NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN Technical information on the the National Register of Historic Places: survey, evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resources

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Cultural Resources National Register, History and Education

Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating, and Registering Historic Mining Properties The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation'snatural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to tribes.

The NationalPark Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the NationalPark System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperative agreement withthe National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers and the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Cover Photo: This photograph of Lead Historic District in South Dakota illustrates the complex array of mineral extraction facilities, mills, worker housing, and tailings piles which typify the industrial nature of many historic mining properties. (Scott Gerloff) NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFYING, EVALUATING, AND REGISTERING HISTORIC MINING PROPERTIES

BY BRUCE J. NOBLE, JR. AND ROBERT SPUDE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER, HISTORY AND EDUCATION NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

1992, Revised 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface...... ii Acknowledgments ...... iii

I. Introduction...... 1

II. Historic Contexts for Mining ...... 3 Sources of Historic Context Information...... 4

III. Identification ...... 6 Survey and Documentation...... 6 Preliminary Research ...... 7 Field Survey ...... 7 Property Analysis...... 9

Identifying Property Types ...... 9 Extraction...... 10 Beneficiation ...... 11 Refining ...... 12 Engineer-Designed Complexes...... 13 Mining Landscapes ...... 13 Related Property Types ...... 14

IV. Evaluation ...... 15 Applying National Register Criteria to Mining Properties ...... 15 Criterion A ...... 15 Criterion B ...... 17 Criterion C...... 17 Criterion D ...... 17

Criteria Considerations ...... 18 Integrity ...... 19 Location...... 19 Design ...... 20 Setting ...... 20 Materials ...... 21 Workmanship ...... 21 Feeling ...... 21 Association ...... 21

V. Documentation and Registration...... 22 Section 7: Description ...... 23 Section 8: Significance...... 24 Section 10: Boundaries ...... 25

VI. Selected Bibliography ...... 26 Sample Periodicals and Journals...... 26 Books ...... 26

VII. Glossary...... 29

VIII. National Register Bulletins...... 31 PREFACE

Mining activity comprises an impor­ actual mining occurred have received The National Register evaluation tant component of our nation's heritage. considerably less attention.However, process offers a framework for assessing Native Americans engaged in the the industrial mining sites often face the the significance of mining sites, while extraction and processing of precious greatest threatstoday. Massive earth listingin the National Register will help metals long beforeinitial contact with moving efforts associatedwith modem assure that significant mining sites are Europeans. Stories of abundant mineral mining, along with programs to reclaim recognized and protected when pos­ wealth ranked high on the list of factors abandoned mine lands, can harm the sible. The ultimate goal of this bulletin is that first attracted Europeansto the remnants of historic mining activity. In to provide a body of information to North American continent. The quest addition, many mining sites have fallen support Federal, State, and local efforts for mineral wealth continues in contem­ victim to the combined effects of to manage historic mining properties poraryAmerica. Many centuries of neglect, abandonment, vandalism, and with a sense of stewardship predicated mining activity have left a legacy of severe weather. upon recognition of the importance of historic mining sites that now exist The threats faced by theseproperties, theseproperties in our nation's history. throughout the entire United States. along with the complex task of under­ The opulent Victorian architecture standing the significance of deteriorated characteristic of some successful sites associatedwith our industrial nineteenth-centurymining towns has heritage, suggest the timeliness of a Lawrence E. Aten galvanized interest in preserving and bulletin on evaluating and nominating Chief, Interagency Resources Division restoring these communities. The historic mining properties to the National Park Service decayingindustrial sites where the National Register of Historic Places. Departmentof the Interior

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to offer special Seifert, Interagency Resources Division, tance. Kira Ramakrishna wrote several thanks for the assistance of the Mining NPS; Kathy McCraney and Ann photo captions. The contributions of all and Inventory and Monitoring Pro­ Johnson, Rocky Mountain Region, NPS; the individuals listed above provided a gram, Division of Cultural Resources, Ann E. Huston, Western Region, NPS; tremendous boost to efforts to compile Alaska Regional Office, National Park Gretchen Luxenberg, PacificNorthwest and clarify the final draft of the bulletin. Service NPS) and Don L. Hardesty of Region, NPS; Dana E. Supernowicz, This publication has been prepared the University of Nevada-Reno. Repre­ Eldorado National Forest; Pamela A. pursuant to the National Historic Pres­ sentatives of the Mining Inventory and Conners, Stanislaus National Forest; ervation Act of 1966, as amended, Monitoring Program, especially Logan William T. Civish, Division of Recre­ which directs the Secretary of the Inte­ Hovis and Ann Kain, provided exten· ation, Cultural and Wilderness Re­ rior to develop and make available sive material regarding placer mining sources, Bureau of Land Management; information concerning historic proper­ that has been used throughout the bulle­ Jay C. Ziemann, Arizona State Parks; ties. Guidelines for Identifying,Evaluat­ tin. Don L. Hardesty authored material Katherine M. Huppe and Chere Jiusto, ing, and Registering Historic Mining Prop­ relating to the evaluation of mining Montana State Historic Preservation erties was developed under the general properties under Criterion D and pro­ Office; Dan Deibler and Bill Sisson, editorship of Carol D. Shull, Chief of vided additional important information Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Registration, National Register of His­ concerningthe archeological dimen­ Commission; Jeffrey A. Twining, Texas toric Places. Antoinette J. Lee, historian, sions of mining properties. We are Historic Commission; Joan M. is responsible for publications coordina­ grateful for these valuable contributions. Antonson, Alaska Office of History and tion and Patty Sackett Chrisman, histo­ Helpful written comments were pro­ Archeology; Barbara Norgren, Colo­ rian, provides technical support. Com­ vided by many individuals. These in­ rado Historical Society; Loretta E. ments on this publication may be di­ clude Douglas H. Scovill, Anthropology Pineda, Colorado Mined Land Recla­ rected to Keeper, National Register of Division, NPS; Edwin Bearss, History mation Division; and Patrick E. Martin, Historic Places, National Park Service, Division, NPS; Blaine Cliver and Kay Michigan Technological University. 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Weeks, Preservation Assistance Divi­ Interns Nicole Warren and Tanya Veit 20240. sion, NPS; Patricia L. Parker and Donna provided photographic research assis-

iii I. INTRODUCTION

The United Stateshas ranked among in Perth Amboy,New Jersey;Russian evaluate significance and employing the world's leading nations in the coal mines in Alaska; the expansive open established integrity standards, the productionof gold, silver, copper, iron, pitsof the Iron Range of Minnesota;coal National Register process provides a lead, coal, oil, zinc, molybdenum, tipples in Appalachia; and coppermines valuable yardstickfor measuring the uranium, and other metals. These of the Southwest. Althoughthe various historical significance of miningproper­ treasuresfrom the earth have alsomade metals require different technologies to ties. Thus, the NationalRegister is the major impactson the settlementand extract economically valuable metal bestmeans for determining the signifi.. development of many regions, from from ore, there are many similarities in cance of historic mining propertiesin Appalachiato Alaska. Preciousmetals extraction, beneficiation(the initial the United States. In addition to have created unimaginable fortunes, process of upgrading ore), and refining. providing an incentivefor preservation while unwiseinvestment has caused the Oil and gas fields,however, require by recognizingresources that warrant loss of millions of dollars. Large unique technologiesdeveloped forthe preservation,listing affords a measure segmentsof the populationhave been extraction of fossilfuels. Thisdifference of protectionfrom Federal undertakings influenced by thework of prying ore, means that the extractive industries of oil and can help to identifyproperties rock, or coal from the bowelsof the and gas are not examined in detail, worthy of Historic PreservationFund earth. Thepurpose of this bulletin is to although this bulletin will givegeneral grant assistance, tax incentives, and assist in the recognitionof significant directionfor their evaluation. other forms of assistance. Thebulletin mining propertiesworthy of listing in Thetransient nature of mining will alsoprovide an approach for the National Register of Historic Places.1 activity has left a legacy of historic complying with Federal laws such as Someof this country'sspect acularly propertiesthat posechallenges to our the Surface Mining Control and Recla­ successful mining operationshave traditionalrules forevaluating signifi­ mation Act of 1977that help protect already beendocumented and recog­ cance and integrity. Many mining properties listed in the National Re5,js­ nized. For example, Virginia Oty, structureswere built for temporary use ter. Nevada; the Sloss blast furnacesat and quickly abandoned once the miner­ National Register listing alsogives Birmingham, Alabama; Butte, Montana; als had beenexhausted. Theresources credibility to State and local efforts to the Elkins cokeworks at Bretz, West have subsequentlyexperienced decades preserve mining resources based on Virginia; Kennecott, Alaska; and the of neglect, aggravated by vandalism and their continuing contribution to a Calumet and Hecla Mine in Calumet, severeweather. In other cases,mining community's identity. The documenta­ Michigan, are designated National activities were short-lived. Hamilton, tion contained in surveys and nomJna­ Historic Landmarks. Many additional Nevada, for example, witnesseda tions of thesehistoric mining properties mining propertiesare listed in the whirlwind of silver rush activity in 1869, - especiallythose that are neglected or National Register of Historic Places. but the mines failed and the town faded threatened - is the key to their better However, throughout the nation, many to a ghost town within a decade (Jack­ protectionand management. This significant mining propertieshave yet to son, 1963). The significance of such informationhas a varietyof uses, bedocumented, evaluated, and listed in propertieswill have to bebased on their including public education; planning by the National Register. Many of these archeological potential and not on their local, State, or Federal agencies; or remaining resourcesare small, but presentlack of standingstructures. publication. The purposeof this important, elements of historic mining Theneed for guidance in evaluating bulletin is to guide Federal agencies, activity such as a ditch, a shaft opening, mining resources is pressing becauseof a State historic preservation offices, a road, or a collection of prospectpits. marked increase in activities that CertifiedLocal Governments,preserva­ As a result, this bulletin will not focus threaten historic mining resources. tion professionals,and interested on mining campsand their architecture, Theseactivities include the recent groups and individuals through the but instead will emphasize the identifi­ upswing in coal mining and precious process of identifying, evaluating, and cation, evaluation, and registrationof metal mining which can impact historic registering historic mining propertiesto the frequentlyoverlooked mining mining areas. In addition, mine reclama­ the National Register. propertiesand industrial tracts. tion and clean-up efforts often threaten This bulletin outlines a general Mines and industrialtracts encom­ historically significant mines. Although approach to the identification, evalua­ pass a range of types of historical and well-intended, theseclean-up activities tion, and registration of historic mining cultural properties. They vary from iron can contribute to the loss of significant propertiesthroughout theUnited States. works, to preciousmetal mills, to resources. A broad range of mining activities were dredges and their associatedoutbuild­ TheNational Register of Historic conducted in different regions of the ings. They include mercury furnaces Places provides an importanttool for country. Although this bulletinmay not from the Mexican-era in the West; an evaluatingand protectingmining provide specific details aboutevery early twentiethcentury nickel refinery properties. Utilizingun iform criteria to form of mining and every type of 1 mining property, the general process In addition, this bulletin may also assist text of extracted matter, includes coal. discussed in this bulletin will assist with the identification, evaluation, and General instructions for preparing with the nomination of a great diversity registrationof properties associated National Register nominations are of mining properties. with non-metallic mining. Examples available in two National Register bul­ The focus of this bulletin is historic include clay mining (associated with letins: Haw to Complete the National mines or associated properties con­ brick making), salt mining, salt petre Register Registration Form,and Haw to structed specifically forthe extraction of mining, and rock and gravel quarrying. Complete the National Register Multiple minerals or to support the extraction, For the purposes of this bulletin, the Property Documentation Form. benefication, and refining of minerals. word "mineral," when used in the con-

Thisphoto of Virginia City, Nevada illustrates characteristic features of mining towns such as headframes,tailings piles, and exploration pits. Representing one of the United States' most successfulmining operations, the Virginia City Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. (Jim Reinheiler)

