agency for International De­ istration ______39 budget only the difference between gross velopment loan (preliminary)_ 6, 254 Maritime Administration___ 108 expenditures and gross receipts. .Treasury Department: Treasury Department: loans to Mr. CURTIS. Of this $1 blllion reduction, Loan to United Kingdom_____ 3,205 District of COiumbia______99 how much of that was actual increase in Defense production loans____ 52 Veterans' Administration: expenditures and how much of that was the Housing and Home Finance direct loan program______1,246 increased sale of capital assets? Agency: Community Fac111t1es Admin­ Mr. GORDON. That is shown. Mr. CURTIS, in Subtotal ______'.______6, 750 the ~ble on page 3 of my statement, which lstra.tlon:grams ______miscellaneous pro- 73 indicates that of the reduction of $1 billion, $200 mlllion is additional sales of mortgages Federal Housing Administra­ 3. Some classes of assets, otherwise and other flna.nclal assets. tion: assigned mortgages salable, carry low interest rates Mr. CURTIS. What were the anticipated and defaulted home im­ or are not of investment quality. sales that year? provement notes ( esti- Sizable discounts below par Mr: GORDON. The budget called for sales of mated) ------~ 276 would be required: a.bout $1 blllion. Urban Renewal Administra- Genera.I Services Administra­ tion______143 Mr. CURTIS. Increased to $1.2 billlon. tion: Public Housing Administra- Mr. GORDON. $1.2 btllion ls the present tion______130 Sales credit (estimated)---- 100 estimate of sales. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: Public power bonds______60 Mr. CURTIS. I thought we had done better Federal Savings and Loan In- Housing and Home Finance than that on the figures that you had shown surance Corporation loans____ 61 Agency: us from January to June. I thought we had Federal National Mortgage increased the sales by $500 or $600 million Subtotal ______10, 857 Association: Management more. and liquidating functions_ 1,203 310 CONGRESSIONAL RE<;:ORD - HOUSE January 13

TABLE n.-Outstanding wans and other ment, so that the effect of the resolution of the effect on 1964 expenditures of con­ financial assets owned by Federal agencies varies. · gressional appropriation actions was not pre­ Sept. 30, 1963-Continued Mr.· CURTIS. How many of them aren't in pared on the basis of a detailed analysis of [ In millio:Qs of dollars] that state? .Are there four? specific appropriations. Under the law the Actual Mr. GORDON. There are four bills that Bureau of the Budget is riot required to ap­ or lc&test haven't yet been reported out by the House portion funds under continuing resolutions es·timate Appropriations Committee. Programs cov­ and therefore does not have available cen­ ered by these bills would be restricted by the trally any information on the amounts of the 3. Some classes ' of ·assets, otherwise current rate at the end of the last fiscal year, temporary appropriations provided by the salable, carry' low interest rates although normal seasonal influences are . continuing resolutions. In addition, the or are not of investment quality. · probably taken into account. Bureau of the Budget believes that the Ap­ Sizable discounts below par Mr. CURTIS. What has that done? I would propriations Committees and the Congress would be required-Conti_nued have thought that this would have had quite undoubtedly take account of agency actions Housing and Home Finance a bit of impact on your anticipated expendi­ under the . continuing resolutions in deter­ Agency-:-Oontinued ture level of $98.8 billion, because now we mining the full amount of the appropriations Community Facilities Ad­ will go into 5 months in fiscal 1964 under provided later for the entire year; thus, it ministration: College these somewhat restrictive continuing reso­ will be difficult-if not impossible-for the housing loans to prlva te lutions. Has it happened that these agen­ Bureau to . tell how much the Congress institutions______763 cies are all going to schedule these increased changed appropriations because of actual Small Business Administra- tion______825 expenditure rates on into the latter part of experience under the continuing resolutions fiscal 1964? Is that good business? and how much because of other factors. A Mr. GoRDoN. The situation, of course, will division of expenditure changes (as distinct SubtotaL------~-- 2, 952 vary sharply from agency to agency. In from appr-0priatlon changes) would be many cases there is no perceptible change in · equally difficult. However, in response to 4. In one case, sales of certificates the rate of spending. the request, the Bureau of the Budget is against a pool of assets are a Mr. CURTIS. Take the Space Agency. We undertaking a special study of the matter to continuing practice, but an in- have increased their authority to spend even see what information can be obtained and crease in sales would involve sig­ under the lowest estimates. I have forgotten will submit report to the committee as soon nificant interest costs to the the figure, but it is a billion or so. For sev­ as the results are available." Government: Departments of eral months they had to be spending at their Mr. CURTIS. This is . putting your finger Agriculture: Commodity Credit 1963 level. What impact has that had on the on another problem of the Congress, and this Corporation (subtotal)------1, 394 President's estimates, your estimates, of the ls our own problem, but I think it needs to 5. In one case, sale of participations overall expenditure levels? be exposed. In the opinion of many in the in a pool of Gover'nment loans Mr. GORDON. In the particular case you cite Oongress it ls not the Congress, but many ls being arranged: Export-Im- there are a few identifiable instances in of our committees-many of our committees, port Bank of Washington (sub­ which the Space Agency has had to defer including in some ways our committee right total)------3,079 contracting for facilities or equipment which here-have gotten the impression that their relate to its program. In these cases, which Job is to make the decision for the Con­ 6. Some other classes of assets con­ are Just steps in programs developing over a gress, rather than bring out the informa­ tain significant amounts of sal­ long period of years, I would think that as tion, the arguments pro and con, and the able paper: soon as the funds are appropriated those con­ facts as they bear on an issue to help the Housing and Home Finance tracts which are being held in suspense will Congress make a better decision. There ls Agency: be signed. quite a distinction between these two con­ Community facilities ad­ Mr. CURTIS. But some of these are going cepts. I think, because of customs and tra­ mlnlstratlon: to be increased personnel and if you haven't dition, there may be good reasons behind College housing loans to put them on and couldn't, you couldn't tllis development, but overall· I think it is public institutions____ 760 spend the money. deleterious to efficient legislating. But the Public facility loans_____ 110 Mr. GORDON. There is nothing in the con­ executive contributes to that when it does Federal National Mortgage tinuing resolution that relates explicitly to this. It certainly makes the job of look­ Association: Special as­ personnel. The resolution relates to the ing at aggregates, aggregate expenditure sistance functions______1, 556 rate at which funds are obligated. rates and so forth, more difficult when this Federal Housing Adminis­ Mr. CURTIS. You mean these agencies kind of process goes on. That ls the only tration ( excluding as­ could actually go ahead and expand their reason I mention that. signed mortgages and de­ personnel on a continuing resolution, even Mr. Byrnes in a question to you brought faulted home improve- though that would make the personnel sec­ out something that I would like to know, tion, that part of the expenditure way be­ and again you oould supply this for the ment notes)------349 yond the- record. Veterans' Administration: Loan Mr. GORDON. The continuing resolution re­ How does the Bureau of the Budget han­ guarantee program (vendee lates, as I say, to the rate at which funds are dle authorizations. in distinction from ap­ loans)------~-- 354 · obligated, and there are some cases in which propriations? In other words, a request is SubtotaL ______._____ · 3,129 employment has increased somewhat since made by an agency for an authorization. It ...... :..... the end of last fiscal year; in others, of is processed through your shop, I know. Total ______28,100 course, it has declined. As I have indicated, Mr. GORDON. Yes, indeed. employment for the Government as a whole Very small programs (esti- Mr. CURTIS. And then later I guess an ls leveling off. appropriation on that authorization is also mated)------113 Mr. CURTIS. I asked the chairman of the processed through your shop. I would like Grand totaL ______28, 273 Appropriations Committee on the floor of the to get a little bit of a narrative to supply House, relating it to the Space Agency, when for the record of how you actually do this. Mr. CURTIS. The second major question, he brought up one of those continuing res­ Mr. GORDON. I will be happy to do that. and maybe this will have to be supplied for olutions, about the level of employment the record, is this. I am sure you know the and apparently .he is under th,e misappre­ Congress has been extending this continued hension that this does hold employee levels to that. But would you supply for the rec­ authorization or appropriation, which means, A NATIONAL ECONOMIC CONVER­ ord a more detailed statement of what is the SION COMMISSION NEEDED as I understand it, that the various agencies, impact of the continuing resolutions on the and so forth, have to spend only at the 1963 estimated level of expenditures in the budget Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask expflnditure level. That is what was said on for this year? unanimous consent that the gentle­ the floor of the House. Is that a factual Mr. GoRDON. I will be happy to do that. statement? I might say that in all the cases I know woman from Washington [Mrs. MAY] Mr. OonnoN. I am n'ot sure I can answer about there are problems of interpreting the may extend her remarks at this point in that fully, Mr. Cuans. The continuing reso­ continuing resolution as it relates to indi­ the RECORD and include extraneous lution, as I remember it, is somewhat more vidual agencies and the practice ls for some matter. complicated than tha~ It depends on the agencies to work closely with their legis­ lative and appropriations subcommittees to The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there stage which the appropriation blll has objection to the request of the gentleman reached on July 1. ' be certain that the way they are interpreting the resolution is consistent with the intent from Kansas? If I remember correctly, for example, when of the Congress. an appropriation bill has already passed There was no objection. (The following was later supplied for the Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, today I am both the House and the Senate as of July 1, record:) the agency may incur obligations at the rate "As Director Gordon indicated during the introducing legislation to bring into full of the lesser of these two bills until enact- course of his testimony, the current estimate play the entire resources of the Federal 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ,HOUSE 311 Government to help meet the challenge PANAMANIAN CRISIS Cuba press release of January 10, 1964, of economic conversion in areas such as Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask which gives a full review of the bus deal, the Hanford Works of the Atomic Energy unanimous consent that the gentleman points out the further implications of Commission at Richland, Wash. As you from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] may extend his the bus deal in that Cuba's transport know, the Federal Government an­ remarks at this point in the RECORD and system was bogged down as the result of nounced January 8 that four plutonium­ include extraneous matter. effective sabotage on the part of the Cu­ producing reactors will be shut down in The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there ban people and "the Leyland bus deal accordance with President Johnson's objection to the request of the gentleman goes far in getting him--Castr(>,-()ff a state of the Union message in which it from Kansas? very serious hook with his own rebel­ was declared that the production of plu­ There was no objection. lious subjects." tonium and enriched uranium would be Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, the state­ The committee joins in a call I have reduced. Three of these four reactors ments made by the distinguished gentle­ been making for some time for "greater are located at the Hanford Works. man from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] and determination" on the part of the Unit­ The legislation I am introducing today other Members reflect in large part my ed States in our policy of "isolation" would establish a National Economic own views on the Panamanian crisis. of Cuba. Conversion Commission composed of the It is time, I believe, that we give to ENGLISH Bus SALE UNDERMINES CUBAN Secretaries of Defense, Agriculture, Com­ the area of Latin American affairs the RESISTANCE merce, Labor, and Interior, the Chairman attention and priority that they merit. The current sale of 450 Leyland buses by of the Atomic Energy Commission. the England to Castro, with adequate supplies of Our failure to do so can be well seen by s·pare parts included, is the latest in a series Director of the U.S. Arms Control and the neglect of the Department of State Disarmament Agency, the Chairman of of setbacks in U.S. diplomacy. The deal to debrief Ambassador Farland and act amounts to $12.2 mlllion. the Council of Economic Advisers, and on his views. Circumstances have clear­ The sale of Canadian wheat to Russia, with the Administrator of the National Aero­ ly shown that our oversights in this area a portion set aside for Cuba, and the in­ nautics and Space Administration. It have helped prevent us from being ready creasing numbers of spare parts reaching would be the duty of the Commission to for the problems that have now arisen. Cuba through various unauthorized chan­ coordinate appropriate policies and pro­ Once more we find the United States nels for Castro's desperate industrial plant, grams to be carried out by the depart­ underscores the porousness of U.S. policy. suffering what could be a diplomatic Perhaps the most important effect which this ments and agencies of the Federal Gov­ Pearl Harbor. Once more we are in the porousness has had, and wm continue to have ernment for economic conversion capa­ position of responding too little and too unless something drastic is done, will be on bility of areas such as Richland, Wash. late, rather than moving with or ahead the determination of the Cuban people to A study would include schedules of pub­ of the tide of events. And our only re­ continue their resistance to Castro's Commu­ lic and pr:ivate investment patterns re­ sponse now seems once more to plead nist regime. sulting from economic conversion and our peaceful intentions and to make con­ Perhaps i!ladvertently, possibly deliberate­ the anticipated effects upon income and cessions that will only compound the ly, the determination of the United States employment of such patterns. The leg­ and the free world to maintain and strength­ errors of our policies. Talk and reason en its economic blockade has been matched islation also calls for the convening of we must, but let us not again substitute by an equal determination of the Cuban peo­ a National Conference on Industrial some vague fear of effect on world opin­ ple to sabotage the regime out of business. Conversion and Growth to consider the ion for a demand for fairness and re­ Breakthrough now by Castro in essential problems arising from a conversion to a spect, the only sentiments that can truly transport, represented by the purchase of civilian economy, and to encourage ap­ move us toward better relations with buses, cannot but have a weakening effect propriate planning and programing by Latin America. on the future resistance of the Cuban people. all the sectors of the economy. Gover­ It may presage future deals by our own al­ lies, triggered, some lawmakers maintain, by nors of all the States would be consulted our own Government-sponsored sale of grain to encourage appropriate studies and to Russia and Iron Curtain countries. Our conferences at the State, local, and re- ENGLISH BUS DEAL WITH CASTRO policymakers who hope and expect the Cuban gional level, in support of a coordinated ADDITIONAL SETBACK FOR U.S. people to continue their resistance, and Cas­ effort to improve the Nation's economic DIPLOMACY CHARGED BY CITI- tro effectively undermined, can only see their conversion capability. ZENS' COMMITTEE FOR A FREE policy smashed by spare parts, wheat, and At the present time, Mr. Speaker, the CUBA other grain deals. Federal agency with sole responsibility Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask If, over the past several years, our Govern­ in encouraging diversification of the ment had told the story of Cuban resistance economic base at Richland is the Atomic unanimous consent that the gentleman to our press and made it a point of policy to Energy Commission. The AEC has been from Florida [Mr. CRAMER] may extend relate this reslstance to its economic embar­ go, perhaps the stake of all, including our cooperating with local interests in ac- his remarks at this point in the RECORD allies, wou1.d be more readily understood. In­ tively exploring alternate uses of pro- and include extraneous matter. stead, the embargo has been handled as a duction facilities that might be idled in The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there pa.rt of impersonal economic relationships the event of a curtailment of production. objection to the request of the gentleman between nations without regard to human It is all too evident, however, that these from Kansas? values to which it should have been related. efforts must be intensified to effectively There was no objection. Here is a partial history of the partially effective U.S. economic blockade on Castro's offset the estimated loss of 2,000 jobs at Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, since last transportation, the contrib'lltions which have Richland as a result of the reactor shut- week when the English trade with the been made by the CUban people themselves: down. The legislation I am offering is Communist Cuba bus deal came to pub­ In 1958 there were 303 urban, interurban, intended to bring the full resources of lie attention, I demanded that the State municipal, and provincial bus companies in the Federal Government into this co- Department file a protest with the Brit­ Cuba which operated 4,459 passenger buses. operative effort with the people of Rich- ish and I insisted upon an effective trade Many of these companies were run as highly land. ban against Castro's Cuba. efficient and democratic cooperatives. A large Richland, Mr. Speaker, is a Govern- The Citizens' Committee for a Free percentage of bus drivers owned their own air-conditioned, modern U.S.-bullt buses, ment-created, and until recently, a Gov- Cuba has since charged that this deal with automatic transmissions, and Cuba had ernment-operated community which is amounting to $12.2 million is "the lat­ bus service unequalled anywhere in the dependent upon a Government economy. est in a series of setbacks in U.S. di­ Caribbean or Latin America. The reduction of 2,000 jobs in such an plomacy." Castro and the Communists seized the bus area by order of our national adminis- The committee cites the sale of Ca­ lines and incorporated them into state-run tration is therefore an exceedingly heavy nadian wheat to Russia, with a portion enterprises. In defense of their right.a, responsibility. I feel our Government set aside for Cuba," the increasing num­ former owner-drivers who were then im­ can do no less than give maximum as- ' ber of spare parts reaching Cuba for in- pressed into working for the state, set about sabotaging the Government lines. They per­ sistance and cooperation to the com- dustrial plants and this bus deal as mitted people to ride free; they "managed" mendable local efforts that are being showing the "porousness" of U.S. poli­ to miss bus stops; drove into groups of COin­ carried out. I think the creation of a cy. munlst demonstrators; and in many cases National Economic Conversion Commis- I enclose in the RECORD the full text actually burned their vehicles. Their ex­ sion is the answer. of the Citizens' Committee for a Free ploits were documented from 1961 on-in 312 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January.13 daily accounts in Revoluci6n and Hoy of ar­ Workers at sugar mills did their share, as determined,,t.o purchase abroad, our policy rests and confinement. Of some 3,000 anti­ well. In checking the fall1ng sugar prOduc­ of "isolation" will have been turned into a Castroites rounded up and jailed in a tunnel tion INRA headquarters "noted" the extraor­ major disaster. Our Cuba policy, which has in Principe Prison on April 17, 1961, the fate­ dinary number of accidents, with locomo­ been under bipartisan fire, wm have col­ ful day of the landing at the Bay of Pigs, 258 tives. Sugar Central Josefita in Havana lapsed entirely. From all indications · it were bus drivers, another 183 were con­ province radioed that it had only one loco­ would appear that this growing trend must ductors, and still another 102 were taxi motive in operation. "The other," said the not only be stopped, but rolled back with a drivers. In February of 1963, Minister of radio operator, "had been derailed." INRA greater determination than has yet been Transport, Omar Fernandez, publicly de­ headquarters asked for a full explanation displayed. nounced Cuba's bus drivers as "the most and dispatched an inspector to the mill to counterrevolutiqnary element in our coun­ investigate, stating that "there is not an try." extra locomotive in all of Cuba." KENTUCKY'S RETURN. TO THE The combination of shortage of parts and In a 3-week periOd from the end of Febru­ MAJOR LEAGUES sabotage reduced the number of buses op­ ary to the.middle of March, a rash of reports erating in Havana from 1,400 in 1968 to fewer sent to INRA in Havana-told of locomotives Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. than 800 in 1963. These figures were sup­ being derailed at sugar mms. Sugar. Central Speaker, I ask unanimous consent "that plied by Hoy itself on March 27, 1963. Of the Mercedes in Matanzas Province reported on the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. 