2 II. HISTORIC CONTEXTSFOR MINING

Mining camps have beenthe focus of but by then the coppermines on Butte with other properties relatedto that many mining-related National Register Hill had come into production (Malone, context to reach decisionsabout the nominations. Too often, however, 1981). Other early Westernmining relative significance of related proper­ mining areas arc evaluated for their towns witnessed similar, though less ties. In addition, initial historic context architectural resourceswithout fully phenomenal, histories as silver mines documentation identified at this early considering the role once played by becametungsten mines and gold mines point will expedite the nomination industrialfeatures like mines and mills. beganby yielding gold beforelater process by allowing for eventual In many cases,the industrialfeatures moving or to produce zinc and lead. incorporationof this documentation associatedwith mining receive scant The mining of iron, coal, and other base into the narrative of a nomination. attention becausethey lack any remain­ metals alsorelied on favorable eco­ With regard to historic contexts for ing buildings, structures, or objects. The nomic conditions, all tied to cheap labor, mining areas, the theme componentof transient nature of mining properties fuel, and transportation. the context will revolve around some and the frequency with which mines The preceding discussiondemon­ aspectof mining history. These themes have beenabandoned means that many strates that the initialevaluation of should not be defined too narrowly. In mining resourcesoccur either as simple mining propertiescan posechallenges. addition to considering mining technol­ earthen protuberances or as subsurface These challenges result partly from the ogy, research done to develop themes voids. Historic machinery is scavenged fact that the industrialfeatures associ­ should consider transportation,water from isolated mining locations, often to ated with mining have not always been systems, habitation, labor, the role of bedisplayed in distant museums. fully appreciated. In addition, many of ethnic groups, and the role played by Present-day mining can obli tcrate the industrial featureswhich typify prominent figures in the mining historic mining features. mining properties have either been industry. In some cases,themes may A single mining district may contain demolished or seriously damaged involve mining as one component of a features dating to several distinct through neglect. Finally, evolving more general overview of a mining periods. Understanding the technologies and changes in the types of community's industrial and cconornic cultural resourcesin a former mining minerals being mined can create development. area can be complicated by the repeat­ situations where resources dating to a In defining an appropriate time ing boom and bust periods within a variety of periods may be contained frame, a historic context (or seriesof single mining district. Each boom within a single mining district. contexts) should attempt to span the periodoccurred with the rise of metal The potentialcomplexities of evaluat-­ periodfrom the time of a mining market prices or by the introductionof ing diverse and enigmatic mining region's initial discoveryto the point of new technologies. These booms propertiescan beaddressed by idcntify-­ its abandonment or decline. Although brought new equipment and machinery ing historic contexts. The identification each mining district will have its own which is either superimposed over or of historic contexts should emphasize unique history, districts will experience placed alongside the remains of previ-­ those contexts associated with extant a series of similar phases during the ous mining activity. historic propertieslikely to be encoun­ course of their development. Generally Along with changes caused by tered during field surveys. By following speaking,each district will have: 1) a market price fluctuations or evolving this practice, historic contexts will help discovery phase, 2) a development or technologies, the metals sought by to unrave1 the separatethreads of boom phase,3) a mature phaseor nineteenth-century prospectors tended mining history which may exist within a phases emphasizing production,, and to change over time as local conditions single geographic area. then 4) a bust or decline phase. These improved, caused usually by a drop in A historic context can bedescribed as phases may recur if a new technology is transportation,labor, or fuel costs. Most a particular theme that is further discovered to work the lower-grade ore Westernprospectors initially sought deliniatcd by a timeperiod and a or if other developments occur, such as gold, then moved to silver, and finally geographic area. (For example, "Silver the advent of usesfor discarded ores or to base metals. For example, the Butte Production in Butte, Montana, 1879- the new availability of cheaper transpor­ mines were first located during the 1893.") Identifying historic contexts will tation, fuel, or labor. Awareness of great Montana gold rush of the 1860s. serve a variety of purposes. They can these common phases may help to After the decline of the readily acces­ provide locational informationthat will determine the appropriate time periods sible placer gold, the local economy assist with the identification of mining for mining district historic contexts. slump..,>duntil a fresh discoverymade properties in the field. Furtherrnore, an The geographic component of a Butte a huge silver producer in the late individual property associated with a historic context can relate to p::>litical 1870s. Silver mining collapsed in 1893, given historic context can be compared boundaries which define the extent of a 3 ..

TheSloss Blast Furnaces,dating from1881, are among the oldest extantblast furnacesin the Birmingham,Alabama iron and steeldistrict. Thecomplex is representative of Alabama's preeminence in pig-iron production in the early twentiethcentury, and was designateda National Historic Landmark in 1972. (Historic American Engineering Record). town, county, State, or Federalland Significance must be determinedbased SOURCES OF management unit (i.e., a national park on an understanding of an area's history or national forest). The geographic beforemaking decisionsabout National HISTORIC definition maysimply bethe mining Register eligibility. In somecases, districtboundaries established during a significant historic propertiesmay be CONTEXT miners' meetingand duly recordedin entirelyoverlooked without a proper the county courthouse. The US Geologi­ historic context. Even ruinous proper­ INFORMATION cal Survey (USGS)has alsodrawn ties can besignificant if they yield boundariesfor mining districtsthat may informationvaluable in historical clearly definethe geographicextent of archeology,especially if the property Identifyinghistoric contexts related to historic mining activity. In addition, for contains remains of engineeringworks mining activity should beginwith an over a century USGShas published that help to illustrate the broader investigationof existing contexts. State bulletins which include maps of mining historic context of technologicalinnova­ Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO) regions. In the East, State geological tionand diffusion. Forexample, the representone possiblesource of existing survey reportsand maps servethe same nomination of the Dubuque, Iowa, lead historic context documentation. In purpose. Thesemaps may alsoassist mines was basedon a written historic particular, statewide historic preserva­ with the development of historic context and on archeologicalevidence tion plans, previously completed contexts. that revealed a great deal about mining multipleproperty submissions, and In conclusion, historic contexts must and smelting technologyin the early other information maintained by SHPOs beidentied to allow for confident 1800s. The nomination of theselead may contain material concerninghistoric evaluationsof a historic mining mines occurred in spite of the fact that mining properties. Other possible property'ssignificance. Becausemost no standing structuresremained at the sourcesof existing information include mining propertiesare either in ruins or location of this previously active mining Federal agencies (particularly Federal mere imprintson the landscape,they district. land-managing agencies) and academic can posedifficult integrity questions. institutions. Background investigations

4 may reveal that a number of mining­ Other records of the Federal govern­ cal photographs to assist with historic related historic contexts have already ment will have potentialresearch value. context research. Photographs of mine beendeveloped for a given area. If so, With regard to mining in the West, equipment and mill machinery for a theseexisting contextsmay provide spx:ific informationabout mine specific mine may not exist, but contem­ valuable assistance to the researcher. ownership canbe found in the mineral poraryphotographs of nearby mines A numberof other sourcesmay assist patent records of the Bureau of Land and mills document the material culture with the development of historic Management (BLM). Created through and industrial facilities of a particular contexts. The USGS has published a merger of the Grazing Serviceand the mining region. mining-district maps showing geologic General Land Office in 1946, BLM In the West, early mining district formations and minerals throughout the offices will alsocontain records of record books can serveas an important United States. In addition, descriptions mineral patents issued by the General sourceo f historic context material. In of mining districtsare containedin a Land Office. Deed records housedin somecases, these r ecord booksdocu­ seriesof USGS bulletins, monographs, the local county courthousemay ment the formation of miners' commit­ professional papers,and other publica­ provide an additional sourceof mine tees that established district laws and tions. These sourcessupply information ownership information. If litigation recorded the tenuous ownership of on ore deposits. Somernining districts, occurred, extensive files may befound mineral deposits. (After the passage of especially in the West and Alaska, in the Department of Justice records in the 1872 Mining Law, only a patent received thorough evaluationand the National Archives in Washington, issued by the Federal government mapping by the USGS. These evalua­ DC. If minerals were produced for would legally secure ownership.) A tions led to the publicationof reports military purposes,the records of the hypothetical example of the value of that describemines, prospects, and Secretary of War should be consulted. these early records might involve a company activities, as well as geo­ State and local histories may contain prospect pit discovered in an 1860s gold graphic and cultural information. informationon mines and mining in a district, but abandoned after the first In the East and the Midwest, where particular locality. In addition, some rush. Lacking these records to provide the USGS was less active,State geologi­ States published annual reportsissued historic context informationthat links cal bureaus provided similar publica­ by State geological surveys, mine the propertywith the early gold rush tions and maps on mining regions. Coal inspectors, mining commissioners, or era, the evaluation may bebased solely mining areas in Pennsylvania, West department of mines. Records of State on the marginal integrity that the Virginia, and Kentucky, for example, corporation commissions, which may property exhibits today. Such an were extensively mappedby the State. contain articles of incorporationand evaluationwould overlook the prospect Early information on lead mining can be annual reports, can help to explain pit's critical association with a signifi­ found in the reports of the State geologi­ corporate involvement in mining cant periodin mining history. cal offices of Missouri, Wisconsin, and enterprises. Oral histories can alsoserve as an Iowa. Informationon the early copper Period journalsand newspapers important source of historic context industrycan befound in Michigan provide a panoply of promotional information. Individuals living near geological reports. information about a mine. Both historic mining areas may offer valuable Information in thesegeological successful and unsuccessful mining informationabout resourcesin a given reports, which often included economic camps and towns frequently had locale. In someca ses, previous oral histories, can be crosschecked with newspapers that touted each mine or history studies will already have corporate descriptionsin the Mines prospect. Individual mines and mining documented these stories either on tape Handbook (after 1905) and The Mineral companies produced annual reports or in print. In other cases,r esearchers Industry(after 1892). Other useful and distributed other forms of litera­ may have to seekout individuals governmentreports include the annual ture. The productive ones published capable of providing valuable perspec­ reportsof the U.S. Mining Commis­ annual reports which might include tives concerninglo cal mining proper­ sioner, 1866--1876,the reportsof the photographs and diagrams that ties. Director of the Mint, and the Bureau of typically describedthe extent of both There are many books and other Mines annual repxt (later called the works and machinery. Although sourceso f information on the history of Minerals Yearbook). These reports, mining town newspapersand company mining. (SeeSect ion VI for a listing of particularly the bulletins and informa­ literature can provide fascinating local mining history references.) These tion circulars of the USGS and Bureau of color, these sources must beused with studies help provide a general under­ Mines, frequently include specific data caution basedon their inclinationto standing of mining history. The on lode and placer mining techniques accentuate the positiveand downplay difficult task is to combine the historic and equipment as well as discussions of the negative. context information in thesesour ces individual mines and mining districts. In some cases, mining activity was with the guidance provided in other The Bureau of Mines also published well documented by early photogra­ National Register publications and use technical reports on mine safetyand phers. Archives, museums,and other these materials to conduct successful technology. sources should be contacted for histori- field evaluations and prepare nomina­ tions for actual mining properties.

5 III. IDENTIFICATION

SURVEY AND graphic locale, owner consent should The relationship between the claims always be obtainedbefore venturing and the topography can differ dramati­ DOCUMENTATION onto privately-owned mine lands. cally betweenhard rockand placer After ascertaining that conditions are mining districts. Placer claims will safe and contacting the owners, begin usually be oriented to the drainage The National Register bulletin en­ the survey by defining the limitsof the patternswhile lodeclaims will follow titled Guidelines Forweal Surveys: A area to be investigated. This could be the geologic structureas it was under­ Basisfor Preservation Planning, provides the entiremining district or just one stoodat the time theclaims were lo­ advice regarding appropriate fieldwork mining claim whose boundaries are cated. Claims may also overlap and practices. Although this bulletin ad­ recorded in the mining deed records in homestead, townsite, and other land dresses questions about whereand how the county courthouse or in the mineral claims may cover the same ground as to survey, specific questionsabout min­ patent records of BLM. If a mine opera­ placer and lode mineral claims. Knowl­ ing-related resourcesare not defined. tion extended over several claims, pat­ edge of the historic development of an Therefore,the following comments ented or unpatented, the survey area area should be acquiredbefore conduct­ offer guidance specificallyfocused on should encompass the full extent of ing fieldwork. This will ensure appro­ surveying historic mining properties. claims associated with the mine. In the priate boundaries for the fieldsurvey. Perhaps most importantly,surveys case of large mining corporations, own­ Because many mining properties of historic mining areas should be con­ ership could extend over hundreds of contain few standing buildings or struc­ ducted with caution. Becausemining claims. Other sources that will assist in turesand disconnected parts of machin­ properties are often located in remote defining the limits of a survey area ery scattered throughout the area, the areas, such as rugged mountain slopes include oral histories,company records, fieldsurveyor should use the previ­ or in steeply banked canyons, hiking industrial directories,and USGS and ously gathered historic context informa­ trailsmay provide the only access. State geologicmaps and surveys. tion to determine the type of mine at Given this situation, those involved hand. Thisstep is impor­ with miningarea surveys should be tantbecause, for example, prepared to encounter rigorous condi­ a placer mine will have tions when conductingfieldwork. different featuresthan a Mines present special hazards with hard rockmine or mill. potentially lethal consequences. Field Hard rockmines tend to personnel should be trained in, familiar have more fixedstructures with, and able to recognize mining­ than placer mines. More related dangers prior to conducting important, placer mine field work. All explosives encountered surfaceequipment does should be considered extremelydan­ not necessarily stay in one gerous. Blasting caps are just as dan­ place. Over time, placer gerous as "stick" powder. Explosives mine excavation and pro­ can befound in any part of a mining cessing plants are moved area, not just in the vicinity of the pow­ along a creekas the stream der magazine. The ground around bedis dug up and the mine openings is frequently unstable; auriferous material unguarded and obscured shafts,raises, and stope openings are hazards to avoid. Covered mine openings should not be considered safe. Unless proper The CaliforniaState Parks training has been completed, one Department has placed should not enter the underground por­ warningsigns around the tion of a mine. The hazards associated industrial buildings and with surveying historic mines are real mine openings at Bodie and should not be ignored. In the West, many historicmines are State Park, California. locatedon public lands. The opposite Researchers should be aware situation prevails in the East where of dangers associated with most historic mines will be on privately surveyingmining properties. owned lands. Regardless of the geo- (Robert Spude)

6 washed throughthe sluice box. On Mining propertysurveys should Remember toothat technologychanged somecreeks, the equipmentassociated include preliminaryresearch related to as did the terms usedto describe with a placer mine may befound the mine, the actual fieldsurvey of mining. Usetechnical publications abandonedin place miles from where it physical remains, and propertyanalysis contemporaneouswith theperiod of was first used. designedto reanimate the operational mine operation: a 1930stechnical Furthermore,the fieldworkshould system which oncefunctioned at a descriptionof a gold mill will differ result in thorough mapping of any mine, This threestep processis espe-­ greatlyfrom a descriptionin an 1880s evidenceof earth-moving activity. This cially importantin caseswhere the publication. would include the mapping of waste contemporarymining propertylacks Other sourcesto consult include the rock and tailings piles. Dumps and historic buildings and structures. following: census records,tax assess- tailing piles will oftenindicate the locationsof removedor obscured features and will provide clues about Hardrock Mines the typeof activitythat created them. used shaftsto Coal mine waste gobpiles on the Illinois tap ore bodies; prairie or placer mine dredge tailings in headframes Californiamay bethe only indications supportedthe that major mining industries once rope or wire operatedin theseareas. cable that Outlying supportfeatures should be hauled workers mapped as well. For example, if a headframe stands over a shaft, not only and ore. should the headframe bedescribed, but Wooden alsothe hoist house. Thedams, flumes, headframes,like and penstock supplying waterto placer this one at the minesare as importantas the camps Bullion-Beck erectedto housethe miners. Machinery mine in Eureka, should bedescribed, especially its Utah,were functionand manufacturer (if thesecan replacedby bereadily determined). Sanbornfire steelat the turn insurance maps and patent maps from of the century. BLM may provide descriptionsand (RobertSpude) details on mines and structures that date to the timewhen the mine was in operation,as would any map prepared PRELIMINARY RESEARCH by companies owning the property. If ment records,company books, personal available, thesemaps should becom­ diaries, community plats,cartographic pared to the resourcesevident today. As discussedpreviously, preliminary sources,iconographic and pictorial MilJ drawings may be available from researchis begunduring the initial materials, professional and technical company records. If not, examples of process of preparing historic contexts. journals,governmental publications, mills are in standard plan books,mine However, in most cases,new informa­ newspaperaccounts, city directories, machinery catalogs,contemporary mine tion will beproduced to refine historic oral histories, and local informants. engineeringbooks, or advertisementsin contexts bothimmediately beforeand Information recordedduring field work such journalsas Coal Age, Mining and during the field survey. Thus, the should usemining nomenclature from ScientificPress, The CollieryEngineer and ongoing nature of preliminary research the periodof operation and for the Engineering and Mining Journal. Re­ will help to flesh out the historic region. A West Virginia coal tippleand gional journalsare alsohelpful, but are contexts, develop new contexts,and a Nevada mine headframeand ore bin rare until the 1890s. Fieldanalysis of provide further input to the field survey might do essentiallythe samething­ mills, especiallyoutlines of foundations process. In tum, information derived store coal or ore pulled fromthe mine and tailings, will help describethe from the survey will lead to further - but mining glossarieswill help field adaptations of general plans for the refinementsin the historic contexts. crews get their descriptionscorrect. Use specificlocation. When conducting preliminary the appropriate glossariesand technical A process flow chart is essentialin research,it is criticalto engage in a publications for the areaand era. (See understanding the metallurgy in useat literature searchthat yields information SectionVII for a partialglossary of mills. Flowcharts were prepared forall aboutthe typeof extraction, mining terms.) Initialhistoric contexts mills, but few are extant. Thus, thor­ beneficiation,or refining process that developed at this point should remain ough mapping and noting of machinery took place in a given area. Preliminary flexible enough to allow for the incorpo­ in place is needed in order to recon­ researchinto the history of resources ration of new materials thatmay result structthe flow chart diagram. Similarly, associatedwith mining activityplays an from visitingthe propertyor complet­ mapping of landscapefeatures and important role in preventingerroneous ing additional research. remaining equipment can beused to field interpretations: bituminous coal is FIELD SURVEY reconstructoperations at placer, hard processeddifferently than anthracite; a rock, and coal mines. While usually less gold mill is different than a silver mill. complex, flow charts at coal and placer At minimum, read the USGSor State With the preliminary research mines are equally usefulto the under­ geological bureaureport on the mining documentation in hand, the field standing of mining operations. area prior to beginning field work. inventory of physical remains can begin. 7 The flow sheet for the Kennecott Concentratorin Kennecott, Alaska is one of the few extant process flowcharts which were once preparedfor all mill sites. Thesediagrams are essential to understanding the technology employed in the mills. (Nananand David Anderson, Delineators, Historic American Engineering Record)

8 engineersas well as assistancefrom geologistsor practicing minersor individuals with first hand knowledgeof the area. PROPERTY ANALYSIS

Beyond fieldidentification of indi­ vidual physical remains, the greatest challenge connectedwith mining propertyinventories involves the issue of propertyana lysis. In this case, propertyanalysis refersto the needto link the now disparate physical remains to the former realityof working mines and relatedsocial systems. What now appears to bedisconnected and geo­ graphically isolatedbuildings, land­ forms,machinery, and archeological features once worked togetherto accomplish ore extractionor beneficiation. Identifyingthe activitiesand thetime Placer gold mines wereonce numerous in the West. Some employed floating periods representedby the physical dredges,such as the SumpterVall ey Gold Dredge in Baker County, Oregon,to remains is a key problem. Abandoned dredge up graveland wash gold dust and nuggetsfrom the waste. Dredges mining properties,for example, typically typically depositedlarge tailings piles along stream beds. (Oregon State Historic are reoccupiedand may include build­ PreservationOffice) ings, machinery, landforms,and archeo­ logical remains frommore thanone time The physical remains of minesmay featuresand apparentlyisolated period. The new episodes of mining cut include standing buildings, structures, elements as well as the locationof larger through the physical remainsof older and other architecturalremains; ma­ concentrationsof featurescan often mining activities, making it difficult to chinery; archeologicalremains; and make senseout of apparent chaos. interpretthe engineeringand other landscapefeatures such as mine waste Superimposedhistoric maps on contem­ technologicalsystems fromearlier time rock dumps, mill tailings, water deliv­ porarymaps can help identifyfeatures periods. Sortingthe physical remains by ery systems, openpits, and roads. and further detail the chronologicaland time period and activity into separate Archeological remains, which may be industrialdevelopment of an area. technologicalor social systems may be the most abundant, typicallyinclude Recording methodsshould include helpful. The location of theTenabo Mill prospects,privy pits, wells, cellar holes, photography, the preparation of in central Nevada, for example, which building foundationsand platforms, architecturalplans and elevations, was built in 1886to processgold and dugouts, domesticand industrialtrash sketches of machinery and other objects, silver ore, includes the mostly archeo­ dumps, isolatedartifacts, collapsed narrativedescription, and the prepara­ logical remains of two separate headframes,machine pads and plat­ tionof scaledmaps. beneficiationtechnologies: the Russell forms, depressions, roads, ditches, Field surveys alsoshould include processin theoriginal mill and the cyanide process installed in 1908. pathways, and bulldozer cuts. methods for assessingthe integrityand The methods usedto locatethe significance of the ph ical remains. Evidence of bothtechnological systems ys can beseen when viewing the extant physical remains of mines may include Determining whether archeological aerial photography,pedestrian survey, depositshave a buried componentmay, physical remains today, but the earlier remote sensing(such as radar profiling for example, require probing or remote Russellprocess technology has been or proton magnetometry),and simple sensing. The suitability of the physical largely destroyedby the later cyanide probes. Forpreliminary mapping and remains for conveying a senseof time, operation (Hardesty, 1988). assessmentpurposes, low-level aerial place, and historical patternsor themes photography is an excellent way to should beconsidered. The surveyor IDENTIFYING documentthe physical remainsof should alsorecord observationsabout mining properties. A systematic the extent to which the physical remains PROPERTYTYPES program of pedestriansurvey, however, are repositories of information,includ­ is essential. Planning for scaleis critical ing the presenceor absenceof artifacts Mining properties may contain a sincethe physical remains of mining that carry informationneeded to answer great varietyof resourcesrepresenting propertiesmay cover a large geographi­ important researchquestions about the mineral-extractionprocess. Evalua­ cal area. Historic placers, which can mining technology or community. extend for miles, call forinventive Mining resourcesurveys will often tion of thesecomplex propertiescan be approachesto fieldmapping and require multi-disciplinaryapproaches to organized by noting that the processing documentation. For example, using survey, using the talents of archeolo­ of ore into metal includes the following small-scale aerial photography and gists,historians of technology,land­ threebasic functions: extractionof the ore from the earth; beneficiation, which transparent overlays to recordlinear scapearchitects, architects,and mining 9 Prospecting/1\,fine not on actual metal production, but on Exploration the speculativeinvestment in prospects. PropertyTypes Thus, isolatedholes - shafts or adits - may qualifyas separateproperty types. Theseproperty In addition, a combination of research typesare associ­ and fieldwork may reveala patternof ated with the prospect holes on the land that offers searchfor ore physical evidenceof the speculative bodies. Hand-dug phaseof mining development in a given prospectpits, region. power-shovel Theseprospect holes may acquire trenches, bulldozer additional significanceif historical cuts, and drill archeological evidence associatedwith holes, for example, an adjacent camp or equipment is found. are the physical If the material culture possessessuffi­ remains associated cient integrity, it will help the archeolo­ with four different gist in reconstructing the unwritten patternsof mine history of the mining property. Addi­ exploration tionally, the prospecthole may have technology. Some significance if it is associatedwith any of additional explana­ the following: the first settlerof an area, tion will help to a prominent miner with whom no other understand the propertiesare associated, or to prehis­ origin of typical toric or aboriginal mining. exploration activity. Mine Development andExploitation Mining is a PropertyTypes speculative industry. To These propertytypes are associated discovermetal, with the definition and extraction of an many test pits or ore body. Typically found at such prospectsmust be locations are the physical remains of dug. According to hoistingworks such as headframes and Smelters, such as this one at the Ohio-Colorado Smelting the 1872Mining hoist engines; excavationssuch as open and RefiningCompany in Salida, Colorado, represent one Law, holding an pitsor shaftsor adits; ventilation typeof beneficiationplant. unpatented claim systems such as air shafts or blowers; requires a miner to powersystems such as steam boilersor upgradesthe ore's value; and refining, do annual assessmentwork that might electric generator houses;drainage which enhances the value of the ore/ include digginganother prospecthole in systems such as Cornishpumps; water metal even further until it achieves a order to retain possessoryti tie by delivery systems; ore bins or tipples; nearly pure state. demonstratingthat a claim is still active. transportationsystems such as shortline All threefunctions may occurwithin If a mining district has a producingmine, railroads or ore cart runways; and one mining property,such as at some speculatorsemploy a process somelimes maintenance and administrative facili­ Westernor southern Appalachian gold known as grubstaking that involves ties such as blacksmith shops, assay mines, or may be miles apart, such as paying prospectorsto seekoutcrops of laboratories, offices, and worker's iron, copper,or lead smelters located ore and to excavate exploratory shaftsor housing. These structuresand systems great distances from mines. Although a adits. In return,the prospectorpromises are described in the nine-volume Mining universal descriptionof mineral proper­ the speculatora percentage of any profits Librarypublished by McGraw-Hillin the tieswill not addressall individual cases, earned. In big speculativeventures in 1910s. Their eight-volume Libraryon the following provides a general guide to coal, iron,or copperareas, investors Coal Mining seriesdoes the samefor that defining historic mining propertytypes might pay crewsto test lands they have industry. basedon thesethree fundamental stages optioned for purchase. In placer mines, Hard rockmines were openedwith of mineral processing: pitsas well as trenches may be found shafts or adits (tunnels). The ore was across streambedsor on bencheswhere removed from large openings called EXTRACTION placer miners soughtgold at bedrock, stopes. Creation of theselarge openings often without luck. required the useof new supporttech­ The propertytypes associated with Given this sortof activity, holes nologies such as square-settimbering mine extractionsites can be generally aboundin mining areas. Theseholes are and, later, concrete supports. A hoist classified into two categories reflecting not truly mines, but prospects. Individu­ and head frame over a shaft used a cable the evolutionof a mine: prospecting/ ally, theseprospects may appearto lack and bucket or cage to hoist ore; a mine exploration propertytypes and significance. However, prospects are horizontal adit had a level or slightly mine development or exploitation often associatedwith the phaseof a inclined rail system to tap the vein. An propertytypes. The distinction can be region's mining history that witnessed openpit or surface pit usedearth­ applied to hard rock, placer, and coal rampant speculationor boomand bust. moving machinery to remove overbur­ mines. Entire mining camps have arisenbased den and to extract ore. At the mine 10 surface, waste rock was dumped and Open mines may be ore was stored in bins to await shipment found fromcoast to to processing plants. coast, whereverrock Coal mines were different from hard outcropsexist. A rock mines in that coal was usually survey of existing ready for market after minimally literatureand a file separating it from waste rock by water search should be or gravity (or both) and dumping it into conducted prior to field bins for shipment. This all occurred in a tipple, located at or near the mine evaluation. Thismine entrance. The development of the adit is locatedon the district around St. Clair, Pennsylvania, Tantiusques was characteristic of the anthracite Reservationin regions of Appalachia in the nineteenth Sturbridge, century. At the mine, coal was extracted Massachusetts. by pit, shaft, or other standard methods, (WolfgangLowy) and then broken, cleaned and sized at a surface plant called a breaker (used to crush the hard anthracite coal). Mine the purchaser,the owners then loaded coal into railroad Federal government cars bound for the markets of Philadel- (Spence,1989). phia or nearby industries (Wallace, The technical 1988). There was no further literatureon placer beneficiation or refining. Some mining is vast; see, for bituminous coal was converted to coke example, August J. by a baking process in beehive shaped Bowie, Hydraulic ovens, which removed impurities. Coke Mining, 1878; Robert ovens were beneficiation plants, in the Peele, MinesHandbook, strictest sense, used to improve coal to 1918 ed.; Olarles Janin, meet the heat requirements of industry. Gold Dredging in the Placer gold mines, abundant in the UnitedStates, 1918; and the bibliography in Rodman Paul, CaliforniaGold. differentprocesses for extracting metals. West, required a different technology The complexity of beneficiation than either hard rock or coal mines. For BENEFIOATION propertytypes results, in part, from the example, a placer gold mine system way that thetechnology of milling might include dams, penstocks, flumes, systems respondedto the increasing ditches and holding ponds for water; Except for coal, placer gold, or the sophisticationof mining practices. At moved gravels and rock piles; sluice rarecases involving placersilver, the Oro Bellemine in theBradshaw boxes or long toms; hydraulic nozzles; platinum,or copper,most minerals are Mountains of central Arizona,to citean camp buildings; support structures; extracted from the groundin an impure example involving gold, the first and, if used, dredges and their support and excessivelybulky state and needto prospectorsof the 1860sused the facilities. Placer mines can extend for beupgraded beforeshipment to a donkey-poweredarrastra to crush the miles along a streambed. refinery. Beneficiation-theupgradmg ore and then usedmercury to amalgam­ As technology changed, placer of ore to increaseits value-is accom­ 2 ate the gold. In the early 1870s,a group mining operations might also cover plished in a processingplant. of miners built a steam-powered earlier operations, new tailing piles Beneficiation is a broad category,which arrastra. In 1888, the new owners built covering old workings. In the placer includes many metallurgical processes. a standardten-stamp mill to crushthe mines of Virginia City, Montant, gold The history of metallurgy is complex ore. The sand-likeore then washed miners in the 1860s first used simple and rapid changes occurredduring the across copperplates where mercury sluice boxes and then hydraulic plants nineteenthand twentieth centuries. captured or amalgamatedwith the to extract gold nuggets and dust. After Thus, one must be a wareof changing gold. This mill was eventually ex­ 1890, the Conrey Placer Mining Com- processesused for metal beneficiationas panded to include concentration tables, pany used floating gold dredges on well as the machinery developedto which produced a concentrate of lead, Alder Gulch to dredge gravel and wash crush, concentrate, and separatemetal zinc, and gold, which was shippedto the gold dust and nuggets from the from waste rock. Fortunately, the Colorado smelters. By the early 1890s, waste , while also covering earlier mine various processesused in connection the cyanide process was introducedat debris. The gold was purified and with beneficiationproperty types are the plant. This evolution was typical. melted into bars at an assay lab on site detailed in published textbooks. For An Thus, a propertymight have an overlay and shipped to the U.S. Assay Office in example, Charles R. Hayward's of severaltechnologies. Similar changes Helena. There was no further process- Outline of MetallurgicalPractice (1929, occurredin silver mills, lead and zinc ing needed to sell the mine product to revised 1940) describesover fifty