800 left in service, the bulk of them were of February 27 that "a tr~in had been derailed CHELF] may extend his remarks at this Czech make, with manual transmi~sions, no while transporting cane to the m111." point in the RECORD and include extrane­ air conditioning, and no eafety glass or stor­ On March 9, the Cuban Government re­ ous matter. age facillties for baggage. Ill adapted to vealed that another train wreck had taken The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Cuba's terrain and weather, th.e Czech buses place near Ciego de Avila, Camagiley prov­ objection to the request of the gentleman constantly broke down and wer~ easy t~rgets ince. The engineer of one of the trains and for the sabotage visited upon them by tneir from Colorado? several others were k1lled in the crash. The There was no objection. . drivers, malntenan~e men, anq conductors. Government announced that the balance of Passengers slashed the seats and· broke the the train crews "have . been detained by Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, for the doors. · · agents of ·public order." :first time in over 60 years Kentuckians The breakdown in transport also made tt In February, the radio operator of the have an opportunity to secure a major difficult for factory and office managers ~o provlncial delegation of sugar mms for league baseball club. The city of Louis­ determine whether absenteeism which was Camagiley radioed Havana that "the people ville has always been a splendid baseball plaguing the regime was deliberf!,te or was most against us are those at the sugar mm due to the bre·akdown in public transporta­ town. She was a member of the National of San Francisco." On March 20, the head League as far back ·as 1876, and had a tion, as the confusion i~ industry mounted. of the sugar mms for the province stated The regime desperately tried to overcome the that "anti-Government groups spread the franchise with them from 1892 to 1899, critical situation by impressing domestic rails of the lines at the sugar mm of San at a time when Louisville's present base­ servants. into learning to drive confiscated Francisco, causing the derailment of two ball critics were unborn, unknown, and private automobiles and assigning them to trains." undiapered. routes as "popular transport." This merely The inab111ty of Omar Fernandez to stem Ever since I was a small child I can increased the trafflp hazards. By the time of the .tide of sabotage led, just last month, to recall the accomplishments of our Louis­ the sale of British Leyland buses, the Ca~tro his being ousted and replaced by Faure Cho­ regime was reduced to using Soviet milltary ville "Colonels." It hasn't been but a few mon. Yet, last Wednesday, January 8, Ha­ years ago when it became apparent that trucks, equipped with Jnakeshift benches vana's Radio Progreso revealed that train and a small ladder extending down from the wrecks were still continuing, and were the our minor league Louisville team had run tailgate. result of sabotage: into :financial difficulty and it was most Last May, Omar Fernandez excoriated "An important meeting was held at the heartwarming, refreshing and stimulat­ Cuba's taxi drivers who, like their colleague Cuban:.spanish (Communist) Friendship So­ ing to witness the eager and voluntary bus driver-owners, had been deprived of their ciety by the railway workers where agree­ suppor-t of Kentuckians as they rallied autonomy and virtually of a livelihoOd. ments of the National Railway Council were Speaking at the· National Congress of Taxi 'round the Louisville ball club by pur­ approved. chasing enough stock to bail the team Drivers, he charged that their ranks are "With respect to the train wrecks, it was "filled with negative elements, bums, and de­ agreed to ask the State Railway Enterprise . out. If Kentuckians would do this for a linquents." He threatened that those "who and the Ministry of Transport to punish "triple A" club I submit that they would do not stop to pick up passengers will be those responsible. [They] should be pun­ overwhelmingly support Charles O. Fin­ severely punished." Describing their atti­ ished uniformly and inflexibly with a 1- ley's major league team. tude as "one of anarchy," Fernandez called . year's suspension of work without pay or Yes, Mr. Speaker, I was just a kid in for tighter controls. Just prior to his out­ enjoyment of any benefits of labor legisla­ the old Louisville Masonic Widows and burst, in March of 1963, nine cab drivers tion. After the year of suspension, they were put on trial for "displaying an unco­ Orphans Home when I :first heard should spend another year earning a lower "grownups" talk about traveling to operative attitude and a failure to maintain salary at lower position than befor6. In the revolutionary vigilance during the night case of being implicated in a train wreck, such cities as Cincinnati, Chicago, St. hours." The implication was that they those responsible should be taken before Louis, and others in order to see a major either were working against the regime as the State Railway Enterprise, the labor league ball game. Mr. Speaker, this members of the resistance or had refused to union, and before the courts." practice has been standard operating become informers for the Communists. In The announcement also admitted to the procedure in Kentucky far too long. We an editorial last May 18, Hoy accused bus disappearance of essential property: "To deserve a major league ball club. We drivers of "running their buses onto the combat theft, the State Railway Enterprise can, and I sincerely believe, we will be curbs without regard for their tires." and the union will both support action Last August 27, the Department of Public against the thief, including his final and able to support it. Order (the secrj'lt police) issued an order complete punishment and indictment before Our State, county, and city officials which set up "popular tribunals to judge the courts." have joined with all of us who have the those workers in the field of public trans­ The calumny heaped upon bus and taxi honor to represent our Commonwealth portation for their infractions_." Those drivers extended to porters: "It was also in the Nation's Capitol-irrespective of found guilty were sent to the concentration agreed to suspend and punish those porters party affiliation-in order to make this camp of Guanahacabibes in Pinar del Rio who refuse to load baggage." transition of the Athletics possible. Not Province. "Popular tribunals" also were em­ An effort to do away with taxi drivers was only is Kentucky's officialdom united; powered to determine, among the public contained in the resolution to "study the ad­ transport drivers, those who "drove crazily visab111ty of using the 'popular transport' to but what is more important, the vast and without regard for the equipment." A drive passengers and so put an end to· the majority of Kentucky's over 3 million militiaman was assigned to each eight drivers abuses of some taxi drivers and auto own­ people are likewise behind this move. to "watch their attitudes." In September, ers." Mr. Speaker, no more than I had Cuban workers were required to fill out forms It is clear that the Castro regime itself learned that our energetic Mayor Wil­ indicating the types of transportation used. relates · the breakdown of Cuba's transport liam Cowger of Louisville and our fine the names of the drivers, and "observations." system to eff~ctive sabotage on the part of young Kentucky Governor, "Ned" Cuba's railways-also administered 'by the the Cuban people. The Leyland bus deal Breathitt, had caused to be signed a con­ Ministry of Transport-have been struck as goes fax: in· getting him off a very serious well by sabotage. From December 28 of 1962 hook with his own rebellious subjects. If tract with that courageous Charles 0. through the middle of February of 1963, we or o:ur allies sell Castro planes for his Finley, sole owner of the Athletics, in Cuban saboteurs caused three major train airlines, trains for "interprovincial travel," which the State of Kentucky had agreed wrecks. They occurred in Las vmas, Matan­ and · taxis to be driven by mllitants of the to spend over a half-million dollars in­ zas, and Pinar del Rio Provinces. Communist Party, which he said he was creasing the seating capacity in the sta- 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 313 dium of the Kentucky State Fair- ism, its inner sanctum, its holy of ·holies to bring it to their attention now. It is grounds from 20,000 to over 30,000 and of preferential treatment; if baseball the story of the return of Communist had agreed on terms for the 1964-65 sea- seeks to continue to be over, above and sympathizer Paul Robeson to the United sons, than I heard that the other base- away from the worry pangs of antimo­ States after a 5-year sojourn in Russia. ball clubs in the American League were nopoly and its legal application, then her He has returned, he says, to resume his opposed to this very legitimate contract leaders, such as Mr. Joe Cronin, presi­ activity in the civil rights movement. that had been entered into by and be- dent of the American League, and the I am sure he will be welcomed by the tween the sovereign State of Kentucky Honorable Ford Frick, baseball high Communist-front members who domi­ and the complete owner of a very legiti- commissioner, should wake up, come nate the NAACP leadership, as well as all mate business enterprise. down off of their cloud No. 14, get their the others in this movement who make Mr. Speaker, this situation brings rise feet on the ground, take a good, long a sorry livelihood exploiting Negroes. to the very practical question as to just breath of fresh air, get in the amen cor­ In the 5 years Robeson has been in who owns the Kansas City Athletics fran- ner, adopt a new kind of baseball reli­ Russia, he may have lost track of his chise-the man who put his money on the gion, acquire a new code of baseball rules civil rights buddies who share Commu­ line at the time he purchased it or these and ethics-or they are headed for a fall nist leanings with him, so I refer him self-appointed and self-anointed repre- like mother's bread when her oven door to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, volume sentatives of the various clubs of the slams. 10g, part 10. On page 13591 • and for American League? Mr. Speaker, when it became known the next 30 pages, he will find a com­ Mr. Speaker, when these interested · that Finley had signed a contract with plete list of all the NAACP leaders who parties possessing possibly several shares Kentucky to transfer his ball club there­ have Communist-front memberships to of stock in an incorporated club..!..these listen to this written order by Mr. Joe their credit. One other whom he will "glass door fronts"-not a sole owner Cronin, American League president, to want to get in touch with, I am sure, is of a ball club-such as Finley-take on Charles O. Finley. Among other things. the "Reverend" Fred Shuttlesworth, ex­ their holier-than-thou, go-thither look- he said: bootlegger turned civil rights leader. their Chess-cat grin, their affidavit ex­ I therefore, as president of the American The story of the "Reverend's" boot­ pressions, and their funereal mannerisms League, direct you to refrain from any legging past and his Communist-front­ of "gloom, doom, and tomb," we had further arrangements and await the deter­ ing activity are documented in an inser­ better look out because, in my opinion, mination of the American League concerning tion of mine on page A6552 of the daily bad trouble lies ahead for every legiti­ the matter. RECORD of October 21, 1963. mate business in America. If these base­ This is a form of a threat. There are enough pinks and Reds in ball clubs are allowed to dominate, con­ Mr. Speaker, boiled down to simple, the movement to keep him company. trol, pressure, and even intimidate a fel­ plain, unadulterated, foothills of Ken­ But, if he does get lonesome, perhaps we low club owner, a horrible precedent is tucky language, this is not a fight will all be better off if he would return being established contrary to the Con­ between the cities of Kansas City and to his adopted "motherland." stitution and the laws of our land. This Louisville. It is far more fundamental PAUL ROBESON RETURNS FROM HIS SELF-Exn.E is, as I see it, legalized blackmail in that and basic than that. I agree with Shirley NEW YoaK, December 22.-Paul Robeson, it absolutely forces one, against one's Povich, that great sportswriter for the the American Negro baritone and longtime will to do or not to do-or to perform or Washington Post, when he said: friend of Russia, returned today from self­ not to perform-an act that may be prej- exile to the homeland he once labeled "an udicial or detrimental to one's self or best Will a club owner be ousted from the insolent, dominating America." interests. league for -the first time in history if he chal­ Smiling, the 65-year-old actor-singer fol­ lenges the league's right to make him con- Mr. Speaker, in a letter written to me form? lowed his wife from the transatlantic jet by the Honorable Ford Frick, baseball's airliner which ' brought them from London. And how would they make him con­ Their son, Paul, Junior, and a party of commissioner, dated May 21, · 1958, he about 50 waited for the Robesons to clear stated that he was opposed to the then form? Naturally by pressure and other customs at Idlewild Airport. Celler bill, H.R. 10378, on the grounds illegal means. Robeson appeared to have lost considerable that: Mr. Speaker, I can understand why an weight during· his 5-year absence from the It would threaten baseball and other sports individual might be blackballed from his United States. He has been ailing for about with endless litigation of every sports rule acceptance into a lodge, but I must con­ 3 years. and agreement. " fess that I am at a loss to understand why But he walked with a brisk gait from the a group of men representing other Ameri­ airplane to customs. His wife, Eslanda, car­ He went on to say that: ried a cane and limped slightly. Although baseball is opposed to the Celler can League clubs are permitted to Robeson left the United States July 10, bill it is strongly in favor of legislation which threaten, intimidate or in any other man­ 1958, after an 8-year battle for a U.S. pass­ will give fair treatment to all four organized ner, push, shove or force a bona fide, sole port. It had been denied him because he team sports by declaring a clean-cut exemp­ club owner, literally out of business when repeatedly refused to sign a non-Communist tion of their sports practices from the anti­ it •is known that such action will produce affidavit. trust laws. hardship, financial loss, and even the The singer's son turned aside all questions destruction of his very own "civil about the homecoming with the remark, So, Mr. Speaker, baseball knows when "I don't care to talk about it." . it has a good thing, and I do not believe rights." If we are to have a civil rights The East German news agency ADN said that she will make a move that will jeop­ bill, maybe baseball ownership rights recently that Robeson chose to return to help ardize her rather unique and cloistered ought to be made a part of that list. fellow Negroes in their struggle for equal position. . rights. Robeson's only airport remark dealt Mr. Speaker, if the time ever comes-­ with this. God forbid-in America that a bona fide, "I'm happy to be back in the country and PAUL ROBESON RETURNS FROM naturally I'm happy to be back in the civil absolute, sole owner of any type or form SELF-EXILE rights movement," he said. "I have been of business cannot sell, transfer, convey, a part of it all of my life." loan, hypothecate or in any other manner Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. trade, barter or even give his int~rests Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that away without a group threatening or the gentleman from Louisiana [Mr. WAG­ coercing him, that is the day that there GONNER] may extend his remarks at this LEAVE OF ABSENCE should be introduced before my com­ point in the RECORD and include extrane­ By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ mittee, the Judiciary Committee of the ous matter. sence was granted to: House of Representatives, appropriate The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Mr. HALLECK (at the request of Mr. and remedial legislation, not only to in­ objection to the request of the gentleman ARENDS), for January 13 and 14, on ac­ sure justice with respect toward property from Colorado? count of death in family. rights but an accompanying resolution There was no objection. Mr. MORTON (at the request of Mr. that would seek to inquire into this whole Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, over ARENDS), for the period beginning Friday, blasted mess of baseball. the Christmas holidays a story appeared January 10, 1964, through Tuesday, Jan­ If major league baseball is to enjoy its in the Washington Post which may have uary 28, 1964, on account of official busi­ present immunity, its status of isolation- escaped some Members, so I would like ness. 314 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD - HOUSE January 13 Mr. MATHIAS (at : the request Jof ·Mr. · . EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, · . REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON·PUB- ARENDS), for · today, on account of of- · ETC. LIC BILLS AND RES0LU'I10NS :fl'cial business: 'l\4r. ROYBAJ;, (at the request Qf' Mr. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive Under cla'use 2 of rule XIII, reports BoGGs), fot January 13 to January · 27, communications were taken .from the of committees· were delivered to the Clerk 1964, on account of official business. Speaker's table and referred as follows: · for printing ·and reference to the proper· Mr. GILL·

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

. The John F. Kennedy Memorial Center ·so prominently brought to the public's proper stage for this country's perform­ mind. Seldom, if ever before, has an ers and certainly a fitting tribute to the EXTENSION OF REMARKS American President made such an im­ one man who did so much to enhance OF pact on the development and apprecia­ American performance and enjoyme~t tion of the arts. of the arts. HON. GEORGE F. SENNER, JR. Americans from every section of our OF ARIZONA great Nation are justifiably concerned IN THE HOUSE OF .REPRESENTATIVES that our late President be honored in the most fitting manner. We should not Tobacco Report Monday, January 13, 1964 now allow our deliberations to become Mr. SENNER. Mr. Speaker, on No­ arguments of partisan criticism. Let us EXTENSION OF REMARKS vember 27, 1963, I introduced H.R. 9254 proceed in the forthright fashion which OF to designate the National Cultural Cen­ the American people demand of their ter as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Congress. The Members · of this body, HON. RICHARD E. LANKFORD Center and to appropriate sufficient perhaps more than any other section of OF MARYLAND matching funds for completion of the our public, were closely touched by Presi­ _IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Center. From the copper-mining towns dent Kennedy's stimulus for a reawaken­ Monday,January13,1964 of my district to the metropolitan cen­ ing interest in our heritage. I ask my ters of the east coast, few Americans are colleagues to support the Cultural Center Mr. LANKFORD. Mr. Speaker, I left untouched by the cultural richness legislation with provision for adequate would like to say a few words about the of our society which the late President funds. Such legislation will assure a Surgeon General's tobacco repor1;i, but /

316 -· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 before I do I think I should set the record There are 70 million smokers in the in any way I can, the Federal Govern­ straight. I represent a congressional United . States, or more than one-third ment fulfill its responsibility of making district which produces $20 million worth of our total population. all the facts known. of tobacco a year; I own and operate a In the coming months the debate on tobacco farm in southern Anne Arundel tobacco and health will gain considerable County; and I smoke more than a pack momentum. Various Federal agencies of cigarettes a mmended by President Kennedy and General Clay? ______28.6 ~.4 13.1 1. 8 in spite of the fact that so many of the 12. Should the $150,000,000 cut made in the Alliance for Progress be restored? ____ 25.1 51. 0 20.6 3.2 conclusions on health and tobacco 13. Should the U.S. Disarmament Agency, established in 1961, be made a perma- definitely established a relationship be­ nent agency of our Govemmen t? __ ------34.9 36.0 25. 5 3.6 14. DoSenate? you approve ______of the limited nuclear test ban treaty recently ratified by the tween smoking and·various ailments, as 70.5 20.2 8.1 1. 2 yet not enough information is available to determine if smoking is positively the cause of the ailment. All this points up Botulism Symposium at the Taft sentatives of educational institutions, the fact that more research is badly Engineering Center directors of State laboratories, repre­ needed. . sentatives of the various food industries, There are, ·too, some other factors and other interested parties will pool EXTENSION OF REMARKS their information and attempt to make which indicate the impact of the tobacco OF industry on our .economy and the in­ some determination of what must be volvement of our society with smoking HON. ROBERT TAFT, JR. done to attack the complex problems which I think we should keep in mind involved. OF OHIO This symposium is another fine ex­ during this debate. l mentioned the im­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES portance of tobacco production to my ample of the excellent work being done congressional district. On a nationwide Monday, January 13, 1964 at the Taft Center. The wealth of basis tobacco· is the· fifth largest cash Mr. TAFI'. Mr. Speaker, the Milk and trained personnel and facilities, both crop, for which the consumer spends $8 Food Branch of the Robert A. Taft Sani­ public and private, in the Cincinnati billion annually. Production involves tary Engineering Center in Cincinnati is area, as well as the central location in over 700,000 farm families and approxi­ playing host to approximately 300 par­ the country, make possible the fine work mately· 100,000 factory workers. The ticipants at a , symposium on botulism there. I would like to take this oppor­ taxes on tobacco amount to $3.3 billion which began today in Cincinnati. tunity to commend the Taft. Center for annually, ab.out $2 billion of which goes Botulism has become a serious problem its role in sponsoring the meeting and to the Federal Government and $1 bil­ as last year there were more than 40 wish all the participants success in their· lion to State and local governments. cases reported. At this meeting repre- deliberations. ., . /.