1 Beneficiation, in its strictest definition, includes every phase of upgrading mineral value, from the mine face to the refinery product. However, in its common use, the meaning of beneficiation is restricted to the processing of ore in a mill or concentrator, or otherwise preparing the ore for refining. In the Iron Range of Minnesota, concentrators were called "beneficiation plants".

11 A coal tippleconsists of Given the evolutionof thesmelting the tracks, trestles,and process,an early nineteenth- century screenswhere coal is Pennsylvania iron"plantation," a mid­ processed and loaded. centuryMidwest leadsmelter, and an 1860s- 1880sColorado silver-lead Coal tipples are good examplesof Mine smelter would all belocated near the mines. By the end of the century, new Development and economiesof scaleand fuel demands Exploitationproperty were removingthe plants from the types. Pictured is the minesto distant locales. In the process, Kay Moor tipple the industrybecame identified with the locatedalong the New large conglomeratescreated at theturn Riverin Kay Moor, of the centurysuch as Anacondain West Virginia. copper,the American Smeltingand (NationalPark Service) Refining Company (ASARCO) in silver­ lead (Marcosson,1949; Marcosson,1957), and U.S. Steel. Smelters either operated Cyanide leachingtanks at the HirsheyMine in the Chugach National Forestin as independentcorporations that bought centralAlaska represent beneficiationprocesses employed widely in the United ores from a numberof producersor as States in the early twentiethcentury. (U.S. ForestService) part of an integratedsystem linking mine, mill, and smelter. Largesmelters were built at railcenters and near fuel­ at Pittsburgh; Pueblo, Colorado;El Paso; and the Salt Lake Valley-toserve many mining districts. Certainsmelting companies,like the Cambria Iron Co.at Johnstown, Pennsyl­ vania, and the UnitedVerde Copper Companyat Jerome, Arizona,provide examples of the evolution in thedirec­ tionof high-capacity smelters. Each mining companybegan with small furnaceswith a capacityof a few tons perday; within threedecades of initial operations,the firms had mammoth plants reducingthousands of tons of iron or copperore. Cambria includedcoking ovens to preparecoal, ironfurnaces, roller mills that producedrailroad rails and iron wire all in a one mile long complex (Brown, 1989). concentrators,and copperconcentrators separationmachines were used. This The abovediscussion reflects the during the nineteenthand twentieth will alsohelp with architecturaldescrip­ complex nature of beneficiationas the century. tion since mills were designed around processevolved over time. The broad In general,the development of the interior machinery metallurgynot overview provided is intendedas a concentration mills changed through the reverse. general introductionto the subjectthat timeto reduce the amount of skilled Smeltersrepresent another typeof will assist with the identificationof laborrequired for eachton of ore beneficiationplant. A smelter may propertytypes associated with processed. In the bookCradle to Grave, accept high-grade ore directlyfrom a beneficiation. LarryLankton discusses the evolution of mine or receivethe concentratefrom a technologyand its impact on Lake mill forfurther reduction by heat. The REFINING Superiorcopper mining laborand strife. heat and fluxes of the smelting process It is importantto link the evolutionof removed further impuritiesand up­ Refineries convert metalinto a stateof mining technology to the impactit had graded the ore into a form known as a purity suitable forindustrial use, on management, labor,business, matte. Early smelterswere small scale manufacturing, or for commercial politics,and communities,besides the and operatedeither adjacent to, or in exchange. U.S. mints and U.S. assay obvious role it had in the history of proximity to, the actual mines. As officesrefined the gold and silver scienceand technology. transportationnetworks evolvedand amalgamated frommills. Although Iron, copper,lead, zinc, and other fuel, space, water, labor and other private banks, express offices,and assay basemetal orescommonly were crushed factorscame into play, smelters were offices might alsocontain the necessary and received initial beneficiation in relocated away from mines. The early furnacesto refine the metal, after1866 concentrators that were first basedupon plants used simple log-, charcoal-, or Congress requiredthem to sell their gravityand then uponflotation pro­ coal-fueledfires to melt ores into a matte product to the U.S. mints. (Prior to 1866, cesses. Understanding which process that was still not pure, but rich enough severalprivate assayoffices minted gold was usedwill help the field team in content to ship to refineriesand coins for regionaluse as specie.) By the determine what typeof crushersand/ or manufacturers. 12 assay officeswere operated by the Bu­ reau of the Mint. These officesserved the localmines by buying gold and helped the local economy by providing gold coins for thespecie-short frontier economy,from the southernAppala­ chian gold fieldsto Alaska. Base metals used by industrywere refined at the larger smelters of the Westor in Easternrefineries that of­ fered access to internationalmetal mar­ kets. Refinerieswere like smelters and operated in concert with them. The Eureka, Nevada, refinery,one of the earliest in the West, is discernable from the adjacent smelter by location and by archeologicalevidence. Refineries might also beassociated with manufac­ turing works in Easterncities, where the refinerymight also beused to create blended metals called alloys. The great works of the New York City area and Chicago provided an array of metals Stamp Mills such as this one, located at the Reed Gold Mine in North and alloys to manufacturers. In gen­ Carolina, crushed gold ore into a sand-like consistency which was then eral, field survey will be easier for refin­ washed across copper plates where mercurywas amalgamated with the ore. ery property types becauseof the Theamalgamation process was widely employed in the United States until the amount of technicalliterature published ellrly twentieth century, when it was replaced by the cyanide process. (Virgil about these large-scale, capital-intensive Smithers) properties. In addition to definingproperty duction, and maximize profits. Espe­ reflect the development in the profes­ typesbased on thethree mineral pro­ cially after the1890s, mining engineers sional skills of mine engineering and cessing stages,other historic mining developed standardsystems for mine allowed for the development of mas­ property types exist. Theseproperty operation. TheMines Handbookby Peele sive industrial corporations. types include engineer-designedcom­ et al. describes in detail most of the plexes, mining landscapes, and related componentsof the mine engineers' MINING LANDSCAPES properties. system. Thissystem, which integrated massive operations to produce econo­ The National Register bulletin on ENGINEER-DESIGNED mies of scale, corresponded with the Guidelinesfor Evaluating and Document­ COMPLEXES rise of big business in America. Mas­ ing Rural Historic Landscapes defines a sive operations created phenomenal rural historic landscapeas "a geo­ profits, which often went into bigger graphical area that historically has The ideal mining situation was the plants. These engineer-designed com­ beenused by people, or shaped or bonanza mine that had its own concen­ plexes help definethe twentieth-cen­ modified by human activity, occu­ tration mill on site; a smelter to reduce tury operations at Minnesota's iron pancy, or intervention, and that pos­ the product into nearly pure metal;a ranges, the copper mines of the Far sessesa significant concentration,link­ tramway or railroad haulage system West,the lead and zinc of the tri-state age, or continuity of areas of land use, connecting the entire works; and an region of the Mississippi Valley (Illi­ vegetation,buildings and structures, infrastructure of power house and lines, nois, Wisconsin, and Iowa), and the big roads and waterways, characteristic of company housing, store, and office. gold mines of Cripple Creek, Colorado, open-pit mining landscapes found in This situation most often existed in iron and the Homestakeof Lead, South places such as Bingham Canyon in and copper camps. For example, by the Dakota. Utah and the Mesabi Range in Minne­ end of the 1890s the Arizona Copper On the other hand, smaller mine sota, and and natural features." Given Company had an integrated complex operations may have been designed by the extent to which mining activity designed by mining engineers. This a skilled craftsman during the nine­ representsa human activity that modi­ complex included shaft houseswith teenth century or before, or by an engi­ fies the natural features of the earth, hoiststhat lifted the ore to ore bins, neer, especiallyafter the tum of the many mining propertieswill qualifyas narrow gauge trains that collected and century. Yet, these are rarities. The historic landscapes. hauled the ore to concentrationmills, lead district in the tri-state region of the Landscapesmay represent the most and railroads that hauled the ore from upper Mississippi Valley, for example, dramatic visual images of mining. the concentration mills to the is dotted with small mine pits where Mining landscapes evoke images of company's smelter at Clifton, Arizona. miners extracted abundant lead depos­ time, place, and historical patterns Most larger mineswere part of an its during the antebellum period. These associated with past mining epochs. engineer-designed system. They were pitsreflect a lack of system in mining as Mining landscapes might include rav­ intricateindustrial operationswith well as a lack of common knowledge aged landscapes denuded by nine­ every component ideally working in about geology, ore deposits, and min­ teenth-century hydraulic mining in the harmony to reduce costs, increase pro- ing. Engineer-designed complexes Mother Lode region of California, 13 barren strip-mining landscapes of West Virginia, gaping holes in the earth dredging landscapesin Alaska charac­ terized by mounded tailings piles lining great stretches of creek and river beds. In addition to the visual impact of the mining landscape, the land forms cre­ ated by mining provide clues to past activity. Spoil pilesoften indicate the location of aditsand shafts,and placer tailings can help define the methods used to mine a stream even if few arti­ factsare present. Mining landscapes can be character­ ized and distinguished by historic pat­ ternsof land use such as strip-mining, hydraulic mining, or open-pit mining; the spatial organizationor layout of the landscape; characteristic natural and cultural landforms such as mine waste TheFederal Lead Company's mill in Missouri Mines State Park near rock dumps, mill tailing flows,and Bonne Terre, Missouri is an example of a large scale concentration canyons; roads and pathways; vegeta­ plant. Thisfacility upgraded ore into a concentrate for shipment to the tion patternsrelated to land use such as smelter at Herculaneum on the Mississippi River. (Robert Spude) secondarygrowth of plants on mine waste rock dumps; distinctive buildings and structuressuch as headframesor cyanide mills or coal tipples; clusters of buildings and structures such as those at mines or urban settlements;and small-scale features such as mine claim markers or fences. Landscapes can be describedand evaluated by utilizing the methodology applied to rural his­ toric landscapes (see Guidelinesfor Evaluatingand DocumentingRural His­ toric Landscapes.) In most cases,mining landscapes will be defined as historic districtsfor the purposesof National Register nomination. RELATED PROPERTY TYPES

Mining propertiesmay include buildings, structures,or systems that support mine operations such as entire Tailings piles, such as the ones at the Socorro Mines in Catron County, communities complete with stores, New Mexico, can be important landscape features that contribute to the schools,and other properties. For ex­ significanceof a mining property. (Chris Wilson) ample, housing and support facilities such as employee homes, machine shops/blacksmith shops, and power remain as monuments to the tenacity of Potentially significant mining-related houses may be located on mining prop­ early prospectors and miners. Water properties can also be located in places erty. Rail haulage and road systems pipelines and ditches (like the Fairhaven distant from the actual mine locations. may also appear. McGill, Nevada; Ditch across Bering LandBridge Na­ These properties include mine union Madrid, New Mexico; and Calumet, tional Preserve) snake around the con­ halls, hydro-electric plants,school of Michigan are examples of one-time tours of hills for miles, often far from mines laboratories, courthouses, and major mining towns that include hous­ any other evidence of mining activity. mine promoters' homes. Although ing and support facilities, along with Small mining camps may contain a lim­ important to the history of mining, the usual commercial and service in­ ited number of buildings and structures: these propertiesrequire little discussion dustries. These related property types one or two cabins or tent framesand a in this bulletin. Theycan be evaluated should berecorded as components of few outbuildings such as a shed, several and nominated according to standard the overall mining operation. dog houses, and a cache. These small practicesoutlined in How to Complete the In remote placer districts,such as in camps, while important as mining prop­ National Register Registration Form and parts of Alaska, isolated mining camps erty types,are often associated with a How to Complete the National Register - tent framesand small cabins - number of other activities including Multiple Property Documentation Form. that once provided shelter frequently hunting, trapping, and woodcutting. 14 Iv. EVALUATION

APPLYING construction,or that representthe HopewellFurnace National Historic work of a master, or that posseshigh Site, a restorediron plantation in NATIONAL artistic values,or that representa Pennsylvania, exemplifiesthis typeof significant and distinguishable entity early mining operation,as do presently REGISTER whose componentsmay lack indi­ unevaluated Mexican-eramines of the vidual distinction; or Southwestaround Tubae, Arizona. CRITERIA TO Business: The development of big D. have yielded, or may belikely to business has beenassociated with MINING yield, informationimportant in extractiveindustries generally, and oil prehistory or history. and the iron and steelindustries PROPERTIES specifically. The captain of industryor CRITERIONA robberbaron, dependingon the view of the writer, is exemplifiedby such To beeligible for listingin the Under Criterion A (associationwith families as the Rockefellers,the National Register of Historic Places, a "eventsthat have made a significant Douglasesof Arizona, and the mining propertymust besignificant in Guggenheims. American history, architecture, engi­ contributionto the broad patternsof history") a mining property may qualify Commerce: Mining propertiessuch neering, or cultureand possessintegrity for listing in the National Register as the Julien Dubuque lead minesof of location,design, materials, workman­ through its connectionwith historic Iowa produced minerals for exchange ship, feeling,and association. In themes. Applicable areas of significance and barter. Other commerce-related addition, the mining propertymust (listed in NationalRegister Bulletin 16A) mining activitiesmay include those meetone or more of the fourNational propertiesassociated with attempts to Register criteria: include the following: Agriculture: Someearly mining comer certain metals markets, such as properties Jay Goulds' effort to comer gold in the A. be associatedwith events that were operatedas part of plantations or haciendas which in­ 1860sand the Secretansyndicates have made a significantcontribution attempt on copper in the 1880s. Virtu­ to the broad patternsof our history; cluded the production of foodstuffs for workers and woodfor furnaces. ally all successful mines helped to or increasecommerce and trade. B. beassociated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

C. embodythe distinctive character­ istics of a type, period,or method of

TheRoss Furnacein Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania is one of severalhundred charcoal iron furnaceswhich remained in use in WesternPennsylvania long after they had been phased out in the eastern part of the State. This furnacewas abandoned in the 1850s. (DianeB. Reed) 15 Community Planning and Develop­ speculation in the mines of Nevada. provide evidence of the intermediate ment: Company towns often were The history of monetaryprocesses is steps in the process of change. foundadjacent to mines, especially in closely tied to the precious metal indus­ Ethnic Heritage: Alibates Flint Quar­ the base metal and coal industries. try. The Panic of 1893 was caused by ries National Monument in Texas and Sometown planning was unique such the demonetization of silver; itsimpact PipestoneNational Monument in Minne­ as Phelps-Dodge'smission-style com­ was the near total collapse of the West­ sota offer examples of extractivetechnol­ pany towns at Ajo, Arizona,and at em silver mining industry. ogy and resource use by American Indi­ Tyrone, New Mexico. Education: Schoolsof mines played ans. American Indians worked in the Conservation: Mining has often a significant part in the development of California gold fields, Arizonacopper beenviewed as the antithesis of conser­ public education, especiallyin the West mines, and Alaskan mines. Spanish and vation. Major disputes over resource where trainingwas needed to operate Mexican mining predates American conservation have been caused by the minesand mills. These colleges often mining in the Southwest; Mexican­ attempts of corporations to exploit ore had laboratories or educational mines Americans played an important role in bodies. An example would include the in mining districts. A number were the early development of mining in the former Spanish provinces. Immigration of ethnic groups from the mining regions of Europe and Latin America may be evident at mining properties. The gold mining districtsof the Westattracted numerous Chinese laborers as well. Exploration/Settlement: This area of significance applies to mining properties that represent exploration or early settle­ ment. This includes properties associ­ ated with the prospecting,discovery, and development of a region. The gold rushesin California,the Rocky Moun­ tains, and in Alaska a half century later are strongly associated with early settle­ ment of their respectiveregions. Invention: Mining properties may be related to the discovery of a new metal­ lurgical process,the introduction of new machinery, or to the development of new methods of transport and power transmission. An example would be the long-distance power transmission plant at Telluride, Colorado. Industry: Mining properties may be related to the technology and process of managing materials, labor, and equip­ ment to produce goods and services, Mining properties such as the Mariscal Mine in Big Bend National Park in such as refineries that converted metal Texas may be eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion D. into a state suitable for industrial use, The processing plant and the waste rock piles at the Mariscal Mine may yield manufacturing, or commercial exchange. significant informationabout mining technology. (David G. Battle) Iron and copper plants, engineer-de­ signed complexesthat often had concen­ Ballinger-Pinchot feud which involved located in mining districts,such as at tration mills, smelters, railroad haulage effortsto develop an Alaskan coal field Fairbanks, Alaska; Houghton, Michi­ systems, and infrastructuresof power intended to provide fuel for a proposed gan; and Butte, Montana. In certain houses and lines, company housing, smelter for working Kennecott copper instances, schools even owned and stores, and offices, are other types of ores. This plan violated the conserva­ operated mines. Examples include mining properties with associations to tjon philosophy espoused by U.S. Forest Harvard University's ownership of the the industry area. ServiceChief Gifford Pinchot and led to Conrey Placer Company of Montana. Labor: Mining properties may be a controversy that eventually caused Engineering: After 1890, many min­ related to mine accidents,miners strikes, serious fracturesboth in President Will­ ing complexes featured components unions, and other aspects of labor his­ iam H. Taft's cabinet and in the Republi­ designed by mining engineers. This tory. The tragedy at Ludlow, Colorado, can party. would include water and transportation or the bloody mine wars of West Vir­ Economics: The accumulation of systems built to serve mining opera­ ginia are two examples of labor contro­ phenomenal wealth from a fewmines tions. Noteworthy examples of mining versies. causedmassive speculation in the in­ engineering would fall under this area Law: Mining propertiesmay be re­ dustryas well as in the stock marketsof of significance. The ascendance of the lated to the development of mineral law theworld. Thebrief economic panic of mining engineer over the skilled or to localitiesconnected with significant 1907,for example, is associatedwith the craftsperson was a gradual process. litigation which caused the reinterpreta­ .financialmachinations of Butte's copper Many mining properties can demon­ tion of mineral law. For example, kingsand the collapse of rampant strate the nature of the change and Nevada's history is closely associated 16 with mining law, especially the evolving career before he entered politics, finan­ remains such as privy pits,trash dumps, legal perspectives related to the Mining cier Bernard Baruch's rise to power prospect pits, collapsed headframes, Law of 1872. through mine speculation dealings, Gen­ building foundations, roads, and ma­ Literature: Mining properties may be eral Sherman's early years as a Califor­ chine pads or anchor piers. Application related to literary figures such as Mark nia gold dealer, or bonanza king Horace of Criterion D to mining propertiesre-­ Twain, Jack London, Bret Harte, Rex Tabor's association with the Matchless quires the development of a good re­ Beach, Mary Halleck Foote, and other mine in Leadville, Colorado. Applicable search design that not only identifiesthe writers who lived in Western mining themes under Criterion B may include research questions that are important to camps and used their experiences as a exploration/settlement, invention, law, mining-related scholarship or science basis for their writing. Many of the literature, politics/government, and but also the information that is needed Muckrakers or mining critics wrote labor. (For additional information about to answer the research questions. The about fraudsin the extractive industries Criterion B, see the National Register information value of what remains can or published accounts of mining safety bulletin on Guidelines for Evaluating and be evaluated within a systematic frame­ problems. One such critical examination Documenting Properties Associated with work based on the following: develop­ of mining appears in Upton Sinclair's SignificantPersons.) ing research questions,identifying data King Coal. requirements, and assessingthe Military: Mining properties may be CRITERION C property's information content. related to military intervention during miners strikes, military efforts to protect Under Criterion C, a mining property Research Questions miners working in dangerous frontier possesses significance if it embodies "the conditions, and military expeditions distinctive characteristics of a type, pe­ The research questions used under which acted to stimulate interest in a riod, or method of construction, or rep­ Criterion D should be important and particulararea's mineral resources. resents the work of a master, possesses derived froma scholarly field,or combi­ Politics/Government: Mining prop­ high artistic values, or represents a sig­ nation of scholarly fields,such as history erties may be related to the development nificant and distinguishable entity of technology, historicalarcheology, of mining districts or miners' meetings whose components may lack individual archeology,anthropology, geography, held to formulate laws for a district. distinction." Mining properties are often architectural history, or landscape archi­ Other propertieswith associations to the eligible for National Register listing tecture. Among others, questions about politics/ governmentarea may be related within the following categories: variability and change in miningtech­ either to political debates over federal Architecture: Mining properties have nology, mining society and culture, and regulations, like the silver issue of the an architecture of their own, especially mining landscapes should be consid­ 1870s-1890s, or to the political aspira­ the industrial complexes of mills, hoist ered. The conditions under which inno­ tions of such individuals as the Western houses, and smelters. Innovations in the vations in mining technology take place bonanza kings. These bonanza kings use of metal and concrete have received and are accepted or rejected (e.g., Basalla include California'sGeorge Hearst, broad application in the realm of mining. 1988), for example, or the impact of Colorado's Simon Guggenheim, The multitude of gables and roof slopes changes in mining technology upon the Montana's William A. Clark, Nevada's has inspired other architectural develop­ workplace {e.g., Dix 1988, Lankton 1991) James G. Fair, and others who used their ments. Noteworthy vernacular architec­ are likely to be important. Similarly, mining wealth for politicalends. hue is sometimes evident in mine build­ questions aboutcommunity formation Science: Mining properties may be ings constructed by particular ethnic (e.g., Hogan 1990), the miner's domestic related to important developments in groups, such as the Cornish influence household, the spatial organization of geology, metallurgy, and other aspects seen in Central City,Colorado. mining settlements, the production and of mining engineering. For example, Engineering: The field of mining consumption of commodities in the early geologist Douglass Houghton and engineering and its derivatives, such as mining frontier marketplace, ethnicity scientist Charles T. Jackson aided in the metallurgical engineering, witnessed and ethnic relations, gender, and social description and development of Mid­ tremendous progress in the last century structure are likely to be important to west mineral deposits. and a half. Mining properties often pro­ scholarship on mining society and cul­ Social History: Mining properties vide excellent illustrations of the changes ture. And yet another group of ques­ may be related to corporate efforts to in methods of mining technology over tions that may be important to the appli­ protect the well-being of workers time. The work of master engineers, cation of Criterion D have to do with the through the construction of company such as Daniel Jackling's design for the characteristics and evolution of mining hospitals and libraries, sponsorship of open pit at Bingham Canyon, Utah, have landscapes (Francaviglia 1992). humanitarian endeavors, and other as­ significance based on their design and pects of social history. engineering innovation. IdentifyingData Requirements CRITERIONB CRITERION D "Critical information"assessment is the next step in Criterion Devaluation. The type of information needed to an­ Under Criterion B (association with Under Criterion D, a mining property "persons significant in our past") a min­ swer each of the questions identified in is significant if it contains information the research design must be stipulated. ing property will possess significance if important in prehistory or history. Eli­ directly related to a historically signifi­ Questions about mining technology, for gible resources which may provide such example, might require information cant person. Examples would include information include standing buildings properties linked to the following as­ about variability and change in architec­ or structures; surviving machinery; land­ tural arrangements, the spatial arrange­ pects of a person's historical significance: forms such as mill tailings or mine waste Herbert Hoover's mine engineering ment of work-related activities, the rock dumps; or less visible physical arrangement and type of machinery, 17 and landforms. Similarly, the informa­ ated with a historic person or event; ments, tram cars, steam engines, water tion needed to answer questionsabout or wheels, flotation tanks, and many other the miningfrontier marketplace may possibilities. include the consumer behavior of a C. a birthplace or grave of a histori­ In general, if buildings, structures, or miner's domestic household, retail and cal figure of outstanding importance objects associated with mining activity wholesale store inventories, transporta­ if there is no other appropriate site are moved to other mining locations, tion costs, and factory production. or building directly associated with these resources can be eligible as con­ his or her productive life; or tributing features of a mining property Field Assessment of Information provided that the most recent relocation Content D. a cemetery which derives its occurred over fiftyyears ago. In addi­ primary significancefrom graves of tion, the moved resource must contrib­ The last step in evaluatingthe sig­ persons of transcendent importance, ute to the significance of, and fall within nificance of a mine under Criterion Dis from distinctive design features, or the period of significance of, the mining fieldassessment. How does one know from association with historic property to which it was moved. If that a property contains critical infor­ events; or buildings, structures, and objects are mation? First of all, it is necessary to more than fifty years old, but were make an inventory of what remains at E. a reconstructed building when moved less than fifty years ago, these the property that can provide informa­ accurately executed in a suitable resources will not contribute to the tion. The remains containing informa­ environment and presented in a significance of the property. Although tion may be buried or visible on the dignified manner as part of a resto­ recently moved resources may not con­ surface and may take the form of iso­ ration master plan, and when no tribute to a property's significance, the lated artifacts, archeological features other building or structure with the mining property may still be eligible if such as trash dumps or privy pits or same association has survived; or it is predominately greater than fifty wells, standing buildings and struc­ years old and retains integrity. Build­ tures, machinery, or landforms such as F. a property primarily commemo­ ings, structures, and objects removed mill tailings or mine waste rock dumps. rative in intent if design, age, tradi­ fromtheir original locations and placed Next, assess the quantity and quality of tion, or symbolic value has invested in museums for public display will not information contained in the remains at it with its own historical significance; be eligible. the property. Domestic trash dumps, or Resources Less than 50 Years Old­ for example, often contain artifacts A historic mining resource achieving carrying information about the con­ G. a property achieving significance significance within the past 50 years can sumer behavior of domestic house­ within the past 50 years if it is of be listed in the National Register if it is holds, household organization, gender, exceptional importance. exceptionally important. To qualify, a ethnicity, and social structure. mining resource must be associated Examples of historic mining proper­ with important recent themes or devel­ CRITERIA ties that generally will not qualify for opments (such as World War II) that listing in the National Register include scholarly or professional research has CONSIDERATIONS mining resources that are less than fifty recognized as having a significant im­ years old, reconstructed mining towns pact on the history of mining activity. that provide a contemporary portrayal For example, certain less-than-SO Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or of the frontier mining era, and collec­ year-old uranium mines may be eligible graves of historical figures; properties tions of mining artifacts removed from for the National Register. Congress owned by religious institutions or used their original locations and placed in created the Atomic Energy Commission for religious purposes; structuresthat museum collections. However, some of (AEC) following the conclusion of have been moved from their original these properties may qualify for the World War II. Shortly afterwards, the locations; reconstructed historic build­ National Register when they fall within AEC acted to stimulate uranium pro­ ings; properties primarily commemora­ categories A through G listed above. duction by offering discovery and de­ tive in nature; and properties that have Examples include the following: velopment bonuses. This practice fos­ achieved significance within the past 50 Moved Properties-Relocated prop­ tered a uranium mining boom that years shall not be considered eligible for erties generally do not qualify for the continued until the bonus program the National Register. However, such National Register. Under ordinary experienced severe cutbacks in 1958. If properties will qualifyif they are integral circumstances, this requirement places sufficient scholarly documentation has parts of districts that meet the criteria or few constraints on the nomination of been produced to demonstrate that if they fall within the following catego­ mining resources since they are not particular uranium mines played excep­ ries: inherently moveable. However, certain tionally important roles in the develop­ components of mining properties are ment of the nation's nuclear capabili­ A. a religious property deriving subject to relocation. For example, a ties, these mines may be eligible for primary significance fromarchitec­ shack used to store blasting powder listing in the National Register even tural or artistic distinction or histori­ may be small enough to have been though they are less than 50 years old. cal importance; or moved from an inactive mining prop­ Establishing exceptional importance erty to an active one. In addition, all will require that such mines be com­ B. a building or structure removed manner of mining equipment is por­ pared with other uranium mines hav­ fromits original location but which table. Such equipment, classified as ing similarassociations and qualities in is significant primarily for architec­ objects for National Register nomina­ order to identifythe strongest candi­ tural value, or which is the surviving tion purposes, would include ore carts, dates for National Register listing. structure most importantly associ- stamp mill batteries, drilling imple- 18 INTEGRITY In such cases, a mining property may different mining properties during its be judged to have integrity as a system lifespan, relocated historic mining even though individual components of equipment (i.e., equipment over fifty Integrityis the ability of a property the system have deteriorated over time. years old) can retain integrity under to convey its significance. To belisted Because most historic mining prop­ certain conditions. For example, 100- in the National Register, a property erties will be abandoned and in poor year-old mining equipment may have must not only be shown to be signifi­ repair, special care must be taken when been moved to a newer mine that first cant under the criteria, but it also must evaluating integrity. The integrity of a went into operation seventy years ago. have integrity. The National Register mining property cannot be judged in Although this equipment is not in its recognizes seven aspects or qualities the same fashion as the integrity of a original location, it can contribute to the that, in various combinations, define building. In some cases, buildings and significance of the property since it has integrity. The seven aspects of integrity objects related to mining will have been been in place for over fifty years. consist of the fol- lowing: location, design, setting, materials, work­ manship, feeling, and association. To retain historic integrity, a prop­ erty will always possess several, and usually most, of the aspects. When assessing the integrity of a mining property, it is important to remember that the National Register will accept signifi­ cant and distin­ guishable entities whose components may lack indi­ vidual distinction. As discussed else­ where in this bulle­ tin, the passage of time, exposure to a harsh environ­ ment, abandon­ ment, vandalism, Numerous small mining camps sprang up during the boom years in the Mining West. and neglect often Independence was founded during Colorado's silver rush, but was abandoned by 1900. Towns like combine to cause Independence once dotted the West, but most have deriorated because of neglect. In spite of its the deterioration of deterioration, Independence, and other mining properties like it, may retain integrity as a individual mining significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. (William E. property compo­ nents. For ex- ample, buildings may have collapsed, relocatedand many original construc­ In other cases, a minemay be his­ machinery may have been removed, tion materials will be gone. The follow­ toric (i.e., over fifty years old) and and railroad tracksmay have been sal­ ing sections explain how the seven equipment at the mininglocation may vaged. However, the property may still aspects of integrity relate to historic be historic (i.e., over fiftyyears old), but exhibit a labyrinth of paths, roads, shaft mining properties. the equipment may have been moved openings, trash heaps, and fragmentsof to the location less than fifty years ago. industrial activity like standing LOCATION Historic equipment which has beenat a headframesand large tailings piles. mining property for lessthan fiftyyears Although these individual components Integrity of location means that a will not contribute to a property's sig­ may appear to lack distinction, the com­ mineor mill remains in its original nificance. However, this equipment bined impact of these separate compo­ location. A place where miningonce will not necessarilydetract from the nents may enable the property to con­ occurred is not inherently moveable, property's integrity provided that the vey the collective image of a historically but components used to conduct min­ equipment generally serves to comple­ significant mining operation. In es­ ing or milling can be moved. Because ment the setting. sence, the whole of this property will be machinery was often moved to several Machinery moved explicitly for the greater than the sum of its parts. purposes of display in a museum, park,