1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 317 Statement by Hon. John Lesinski on 86-749, September 13, 1960) in the city of The construction drawings for the Shev­ Washington. As you know, the site was chenko Memorial have been reviewed by this Suppressed Letters in Support of selected to be at 23d and P Streets NW., and office, but our comments are being withheld the dedication occurred on September 21, pending the outcome of the National Capital Shevchenko Statue 1963. Planning Commission's impending action. Due to some misunderstanding, the matter The announcement on November 7 drasti­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS has been brought to your attention, therefore cally altered the progress of this project, OF my letter to you. and we feel it inadvisable to proceed until Regardless of what may have transpired, the question of the site is settled. all Americans of Ukrainian descent are be­ Thank you for your interest in this mat­ HON. JOHN LESINSKI hind the erection of the statue. ter. We shall be happy to furnish you any OF MICHIGAN Likewise, may I remind you that Shev­ additional information you need. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES chenko was known in many of the central Sincerely yours, Monday, January 13, 1964 European countrie_s where individuals were T. SUTTON JETT, fighting for their freedom. He can be com­ Regional Director. Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Speaker, when pared to our Jefferson in America and as the editor of the Washington Post took the representative of all Europeans that it upon himself to criticize ill tempered­ have known him and read his writings. THE TRIDENT QUARTERLY, I therefore urge you to permit the erec­ Chicago, Ill., November 19, 1963. ly all Americans and groups supporting tion of the statue, as authorized by law, so EDITOR, the Shevchenko statue in our Nation's that all Americans, in honoring a fighter The Washington Post, Capital, he apparently did not know how against tyranny and oppression, can take Washington, D.C. sophisticated and advanced the subject pride in their heritage and in so doing will DEAR Sm: For over a month now, the Wash­ was. His wild criticisms constituted an be better Americans. ington Post has engaged in a polemic battle attack upon the informed judgments of Your cooperation in this matter wlll be with a number of Ukrainian-Americans over the late President Kennedy, our present greatly appreciated. the proposed monument to Taras Shevchen­ President Johnson, the Congress, mil­ With best wishes, I am, ko in Washington, ·D.C. As I understand Sincerely yours, them, your objections to the Shevchenko lions of Americans of various ethnic and JOHN LESINSKI, statue can be summarized as follows: religious backgrounds, indeed, upon the Member of Congress. (1) · Taras Shevchenko did not have the society we call America and the princi­ remotest connection with American nation­ ples of life it represents. One need only alism, with the United States, or with the read his editorials from September 23 U.S. DEPARTMENT American way of life. to November 12, 1963, to witness the er­ OF THE INTERIOR, (2) The Soviet Union has dedicated 11- raticism of thought and hollowness of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, braries, collective farms, plants, v1llages, and position on this subject. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION, memorials to Shevchenko's name. The im­ Washington, D.C., January 7, 1963. plication here is that Shevchenko must have Apart from these editorial errors and Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, contributed something to the growth of com­ failures, what is really distressing is the House of Representatives, munism and because of this, it would be editor's suppression of scores of letters Washington, D.C. "un-American" to erect a memorial to him that had been sent in protesting and re­ DEAR MR. LESINSKI: Secretary Udall has in our Nation's Capital. butting his fallacious views. In our open asked this office to explain our position in (3) Shevchenko was·anti-Semitic and anti­ society error is rightly entertained in regard to the progress of the proposed Polish. open and frank discussion, but we do not Shevchenko Memorial discussed in your Since I believe none of these objec­ tolerate in the press or elsewhere a ma­ letter of December 17. tions are valid, permit me to enumerate a jor suppression of opposing views and There has arisen recently a great deal of number of facts, supported by quotations misunderstanding concerning the purpose from scholarly, reliable, and non-Ukrainian evidence. Considering the number of ed­ of a letter dated December 4 to the Chairman sources, in answer to your objections. itorials that have appeared in the Post of the National Capital Planning Commis­ Fact No. 1: The nationalistic ideals of self­ · and then the various accompanying sion from Secretary Udall. From newspaper determination, personal liberty, and national news reports, which have all the marks accounts and correspondence, it appears organization were first realized during the of a concentrated campaign, it is evi­ that this purpose is being construed to be American Revolution. dent that over 90 percent of the letters opposition to the memorial project. . We "In reality, nationalism arose as a domi­ sent to the Post were not published. assure you nothing could be further from nant force in the 18th century in Western From copies received here it appears the truth. Europe and in North America; the Ameri­ When it became known, through an an­ can and French Revolutions may be regarded that hundreds of letters have been sent nouncement at the November 7 meeting of as its first powerful manifestations. • • • in popular opposition to the unjust and the National Capital Planning Commission, Nationalism meant, in America as well as in erroneous notions of the Post's editor. that consideration would be given to re­ revolutionary France, the adherence to an Because of the seriousness of this voking the Commission's approval of the idea, looking toward a common future of whole case as concerns the relations of site for the memorial, the Secretary wished . freedom and equality, not toward the past our country with the captive peoples to recommend to the Commission that in which had been characterized by authori­ not only of Ukraine but all other captive any restudy of the memorial project as a tarianism and inequality." ("Nationallsm," result of the Commission's action, the De­ Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. XVI, 1951.) nations, I have selected just a fraction partment's proposal for a National Capital Fact No. 2: Taras Shevchenko was a of the letters written by Americans from Parks Memorial Board should be included. Ukrainian nationalist who, in his writings, all sections of our country, whose re­ This is in keeping with our longstanding actions, and by his very life, demonstrated buttals are pointed and quite informa­ policy for seeking appropriate means of a spiritual connection With the ideals of tive. I ask that these letters be appended assuring that sites will be available for fu­ American nationalism. to my remarks. Included also is a letter ture memorials which, in all respects, merit "The first Ukrainophil program went so far I have written to the Secretary of the a location on parkland in the Nation's as to demand that Ruthenians (Ukrainians) Interior on this subject and his reply Capital. should be guaranteed autonomy and lin­ We recommend the establishment of the guistic independence in a pan-Slavist federa­ to me. memorial board as a means of meeting the tion (republic) after the American model." CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, critical situation which confronts the Na­ (Masaryk, Thomas, "The Spirit of Russia," HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, tional Capital Parks system today. The vol. I, Macmillan, i.955, p. 302.) Washington, D.C., December 17, 1963. board will provide an effective method for "Shevchenko was the first not only to pro­ Hon. STEWART UDALL, focusing attention on the problem and will claim his opposition to autocracy and serf­ Secretary of the Interior, Department of the help all cohcerned to view the numerous dom, but to demand a complete separation of Interior, Washington, D.C. proposals in proper perspective.· It is our Ukraine as a nation from Russia." (Kohn, DEAR MR. SECRETARY: It has been customary opinion that, notwithstanding the worthi­ Hans, "Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideol­ in America in the past years to honor out­ ness of the Shevchenko Memorial, the larger ogy," 2d ed., Vintage Books, Random House, standing leaders of each nationality of the question of the appropriate use of the very 1960, p. 70.) European countries. limited public land available should first "While there is a tradition of separate po­ In keeping with that tradition is the erec­ be resolved. AJ3 long as this situation is left litical development in Ukraine, modern na­ tion of a statue for the great Ukrainian unsettled, no memorial project should be tionalism-the doctrine that persons of a patriot and poet, Taras Shevchenko, au­ authorized on public land in our Federal distinctive culture should constitute an inde­ thorized by an act of Congress (Public Law city. pendent state--came late to this area. To a 318 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 close observer, the first stirrings of national­ protested against the excesses of Polish great freedom fighter as exhibited by his ism among educated groups in Ukraine landlords in Ukraine, this no more makes works-"The Caucasus:• "The Dream," "The would have been .apparent early in the 19th him anti-Polish than your protests against Neophytes," etc. and by his life. His poem century, and by the middle of that century. the way some ·Americans treat Negroes makes "Mary" reminds us of ·the great madonnas· Taras Shevchenko, the greatest name in you anti-American. of the Renaissance. He was a painter of dis- Ukrainian literature, was giving poetic ex­ Flnally, your statement that Shevchenko tinction, in his days llkened to Rembrandt; pression to natl6nalist' aspirations." (Arm­ was not a universal poet depends, on your an engraver, ra.cknowledged by the Imperial strong, John, "Ukrainian Nationalism," 2d definition of universality. According to the Russian Academy of Arts as an academician, ed., Columbia University Press, 1963, p. 3.) "Slavonic Encyclopedia." (edited by Joseph and a novelist. His novels "An Unfortunate,'' Fact No. 3: In an effort to "Sovietize" the S. Roucek, Philosophical Library, 1949), "The Twins," "The Artist" and "A Journey" non-Russian peoples of the U.S.S.R., and to Shevchenko is "universally regarded as the are especially worthwhile mentioning . and fulfill their own political ambitions of com­ greatest of Ukrainian authors and one of the reading. plete amalgamation of all · nationalities, the great poets of the Slavonic world." As a poet Shevchenko grew on the founds.- Communists have resorted to a deliberate It ls my sincere hope that with the above tion of native folk poetry. His lyrics may falsification of historical fact and have trans­ information as a starter, you wlll make a compete with the lyrics of Shakespeare, formed the national symbols of their captive more careful study of Taras Shevchenko and created on a. similar basis. Shakespeare tops peoples to flt the Russian Communist mold. reevaluate your position regarding his monu- all poets with his knowledge of men. Stalin's "A Short History of the Conuµunist ment in Washington, D.C. Shevchenko's most beloved writers were Party of the Soviet Union" "launched an ex­ Persona.Uy, I am delighted that our Con- William Shakespeare whom he read in Rus­ traordinary phase of history rewriting, with gress has permitted the Ukrainian-American sian and French, Walter Scott and Charles gross falsification of evidence, which has population to erect a statue to Shevchenko. Dickens. A lasting influence left on him spread out now into the satellite states and It wm serve as a reminder to Ukrainians all the Bible that he read since his earliest years must absorb a high proportion of the tlme over the world (the U.S.S.R. included) that of schooling. and effort·of modern Communist historians, America, unlike Russia, fully understands Jacques Maritain in his "Art and Poetry" (Rostow, W. W., "The Dynamics of Soviet and appreciates its multiethnlc society and (p. 144) calls a true poet-a hero, priest, Society," A Mentor Book, The New American that Americans are not, as you hint they savior. My opinion ls that such marking Library, 1952, pp. 121-122). should be, oblivious of the positive contrl- would in a best way refer to Taras Shev­ "In the first stage of 'Sovietization,' gen­ butions of other nationalities, no matter how ,, chenko who saved the Ukralnlan nation from erous grants of 'self-determination' and local insignificant their num·ber on these shores. submersion by his creative work. He longed cultural •autonomy' are usually made. In Most important of all, however, the Shev- for a Washington 1or his nation that she this stage, and to a lesser degree throughout chenko Memorial in Washington will stand may become free. the later stages of development of a Soviet for all time as a :i;eminder to the world that W. BEsousHKo, Ph.D., Ed. D. 'republic' manipulation of symbols of na­ the real significance of the American Revo­ tionalism serves important psychological lution of 1776 has not been forgotten. NEW YORK, N.Y., purposes. The persistent attention devoted Respectfully yours, December 3, 1963. to this theme is impressive; even discounting MYRON l;J, KUROPAS, Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, for its very important role in foreign propa­ Editor. House Office Builcling, ganda, it ls difficult to doubt that the Krem­ Washington, D.C. lln appraises shrewdly the value of frequent PHD.ADELPHIA, PA., October 1963. DEAR Sm: By now you are well aware of gestures of recognition of group identities." THE EDITOR, the hostile, unfortunate, and humllia.ting (Barghoorn, Frederick C., "Soviet Russian _The Washington Post, policy recently adopted by the Washington Nationalism," Oxford University Press, 1956, Washington, D.C. Post and soµie individuals toward the erec­ pp. 128-129.) DEAR Sm: In an article published ln your tion of the Shevchenko Monument. Fact No. 4: Taras Shevchenko's role as paper, October 18, 1963, your contributor It ls indeed a puzzle as to why the Wash­ Ukrainian patriot and a fighter for free-, demanded an annulment of the decision of ington Post embarked on so provocative a dom has been deliberately distorted by the Congress to erect in Washington a monu­ course. Who actually instigated this mat­ Russian Communist,&. ment to Taras Shevchenko, the greatest ter? Unfortunate and humlliatlng not only "At the same time efforts were made to Ukrainian poet. It ls characteristic that in because the Post's recent strategy has mor­ identify the outstanding cultural figures in the atomic age he ls denying the right of ally affected thousands upon thousands of the non-Russian republics with their Russian independence to the Ukrainians, a nation of Americans of Ukrainian extraction but the · counterparts and with Soviet thought and a thousand years' history, while in recent millions of Ukrainians scattered throughout the traditional Russian heritage. The best times many nations in Africa and Asia have the free world and especially those freedom­ example of these efforts ln Ukraine in­ been established, some of them thoroughly seeklng Ukrainians within the Soviet Union. volved the preeminent Ukralnlan writer unknown ln the past. These people especially look upon the U.S.A. Taras Shevchenko." (Sulllvant, Robert S., It was a br1lllant history because the Rus­ as the strongest and foremost foothold ln the "Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-57,'' sians deemed it necessary to appropriate thls expression of freedom. What effect will thls Columbia University Press, 1962, p. 230.) history for themselves notwithstanding the have especially upon those enslaved Ukrain­ Fact No. 5: Th-e erection of monuments to truth that the origin of their state could be ians who eventually wm learn of this inci­ Taras Shevchenko in the U.S.S.R. ls a delib­ only on their territory. We have in mlnd the dent and should it become a fact-Shev­ erate effort on the part of.· the Russian Com­ princes' period from the 10th to 14th cen­ chenko the freedom-seeking laureate barred m unlsts to manipulate a nationalist symbol tury. The subsequent history was a tragic from the capital of Justice-Washington, and to falsify the image of a beloved Ukrain­ one. However, Bohda.n Khmelnltsky, the U.S.A.? How will our Congressmen appear ian national hero. chief of state, compares quite well with to these unfortunate souls? "Soviet Ukraine has become an admin­ Cromwell and another Chief of State, Ivan Never has Shevchenko been accused of be­ istrative part of the economic complex, and Mazeppa should be considered one of the first ing anti-Semitic, neither during the czar­ the mmtary base of the U.S.S.R. for the to­ leaders against the Russian aggression. ist regime, nowhere ln Europe, nor even talitarian bure~ucracy. Stalin's b~eauc­ The Ukrainian Republic first fell victim now under communism. The honor for racy, it ls true, erects statues to Shev­ to the Soviets. The Ukrainians belong to the coining this degrading accusation can be chenko, but only in order to press with this nations who suffered most severely in the claimed by the Washington Post. The mere monument on the Ukrainian people, to force loss of both population and material goods fact that Shevchenko, to whom freedom was them to eulogize the Kremlln violators in in the First and the Second World Wars. a highly prized luxury, was the first to sign the language of the Kobzar" (Trotsky, Leon, We thlnk that the first problem of the a protest against discrimination of Jews is "On the Ukrainian Problem," Byulleten Op­ world now ls to keep peace through a union something to be considered. In 1858 an anti­ pozitsil, 77-78, May, June, July, 1939, p. 6). of all cultural nations. Your appeasement of semitic article appeared in issue No. 35 of the As for your allegation that Shevchenko was the Russians would lead only to a rather great magazine Illustration. A protest was in turn anti-Semitic, I refer you to the Jewish au­ catastrophe. issued and signed by the following literary thor, Arnold Margolin ("From a . Political As to Taras Shevchenko, he has been called figures at that time: Shevchenko, Cherny­ Diary: Russia, the Ukraine, and America,'' a representative of his nation, such as Homer shivsky, Mr. Stepkin, I. Turgenev, etc. This Columbia University Press, 1946; p. 27). to the Greeks, Virgil to the Romans, Dante was not an exercise in penmanship but a de­ Your objection to Shevchenko on the to the Italians, Shakespeare. to the English, cisive indication or courage by a humanist grounds that he was anti-Polish also has Goethe to the Germans and Mickiewicz to the and an individual who truly believed in "the little basis in fact in view of his progressive Poles. Considering a nation as to her merits, holy liberty" with complete disregard for his ideals regarding a pan-Slavic federation with we think more of her cultural achievements · personal welfare and most definitely not an unity and equality for all Slavic peoples. On in the past than of her leaders, and there­ anti-Semitic action. Shevchenko, by the this point, I refer you again to Kahn's "Pan­ fore the above comparison. way, was under close police supervision at Slavism," Masaryk's "The Spirit of Russia," Shevchenko was one of the great lyric this time. Nor a minor incident in 1861 in as well as to "The Handbook of Slavic Stud­ poets, a poet of bravery as exhib,ited in his Pryluky where a Jewish . villager"s house and ies" (Harvard) edited by Leonid Strakhov­ poems "Hamaliya" and "Ivan Pidkova," a possessions were going up in flames, Shev­ sky and "A History of . Russia" (Random defender of human dignity as proved in his chenko unhesitantly began carrying out the House) by Jesse D. Clarkson. ,If Shevchenko poems "Catherine" and "Maidservant" and a possessions and helped rescue the Jewish 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 319 family, calling- to all villagers to pitch in the Joseph T. Shipley, on Ukrainian literature who donated, as you stated in your article rescue. After the fire Shevchenko made a has this to say, "Perhaps one of the greatest of October 25, 1963, "It has raised more statement to the onlookers stating that a of all Slavonic poets. • • • He was in the than $275,000 in individual contributions person in need and want, regardless of his truest sense a social democratic poet and he ranging from dimes and quarters from nationality or religious belief, becomes for us combined this with such deep feeling in lan­ schoolchildren to $600." Those who donated our closest brother (Memoirs on Shevchenko, guage and expression that he is esteemed are our