19 or other interpretivesite completely state are rare. Thus, contemporary The engineeringflow chart is essential divorced fromthe place of historic evaluationof a mill's integrity should in understanding the integrity of design. mining activityhas lost integrity of not only bebased on itsconformance The lack of a minor feature in a system location. Machinery movedto "artifact with an original constructionplan, but should not detract from its integrity, gardens" alsolacks integrity. alsoon its ability to illustrate the much in the sameway that a missing property'sevolution through time. cornicedetail should not result in a loss DESIGN However, in caseswhere the property of integrity foran entirehouse. How­ has undergone significantalterations ever, the cumulative numberof missing As mentionedearlier, mines and during the past fifty years, the evolu­ components must betaken into consid­ mills evolve through time with the tionaryprocess may result in a lossof eration. introduction of new machinery or integrity. When considering the cumulative technologyor the expansion of the Mining operationswere designed to loss of features,the evaluator must be mining operation. This evolution follow established mine engineering sure to include buildings and machin­ means that plants foundin an unaltered practicesthat involved the flow of ore ery as well as the designed landscape, from the mine to the mill to the refinery. the moved earth, and piled stones or debris. Forexample, when evaluatinga placer mine which Theoriginal setting of the CrystalPlant near Marble, Colorado is an integral part of the has a historic hydraulic nozzle significanceof the property. (]. Heywood) found in place but lacking any of theconnecting systemor evidenceof canvas or metal pipes,take into consideration any earth works used to support the system. The pipemay be piled nearby to avoid beingsplit by winter freezeor washed out by early spring flood. In this case,the hydraulic system may still have integrity of design becausethe machinery and earth works were foundas they were meant to bein mid-winter. Underground works were designed as part of the mine system and, under some conditions, may receiveconsid­ eration when establishing integrity of design. However, the underground works may be inaccessible and need not be inspectedfor National Register integrity if the mine is unsafe. The majority of underground mines are extremelyunstable and should never beentered unless a State mining inspection has certified their safety. Thus, design integritywill generally be limited to the ability to reconstructthe flowchart from the mine openingand beyond. SEITING

Historic mines were indus­ trial complexes that contained a multitudeof functions. In many cases,the industrialfeatures typical of a mining property are not pleasing to the eyes of contemporary viewers. For example, useof dredges may have left unsightly tailings piles that stretch formiles along stream beds. In other cases,a

20 historic mining are may be littered with \-VORKMANSHIP Three brief examples may help to abandoned machinery and dilapidated summarize the process of applying buildings and structures. The appear­ To the largest extent possible, mining integrity standards to mining proper­ ance created by these vestiges of by- properties should retain evidence of ties. The first example involves those gone industrial activity represent im- original workmanship. Forexample, rare cases where a mining property _ consists of a complete mining system portant aspects of setting that can actu- !:he integrity of workmanship should be including shafts, transportation ally contribute to the integrity of a min- :maintained in cases where an under­ facili­ties, extant mill buildings, worker ing property. ground mine is open to the public. This would include preservation of such hous­ing, and other aspects of the Modern day intrusions can com- overall system. In such cases, the promise the setting. Attempts to artifi- features as square-set timbering sys­ tems, the protection of pipe lines and property would have integrity. cially embellish a mining property'sr track, and retaining the feel of the con­ In the second, more typical, example, setting can detract f om the _property s fined working space. a mining property would lack visible integrity. For example, the mtroduc­ buildings or contain only buildings that tion of false-fronted boom-town struc-· FEELING had been altered extensively. However, tures can create an inappropriate set­ !:he property would have associated ting that lacks historic authenticity. As abandoned industrial properties features like mine shafts, headframes,. Other modern intrusions include recent generally located in isolated areas, the tramways, house and mill foundati:'rtS, mining activity activity that can com­ sites of historic mining activity often tailing piles, trash dumps, cemeteries, privies, and other isolated objects. Al- promise integrity of sethng through the evoke a strong sense of feeling when introduction of newer mass mining though buildings may be lacking or in a viewed by contemporary observers. deteriorated state, this property would systems that destroy the historic min- Since mineral resources are non-renew­ ing property or leave 1t isolated. Also, have integrity as long as key aspects of able, mines close when ore reserves are the mining system remain visible. recent settlement or development asso­ depleted. Strnctures and_ equipment are In a third case, visible buildings ciated with gambling initiatives in a simply abandoned. The image of aban­ might remain extant, but the buildings historic mining location can have a donment has attracted more popular may have been totally altered and the negative impact on integrity of setting. attention than active industrial fundamental components of the mining opera­tions. The feeling of a deserted system may have been destroyed by MATERIALS historic mine can help reflect the modern development. This property character of the boom and bust cycles of would have lost integrity. Retaining integrity of materials re­ mining regions. The loss of this feeling The important principle inherent in of isola­tion and abandonment due to quires evidence that sym_pathel!c mate­ each of these three examples is that the rials have been used dunng the course encroach­ing modern development can integrity of mining properties will fre­ of previous repair or restorati?n of diminish the integrity of a mining quently hinge not so n_mch on the con­ mining properties. Thus, a mine tram- property. dition of the extent bmldmgs, but rather way with wooden supports should ASSOCIATION on the degree to which the overa!) min­ have been repaired with in-kind ing system remains intact and v1sible. wooden materials. Because mine struc- This method of evaluatmg mtegnty tures were often unpainted and ex- Integrity of association will exist in requires a holistic outlook that compre­ pected to deteriorate, previous restora- cases where mine structures, maclun­ hensively considers all the component tion efforts should have used untreated ery, and other visible features remain to parts of a mining system. If clear wood with the expectation that it convey a strong sense of connectedness physical evidence of a complete sy tem would eventually need to be replaced between mining properties and a_ con­ _ : too. However, inappropriate painhng temporary observer's ability to discern remains intact, deterioration of md1- of mining properties will not automati­ the historical activity which occurred at vidual aspects of the system may not cally amount to a loss of integrity. the location. eliminate the overall integrity of the resource.

21 V. DOCUMENTATION AND REGISTRATION

How to Complete the National Register mining properties. Most potentially might be nominated as a discontiguous Registration Form and How to Complete eligible mining properties do not con­ district containing both the tramway the National Register Multiple Property sist only of a single resource, but rather and the smelter. Although first built as Documentation Form contain specific will include a discrete historical area a linear system, many elements of the instructions for completing individual containing a grouping of functionally system may have lost integrity today. and multiple property nominations. related resources that all played a part All the tram towers may have been The following discussion will focuson in the extraction, refinement, and pro­ removed and the entire tram route may special considerations related to the duction of minerals. Historic districts be covered with forestgrowth not nomination of mining properties. This are nominated on the National Register present during the period of historic discussion begins with a brief overview Registration Form. significance. However, the copper of the different nomination formats and A discontiguous district may be mine, the smelter, and several tram the circumstances under which one relevant to the nomination of mining tower pads may remain clearly visible formatmay be employed instead of properties. A discontiguous district is today. Theseelements of theoriginal another. composed of two or more definable tram system could be nominated as a The National Register lists indi­ significant areas separated by nonsig­ discontiguous district. A discontiguous vidual properties, including districts, nificant areas. According to the Na­ district is nominated on a National sites, buildings, structures, and objects. tional Register Bulletin on How to Apply Register Registration Form. Multipleproperty submissions contain the National Register Criteria for Evalua­ The Multiple Property Documenta­ groups of properties, which are related tion A discontiguous district is most tion Form (NPSForm 10-900-b) is used by common historical associations or appropriate where to document a group of significant physical characteristics and which are properties linked by a common historic nominated under a single "cover docu­ • elements are spatially discrete; context. The Multiple Property Docu­ ment." mentation Form is not used to nominate The National Register Registration • space between the elements is not properties, but provides a historical Form (NPSForm 10-900) should be related to the significanceof the dis­ overview, definesproperty typesre­ used for the nomination of individual trict; and lated to the overview, and outlines the districts, sites, buildings, structures, significanceand registration require­ and objects related to mining. This • visual continuity is not a factor in ments forthe property types. Indi­ format is used in situations involving the significance." vidual properties associated with the the nomination of an individual stand­ historic context are nominated on a ing structure or building such as a These three factors could apply to National Register Registration Form. single powder shack, mill, or many mining properties. Given the An example might involve several gold headframe. However, individual min­ large-scale nature of certain mining mines dispersed across a given county, ing resources generally do not exist in activities, elements of many mining all of which produced ore for refine­ isolation. Based on the premise that systems will be separated by spaces ment at a mill located some distance individual mining resources will usu­ unrelated to the significance of the dis­ away fromeach of the mines. The his­ ally serve as single elements of larger trict. Among many possibilities, toric significanceof the mines and the mining systems, only a relatively small discontiguous districts may be most mill could be outlined in a historic con­ percentage of mining resources will be appropriate for the nomination of min­ text titled "Gold Production in Grand nominated as individual buildings or ing properties involving linear systems County, 1874-1893." In terms of prop­ structures. like tramways, ditches, and flumes. erty types, all the mines can be classi­ Given the prevalence of mining Ditch and flume systems, for example, fied as an extraction property type and systems, the historic district is a com­ may have periodically terminated by the mill could be categorized as a mon framework fornominating a con­ dumping water into streams. Water beneficiationproperty type. The regis­ centrated assemblage of related mining may then be diverted back into the tration requirements for property types resources to the National Register. The same system several miles downstream. establish a benchmark for defining National Register defines a district as In this case, the stream itself may not be eligibility for listing. follows: "A district possesses a signifi­ included in the district,but the ditches The historic context documentation cant concentration, linkage, or continu­ and flumes would be elements of a pertaining to "Gold Production in ity of sites, buildings, structures, or discontiguous system. Grand County" and related property objects united historically or aestheti­ In another example, an aerial tram­ type information is included on the cally by plan or physical development." way originally built to transport copper Multiple Property Documentation This definitionaptly describes many ore to a smelter several miles away Form. Within the multiple property

22 framework, separatenominations for district nomination is most appropriate acres and including mines, mills, each of the individual mines, the mill, for a given mining propertyor whether tramways, flumes, roads and other and any historic districts must be a multiple propertynomination ought related piecesof machinery and equip­ prepared using registration forms(NPS to be undertaken. A multiple property ment. In addition, all the elements of Form 10-900). The advantage of this submission will usually beappropriate the district must retain their historic approach is that one "cover document" in caseswhere separatemining re­ associationswith one another. can beused to expeditethe documenta­ sourcesare relatedby a common Whether preparing individual tion and nomination of a numberof historic context or theme, but are propertynominations or multiple separateproperties. spatially separate. Anexample would propertynominations, theNational Becausemining propertiesare often involve severalmine propertiesassoci­ Register Registration Formplays a role. large and complex resourcetypes, ated with a mill where all the ore within Severalsections of the registrationform severalhistoric contexts may bere­ a mining region was brought for are of particular importance when quired to convey the overall significance refinement. In spite of the obvious nominating mining properties. These of a mining property. However, historic associationbetween the mines sectionsinclude #7 (description), nominations can besubmitted beforeall and the mill, it may bethat the transpor­ #8 (significance), and #10 (boundaries). associatedhistoric contextshave been tation systems leading from the mines Each of theseelements of the individual documented. Once a single historic to the mill have lost their historic formwill now beexamined in greater context has beendocumented on a identityover the years. Another detail. Multiple PropertyDocumentation possiblescenario would involve a case Form,related propertynominations can where the samehypothetical mill is beprepared and are submitted to the located sofar away from the mining SECfION7: National Register. When other historic propertythat creating a historic district contexts are documented and property is not justified. In thesesituations, DESCRIPTION nominations completed, thesecan be nominators should adopt the multiple submitted to the National Register at a propertyformat. The descriptionsection of an indi­ later date as amendments to the original A district nomination generally will vidual registrationform should begin Multiple PropertyDocumentation beappropriate in cases where all of the with an introductory paragraph that Form. Thus, the multiple property elements of an intact mining system are briefly describesthe property,notes its format offers a flexible mechanism for located within a contiguous geographic major physical characteristics, and nominating groups of mining properties area. The size of such an area might assessesits physical integrity. Addi­ over a periodof time. vary from a small parcel of less than one tional paragraphs should supportthe Situationswill arisewhere individu­ acre, which includes a few buildings introductory paragraph and provide a als involved in the preparationof and a mine shaft opening,to a broad more detailed descriptionof the prop­ nominations will ask whether a historic expanse extending over a thousand erty. This additionalmaterial should

As a potential source of information about technological innovation, mining machineryshould be discussed in the description section of a National Register nomination. This ball mill at the SocorroMines in Catron County, New Mexicowas used in the cyanide processing of ore. (Chris Wilson)

23 Duringthe nineteenth century immigrants frommining regions throughout the world arrived in the newmining fieldsof America. Among these immigrant groups werethe Cornish,who used their homeland building techniquesto establish communities such as the upperMississippi River lead district town of Mineral Point, Wisconsin, shown here. Ethnic group contributions to the development of a mining area should be described in the significancesection of a nomination. (State Historical Society of Wisconsin) alsodiscuss the property'shistoric and • Linear systems within the property SECTIONS: current condition,and identifyand date such as canals,ditches, railroads, of any alterations,additions, or other railroad beds, roads, and tramways SIGNIFICANCE changes thathave affectedthe historic including their approximate length evolutionand integrity of the property. and width and the location of Other specificissues that should be terminal points. The statementof significance should addressedin describingmining proper­ beginwith a paragraph summarizing ties will include discussion of the If the mining propertyis nominated the significance of the mining property. following: as a historic district, the description This paragraph should explicitly discuss sectionalso should discusswhether or how the property meetsthe National • Natural features that contributed to not all the individual componentsof the Register criteria, including the criteria the original decisionto ronduct resourcecontribute to the significance considerations, and how it representsall mining activity in the area. of thehistoric district. In determining periods and areas of significance whether district resourcesare rontribut­ indicated on the form. The opening • Any landscapemodifications ing or noncontributing, ronsider paragraph should befollowed by a associatedwith historic mining specificinformation about each re­ discussionof the property'shistoric activity (i.e., tailings piles, gob piles, sourceincluding its periodof signifi­ context. Additional factsdirectly etc.). cance, function, association,information pertainingto the property'seligibility potential,and physical characteristics. may beincluded to establish a • Deterioration due to vandalism, All resourcesshould bekeyed as property'ssignificance, integrity, or neglect, lack of use,or severe contributingor noncontributing on a ability to meet one or morecriteria weather, and the effectit has had on sketch map submitted with the form. considerations. the property'shistoric integrity. Questions tend to ariseabout the required length of the historic context • Original and other historic machin­ ery stillin place.

24 documentation. In general, the National within a region or locale, such as submitted for each discontiguous Register does not mandate that a exploration, settlement, and/or other element. particular amount of documentation commercialdevelopment-related In someinstances, legally recorded should accompany each nomination. activities? mineral patent applicationswill help to Sufficient informationshould be determine the appropriate boundaries provided to justifythe significance and • How is evidence of historic mining for a mining property. Such material eligibility of the nominated properties. activity reflected in the archeological can help to develop verbal boundary However, the length of the context record? descriptionsand to accurately plot the statement will vary dependingupon the location of mining properties on the nomination format. SECTION10: USGSmaps that must accompany each The multipleproperty format National Register nomination. If requires that historic context material be BOUNDARIES available, thesepatent applications may includedin the multiple property befound in county courthouses,state documentation form. This means that geological offices, or in Bureau of Land individual nominationssubmitted as All mining property boundaries Management offices. part of a multiple propertypackage should beplotted on USGS topographic The above-groundportion of a need only include a description,a brief maps. Thesemaps will be included mining property will often be consider­ historic context statement pertinentto with the nomination documentation. ably smaller than portionsof the that property,and an indicationof how Becauseof the complexity of many propertylocated beneath the surface of the nominated resourcemeets the rnining properties,a separatesketch the earth. Becauseof the potential registrationrequirements established map (preferably drawn to a scaleof 1 dangers involved, field investigators for measuring the significance of the inch equals 200feet) may help to clearly should not attempt to verifythis factby propertytype. However, properties identifyboth the boundariesand the exploring underground mines. Under­ nominated without a multiple property resources within those boundaries. ground investigation shouldonly be cover form will have to contain suffi­ Resources within sketch map bound­ attempted in thosevery rare caseswhen cient context information within the aries should bela bcled as contributing a State mining inspector has certified nomination to support registration. or non-contributing. Theseresources that a mine is safeto enter. As a general When explaining the significance of should alsobe cross-referenced to the rule, however, exploration of under­ mining properties,the following types description section(Section 7) of the ground mines should beavoided. of questionsshould be addressed: nomination. ln some cases, written recordsmay Mining propertyboundaries should contain information aboutthe extent of • How do the extant vestiges of beselected to encompass,but not an underground mine. If so,this mining functions or processes relate exceed, the full extent of the resources knowledge should be utilized when to the broader mining or technologi­ making up the property. Boundaries for determining the above-groundbound­ cal development of the locality, a single parcel of land should encom­ aries of the property. Such information region, State, or nation? pass the significant concentrationof should be used to define above-ground buildings, sites, structures, or objects boundariesthat encompass the extent of • How importantwere the entrepre­ which comprisethe mining property. the underground reaches of the mine. neurs, engineers, laborers,ethnic Byproducts of mining activity, such as This will help to protect the full extent groups, and others who contributed tailings piles, should beincluded within of the mining propertyby assuring that to the development of the mining propertyboundaries. development projects only occur operation? In nominationsinvolving outside the propertyboundaries. In discontiguous historic districts, a addition, such measures will help to • How do the remaining buildings, separateboundary should encompass ensure that new development does not structures, sites, objects, and historic each discontiguous element of the take place in areas where ground districts reflect significant mining district. Each discontiguouselement subsidence is likely to occur. In many productionprocesses? should be plotted on a USGS map, even cases, however, boundaries will relate though severalmaps may sometimes only to the mining resourcesvisible on • How did the mining operation(s) have to accompany the nomination. If the surface of the ground. impact or influence other activities necessary, separatesketch maps may be

25 VI. SELECl'ED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barker, Leo R. and Ann E. Huston, eds. Eller, Ronald D. Miners, Millhands,and SAMPLE DeathValley to Deadwood; Kennecottto Mountaineers,Industrialization of the CrippleCreek, Proceedingsof the AppalachianSouth, 1880-1930. Knox­ PERIODICALS AND HistoricMining Conference January23- ville: The University of Tennessee 27, 1989, DeathValley National Press, 1982. JOURNALS Monument. San Francisco:National Park Service, 1990. Elliott, RussellR. Nevada's Twentieth­ The following are examples of periodi­ CenturyMining Boom,Tonopah, cals and journalsthat were in print Basalla,George. TheEvolution ofTechnol­ Goldfield,Ely. Reno: University of during the ninteenthand early twenti­ ogy. New York: Cambridge Univer­ Nevada Press, 1966. eth centuriesthat discussevents, sity Press, 1988. technology,and personalitiesinvolved Patout,Paul. MeadowLake, Gold Town. with mining during that era. This list is Bowie, Augustus J ., A PracticalTreatise 1969. Reprint. Lincoln: Universityof by no means exhaustive, but will on Hydraulic Mining in California,8th Nebraska Press, 1974. provide general guidance to research­ Edition. New York: D. Van ers. The periodicaland journaltitles are Nostrand,1898. Fay,Albert H. A Glossaryof the Mining commonly usedbut may have changed and Mineral Industry,U.S. Bureau of over time. Brown, Ronald C. Hard Rock Miners:The Mines Bulletin 95. Washington, D.C.: Intermountain West,1860-1920. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1920. CoalAge; Engineeringand Mining College Station:Texas A & M Journal,New York City; Mining and University Press, 1979. Fell, James E., Jr. Oresto Metals,The ScientificPress, San Francisco;Los Rocky MountainSmelting Industry. AngelesMining Review; Iron Age , Brown, Sharon A. HistoricResource Lincoln: University of Nebraska Radnor, Pennsylvania;Black Hills Study, CambriaIron Company. Den­ Press, 1979. Mining Review, Deadwood,South ver: National Park Service, 1989. Dakota; Mining Reporter,Denver; Salt Francaviglia, Richard V. Hard Places. LakeMining Review, Salt Lake City; The Cash, Joseph H. Workingthe Homestake. Readingthe Landscapesof America's Schoolof MinesQuarterly, New York Ames: The Iowa State University HistoricMining Districts. Iowa City: City; Transactionsof the American Press, 1973. University of Iowa Press, 1992. Institute of Mining Engineers,New York City. Christiansen,Paige W. The Story of Gibson,Arrell M. WildernessBonanza, Mining in New Mexico. New Mexico The Tri-State Districtof Missouri, Bureau of Mines & Mineral Re­ Kansas,and Oklahoma. Norman: BOOKS sources,Scenic Trips to the Geologi­ University of Oklahoma, 1972. cal Past No. 12. Socorro:University of Abbe,Donald R. Austin and the Reese New Mexico Press, 1974. Graebner, William. CoalMining Safety River Mining District,Nevada's in the Progressive Period. Lexington, Forgotten Frontier. Reno: University of Cleland, RobertGlass. A Historyof Kentucky: University Press of Nevada Press, 1985. Phelps Dodge, 1834-1950. New York: Kentucky, 1976. Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. Alanen, ArnoldR. "Documentingthe Greene,Linda W. and John A. Latschar, Physical and SocialCharacteristics of Deetz, James. In Small Things Forgotten. HistoricResource Study, A Historyof Mining and Resource-BasedCom­ Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, Mining in Death ValleyNational munities," APT Bulletin, v. XI (1979), 1977. Monument. 4 vols. Denver:NPS, pp.49-68. 1981. Dix, Keith. What's a CoalMiner to Do? Axford, H. William. Gilpin County Gold, The Mechanization of Coal Mining. Greever,William S.The Bonanza West, Peter McFarlane 1848-1929, Mining Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh the Story of the WesternMining Rushes, Entrepreneurin Central City, Colorado. Press, 1988. 1848-1900. Norman: University of Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc., Oklahoma Press, 1963. 1976.