American people. They share the 1958, p. 108) . Is this an act of anti-Semi­ throughout the Slavonic world." same obligation under the Constitution of tism? M. Gorky, the world renowned writer, once the United States as the rest of the citi­ Have the critics paused for a moment as to made a statement about Shevchenko as zens do. why the Communists adopted Shevchenko "first national poet, who did ngt abuse Taras Shevchenko appealed to America and projected his works to suit their aims? through personal laments national thoughts in his famous poem "Yurodyvy," ("God's If perhaps for the same reason as they say and feelings. In his complaints about per­ Fool") written in 1857 at Nyznyi Novhorod, Polsanov instead of Fulton for the steam­ sonal fate one can feel the complaints of in which the poet wrote: boat and Popov instead of Marconi for the the entire Ukraine, in his memoirs on Kozak radio, and of so many others. It is a well­ freedoms one can feel the desires of the "Ah, you miserable known fact that all well-known personalities entire nation." And in another statement And cursed crew, when wm you breathe in czarist Russia who had the courage to the Russian Gorky commented thus about your last? protest against ·social injustice and govern­ Shevchenko the, "First truly democratic, When shall we get ourselves a Washington ment atrocities had been appraised tn such namely national poet of Ukraine." To promulgate his new and righteous law? a form by the Soviet Government as :oo make Shevchenko was a genius not only in But some day we shall surely find the man." them become predecessors to the introduc­ poetry but in art and a remarkable collec­ In these words Shevchenko contrasted the tion of communism. To make Shevchenko a tion of Shevchenko's art can be found in a reactionary, rotten, autocratic order of the hero of communism is not an objective ap­ book entitled "T. H. Shevchenko--Artist" by serfdom with the political order defended proach but falsification of facts. Shev­ Havdaya, published in Kiev, 1965, by Mistet­ by George Washington. Taras Shevchenko chenko was deeply religious who believed in svo, U.S.S.R. called on the Ukrainians to hope and expect the freedom of the nation and the individual. Justice and tolerance were second to none their own George Washington. In his poem, To portray Shevchenko in the way the Com­ in Shevchenko's nature and his admiration "Yurodyvy" ("God's Fool"), he attacked all munists do is an insult and desecration not and friendship for Negroes can be ascertained tyrants, czars, and oppressors, and all only to the memory of Shevchenko but to the through his friendship for Ira Aldridge, the enemies of human freedom. entire Ukrainian nation. Negro actor whom Shevchenko met and be­ A survey shows that many public places Nor is Shevchenko a newcomer to the came fast friends in 1858. As a result of this and city streets in the United States bear North American hemisphere. For in Win­ friendship Shevchenko drew a masterful por­ Shevchenko's name, for example, a public nipeg, sanctioned by the Canadian Govern­ trait of Aldridge with pencils in black and park in Passaic, N.J., a street in Franklin, ment, a Shevchenko statue has been erected white on shaded paper. It can be found in N.Y., an avenue in Auburn, N.Y., and other and now stands pefore the Parliament Build­ the above-mentioned book. countries in the free world such as Canada, ing. Is then the decision of the Canadian The Washington Post editorial of Novem­ Brazil, and Argentina. Those who thus Government to be considered Communist ber 1, 1963, states that Shevchenko "the poet honored Shevchenko did not deem his works influenced? Are we here so ill briefed as to is the idol of Communist Party members." or person strange, as you appear to be doing be unable to distinguish right from Com­ Let us pause and analyze. Do the editors at this time. munist propaganda? realize that Shevchenko existed when com­ Referring to your editorial of November The PoEt states that "Shevchenko has no munism was still dormant in its cradle? 1, 1963, entitled "Monument to Ignorance" universal significance for Americans." Can't Surely Shevchenko cannot be accused of especially your quotation "It is inconceiva­ we say likewise about the Joan of Arc and Communist sympathies. He is guilty only of ble that a statue would be dedicated to Dante statues which are located in our his geniusness and a great desire for Justice. him in Tel Aviv or in Warsaw, for example." Capital? It is only natural that the Soviets adopted I would like to inform you that prewar Polish Now Just who is this Shevchenko, as one of She\tchenko for theirs because of his mag­ Government, during its 20 years' existence, the Post's editors seems to be so uninformed. nificen "; gift of expression and talent. His subsidized the Ukrainian Institute in War­ Permit me to quote a foreword by 0. Biletzky eloquence of speech from the people, for the saw with the main reason to translate in a book entitled "Taras Shevchenko" people, and to the people ls above any re­ Shevchenko's work into other European printed in 1961. "A great son of his people: proach. Fortunately all literary manuscripts languages. I hope you will soon hear more Shevchenko was and remains forever a written on Shevchenko in Cza,.-ist Russia, be­ about the Polish Government subsidy from Ukrainian poet, as Dante for the Italians, fore the 1917 revolution, are in itself a con­ the former president of that institute, now Shakespeare for the English, Pushkin for the crete and direct opposition to any Commu­ professor at Marquette University, Milwau­ Russians. For millions of people throughout nist pretentions. kee, Wis., also president of the Shevchenko the world Shevchenko discovered Ukraine, What more can be said but that your sup­ Scientific Society and the Shevchenko Me­ along with its freedom-loving people. He port in behalf of erecting this monument morial Committee of America, Inc., Prof. deeper than all others recognizing his pres­ is urgently petitioned. Not only by the Dr. Roman Smal-Stocki. ent-day Ukrainian actuality, creatively con­ Ukrainian Americans but by Ukrainians Those who were forced to leave their coun­ sidered its most serious problems and showed throughout the world who look upon your tries before Communists took over are ob­ the characteristic types with the Ukrainian wisdom and wholehearted backing of this ligated to inform the free world about the nation in all its national, social, and psy­ project. everlasting contribution of Taras Shev­ chological aspects. I believe that you as a true American chenko's democratic ideals for whicl} he "But Shevchenko, the poet, does not belong will not alter from your original decision to fought, and which are so dearly preserved to one nation, he belongs to the entire world." support this project nor that you will be and protected by the United States, as the Thus writes this literary academician. misled by misinformed editorials. I believe bastion and the beacon of world democracy. Chechov the world known writer and that the freedom and Just humanism so ad­ The monument for Taras Shevchenko, dramatist in a letter to Krimsky wrote "I vocated by. Shevchenko will not fall victim built in Washington, will be a Ukrainian love the Ukrainian nation which gave the to fallacy and that your original decision -Mecca in the free world, and for the U.S. world a giant like Taras Shevchenko." wlll not be swayed by people who know so lit­ Government and all citizens of America a In another letter to Krimsky ( a well tle about Shevchenko but who are, instead, contribution to the freedom and those ideals known literary figure) from K.' Stanislavsky so well briefed by statements and convic­ that the poet fought so hard for. on the occasion of the 50th anniversary tions coming from the other side of the wall. In erecting the statue to Shevchenko, of Shevchenko's death, he writes, "Shev­ Sincerely yours, Americans of all races, color, creeds, and na­ chenko's works will last for centuries and 0. REDCHUK. tional origins will pay tribute to a poet and will always awaken in the heart of people artist leader in man's struggle for human noble feelings. NEW YORK, N.Y., liberty against all forms of tyranny. "I remember with what blessings I first November 4, 1963. read the Kobzar in Russian. It was difficult I am convinced that you will revise your Mr. JAMES R. WIGGINS, attitude toward the building of a statue of to read without great feeling this wonderful Editor and Executive Vice President of the self-artistic, brilliant, and highly refreshing Taras Shevchenko in Washington and you Washington Post, Washington, D.C. will see fit to retract your derogatory language and deeply moving work. In it is DEAR MR. WIGGINS: Thank you for your articles of October 18, 1963, and November 1, Shevchenko's entire soul, his thoughts, his letter of October 25, 1963. I am not sur­ ideas, his heart. I bow before Shevchenko prised that you are questioning: "We still 1963, for the beneftt of the democratic prin­ the poet, a steadfast fighter for the well­ see no reason whatever for using public ciples that I hope you and your paper stand being of the individual. ground in the city to erect a memorial to a for. "In Shevchenko I see and feel the entire Ukrainian poet not identified in any way Hoping to serve you with all information beauty of the human soul, he was a true with the national history of this country available to me, enclosed you will ftnd a bard of his people." Written in 1911. or its people." small token of my esteem: Shevchenko and The Encyclopedia of Literature, Philo­ We cannot apply your statement to the the Jews; Ukrainians and the Jews; and the sophical Library, New York, 1946, Editor 2 million Americans of the Ukrainian origin Ukrainian Quarterly No. 3, 1960. 320 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD - HOUSE January 13 Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur ln symbolize and immortalize not only ton have not · only been unfair, but also illis. Ukraine's never-ending struggle for freedom inaccurate and intemperate. It is difficult Respectfully yours, but the struggle of all mankind and would for us, a benevolent fraternal society of . ROMAN S. HOLIAT. provide inspiration for all_ people . Americans of Ukrainian descent, as well as Your editorial also stated that "misguided other Slavic groups, to comprehend the bit­ MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., and careless reception given the statue pro­ terness of your tone with its rude innu­ October 31, 1963. posal by Congress." I strongly object to your endoes. As one of the organizations that Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, attempt to label our Congress--the most helped initiate the project, we take sharp U.S. House of Representatives, democratic institution in the world, as an Issue with your slurring remarks as to who Washingtcm,· D.O. assembly that makes decisions and passes and what the sponsors are, with the charge DEAR SIR: The Washington Post is conduct­ laws carelessly without proper thinking, that approval was obtained from a "mis­ ing a campaign against the commemoration stu<:tying, and consideration. This is exact­ guided" Congress in an artful manner; and of Taras Shevchenko, with the statue in our ly what enemy propaganda wants us to be- your unsubstantiated offhand opinion that Nation's Capital. lieve. · Shevchenko has no universal significance for · .I Because your name was brought up in the Further, using ratl1er not the most polite Americans. We further are offended by your editoria.l of October 18, 1963, I am . send­ expressions, you are trying to lead your insinuations that our desires and ideas are ing you a copy of my reply to the editors of readers into the belief that the idea of the not worthy of consideratlon because they are the Washington Post. statue originated from· a "tiny group of not American.· I also wish to express my sincere apprecia­ Americans of Ukrainian birth or origin." We do 'not quarrel with your opposition to , tion for your continuous support of the Shev­ Here I would llke to 'inform you that this the Shevchenko statue. That is your right , chenko statue project as well as your con­ idea ·received wholehearted support from and privilege and we genuinely respect that tinuous interest in the oppressed people of thousands of Americans of Ukrainian de­ right. We simply want to underline that Ukraine. l· scent in all corners of the United States. you have unjustly and without cause at­ I am sure that I also express the feelings Through generous donations by dedicated tacked the motives of a responsible, law of thousands of Minnesotans of Ukrainian people, who belong to all social strata-work­ abiding, God worshipping, self-sustaining, descent. ers, farmers, and professionals, made this self-reliant, and hard working group of Respectfully yours, project possible. Maybe this· group of Americans of Ukrainian ethnic background MICHAEL J. KOZAK, M.D. Americans is not too large, but it is great who revere Taras Shevchenko, a universally in spirit, the spirit of American ideals of acclaimed champion of freedom. 0cTOBER 31, 1963 .. democracy, dedicated to the cause of spread­ We are not a tiny group, because w~ num­ THE WASHINGTON POST, ing these ideals beyond the borders of our ber over 2 million. For example, our asso­ Washington, D.C. land. ciation is one of four fraternals enthusias­ GENTLEMEN: With great disappointment, Your editorlal also stated that "there are tically supporting this project. We insure as well as indignation, I read ·your editorial elements which are offensive in various ways over 82,000 members. We do business in 27 published in the Washington Post on Octo­ to Americans of Russian, German, Polish, States. The ·ukrainian Workingmen's As­ ber 18, 1963, under the title "Shevchenko Catholic, Jewish, orthodox and even sociation has 24,000 members; the Providence Affair." Ukrainian background." Do you know that Association of Ukrainian Catholics has Your editorial stated that the "Shevchenko one of the sponsors, Hon. JACOB JAVITS, is 18,000 members; and the Ukrainian National statue should never have been approved by Jewish, and Hon. JOHN LESINSKI is of Polish Aid Association has 6,000 members. Our Congress. There is no legitimate reason why ancestry? Do you know that American Ukrainian Catholic Church with dioceses in a 19th century Ukrainian poet • • • should be Ukrainians are a religious people and in Philadelphia, Chicago, and Stamford, Conn., honored with tlte statue at an enviable loca­ great majority Catholics or orthodox, and numbers over 300,000 parishioners. Our tion in the Nation's Capital." Here is a they all wholeheartedly support this idea? Ukrainian Orthodox Church with headquar­ glance at this man's biography to prove that ters in Bound Brook, N.J., has over here truly is a man Who devoted his life and And Russians? . Well, we live in a free and 200,000 members. All of the above with his a.rt to the struggle for the oppressed and democratic country and it is their privilege other institutions such as the Ukrainian underprivileged, and he certainly merits a to object or disagree, if they so desire. Women's Federation of America, the Gold token of commemoration in our Nation's It is hard to understand how an Ameri­ Cross, the Shevchenko-Scientific Society, the Capital, which is a stronghold of freedom can editor of a respectable paper could mus­ Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences, the and justice for the entire world. ter so much hatred against the Ukrainians, Ukrainian American Veterans, the Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko, occupant of first place victims of Russian communism, who are American Catholic Veterans ( two veterans are among the Ukrainian creators, great thinker, trying to pro:q:10te the American ideals. It recipients of the . Congressional Medal of freedom fighter, spent 47 years of his life in is hard to understand how a respectable Honor), the various youth and student the Russian Empire. Of these 47 years, only newspaper such as yours could depart so far leagues, and numerous professional societies 9 yea.rs were spent as a freeman. All of his from the truth and cease to be factual and are wholeheartedly part and parcel of the writings reflected his never-ending opposition fair by publishing such an editorial that sponaoring group. to tyranny in all forms; not through the use for Americans of Ukrainian descent wm al­ These groups have deep-seated roots in this of arms, but through his pen he gained the ways remain as an "editorial of shame." country. Our association, for instance, was title of "freedom fighter." Throughout his I hope you will show a further interest organized in 1894. We publish a daily paper works he championed the rights and liber­ in the life and activities of this great in Ukrainian called "Svoboda" or Liberty, ties for all oppressed people. He fought for Ukrainian, Taras Shevchenko, and will cor­ founded in 1893, and a weekly supplement all persecuted minorities under the power of rect the. damage done by adverse publicity in English, the Ukrainian Weekly. We also the czarist regime. Shevchenko was one of produced by your editorial to the memory publish a monthly b111ngual children's maga­ the group that risked retaliation by the of this great martyr for freedom and human zine entitled "Veselka" (The Rainbow) as Russian police when he signed the protest dignity. well as numerous books in English and in the defense of oppressed Jews. Sincerely yours, Ukrainian. He believed in the ideals of the American . MICHAEL J. KOZAK, M.D. Last week the University of Toronto Press Declaration of Independence, the ideals of published the first vol utile of "Ukraine: A freedom, human dignity, and self-determina­ DETROIT, MICH., Concise Encyclopedia" which we sponsored tion not only for Ukraine, ,but for all subju­ December 12, 1963. and financed. All of this we do at our own gated people. In. one of his poems Shev­ Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, cost and with our own hard-earned money chenko wrote the following: "When shall we House of Representatives, even though we are fully aware of the fact get ourselves a Washington to promulgate Washington, D.C. that the Government is financing numerous his righteous law? But some day we shall DEAR SIR: I categorically protest against similar projects at home and abroad. If we surely find the man." the insinuations of the Washington Post in really were as clever and devious· as you Shevchenko.was· not looking for a Russian Washington in connection with the project charge our "tiny group" to be, we should Lenin to bring freedom and justice to Ea.st­ of Taras Shevchenko Monument, cham­ have been able to get this done without cost ern Europe, but he was looking for a man pion for liberty of Ukraine, and I fully sup­ to us. like George Wa:shington "to promulgate ~is port your attitude in above matter. As I write this letter to you, ,I am plagued righteous law." Shevchenko was the one I remain, with a feeling of shame, not because I who, within the Russian Empire, attempted Respectfully yours, belong to a group of Americans of Ukrainian to spread the ideals of the American Revo­ T. CYMBAL. descent who were one of the last nationality lution, something that most Americans groups to come to these shores en masse at would like to have seen happen a long time UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC., the turn of the century. I am not ashamed ago so that our children would not have to Jersey City, N.J., December 2, 1963. of that, because I have known many of these look at the missiles pointed at us by Lenin's To the EDITOR, good, generous, trustworthy people all my ancestors 90 miles off our shores. The Washington Post, life. I also know that Ukrainian-Americans Fur.thermore, these days when millions Washington, D.C.: can trace their lineage back to the James­ of human beings are suffering under the Your recent editorials and articles at­ town Colony and New Amsterdam. Neither yoke of ruthless tyranny, the Shevchenko tacking the project and the sponsors of am I ashamed that these immigrants orig­ statue in Qeorge Washington's Capital would the Shevchenko Monument in Washing- inally had only muscle, brawn, and stead- 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 321 / fastness to offer in helping to build up and approving the resolution, and your belief ls such articles of doubtful and suspicious operate the great coal, steel, railroad, auto­ that they will be b.enefiting all the constitu­ value, pefore more harm and damage will mobile, and textile industries, or that they ents represented by disapproving the bill be done to the good name and prestige of were farmers. Or that by and large they which has legally and formally been passed. your respected newspaper. were poor and lived on the wrong side of the A brief look at communistic issues clearly Very truly yours, tracks. What we all are ashamed of is that shows that your articles and opinions are Ross KUZMYCH. an institution such as yours, steeped in the parallel to ·theirs and they are using it for · American way of life with a responsibility·to · their own propaganda purposes. Since the NEW YORK, N.Y., December 6, 1963. maintain respect for all peoples not only in resolution was first being approved till now, CITY EDITOR, this country but in the entire world, as our 3 years later, nothing has been mentioned in The Washington Post, great thinkers and statesmen are ceaselessly your newspaper, the Washington Post, until Washington, D.C. advocating, should so irresponsibly attack the groundbreaking and dedication of the DEAR SIR: You are strongly opposed to the our motives and, we believe, with malice memorial to this great world figure . . We enforcement of the public law which allows aforethought. And I might add that we are would like to be informed of who is behind the erection of a statue to Shevchenko in our not alone in this thought. Every self-re­ this wholer' '·Red affair"? Nation's Capital. Your opposition stems specting minority group having learned of It is our·1conviction that the Washington from various reasons, some of them contra­ your stand got a queazy feeling in the pits Post doesn't work · for the benefit of this dictory. One of your reasons would seem to of their stomachs. For your information we great Nation •and the freedom and peace of , be that Shevchenko is unknown in America enclose a resolution passed by the Pennsyl­ the whole world, but for your own sadistic and that he is· the son of a small nation. vania Fraternal Congress representing 73. pleasure in contriving antagonism and fric­ This is obviously a misunderstandin.g or a fraternals of various -ethnic and religious tion among the citizens of this country for deliberate concealment at the tr_uth. Among groups with about 1 m1llion members in the distinct benefit of the Russian Commu­ Slavic peoples the Ukrainian nation is nu­ Pennsylvania. nists. Therefore, we Ukrainian-Americans of merically. second to the Russian, and it is one To reiterate, we do not ask you to agree Seattle, Wash., are in strong protest of this of the largest nations in' Europe, equal in with us. You are entitled to your opinion "-blasphemy heaped upon this great ,poet of number to the French nation. And Shev­ that Washington has too many statues. All humanity and enemy of all oppression. How chenko is not only the greatest Ukrainian we ask is that you present a full and honest do you think this: will affect the feelings of poet and freedom fighter, but also the spirit­ story: your side and our side, such as who all peoples striving ·for their ,liberty and in­ ual father of modern Ukrainian national and what kind of people are sponsoring the dependence throughout the world ff the renaiss·ance. project; who is providing the money to cover American Government disapproves a bHl Ukrainians are also part· of our American the costs for the memorial which includes which it has formally resolved? What will Nation which is·composed of various ethnic rebuilding the plot into a landscaped park be the consequences? elements. Can you, in the name of democ­ with benches, pool, and paths; who the We strongly feel that you will change your racy and the equal rights of God and man, sculptor Is and how and by whom the statue opinion about this whole affair and straight­ deny one integral part of that American Na­ was selected; and, most of all, who Shev­ en it out for the benefit of all mankind. tion its rights to the Nation's Capital? Our chenko was as documented by responsible Courteously yours, national emblem bears the motto "E Pluribus writers and scholars of various nationalities THE SEATTLE BRANCH OF THE SHEV­ Unum." Included in this "pluribus" are peo- .. . and · religious groups. That information is CHENKO MEMORIAL CoMMIT'l'EE. available, could have been and can be ob­ ~~:i~~ ~:air~~~~ ~~s~;~{' w:::~:io!eih!: tained by· you if you so desire. For instance, Capital and choose it as the site for a memo­ you could have confirmed that Prof. Albert DECEMBER 11, 1963. rial to one who, for them, is the symbol of Einstein was a member of the Shevchenko Hon. JOHN LEsINSKI, the highest integrity? It was not in vain Scientific Society since March 17, 1929. He New House. Office Building, that Shevchenko, in the dark moments of most certainly would not have accepted mem­ Washington, D.C. bitterness toward the Russian-czarist-im­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN LESINSKI: . Please find bership in this society if Shevchenko had perialist regime upon his return from a 10- been anti-Semitic. This also is true of the enclosed a copy of my letter, which I sent to year exile, and threatened with new exile, many other prominent scholars of Russian, the Washington Post. penned his yearning in a poem for just such Polish, and other nationalities who hold Please accept the words of my sincere ad­ a righteous independence and social order as membership in the same society. · miration for your patriotic service to our was achieved in the United States by the On behalf of our membership, which has · country and for your dedication to the father of that country, George Washington, 31 branches throughout this country and cause of freedom for all men and· all nations and added the fervent. hope that one day Canada named after Taras Shevchenko, the of the world. .Ukraine would have its own Washington. patron of our association, we appeal to you Respectfully yours, Every year, wherever they live in the entire for objective treatment of the memorial for Ross KUZMYCH. world and with a piety perhaps never sh·own Taras Shevc.henko for we are certain that the by other nationalities toward even their most symbolism of the project will nobly lend it­ DECEMBER 11, 1963. celebrated heroes, Ukrainians hold solemn self to a better understanding not only of EDITOa, programs honorin.g Shevchenko. In the 100 the history of Ukrainian and other Slavic The Washington Post, years since his death, this honoring of Shev­ immigrants who came to America with their Washington, D.C. chenko has surpassed the bounds of rever­ inborn appreciation of the principles of the DEAR Sm: I read with great disgust and ence and now borders on a cult. This un­ Declaration of Independence but also would astonishment the editorials in the Wash­ usual respect to Shevchenko is also paid by lead to a clearer perception of the past and ington Post in regard to the erection of all American generations of Ukrainian de­ present aspirations of their kinsmen for free­ the Shevchenko Monument in Washington, scent. Even if you, or anyone else, have dom and justice in the entire world. D.C. not understood this cult of Shevchenko, Respectfully yours, .My astonishment comes for the follow- or deem it unjustified, would it 'not be prop­ JOSEPH LESAWYER, ing reasons: · er--on traditional grounds of tolerance-to President. 1. How could it happen that these articles leave this cult alone and not interfere in its passed-unnoticed, I believe--through the practice by fellow-citizens of Ukrainian WASHINGTON POST, editorial desk of such a respected news­ descent? Washington, D.C. paper as the Washington Post? The articles There is another aspect of your conduct DEAR EDITOR: We, the Ukrainian-Americans showing complete ignorance of their authors equally as incomprehensible. Even if you of Seattle, Wash., and vicinity, feel that it is concerning the matter, they are pretending feel that Shevchenko does not deserve a place of the most pertinent urgency that we ex­ to t>e the experts? in Washington, would· it not be proper­ press our thoughts about the rash statements 2. Great part of the arguments in these again based on our traditional grounds of concerning the construction of a monument articles is so identical and consonant with respect for the Btatus quo and respect for the in honor of Taras Shevchenko appearing in the ones used by Kremlin propaganda interests of others which do not conflict with various iFsues of the Washington Post. . against the erection of the monument that public interests-not to take away from the First of all, recalling the statement, "why the readers may feel a strong impression Ukrainian group in this country their legal gullible Senators and Representatives should that these articles 'have been inspired by right, which they have already·obtained, and have approved such a memorial, when ail of the Communist propaganda bureau. by public law at that? How can this legal. the offended minorities are among their con­ . 3. It seems that the authors of these ar­ and bona fide right be taken away from stituents • • *" we answer, we believe in ticles, ar.e trying to imply that the legisla­ them now, without some really frightfully our Government and in what they d'o. - We tors of our country are ignorant and do important reason concerning the public in­ are of the opinion that they are informed . not understand what kind of legislative terest? Besides this public-legal aspect of Representatives of the general public and in­ acts they are passing t;hrough. the matter, there is also the private-legal side terests benefiting our country and the world, I am convinced that the nearest future not to be overlooieed, because, as you know, contrary to your opinion that they have been wm show who fell the victim of misinforma­ the statue is almost complete at the cost of. gulllbly misled into approving the 11>11186-749. tion, the Parliament of the United States or almost one-quarter of a million dollars. By the impression given in your newspaper, your . newspaper. To err ls human. It ls my ftrm belief it appears that our American Government Therefore I ask you,.s1r, to go deeper into that Congress did not err in enacting, and favors accommodating the Communists by the whole matter and to stop publiahing the President of the United States did not CX--21 /

322 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 err in slgnin,g the law regarding the Shev­ slaved nations in our camp fighting for us, national boundaries and have become the chenko statue--but you do. Would lt not be now and during a world crisis. ideals of all humanity. an act of real American honesty to admit Taras Shevchenko ls the "Spirit of Liber­ Sincerely, your mistake or stop prolonging it and em­ ty" for all the subjugated nations past and 0SYP ZINKEVYCH, brolllng other Americans and their Gov­ present. He ls the force which symbolizes Chemical Engineer. ernment officials? the strivings of all those oppressed by in­ 1ours truly, justice and tyranny. STRATFORD, CONN., December 10, 1963. JAROSLAW PADOCH. If your newspaper strives so dll1gently to EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST procure the canceling of the resolution for Washington, D.C. CLEVELAND, OHIO, the construction of a monument in honor DEAR Sm: The last six articles concerning December 9, 1963. of Taras Shevchenko, it will be a victory for Shevchenko have caught my attention be­ Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, ' communism. American prestige will be less­ cause of their inconsistency, incoherence, House of Representatives, ened in the world and faith in the United and lack of knowledge about the great poet. Washington, D.C.: States ~111 be lost in the hearts of the op­ I believe that the American people would We are greatly concerned and shocked at pressed people, who keep their eyes on the benefit much more if you could supply them the debate for Taras Shevchen~o monument. United States as their only source of strength with facts, not accusations which are based Although Taras Shevchenko ls not very well and hope. We do not believe it ls a good on similar articles found in the Russian mag­ known to American people, it ls worthwhile idea to sow seeds of discontent and prejudice azine U.S.S.R. and on possible influence of to explore him since he ls represented by among the people by printing such articles, people who never could see or agree to free the free people of Ukraine. He was born thus creating friction among the citizenry. Ukraine. a serf in the feudal system and the only In regard to the ideals of liberty represent­ It ls with great regret I must write this hope he poetically put in words was "democ­ ed by such men as Taras Shevchenko, we feel letter informing you that it ls unfair and racy," for which this country of ours stands. that the minority and majority groups of unjust to misinform the American people We make ,this appeal not to fall us and the United States should work as a unified just because they are not famlllar with have our plans carried out as planned. nation to promote and to encourage these Shevchenko. Very truly yours, very ideals by combating the oppression The traditional freedom-loving United HELEN NoRKA. which communism inflicts, and we advise you States cannot and must not be dishonored to check your sources of information very by articles ln the Washington Post that are BUFFALO, N.Y., carefully. In unified protest, we would like completely opposite in nature to the basic December 10, 1963. to see the .discontinuation of I:l.usslan prop­ principles of this country. EDITOR, aganda. It ls my advice to you: The Washington Post, Courteously yours, 1. Find out more about Shevchenko not by Washington, D.C. UKRAINIAN-AMERICANS OF SEATTLE, WASH., reading Communist propaganda, but by be­ Sm: It was with great concern and deep AND VICINITY. coming more informed about the man him­ disappointment that I read the remarks of self. your newspaper about Shevchenko. I can­ PHILADELPHIA, PA., December 9, 1963. 2. Live up to the great American way of not understand how you could allow that Hon. JOHN LESINSKI, llfe--freedom and Justice under God for all kind of unfair evaluation of this great man House of Representatives, men. who dedicated his whole life to the cause Washington, D.C. Very truly yours, of freedom, for which he suffered and finally Sm: The Washington Post editorials at­ JAROSLAW LUCHKAN. died, to be displayed on the pages of your tacking the erection of the Shevchenko mon­ paper. ument were a great blow to me as an Ameri­ DECEMBER 12, 1963. Freedom ls the tradition of the United can citizen and Korean veteran. Did they EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, States and it has always honored fighters receive any tips from un-American forces? Washington, D.C. for man's liberty regardless of national origin. We do not expect them to love Ukrainians DEAR Sm: I was born behind the Iron Cur­ Why ls your paper retreating from this but would appreciate some respect for the tain and came to the United States to flnd tradition? great Shevchenko and also for the Ukrainian freedom which I really enjoy. I ask the Washington Post to stop render­ nation which ls fighting against communism. I like to read your newspaper and when I • ing bad service to the cause of freedom. I hope the editors of Washington Post will can't afford it, I go to read it in the library. Very truly yours, revise their opinions. With great concern and deep disappointment GLORIA SZYSZKA. Sincerely, I read your remarks about Taras Shevchenko. WOLODYMYR SHTOYKO. I can't understand why every African na­ NEW YORK, N.Y., tion can enjoy freedom and why that free­ December 11, 1963. BALTIMORE, MD., December 10, 1963. dom ls prohibited to East European na­ EDITOR, The EDITOR, tions? Why? Why those remarks printed The Washington Post, Washington Post, ln your newspaper? Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Taras Shevchenko ls known among all en­ DEAR S:lR: I was deeply moved and dis­ DEAR SIR: I have read your series of articles slaved East European nations. He ls a cham­ appointed at the remarks made in your edi­ in your newspaper, in which you firmly op­ pion ·of freedom not only for Ukrainians but torials about Taras Shevchenko. pose the erection of the Taras Shevchenko for Armenians, Georgians, liberal Russians, It was unbelievable that you could show monument in Washington, D.C. Islamic nations of Russia and other nations such complete lack of knowledge of East Your argument cannot convince the aver­ enslaved by Communist Russia. European history, in lts relationship to the age American citizen, but only proves that I ask the Washington Post to change its West, and your ignorance with regard to­ the editors of your paper are poorly informed mind and ln the name of freedom support a ward Taras Shevchenko, champion against with the problems of national minorftles in cause which is the cause of our great oppression. Ukraine, as well as the national problems of country. I, a Ukrainian, and a citizen of the United Eastern Europe. Very truly yours, States, protest against the editorials made The Washington Post ls today the only IVAN PANCZAK. by the Washington Post. paper in the Un_ited States which sides with Being a law-abiding citizen, I am using the Russian Comqrnnlsts opposing the idea TRENTON, N.J., the only weapon at my disposal. I am ap­ of having the monument erected by Ameri­ December 11, 1963. peallng to your better Judgment and knowl­ cans q_f Ukrainian origin to the person who is The EDITOR, edge to revise your misleading editorials. today the symbol of struggle against Rus­ The Washington Post, Taras Shevchenko's place in history ls be­ sian imperialism and colonialism. Washington, D.C. side Sun Yat Sen, Masaryk, Thomas Paine I recall that after the asrnssination of DEAR SIR: It ls yAth deep regret that I and yes, even your favorite hero, Shake­ President Kennedy your paper condemned noticed that youJ newspaper, which was speare. all kinds of hatred that brought about usually quite objective, has fallen in the last Very truly yours, this vicious and tragic act; yet, at the same couple weeks under the influence of advisers EwHEN LUDKEWYCZ. time, your paper incites that hatred among who try to bring harm to the United States. those national groups that fled Ukraine, or Here I am referring to your vicious cam­ WASHINGTON POST, those of neighboring countries that live a't paign which you have recently started ln Washington, D.C. present in the United states. It has come to your newspaper against the erection of a. DEAR EDITOR: The position which America my attention that no national groups have monument in Washington, D.C., for the takes in regard to all enslaved nations wm supported your campaign against Shev­ greatest poet of the Ukrainian people--Taras determine how the whole world regards us. chenko. Shevchenko. They will Judge how well the United States I would not wish that the Washington In my opinion, such a monument can llves up to its own stated ideals of free­ Post would remain in history as the propa­ serve as a."l'.Xseful means of the United States dom and equality for all by its actions. It gator of hatred and the suppressor of Shev­ against international communism, since lt wm be America's benefit to have all eri- chenko's ideas, which have spread beyond the would stress our support for freedom for all 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 323 / colonized nations, and among them for the seem to convince you either . . It ts strange some works of the Swedish llterary critic nations enslaved by Russia, of which Ukraine how presumptuous a newspaper can get. Alfred Jensen, of the French historian Roger is one. By erecting the aforesaid monument Just one more thing-you consistently play Tisserand (see his book ''La vie d'un people-­ the United States would become a champion up the fact that "Communists love Shev­ L'Ukraeine," pp. 227 tr.) and of the British for freedom for all the people under foreign, chenko." But a Washington newspaper poetess Vera Rich. colonial dominatton and not only those should know that Communists join every­ However, your further attacks prove that which were colonies of the Western countries. thing they cannot fight, and just as they your biased and discriminatory approach has To miss or misuse such an opportunity in were the ones who invented everything ln the nothing to do with misinformation. Con­ the present state of the cold war could be world, they convert everything and every­ tra.riwise they display your unfounded hate very unfortunate and damaging. body to communism whether it makes sense against a man who in his poems glorified Because of this, I sincerely hope that your or not. Why, then, do they attack with such freedom and admired the great Washington newspaper shall understand the erroneous vehemence this erection of the Shevchenko as an example of a valiant freedom fighter. stand which you took in this case-and will Monument in Washington ln the Soviet Your continuous attacks not only against support this undertaking for the benefit press? They should be proud instead. the man who died 103 years ago, but also of the United States. Gentlemen, it is time for a Washington against the fellow citizens of Ukrainian de­ Respectfully yours, newspaper to demonstrate an awareness of scent do not serve well our American way L. S. 0NYSHKEVYCH. the facts of today's political life, to think of life. logically for itself, not be told what to think. Curiously enough, yo_ur attacks are pretty DECEMBER 9, 1963. Very truly yours, well synchronized with the similar attacks To the EDITOR, IRENE STECURA. coming from Moscow. Is this a mere coinci­ The Washington Post. dence? DEAR Sm: Your recent series of articles LONG ISLAND CITY, N.Y., Let me ask you in the words of Cicero-­ concerning the subject of the Shevchenko December 10, 1963. "Quousque tandem abutere Catmna patientia monument in Washington, D.C., calls for EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, nostra"? some additional explanation. Washington, D~. Your truly, Taras Shevchenko has risen in his own Sm: I would like to express my strongest WOLODYMYR SAWCHAK. time from the lowest depths of enslavement, protest at your editorials and articles con­ ignorance and misery (due to the Russian cerning the erection of the Shevchenko Mon­ misrule in Ukraine) to the highest levels ument ln Washington, D.C. NEW YORK, N.Y. of intellectual standards, achieving all this Your attacking our Senators and Repre­ December 9, 1963. through his own forthright character, in­ sentatives (like our President Johnson, Sen­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, genuity and will power. Forced to live far ators JAVITS and KEATING et al.) as well as Washington, D.C. away from his native soil in the sometimes other agencies on grounds of ignorance--is Sm: Your newspaper printed a number of brilliant, but more often hostile environment pypocrisy of the highest order. articles concerning ·one of the greatest poets of St. Petersburg, he had enough intellec­ What do you really stand for? You have of Ukraine, Taras Shevchenko. tuality, honesty, and courage to dodge the probably received hundreds of letters defend­ We do not believe that the author of these authoritative . opinion of the reviewer Be­ ing the memory of Shevchenko but, never­ articles could be so completely ignorant linsky, and the seemingly omnipotent power theless, I am sending to you one more vote about the literature, culture, and history of of the autocratic Nicholas I. for the Shevchenko Monument. Eastern Europe to which also belongs The sympathy and admiration so often Very truly yours, Ukraine. professed in America for the underdog and RoMAN 0. STECURA. Basing on these articles, we see that "the the self-made man should in all fairness Washington Post" definitely has had inten­ also apply to Shevchenko. However, the NEW YORK, N.Y., tions and extreme hate for everything that editorial policy of the Washington Post December 9, 1963. is Ukrainian. seems to be more sympathetic to the subtle EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, As American citizens of Ukrainian origin, and casuistic arguments so typical of the Washington, D.C. . we feel it is our duty to bring to your atten­ descendants of the once cruel and cunning DEAR SIR: Your persistent and indiscrim­ tion that the stand you are taking in this Muscovites of the 19th century that came inate campaign against the erection of the matter contradicts the ideals of the United to this country, and while enjoying its free­ Shevchenko Monument in Washington, D.C., States and insults our feelings toward our dom, still would like to see it denied on which has been already approved by an act country of origin-Ukraine. various occasions to others. · of the U.S. Congress, ls a shocking activity Sincerely, Whatever the outcome of this discussion, that appears to be guided by 111 will toward PETER PIASECKYZ. it makes a large number of Americans aware the Ukrainian people and its great national F'REUS PIASECKYZ. of the greatness of Shevchenko, which ln poet. itself is certainly a very positive thing. Taras Shevchenko, a poet, humanitarian, Yours truly, dedicated fighter for freedom, justice and BUFFALO, N.Y., PETER HRYCAK. brotherhood, has predicted that the Ukraine December 8, 1963. will rise again and "receive its own Wash­ The WASHINGTON POST, Washington, D.C. LONG ISLAND CITY, N.Y., ington"-the event that is still·to come. He enjoys a special place ln the hearts of all GENTLEMEN: You must dislike Ukrainians December 10, 1963. in free world a lot to .write such articles The EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, • Ukrainians, and the funds for the erection 6f . against them in your newspaper. I know Washington, D.C. his monument have been contributed oy hundreds of thousands of American citizens only one other person who certainly agrees GENTLEMEN: I am shocked at the content with you, and that is Mr. Khrushchev him­ and the number of your articles attacking the of Ukrainian descent. • self. He does not want the monument of Shevchenko Monument and those who have The position of your paper ls ·inconsistent Shevchenko to be erected in Washington backed it, Le. the Ukrainian community in with tire longstanding American tradition of sympathy with the cause of freedom and either. What a similarity of feelings. the United States. To whom are you trying That is too bad the American people are to make your articles appealing?-not the justice for all oppressed peoples in all parts typical, sound-thinking, regular American, of the globe, that was recently reaffirmed exposed to such unfair and untruthful in­ in such official acts as the issuance of the formation about a man like Shevchenko for he would never oppose the erection of a whose ideals were precisely those of our monument to a man who preached and special series of the "Champion of Liberty" postage stamps, and other acts of the Con­ George Washington. fought :or American principles of democracy Is your ideal, Mr. Editor, George Wash­ and freedom. gress. ington or maybe Khrushchev, or better yet, What are your real reasons for trying to I urge you to stop your misguided cam­ Stalin? Be honest ~nd answer it to yourself. belittle a man who was deemed worthy of paign against the Shevchenko memorial, ln Yours truly, a monument in Washington by the Congress which your paper 0curiously unites with the IRENE LA WRIWSKY. of the United States, who was deemed worthy wishes of the Kremlin. of translations of his works into 40 lan­ "!Very truly yours, guages? Do you mean to say that the Mem­ ROMAN WOLCHUK.. • BUJTALO, N.Y. bers of the Congress, the many hundreds To the WASHINGTON POST, of eminent scholars and authors all over the BRONX, N.Y., Washington, D.C. world (not even taking into consideration all December 8, 1963. SIR: Regarding your opposi tlon to the erec­ the hundreds of thousands of readers of The EDITORS OF THE WASHINGTON POST, tion of monument of T. Shevchenko in Shevchenko) do not know what they are Washington, D.C. Washington, this is to inform you that saying or what they are doing? But you­ GENTLEMEN: When I first read your un­ Ukraine has close to 50 million people--of your few men on the staff, ill-informed, precedented attack against the Ukrainian course not all of them are in the free world. hardly acquainted with the poet-you know national poet Taras Shevchenko, I thought But those people who have the right and better. The many letters disproving all your that you are a victim of misinformation and duty to the human race speak out the truth accusations written by competent men do not I intended to send you, for enlightening, muffled behind the Iron Curtain. 324 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 No matter how many of us are here, no monument mvst be based on either a great nificance for Americans" you put the pro­ matter how rich or poor we are, we are rep­ prejudice or an equally great ignorance. verbial foot in your mouth. Quite simply resenting the urge to freedom which lives in It is regrettable that you should fail to you don't know what you are talking about, the heart of every Ukrainian here and there, realize the significance of the erection of for freedom has universal significance not no matter what the Soviet press says. such a monument in the Capital of this only for Americans, but for all nations. The monument of Shevchenko to be erect­ country. No doubt you are aware of this MABKIWASZ, ed in Washington 1s not the favor done to Nation's leading position in the civilized Secretary for English Correspondence. the Ukrainian people living in the States; world, and yet you fail to see that a monu­ it is an acknowledgment of greatness of the ment to Shevchenko, who is one of the great THE DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION OF man himself who stressed the importance of figures of the civ1Uzed world, would be also a UKRAINIANS FORMERLY PER­ freedom for all peoples (Americans included) monument to America's leadership in the SECUTED BY THE SOVIET REGIME, at the time when this freedom was greatly world. The fact that the general public in New York, N.Y., December 5, 1963. jeopardized here and abroad. this country is unfammar with Shevchenko EDITOR, WASHINGTON POST, We have our freedom here. Why not glor­ is irrelevant, because it is never too late to Washington, D.C. ify the man who stood for it so bravely and make him known to the Americans. The DEAR SIR: Reading those protests concern­ died for it. If the word "freedom" is not an monument should be considered as an at­ ing the erection of the Ukrainian poet Shev­ empty phrase to you, such articles should tempt on the part of the American Ukrain­ chenko's memory, you, as you state in your have no place in your newspaper. ians in that direction. articles, base it not on his incompetence or Your disapproval of Shevchenko can only Your recommendation to the Ukrainian­ ab1Uty to which you even agree but rather mean one thing-you are too much under Americans, and presumably to the Americans you lay it flatly on the fact that he is not / the influence of the "charming" Soviet colony of other origins, to leave "the quarrels of well enough known to merit the right of im­ in your town. their ancestral homeland where they orig­ proving the looks of an empty area. Yours truly, inated" sounds ironic, because your cam­ I do not want, for lack of -space, to sing GEORGE LA WRIWSKY. paign is having exactly the opposite effect. the eulogies of a great man who can do It is reviving, I hope not to a great extent, those better than I through both the work some old Ukrainian-Polish, Ukrainian-Rus­ he left behind and the indomitable spirit HYATTSVILLE, MD., November 20, 1963. sian and Ukrainian-Jewish enmities based to which history recorded. Rather I will only The EDITORS, THE WASHINGTON POST, a great extent on mutual prejudice--the en­ observe that your attitude would be on par Washington, D.C. mities which are already dying out even in with a South African country where the erec­ GENTLEMEN: You have made it. You and the ancestral homelands of these peoples. tion of a Shakespeare is to be refused on the your organ should be commended for the May God bless you and have mercy on you. grounds that he is not well enough known. Red banner. If Khrushchev would again Sincerely yours, Indeed it doesn't speak well for the educa­ visit the United States, he probably would ROMAN LEGEDZA. tional system of this country to ignore a not fail to pay you a visit for a splendid job man who because of his ab1Uty has 160 Rus­ you have done during the past few weeks. sian institutes, libraries, 340 collective farms, It just proves how good you are in the UKRAINIAN STUDENT ORGANIZATION 15 industrial plants, 190 towns and villages, field of Russian Communist reality. How­ OF MICHNOWSKY (TUSM) , 140 memorials, 775 streets and boulevards ever, you have failed to see what Moscow Philadelphia, Pa., October 20, 1963. named after him. Not counting that his fears most. That is, any outside support to The EDITOR, works were translated into 52 languages and the powerful force for nationalism among Washington Post, that he is a well-known figure in European the subjugated non-Russian nations in the Washington, D.C. cultural circles. Soviet Union. GENTLEMEN: Your recent pseudo-messianic Respectfully yours, Your unsigned defamatory articles on the editorial, "the Shevchenko Affair,'' October A. GUDZOWSKY, Ukraine's poet-laureate and Europe's free­ 18, 1963, calling for the immediate cessation President. dom fighter "the poet of a small minority,'' of the construction of Taras Shevchenko's "a play in East-West relations" "the idol of statue since it would be a "monument to dis­ UKRAINIAN CONGRESS COMMITTEE Communist Party members," "an anti­ unity and recrimination among Americans" Semite," etc., as you put it, show how much OF AMERICA, INC., is a good example of bad writing. The only Bismarck, N. Dak., December 10, 1963. you know about Shevchenko's literary writ­ real conclusion one can reach after stumbling ings. To the EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, through this statement of strained polemic Washington, D.C. For your information, Shevchenko's works character is that you object to the construc­ are so great that the Russian Government · DEAR SIR: It is with great concern.and deep tion of the statue, with a valid reason for disappointment that we, the members of the has done everything to remake Shevchenko this objection, 1f any, hidden fortuitously into its own Communist image. Most of his UCCA, State Branch of North Dakota, have or intentionally in a mass of dishonest rea­ noted that your newspaper has printed fiercely anti-Russian and antidespotic poems soning. Your concern for national unity were purged and reedited to suit Russian derogatory articles about the greatest Ukrain­ would be laudable if you only did not stretch ian and world-famous poet and freedom Bolshevik aims. that concern to obfuscate the point that You probably know that the main pur­ fighter, Taras Shevchenko, advocating you are attempting to ma~e. whatever that against the erection of a monument in the pose of the memorial was, is, and will be may be. A catastrophe such as you describe to serve as a symbol of human freedom, capital of the United States, to this genius in terms of disunity and recrimination re­ and freedom fighter. equality, and justice--the universal values sulting from the construction of Shevchen­ for which Shevchenko stood. To quote Dr. We cannot understand how you could allow ko's statue could only occur in the passion­ such an unfair evaluation of this great man, Frederick Brown Harris' article in the Octo­ ate imagination of an editor who has space ber 13 Sunday Star, "For the years to come whose books and poems are translated into to fill and nothing to fill it with. The alarm­ many languages, including Swedish, Polish, this statue wm be an altar of intercession ist conclusion-which is quite simply an ap­ for the emancipation of all captive nations. German, English, Russian, Chinese, etc., a peal to the reader's emotion to provide his man who has dedicated his whole life to the This statue will publish the fact that Amer­ own reason for the editor's conviction, and cause of freedom, for which he suffered and ica is well aware that the U.S.S.R. is not a in so doing agree with the editor-is laugh­ finally died. nation, but a colonial empire claiming ~ov­ able since it is rooted in that imagination. ereignty over non-Russians numbering more The members of the UCCA, and especially However, you are partly right when you the pioneers who came to North Dakota at m1llions than there are Russians." state that the statue was "conceived as a the end of the last century from that area Today, the non-Russian nations enslaved blunt weapon in the cold war." This weapon (Kiev) where Taras Shevchenko was born, by Bolshevik Russia work unselfishly and is not so blunt as you might think. And are very much alarmed and upset at your unceasingly to rid themselves of the despotic the "implausible goal of Ukrainian nation­ attitude which seems to coincide with the rule of Moscow. They do so by holding up hood" does not seem so implausible when you line of the oppressors of Ukraine--the Rus­ the shining exponent of true liberty, Taras consider that the 13 colonies also held an sian Communists. To these people, their Shevchenko, as their symbol of inspiration "implausible" goal of nationhood. If you children and grandchildren, Taras Shev­ and incentive. are so anxious to find a "monument of dis­ chenko is more than just a national hero. Sincerely yours, -q,nity" you have only to look at the Berlin I have been requested by the hundreds of MICHAEL DANKEWYCH. wall. No great mind is required to see its our members and by representatives of our significance; you should not miss its point. communities to write to you in vigorous pro­ PASSAIC, N.J., December 7, 1963. Richard Nixon in "Khrushchev's Hidden test against your attitudes. Therefore, on EDITOR, WASHINGTON POST, Weakness" (Saturday Evening Post, Oct. 12, behalf of the UCCA, North Dakota Stat.e Washington, D.C. 19.63) states that "only the mobilization of Branch and the 25,000 Americans of Ukrain­ DEAR Sm: Recently I had the opportunity an aroused and informed American public ian descent living here, I demand that a to examine your editorials and other writ­ opinion will prevent the-sellout of the right proper and decent retraction be published by ings directed against the Shevchenko monu­ of 97 million enslaved peoples in Eastern you. ment in Washington, and I have come to Europe to pe free." When you say that Since freedom is the tradition of the the conclusion that your opposition to the "as a poet Shevchenko has no universal slg- United States and · it has always honored 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 325 ,fig,pters for men's liberty regardless of na­ ·fully. Forty-five million Ukrainians cannot DECEMBER 9, 1963. tional origin, I trust that you will see fit to be ignored and, surely, cannot be wrong. Mr. JAMES R. WIGGINS, retract your now infamous articles. Yours respectfully, Editor and Executive Vice President, the I also ask the Washington Post to stop WALTER SOCHAN. Washington Post, Washington, D.C. rendering bad service to the cause of freedom DEAR MR. WIGGINS: I have Just returned and to our great country. PHILADELPHIA, PA. from Rome, where I spent several weeks as Yours truly, EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, correspondent at the Ecumenical Council Dr. ANTHONY ZUKOWSKY, Washington, D.C. and saw how people of all creeds, colors, and President, UCCA, State Branch of North Sm: Freedom is the tradition of the United ·national origin work together in search of Dakota. States and it has always honored fighters for unity and better relations among men. But man's liberty regardless of national origin. upon my return I found that your news­ Why is your paper retreating from this tradi­ paper which I had come to regard as one of JERSEY CITY, N .J., the truly liberal and democratic publications October 31, 1963. tion? I was greatly disappointed reading the re­ in the country, has been engaged in a vit­ Mr. J. R. WIGGINS, marks of your newspaper about Shevchenko. riolic, discriminatory, and biased campaign Editor, the Washington Post, I cannot understand how you could allow against the monument of Taras Shevchenko Washington, D.C. these unfair and unkind expressions about and by implication, against 2 million Amer­ DEAR EDITOR: Your editorial "The Shev­ this great man who dedicated his whole life ican cl tizens of Ukrainian background and chenko Affair" in the October 18, 1963, issue to the cause of freedom, for which he suf­ origin. of the Washington Post was a blow to my fered and died, to appear on the pages of In your charges that Shevchenko was ' conviction on the versatility of your editorial your paper. "anti-this" and "anti-that" you are com­ staff. Reading your comments on the Shev­ I ask the Washington Post to stop mis­ pletely off base, simply because whoever ad­ chenko monument in Washington, I could informing the public and dedicate itself to vised you to initiate this campaign, was clev­ not help but entertain the suspicion that in the cause of truth and freedom. er enough to conceal the true facts about this case your paper was used as a tool by Taras Shevchenko. He was a determined some un-American forces. Only by taking Very truly yours, MIRA WASYL YSZYN. enemy of slavery and of those who perpetu­ into consideration your long record of patri­ ated it in Ukraine, regardless of whether they otic and freedom-loving stands I persist in were Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Ger­ hoping that your opinion on the Shevchenko SYRACUSE, N.Y. mans, or Frenchmen. In this wise he is rec­ monument was a slip, a mistake, or a hasty THE WASHINGTON POST, ognized by all freedom-loving people. He conclusion based on incomplete and dis­ Washington, D.C. stood for the unconditional freedom and torted information supplied by someone to EDITOR: Your articles concerning the erec­ equality of all races, nationalities, creeds, and you on these matters. Your editorial was tiou of the Shevchenko monument in Wash­ cultures, and in the full sense of the word, offensive not only to over 1 million Ameri­ ington, D.C., were a showpiece of misrepre­ he was a champion of universal freedom. cans of Ukrainian descent, but also to many sentation stemming from total ignorance of Therefore, your allegations that his writ­ more millions of Americans of eastern Euro­ basic facts. ings were o~ensive to certain nationalities are pean background. Having brought the Ukrainian-American totally baseless. Taras Shevchenko was a Ukrainian poet community in this country down to an "in­ significant group," you have failed to inves­ Moreover, your attempt to becloud the well known over the whole of Eastern Europe, significance of She·vchenko by citing Mr. Luka who gallantly fought. for the common cause tigate the important role these people play Kizya, permanent delegate of Soviet Ukraine of freedom for nations enslaved and op­ in the life of our America. They are repre­ to the United Nations, who expressed his ap­ pressed by Russia. Therefore, his works sented in every aspect of that life, many proval of the Shevchenko Monument (but gained admiration and friendship among being faculty members in our fine universi­ not of the people who a.re building it-Amer­ many nations living under the yoke or the ties and colleges. They are teaching our kids ican citizens) is only a too often used cliche constant threat of Russian tyranny. A man to cherish and maintain the precious liberties pattern which cannot convince any knowl­ of his principles and caliber could not be we now enjoy, liberties for which both Shev­ edgeable person. As a matter of factual offensive to anyone but to the imperialist chenko in Ukraine and Washington here record, the entire Soviet press, which means oppressors themselves, who fear the might have fought. the Soviet Government, was vehemently of Shevchenko's words and memory. Your The fact that Shevchenko's writings are against the Shevchenko statue in Washing­ list of nationalities offended by Shevchenko not familiar to you surely does . not mean ton, especially for one particular reason is therefore completely wrong except, per­ they are unknown to the American people. which regrettably you fail to recognize. The haps, certain groups of Russians, Red or It may surprise you how much you could Communist interpretation is that Shev­ White, who still support Moscow's goal of learn from an average college student about chenko did not advocate for Ukraine a "just domination and expansion. Shevchenko. and righteous law of Washington," which Works of Shevchenko were translated and So, let's stop this foolish scribbling until meant a rule by the people and for the peo­ published in over 50 languages and this you know what you're talking about. Then ple, but that he admired George Washington should prove to you that Shevchenko is not a I am sure you will reverse your thinking. as a "revolutionary figure." Free Ukrain­ cipher, or the pet of a small minority. Your Truly yours, ians say that Shevchenko wanted Ukraine attempt to brand the erection of Shevchenko ZENON MIAHKY. to be ll,,free and independent nation, Just as monument as a weapon in the cold war be­ the United States was under George Wash­ littles Shevchenko and the just cause of his NEW YORK, N.Y., ington. ideals. Shevchenko inspired the fight for November 22, 1963. The fact that Shevchenko is honored in liberty of many nationalities. His ideals sur­ J. R. WIGGINS, Ukraine under Russian Communists and vived the once-strong White Russian imperi­ Editor, Washington Post, elsewhere throughout the Soviet empire does alism and will, no doubt, survive the treach­ Washington, D.C. erous coexistence and Red Russian tyranny not detract from his universal -significance . DEAR MR. WIGGINS: For the past several as a champion of freedom. In that sense of today. It would only benefit Americans weeks I have been reading your various com­ to declare their admiration and belief in the the Bolsheviks seem to be more astute than men ts, both editorially and otherwise, with your specialists, because they (the Reds) are just aspirations of eastern European nations reference to the "Shevchenko Affair." by honoring Shevchenko with a monument trying to espouse a great freedom fighter, I wish to add my protest to those of the while your liberal newspaper is determined in Washington. The strength and popularity many others over your arbitrary stand on of Shevchenko's works forced even the Red this matter. Surely, by now, you should to reject and denigrate him. Russians to change their tactics-from ban­ have made the effort to reverse your stand surely, WUliam Shakespeare, William ning Shevchenko's poems to claiming him as Faulkner, Edgar Allen Poe and Robert Frost a prophet of their "just revolution." The and admit your whole attitude needs an evaluation. are also read and honored in the U.S.S.R. Russians never liked Shevchenko, but they Are they to be considered Communist writers realized his popularity soon enough and If you are really sincere in your attitudes turned to distorting his works and to lying it would seem to be in your best interests to or sympathizers of the Bolshevik state and about him in order to make him appear one learn whether Taras Shevchenko is really ideology? of them. worthy of the honor the American-Ukrain­ I regret that your newspaper has stooped I hope you will revise your opinion on the ians wish to bestow on him. There is noth­ to such a degree of hate and vituperation ing wrong, in fact it may even be ennobling against the Ukrainians that it had to re­ Shevchenko monument. It is worth pointing to admit that you might have been mistaken out that most of your distorted facts on sort to the opinion of a Soviet puppet in in your judgment and that Shevchenko is de­ Ukraine for ammunition. You have fallen Shevchenko and on Ukrainian Americans serving of immortality and that Congress look very familiar to us who follow Com­ was right in alloting the land they did and into a trap, and it will take some time be­ munist Russia's press attacks on the free not that this whole "affair" is a propaganda fore you realize how great a damage your Ukrainians in the United States of America wedge. newspaper has done to the cause of universal and in the free world. I would advise you to · Sincerely, freedom by staging this unnecessary cam­ check your sources of information very care- ANNE HARRISON. paign of hatred against Taras Shevchenko ·'

326 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 13 and the people from whom he sprang, the Shevchenko Monument. How ls it that you minds as to why you have embarked on such Ukrainians. and your literary editor have not read any a slanderous attack. Sincerely yours, poems of Shevchenko or books about him, at The period of time was short between WALTER DusHNYCK, least in English? (And there are many.) your editorial stating that Shevchenko was Editor, the Ukrainian Quarterly. Judging by your opinion on Shevchenko, and stlll is an obscure poet unknown to most "your slip is showing." · and read by so few tlll the next editorial MANVILLE, N.J., If we had had Congressmen earlier in Con­ wherein you had become experts on the November 29, 1963. gress like JAVITS, KEATING, LESINSKI, and poetry and worth of this "obscure" poet. JONES, we would not have the Communists Yet you became experts enough so as to The EDITOR, The Washington Post, at our doorstep in Cuba, and we most prob­ brand him a "pet of a small minority"; an Washington, D.C. ably would have no threat from Red Russia. objectionable person in his views of other DEAR SIR: I have seen the article entitled We had many good chances to stop commu­ nationalities and not a poet of significance "The Shevchenko Affair" which appeared nism in the beginning in 1917 and 1918 by in his artistry. It ls amazing how in such ln Washington Post on October 18, 1963, supporting the independent nations of East­ a short time, anyone could have famlllarlzed with which I strongly disagree. ern Europe now enslaved by Russia, including himself with the extensive and varied works I feel that a statue of the Ukrainian poet Ukraine. Thank God we now have able of this poet. is a splendid idea for Washington. Shev­ statesmen in our Congress who realize the We beg to differ with you on all these chenko, who wrote about freedom, wished menace of nommunlsm and do not jump to points-it ls not only among Ukrainians, it not only for Ukrainians, but for all man­ their feet to please "good old Joe" (Stalin) to whom he ls a prophet and a national kind. A monument to Shevchenko ln the or "jovial and friendly Nikita." hero, that he ls revered but if ever you cal­ Capital of the United States will be another I am now convinced by your recent edito­ culated the number of Americans of Ukrain­ testimonial to the cause of freedom. rials that you should sponsor the erection of ian heritage and Eastern Europeans who Very truly yours, a monument to ignorance. If you do decide know of and deeply regard this poet you DEMYS BEOLUAVSKY. to do that, you need not look for the likeness will be surprised to learn it ls beyond the of "homo ignoramus"' to put on its pedestal. classification of a "minority." You should perpetuate the likeness of one of It is very surprising that a newspaper NEW YORK, N.Y., your friends, "experts" who bungle every­ which should at least try to be objective December 10, 1963. thing and ls a master at alienating en­ and accurate in reporting should stoop so EDITOR, slaved nations, the best allles our stlll free low as to slander on the basis of misinfor­ The Washington Post, and democratic United States of America can mation. Washington, D.C. have. We condemn your attempts as malicious­ DEAR EDITOR: Your repeated smears of and Yours respectfully, ness and urge you rather strongly to reread groundless attacks on our Ukrainian poet WALTER SOCHAN. Shevchenko and through objective investiga­ and freedom fighter, Taras Shevchenko, will tion reevaluate the position you accord Taras always be remembered by us Americans of CLEVELAND, OHIO, December 10, 1963. Shevchenko. Ukrainian descent as attacks on us and the EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, OLEG R . MYKETEY, whole Ukrainian nation behind the Iron Washington, D.C. Chairman, UCCA Branch, New Haven, Curtain-the nation which has been in Com­ SIRS: In the history of mankind one finds Conn. munist yoke for the past 45 years. from time to time such men who uphold In the past, I had always regarded your universal ideals and fundamental principles. WASHINGTON, D.C., December 10, 1963. newspaper as something special, as a paper Taras Shevchenko was such a man. A man of high standing and the defender of Jus­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, who sprang up from serfdom, a man who Washington, D.C. tice and truth. Is that what you call jus­ was known for his love of his fatherland, tice by degrading us and by smearing our SIR: The campaign you started began with Ukraine, a man who loved all offended peo­ a statement, that the Shevchenko monument poet? Is this truth when you label him ple, and a man who was willing to give up "anti-Semitic" or "un-universal" without wlll be built by a group of Ukrainians while his liberty for others. Yet, although he lived there are many other national groups oppos­ having the slightest idea whom you are in such a land, which was forgotten, both talking about nor the slightest grounds or ing the idea. Later you stated that the by history and politicians of the time, he, whole action has political rather than cul­ sources to back your preposterous allega­ Taras Shevchenko, was able to rise above all tions? Or do Yiou mean to tell me that the tural character which may result in unneces­ of this and serve as a beacon for all en­ sary complications of relations between the freedom of the press in this country means slaved peoples. His ideals, his cries.for free­ nothing but smear, smear, smear, without dom, his yearning for a liberator of these United States of America and the U.S.S.R. any kind of Journallstl~ ethic or the re­ After this you tried to convince your read­ forsaken peoples, all serve to say, that he ers that Shevchenko was a poet completely sponsibllity to the public for t1'e falsified was the spokesman for all who were and will information? unknown to Americans. Now you turn ever be enslaved by tyranny. around and state that Shevchenko was al­ I am sorry, you do have "very reliable" In your protestations against the erection sources. They are the Soviet magazines, most a Communist poet, for whom no place of the monument for Taras Shevchenko, you should be granted on the Washington the Communist press and the representa­ fight a symbol of freedom through all ages tives to' this country and the United Na­ grounds. as long as tyranny and despotism prevail. After reading these contradictions I wqn­ tions. As a matter of· fact, Pravda has Yet, by this, your action, you stand with made similar statements against the erec­ der what ls truth and what ls false. As I the enemies of freedom. Is it because Shev­ see lt, you fight the idea of erection of tion of this memorial. Or, would you say, chenko ls a Ukrainian? Maybe if he were that people who hide behind your editorials Shevchenko monument by all means, but Scotch or French or English, you might stand you fail to express the real reasons. just could not find any other more neu­ for, not against him. Is it because you ac­ tral and unbiased sources on Shevchenko's tually think that the Ukrainians are just I think the newspaper should inform the background: If they could not; why have a petty force of people, who could really readers with true facts and not doubtful not they written on something they know never contribute to the cause of mankind? ones, but you furnish neither logical nor about rather than on a subject they are illit­ I am truly sorry to see such an attitude historical proofs for your discriminating erate and know nothing about. professed, for if this is what America stands charges. Very truly yours, for, hatred, bigotry and prejudice, we are Very truly yours, JOHN P. WITWICKI, ' truly all at a loss, for what the American SERHIG ZAPOLENKO. Disabled Veteran of Kprean War. forefathers fought for, no longer ~eems to hold true--that all men are created equal NEW YORK, N.Y., December 8, 1963. JERSEY CITY, N .J ., and that all have the right for the pursuit of EDITOR, November 6, 1963. freedom. The Washington Post, Washington, D.C. Mr. J. R. WIGGINS, Very truly yours, DEAR SIR: Your editorials attacking the Editor, the Washington Post, Dr. N. A. HRUSZKEWYCZ. erection of the Shevchenko monument were Washington, D.C. a great blow to me as a freedom-loving Amer­ DEAR EDITOR: I read your latest editorial on UKRAINIAN CONGRESS COMMITTEE ican citizen of Ukrainian descent. It seems the Shevchenko Monument under the head­ OF AMERICA, INC., BRANCH, to me that you a.re working under a mistak­ ing "Monument to Ignorance" in the Novem­ NEW HAVEN, CONN., en notion that the erection of this monu­ ber 1, 1963, Issue and cannot understand how November 29, 1963. ment was supported by a very small group a paper of your reputation can call a unani­ EDITOR, of Ukrainians. Shevchenko to a Ukrainian mous decision of the U.S. Congress "igno­ Washington Post, has all of the same significance that Wash­ rant" and how you could lose your temper in Washington, D.C. ington has to an American, and the fact an edl torlai. DEAR Sm: We were dismayed and shocked that so many thousands of Ukrainians The fact that you do not know much about to read your unwarranted and unfounded donated to the erection of this monument is Shevchenko proves ignorance on some body attack on Taras Shevchenko. The echo of · proof of your misconception. else's part, not on the Congressman's who your remarks was heard even here in New It is also unforgivable that a newspaper sponsored the bill on the erection of the Haven, Conn., and evoked questions in our of your stature should use Communist prop-

l 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 327 anda material, such as the magazine USSR, How can a newspaper in the Capital of this lected works "Kobzar," he related various and interviews with officials of the Soviet free country go against a man who dedicated aspects of Ukrainian life and legends, and Government, as the basis for its editorials. his whole life to the cause of freedom? he dug into the glorious Kozak past for such It is a well-known fact all over the world Very truly yours, poems as "Hamalia," "Haydamaki," and that Communists contort everything to their GLENDA PIK. "Ivan Pidkova." Shevchenko and several own liking to such an extent that the orig­ others organized the Society of Sts. Cyril and inal is not recognizable. Why not base your BRIDGEPORT, CONN., Methodius in Kiev. This society demanded work on literature on Shevchenko published December 10, 1963. abolition of serfdom and demanded freedom in the West, and especially in this country? EDITOR, of press, thought, speech, and conscience. I sincerely hope, sir, that you will be The Washington Post, It visualized a Ukrainian Republic in a persuaded to drop this regrettable action on Washington, D.C. loosely knit Slavonic federation not domi­ your part, and that you will become friends DEAR SIR: Your articles attacking the erec­ nated by any one country. The members of of the Ukrainians, and will help us fight for­ tion of the Shevchenko Monument have the group were arrested and Taras was exiled not against---our cause, which is much the taken me quite by surprise. The Washing­ to central Asia for 10 years. The Czar's same as the cause of this great country. ton Post has been known to defend the ideals own hand added a prohibition of writing and Very truly yours, of freedom of the human being, and now painting. Shevchenko was never to see his ROXOLANA CHABURSKA. all at once you are changing this policy? homeland again and in his "Zapowlt" he Why? wrote: ST. LOUIS, Mo., December 11, 1963. By this step you are doing a great injus­ "When I die, bury EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, tice to the Ukrainian nation. Shevchenko Me in a grave Washington,D.C. has suffered many years in Siberian labor In the \-ride steppes SIR: Although the Washington Post is one camps and finally died for his cause, the Of beautiful Ukraine. of the leading papers in the United States, very sa~e cause for which the United States it ls only quite recently that I took to read­ has been fighting from the very beginning "Bury me and rise up, ing it-since you started your campaign of its existence. By condemning Shev­ Break your chains against Shevchenko. And I feel I should call chenko you are condemning a George Wash­ And with your hateful enemy's blood your attention to certain points. ington. Shower your freedom. To us, people of Ukrainian descent, he ls · Your action can be ascribed only to mis­ "And as for me in this big family not only a great poet but also an outstand­ information. In a new, free family ing freedom-fighter and a victim of tyranny. I hope you will avail yourself of more Don't forget to remember Since freedom is a common cause regardless precise information, not literature which With a tender, silent word." of natlonallty, all freedom-liking people has been twisted into a convenient repre­ would be expected to approve our efforts to sentation. The first part of Shevchenko's own eulogy honor his memory. The uninformed may I believe that a truer conception will was fulfilled; he ls today buried on a cllff not support us, but certainly have no reason change your course of action. overlooking the Dnieper River. The sec­ to object. It is bewildering that a great Very truly yours, ond part was also fulfilled, though only paper in a free country chose to start an NATALIA SHUST. briefly, when the Ukrainian Republic was active campaign against this project. born out ·of the World War's destruction; It is a fact that Shevchenko's greatness is it was short lived, however, because the acknowledged everywhere and by groups of BUFFALO, N.Y., armies of several "neighboring" countries December 6, 1963. all persuasions, right, moderate and left. To the EDITOR, simultaneously destroyed her while the West Should your campaign reach its goals, the The Washington Post, watched with apathy or even helped the in­ Communist propaganda will not fall to take Washington, D.C. vaders with supplies and troops. Those of advantage of the situation. They wm point DEAR SIR: It is with deep concern and dis­ Ukrainian descent and the refugees from out that in "capitalistic, imperialistic United appointment I took note of your vicious at­ enslaved Ukraine in this country have put States there is no appreciaion for freedom tacks on the editorial pages of your paper together their nickels, dimes, and dollars in and its champions." against the proposed erection of Shev­ an attempt to honor Shevchenko by respect­ If you are aware of such an unwanted chenko's monument in our Nation's Capital. ing the wish in the last part of "Zapowit" effect of your action, maybe it is time to Shevchenko's life, work, and art were a above. I only implore you to try to under­ reconsider your position. dedication in the fullest sense to freedom stand and respect this wish of a people Very truly yours, and liberty, not only for his native land­ which the world has forgotten and looked ZENO V. CHRAPLYVY, Ukraine--but also to others enslaved by upon with apathy throughout their many Professor, St. Louis University. Moscow. He paid the highest price for his centuries of foreign enslavement. beliefs; he died for them. . GEORGE LEWYCKY. ST. LOUIS, Mo., December 11, 1963. EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, America was bunt by men and women Washington, D.C. who harbored the same stanch love for free­ dom and Justice as Shevchenko did. It ls TRENTON, N.J., December 7, 1963. SIR: It is indeed alarming that your news­ THE EDITOR, THE. WASHINGTON POST, paper, enjoying a high reputation, has taken therefore difficult to understand the motives of your paper when attacking the fitting en­ Washingt_on, D.C. a stand against a worthy cause. I mean the DEAR SIR: Responsib111ties of a newspaper proposed monument of T. Shevchenko in deavor of American citizens of Ukrainian descent who wish to pay homa~ to a great toward the public, as you well realiz~. are Washington. too wide to be mentioned here. But your Shevchenko is acknowledged as a champion poet and freedom fighter. Your paper has, undoubtedly, given a great disservice to the right to this claim should be based on un­ and martyr of freedom not only by Ukrain­ prejudiced attitude and unbiased informa­ ians. The best writers of many nationalities cause of justice contrary to the American tradition of fair journalism. tion-as much as possible. It is the latter translated his works and thus seconded his that is so noticeably lacking in your articles ideals. All people who share the lofty ideals May I urge you to read and evaluate the work of Taras H. Shevchenko in order to against the Shevchenko Monument which ls of freedom should support our project; those to be erected in Washington. · who lack information would be at most in­ form your own opinions and not to "borrow" different. But how can people of good will them from the magazine "U.S.S.R." and At this moment no one in this country can actively fight it? What is the purpose? Only other sources of dubious origin. complain about insufficient scholarly or other damage can result from such a hostile Yours truly, sources about the great poet and a great activity. BOHDAN PASZKOWSKYJ. man, who with his pen and his life fought for freedom and taught others to do the As your reasons and intentions a.re not same--Taras Shevchenko. His great re- · doubted, we suggest that you reconsider your ELIZABETH, N.J., . gard for the freedom of every man can standpoint. December 11, 1963. Very truly yours, SIRS: In regard to your disgraceful edi­ serve as an inspiring example to all people, MARY CHRAPLYVY. torials which I believe were spawned from regardless of race or nationality. an ignorance of facts about a man who is I hoped that you would not stoop to limit CLEVELAND, OHIO, December 8, 1963. comparable, in the eyes of freedom-loving yourself to such obviously one-sided advisers EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Ukrainians, to an American George Washing­ or information, but would try to see Shev­ Washington, D.C. ton, or a Hungarian Kossuth, or, in litera­ chenko as he really was. Please understand Sia: The remarks in your newspaper about ture, an English Shakespeare, I wish to that it ls not only the many thousands of Taras Shevchenko have cast a dark shadow present some facts. Americans of Ukrainian descent (who upon . the freedom of men. Shevchenko In the romantic literary movement of the chipped in their contributions to make this fought for freedom, and because of this he 19th century, which swept the Ukrainian project poBBible) who deeply cherish the suffered and finally died. nation, although it was subjugated under ideals for which Shevchenko stood and gave The United Statea is the land of the free two empires, there appeared one man who to freedom-loving Ukrainians, but also read­ and the home of the brave. The United has since been dear to all Ukrainian na­ ers of other nations and races who felt his States ho"lora fighters for man's llberty. tionalists--Taras Shevchenko. In his col- touch of genius and universal message. 328 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - 'HOUSE January 13 I sincerely hope that you would review kind of unfair evaluation of this great man DENVER, COLO., December 10, 1963. your stand and help us honor a great man­ who dedicated his whble life to the cause EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, in universal terms. of freedom, for which he suffered and final­ Washington, D.C. Respectfully yours, ly died, be displayed on the pages of your Sm: I am another one of the "small group" LARISSA M. L. 0NYSHKEVYCH. paper. . of Americans of Ukrainian descent that sup­ Freedom ls the tradition of the United ported erection of Shevchenko's Monument WATERTOWN, CONN., December 10, 1963. States and it has always honored fighters and I can't figure it out why you are oppos­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, for man's liberty regardless of national ori­ ing it. I can see why Soviet propaganda ls Washington, D.C. gin. Why ls your paper retreating from this against erection, but .why the Washington Sm: Through our press we learned that tradition? Post? Shevchenko dedicated his whole life your well-es,tablished newspaper printed ed\­ I ask the Washington Post to stop r~n­ to the cause of freedom; he dreamed about torlals in which you discuss the advisab111ty derlng bad service to cause of freedom. Ukrainla's own Washington. For these of constructing a monument in memory of Very truly yours, dreams he finally died. Surely a newspaper T. Shevchenko on the grounds of Washlng­ JULIAN SAW ARYN, of your stature should know these facts. Yet ~ton. your evaluation of this great man ls quite unfair and erroneous. Why don't you study As American citizens, we are surprised and FoRDs, N.J., December 10, 1963. shocked that the objective editors can sup­ EDITOR, WASHINGTON POST, . Shevchenko's works more closely? And if I port the idea of a dual morality. We sup­ Washington, D.C. you do, am sure you will change your port the freedom fighters in South Vietnam, DEAR Sm: I wish to express my dlspleasure opinion and the tone of your writings. we supported freedom in Algeria and Israel, at recent articles in y6ur newspap'er about Very truly yours, L. S. KOLTUNINK, we support freedom fighters in the South in Taras Shevchenko. As one of ,Irislt descent, the United States of America, but we deny like the late President Kennedy, I object to the right to freedom of a 42-mllllon nation in these statements about a great lover of free­ BRONX, N.Y., December 9, 1963. clv111zed Europe. dom. His works should be examined in a EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Yours truly, fair way. Washington, D.C. Mr. and Mrs. M. TROJAN. Yours truly, DEAR ' Sm: Your editorials attacking the RICHARD RYAN. erection of the Shevchenko Monument were BRONX, N.Y., D~cember 8, 1963. a great blow to me as a freedom-loving EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, American citizen of Ukrainian descent. Your Washington, D.C. THE UNITED UKRAINIAN paper reported that the monument ls sup­ Sm: I am writing to protest the antl­ STUDENTS ASSOCIATION, INC., U.S.A., ported by a very small group of Ukrainians. Shevchenko articles which have appeared in December 9, 1963. For your information, thousands of Ukrain­ your newspaper. They were unfair to the EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, ians donated to the erection of this monu­ memory of a freedom-loving poet and to the Washington, D.C. ment. people who wish to honor him. DEAR Sm: We American college students of Your paper should not use Communist I hope you wm drop this regrettable action Ukrainian descent wish to express our strong propaganda material. Why not base your and champion the cause of freedom and not opposition to your stand on the Shevchenko work on literature on Shevchenko published oppose it. memorial statue in Washington. in the West, and especially in this country? Yours truly, We believe that were you better acquainted Very truly yours, MARTHA BACHYNSKY. with the life and work of Taras Shevchenko 0STOP WYNNYK, you would realize the moral significance that DETROIT, MICH., he has for all peoples who ·are denied free­ dom. PHILADELPHIA, PA., December 4, 1963. December 8, 1963. EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, May we suggest that you approach him and EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Washington, D.C. the Ukrainian nation without bias but with Washington, D.C. Sm: You are rendering bad service to the sympathetic understanding. DEAR SIR: Your editorials attacking the American people with your remarks about Very truly yours, proposed Shevchenko Monument in Wash­ Taras Shevchenko. Your evaluation of his WLODIA HNATIUK, ington are to me, an American citizen of life and deeds ls completely wrong and evi­ Secretary. Ukrainian descent, a completely unjustified dently based on false sources. attack on Shevchenko, his significance for I ask you to get acquainted with the whole ROCHESTER, N .Y ., all Ukrainians, and, indeed, his significance truth about this great man and freedom­ December 8, 1963. for all freedom-loving peoples. fighter, Taras Shevchenko, and to stop your EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, That a newspaper of your stature should campaign against his monument in Wash­ Washington, D.C. use Communist propaganda as a basis for its ln.gton. You can find unbiased informa­ DEAR SIR: It has come to my attention editorials ls very dismaying. The Commu­ tion about him in the "Ukraine, a concise that the Washington Post has been hav­ nists adopted Shevchenko as their own only encyclopedia," newly edited by the Univer­ ing editorials attacking the erection of the when they utterly failed to pervert and sity of Toronto Press, or in .the writings of Shevchenko Monument. destroy his values. Prof. C. G. Manning. To me, an American citizen of Ukrainian I sincerely hope that you will abandon Very truly yours, descent, it has come as a heavy blow. It your regrettable stand and support not so DR. JOSEPH E. BOYCHUK. ls very hard for me to see such editorials much our cause as the cause of freedom. as mentioned above and to believe that in Very truly yours, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., this great country there are people who SOPHIA DOROSHENKO, December 10, 1963. oppose the honoring of great freedom fight­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, ers of other nations. VILLANOVA, PA., Washington, D.C. I should appreciate your taking proper ac­ December 9, 1963. DEAR SIR: I, as a freedom-loving American tion in stopping these editorials. EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, citizen of Ukrainian descent, wish to express Very truly yours, Washtngton, D.C. my great dissatisfaction with your slanderous ULANA M. BABIUK, DEAR SIR: I was highly disturbed reading editorials in regard to the Shevchenko Monu­ your editorials in which you criticized the ment. I cannot understand why such a well­ CLEVELAND, OHIO, erection of the Shevchenko Monument. Let respected newspaper as yours would have December 9, 1963. me point out that this great poet and man to resort to the spread of false and cheap EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, stood up against the despotism which has Communist propaganda. · Washington, D.C. suppressed the human dignity and personal I am sure, sir, that if you would only · SIR: I have spent 14 years in the United and political freedom of all nations which read some of the literature about Shevchen­ States. I came here to find freedom and were then part of the Russian empire. This ko that was published in the free Western became an American citizen. My heart goes includes Poles, nations of the Caucasus and World, you will drop this regrettable action out to anybody seeking freedom and liberty. many others. on your part. Your editorial attacking the erection of In this country personal freedom and Very truly yours, the Shevch,-mko MonUinent, a monument human dignity are some of the most impor­ STEPHAN LUCIW. for Ukraine's greatest freedom fighter, was tant virtues which have laid foundation to a great blow to me. I cannot understand our Constitution and gave strength to many CHICAGO, December 7, 1983. how you can attack a person who to the generations of patriotic Americans to de­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Ukrainians is as significant as Washington velop a free, democratic society. Washington, D.C. to the Americans. Please change your mind. It will be a Sm: It was with great concern and deep I hope that you will fight for freedom move in the right direction and it will serve disappointment that I read the remarks of and· not against it. the cause of freedom. your newspaper about Shevchenko. I can­ Very truly yours, Sincerely yours, not understand how you could allow that ARETA HALUSHCHYNSKA. ROMAN MAKSYMOWYCH, Ph. D. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 329 BRIDGEPORT, CONN., Why ls your paper retreating from this sands of Ukrainians to erect a monument to December 10, 1963. tradition? Taras Shevchenko in Washington, D.C. EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Let the torch of freedom be alight all Very truly yours, Washington, D.O. over the world not subdued by ignorance, RoMAN KRUPKA, SIR: I must strongly protest to the edi­ biased opinion, and hatred. President. torials attacking the erection of the monu­ Very trUly yours, IRENE HOSHOWSKA, ment to Taras Shevchenko. Your notion MARK J. STASIUK. Secretary. that this monument was supported by a very small group of Ukrainians is very mistaken. ROCHESTER, N.Y., BROOKLYN, N.Y., For a Ukrainian, Shevchenko is a symbol December 9, 1963. December 9, 1963. of freedom of mind and. spirit, strength, love EDITOR, WASHINGTON POST, EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, for ,humanity, and good will personifled. For Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. us Shevchenko represents a tie between the Sm: Taras Shevchenko ls one of the greats DEAR S1R: We have considered the Wash­ native country we' had to leave behind and of world history. Alien oppression has im­ ington Post to be a better newspaper, dedi­ our new home, which share the same ideals. peded his name to be known the world over, cated to promote knowledge and truth among I believe that if you woUld avail yourself but known it will be because the principles · the people. However, recently we were very of literature, · which· was published in the for which Shevchenko stood and for which disappointed to find several articles attacking West, you would not base your opinions on he suffered are the principles of liberty and the erection of the Shevchenko Monument. a magazine like the U.S.S.R., or interviews hum.an rights. They happen to be the same These articles based on unilateral informa­ with Soviet officials. I believe that you as those which we cherish and live by in this tion or rather misinformation, hurt the feel­ would be working for, not against, the cause country. ings of many, many people because Taras of Americans of Ukrainian descent. Sincerely, Shevchenko has the same significance to a Yours' truly, 0 . M. BILANIUK, Ph. D. Ukrainian that George Washington has to,an Assistant professor of physics. 0KSANA SHUST. American. The ancient Romans used to say in such cases: "Audi alteram partem." DECEMBER 9, 1963. We hope that you take that advice, es­ EDITdii, WASHINGTON POST, .n Bo'nALO, N.Y., pecially when you intend to write an edi­ ·· ' December 9, 1963. Washington, D.C. torial about Taras Shevchenko. DEAR Sm: We, Ukrainian-American busi­ EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Very truly yours, Washington, D.O. nessmen in New York, cannot comprehend Dr. & Mrs. RolllAN DZIADlW. SIR: It was a regrettable· and a deep disap­ why you permitted such unjustified and un­ founded defamation on the pages of your STATE UNIVERSITY CoLLEGE, pointment to read the remarks in your news- newspaper of the great man Taras Shev­ paper about Shevchenko. _ Oswego, N.Y., December 9, 1963. chenko, who suffered, fought, and gave his EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST, Sir, it seems to me that your source of life for freedom. Washington, D.0.: information was rather circumstantial than The name of Taras Shevchenko ls known With reference to your recent editorials factual, stating that a small group of Ukrain­ all over the world. We woUld therefore ad­ concerning the Shevchenko Monument per­ ians supported this drive for the erection of vise you to ·1ook him up in the libraries not mit me to express my view. I am fammar the monument. only in the United States, but also in many with Shevchenko's life and writings and I Moreover, it ls unforgivable to use Com­ other countries, where you wm certainly find think that he was a great poet and, above munist propaganda material and interviews many works in various languages written all, a great freedom fighter. A monument with Communist officials for this purpose. about Taras Shevchenko by non-Ukrain­ to him would symbolize the universality of Sir, have you learned nothing as yet ians-this would enable you to fill the blank human striving for freedom. The American from the past? spots which you have about this poet. You revolution had-and continues to have-re­ How much does one trust the people that would then be convinced by non-Ukrainian percussions all over the world. It can be broke so many treaties since the end of World historians and men of letters, and perhaps shown that Shevchenko's writings and strug­ War II? Why not base your work on litera­ apologize for the uncalled-for treatment you gles were inspired by the same spirit that ture on Shevchenko published in this have given him. To the Ukrainians, Shev­ animated American revolutionaries and that country? · chenko is the same kind of fighter for free­ they are worthy expressions of it. The man that your paper is degrading dom as George Washington to the Americans. Sincerely yours, stood up for freedom which ls a part of our Proof of this can be found in the hundreds R. TaATCH, great Nation's tradition. of thousands in conrlbutlons given by thou- Assistant professor.

Thy grace to prove worthy of it. Give ants and Thy glory unto their children. SENATE us, therefore, warm and understanding And let the beauty of the Lord our God hearts, clear and honest minds, sober be upon us and establish Thou the work TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 1964 and careful speech and a great measure of our hands upon us; yea, the work of The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, of patience with . each other, with our our hands, establish Thou it. Amen. and was called to order by the President critics ·and with all whom in Thy name pro tempore. we seek to serve. Rev. O. P. Kretzman, D.D., of the Lu­ Help us to remember, O Lord, in this THE JOURNAL election year that we must deserve Thy theran Church, president, Valparaiso On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by University, Valparaiso, Ind., offered the approval before we can seek the approval following prayer: ·of our fellow citizens and that Thou wilt unanimous consent, the reading of the judge us not by the ·margin of our defeat Journal of the proceedings of Friday, Lord God Heavenly Father, by whose or victory but by the day-by-day faith­ January 10, 1964, was dispensed with. advice and consent our fellow citizens fulness with which we discharge the have called us to the honorable and diffi­ duties of our office while we hold it. cult office of Senator, we thank Thee for Lest we suppose that tomorrow will be ATrENDANCE OF SENATORS the blessings which Thou hast bestowed soon enough to do the right thing, keep upon us. As we come to Thee today, The following additional Senators at­ before us the memory of colleagues and tended the session of the Senate today: we are aware of the tremendous respon­ friends for whom tomorrow never came. sibilities and difficulties of our task. We In this spirit we remember especially to­ E. L. BARTLETT. a Senator from the seek security in a world of anxiety. We day the tmflnished tasks of Thy servant, State of Alaska; HIRAM L. FONG, a Sena­ seek .hope in a world of fear. We seek tor from the State of Hawaii; J. W. FUL­ peace in a world of hate. Great and John F. Kennedy. BRIGHT, a Senator from the State of far-reaching worldwide problems lie be­ Bless, as Thou hast blessed us so many Arkansas; BARRY GOLDWATER, a Senator fore. us. But Thou hast not sent us years, this country and its people. Let from the State of Arizona; BOURKE B. here to voice our doubts and fears and not Thy blessings tempt us to pride. HICKENLOOPER, a Senator from the State misgivings. Great or small, we are Thy Let not Thy chastisement tempt us to of Iowa; MAURINE B. NEUBERGER, a Sen­ servants, charged by Thee, with resPon­ doubt Thy love and providential care. ator from the State of Oregon; STUART sibilities which Thou hast not chosen to Unite us in love for each other and con­ SYMINGTON, a Senator from the State of lay upon other men. We are grateful cern for all men; and in obedience to Thy Missouri; and STROM THURMOND, a Sen­ for Thy confidence and determined by will, let Thy work appear unto Thy serv- ator from the State of South Carolina.