26 Hardesty, DonL. The Archeologyof Long, Priscilla, Wherethe Sun Never ---The Far Westand the Great Mining and Miners:A Viewfrom the Shines,A Historyof America'sBloody Plainsin Transition,1859-1900. New SilverState. SpecialPublication Coal Industry. New York: Paragon York: Harper & Row, 1988. Series,No. 6. Ann Arbor,Michigan: House,1989. The Societyfor Historical Archeol­ Peele, Robert,editor. The Mining ogy, 1988. Lord, Eliot. Comstock Mining and Miners. EngineersHandbook. New York, 1918, 1883. Reprint. Berkeley: Howell­ various editions. Hayward, Carle R. An Outlineof North, 1959. MetallurgicalPractice. New York: D. Rickard, T. A. The StampMilling of Gold Van Nostrand Company,1929. (One Malone, Michael P. The Battlefor Butte, Ores.New York: The Scientific of many textbookson metallurgy.) Mining and Politics on the Northern Publishing Company,1898. Frontier, 1864-1906. Seattle:Univer­ Hogan, Richard. Classand Community in sity ofWashington Press, 1981. Ringholtz,Raye C. Uranium Frenzy, FrontierColorado. Lawrence:Univer­ Boomand Buston the Colorado Plateau. sity Press of Kansas, 1990. Molloy, Peter M. The History of Metal New York: W.W. Norton& Co., Mining and Metallurgy: An Annotated 1989. Holliday, J.S.The World Rushed In, the Bibliography. New York: Garland, CaliforniaGold Rush Experience. New 1986. Rohrbough,Malcolm J. Aspen,The York: Simon and Schuster,1981. Historyof a Silver Mining Town. New Marcosson,Isaac F. Anaconda. New York: Oxford University Press,1986. Hunt, William R. North of53, the Wild York: Dodd, Mead & Company, Daysof the Alaska-YukonMining 1957. Sinclair, Upton. King Coal. New York: Frontier. New York: Macmillan Macmillan, 1918. Publishing Company, 1974. ---Metal Magic, the Storyof the American Smelting & RefiningCom­ Smith, Duane A. Horace Tabor, HisLife Hurtado, AlbertL. IndianSurvival on the pany.New York: Farrar, Strausand and the Legend.Boulder, Colorado: CaliforniaFrontier. New Haven, Company, 1949. Pruett Publishing Company, 1981. ConnecticutYale University Press, 1988. McGrath,Roger D. Gunfighters,High­ ---Mining America,The Industry waymen & Vigilantes,Violence on the and the Environment,1800-1980. Jackson,W. Turrentine. TreasureHill, Frontier. Berkeley: University of Lawrence:University Press of Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp. CaliforniaPress, 1984. Kansas,1987. Tucson:The Universityof Arizona Press, 1963. Mulholland, James A., A Historyof ---RockyMountain Mining Camps, Metals in ColonialAmerica. Univer­ the Urban Frontier. Lincoln: Univer­ Janin, Charles. Gold Dredgingin the sity, Alabama: University of Alabama sity of Nebraska Press,1967. United States. Bureauof Mines, Press, 1981. Bulletin No. 127, Washington D.C.: Smith, Grant H. The Historyof the GovernmentPrinting Office, 1918. Niebur, Jay E. and James Fell, Arthur ComstockLode 1850-1920. University Redman Wilfley, Miner, Inventor, and of Nevada Bulletin,Vol. XXXVII,No. Jensen,Vernon H. Heritage of Conflict, Entrepreneur.Western Business 3. Geologyand Mining SeriesNo. 37. LaborRelations in the Nonferrous History ResearchCenter, Colorado July 1, 1943. Metals Industryup to 1930. Ithaca, Historical Society,nd. New York: CornellUniversity Press, Spence,Clark C. The ConreyPlacer 1950. Parker, Watson.Deadwood, the Golden Mining Company,A PioneerGold­ Years.Lincoln: Universityof Ne­ DredgingEnterprise in Montana,1897- King, JosephE. A Mine to Make a Mine: braska Press, 1981. 1922. Helena: MontanaHistorical Financing the Colorado Mining Indus­ SocietyPress, 1989. try,1859-1902. CollegeStation: Texas --- Gold in the Black Hills. A & M University Press, 1977. Norman: University of Oklahoma --- Mining Engineers& the Press, 1966. American West:The LaceBoot Brigade, Lankton, Larry. Cradle to Grave. Life, 1849-1933. New Haven: Yale Univer­ Work, and Deathat the LakeSuperior Parsons,A. B., ed. Seventy-Five Yearsof sity Press, 1970. CopperMines. New York: Oxford Progress in the Mineral Industry1871- University Press, 1991. 1946, New York: American Institute --- "WesternMining," in Michael of Mining and MetallurgicalEngi­ P. Malone, ed., Historiansand the Lingenfelter, Richard E. DeathVall eyand neers, 1947. American West. Lincoln: University of the Armargosa,A Landof Illusion. Nebraska Press, 1983. Berkeley: University of California Paul, Rodman W. CaliforniaGold, the Press, 1986. Beginning of Mining in the Far West. Sprague, Marshall. MoneyMountain, the Lincoln: University of Nebraska Story of CrippleCreek Gold. Boston: ---The HardrockMiners, A History Press, 1947. Little, Brown, and Co., 1953. Reprint. of the Mining LaborMovement in the New York: Ballantine Books, 1971. American West,1863-1893. Berkeley: ---Mining Frontiersof the Far West University of CaliforniaPress, 1974. 1848-1880. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1963. 27 Spude, RobertL. "MineralFrontier in Trimble, William Joseph.The Mining Wallace,Anthony F.C.. St. Clair,A Transition:Copper Mining in Advance into the Inland Empire. Nineteenth-CenturyCoal Town's Arizona, 1880-1885,"New Mexico Madison:University of Wisconsin, Experiencewith a Disaster-Prone HistoricalReview Oanuary 1976), pp. 1909.Reprint. Fairfield, Washington: Industry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell 19-34. Ye GalleonPress, 1986. University Press, 1988. Spude, RobertL. S. and Sandra Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens). Wells, Merle W. Gold Camps& Silver McDermott Faulkner. Kennecott, Roughing It. 1872. Reprint. New Cities,Nineteenth Century Mining in Alaska,Historic American Engineering York: TheNew American Library, Central and Southern Idaho. Boise: RecordRecording Project. Anchorage: Inc., 1962. Idaho State Historical Society, 1983. NationalPark Service, 1987. Voynick, Stephen. Leadville,a Miner's Wyman, Mark. Hard Rock Epic, Western Suggs, George. Colorado's War on Epic.Missoula: Mountain Press Miners in the IndustrialRevolution, MilitantUnionism. Norman: Univer­ PublishingCompany, 1984. 1860-1910. Berkeley:University of sity of Oklahoma Press,1972. CaliforniaPress, 1979. Walker, David A., Iron Frontier,the Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nine­ Discoveryand Early Developmentof Young, Otis E., Jr. WesternMining, an teenth-CenturyAmerica: An Economic Minnesota'sThree Ranges.St. Paul: InformalAccount of PreciousMetal Inquiry.Cambridge: Massachusetts MinnesotaHistorical Society,1979 Prospecting, Placering,wde Mining, Instituteof Technology,1964. and Milling on the American Frontier Walker, JosephE. HopewellVillage, The fromS panishTimes to 1893. Norman: Dynamicsof a Nineteenth CenturyIron­ University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Making Community.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966.

28 VII. GLOSSARY

This glossaryprovides a quick Blast Furnace: An upright shaft furnace beam. The other end of thebeam was overview of terms usedin the text. For in which solidfuel was burnedwith connected to a wooden timberthat a comprehensive glossaryof mining an air blast to melt the ore and fluxes, extended to the bottomof the shaft. terms seeAlbert H. Fay, A Glossary of the and obtain a separationbetween the The end of the timberwas connected Mining and Mineral Industry,U.S. Bureau metal and the slag. to a piston with check valves sothe of Mines Bulletin9.5, Washington, D.C.: water was lifted on top of the piston. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1920 Bucket In mining, an enlarged metal or If the shaft was greater than 300feet edition and Paul W. Thrush, comp., A wooden bucket used to haul matter deep,an additional pump had to be Dictionaryof Mining, Minerals and Related out of a mine shaft. Sometimes used installed, and the water in the lower Tenns,VS Bureau of Mines, Special to carryminers. section was pumped up into a sump. Publication, Washington, D.C.: Govern­ The top sectionthen pumped the ment Printing Office, 1968. Breaker: A machine used to break coal, water from the sump to the surface. particularly anthracite, prior to Additional walking beams were Adit A horizontal passagedriven from shipment. In time,the entire surface installed to act as counterweights to the surface forworking or crushing and separatingplant at an overcome the weight of the timber unwatering a mine. anthracite coal mine was calk'leaching tanks. A solutionof sodium retaining walls on either side. Heavy Concentrator/Concentration: A device or potassium cyanide was placed in drag stones were drug over the or process for reducing the values in the tank with the ore. The ore then mixture of ore and mercury using a an ore into a smaller bulk in order to gave up the silver or gold mineral into horse,water wheel,or steam for diminish the expenseof shipping and the solution. The gold was retrieved power. As the ore was crushed the further treatment. Sluicing of placer in zinc boxes(or other methods of free gold was amalgamated. The ground was the earliest form. Hand­ precipitation)where the precious amalgam was dug from between the sorting of ore to obtain a higher metals were precipitated. The cobblestones. grade was probably the most com­ precipitate was smelted and refined monly used. In concentrating mills into gold and silver bullion. Assay: The content, type, or quality of the ore was crushed, screenedto the metal in an ore was tested or "as­ propersize, and then passed over Dredge: A floatingplacer mine opera­ sayed"by an experiencedassayer vibrating tablesto separatethe tion where buckets scoopedup using various methods including fire heavier metals from the gangue. gravels that were then screened, assayor acid tests. Assayoffices Concentrator was the name given to sorted, and sluiced. Gold stayed often purified preciousmetals prior the surface plants which concen­ onboard in the sluice boxes while to shipment to the mint. trated ore into a concentrate prior to waste gravels and sand were washed shipment to smelters. back into the creek or sentby con­ Base Metal: Copper,lead, zinc, and veyer to stacks in the creekbedbehind. other common industrial metals. Comish Steam Pump: A very early The dredge was developedin New rni.ne pump that was invented by Zealand in the 1880s and firstsuccess­ Beneficiation: The initial process of Watt for the Comish tinmines in fully worked in the United States at upgrading ore. England. The pump consisted of a the Bannack District, Montanain 1895. steam engine that operateda walking

29 the gravel through the screen. The Smelting: The chemical reduction of a Flotation: The separationof minerals slurry drops into the lower boxand metal from itsore and certain fluxes from each other and from waste the heavy metalis collected in the by melting at high temperatures. The matter by inducing (through the use riffles. non-metallic material floated on top of of reagents)relative differences in the heavier metallic constituents in the their abilities to float in a liquid Matte: The metallic mixture that results molten state and remained in that medium. The process will separateall from smelting sulphide ores. positionwhen it cooled and hardened. metallic sulphides or elemental metals. ff necessary, differential Mill tailing: Seetailing. Stamp Mill: The ore to betreated by flotationcan beused on complex ores. amalgamation is usually ground in a In suchan ore, eachsulphide mineral, Mine Face: The end of a tunnel, drift or stamp mill. A stamp consists of a such as copper, lead, and zinc, can be exposedore body. verticalsteel stem with an iron foot or separatedfrom theothers. First shoethat is lifted by a cam and patented by Carrie Jane Eversonof Open cut; open pit A method of dropped ontopreviously crushedore. Denveron August 4, 1886, the process mining the ore in which the workings Five stamps in a row are usually was ignored untilperfected in are open to the surface. included in one battery. Australia at the tum of the century. The first successful plants in the Ore: The portionof a depositcontain­ In the case of gold ore, the discharge United States were at Butte where in ing valuable minerals that can be from the battery flows over amalgam­ 1911 the process was introduced at mined at a profit. ating plates. Theseare copper plates the Butte & Superior zinc-leadmine usually about the width of the battery and at the Inspiration Copper Mine at Ore bin: A metal or wooden structure (approximately 5 feet) and 10 to 12 Miami, Arizona in 1915. usedto store ore prior to shipment. feet long. The copper sheets have a silver plating and are coated with a Flume: An inclined channel, usually Placer mining: The extraction of heavy thin film of mercury which adheres to made of wood, for conveying water. minerals from alluvial gravel by the silver. This allows them to catch removing the detrital material with the particles of gold. Silver ore passes Grubstake: An agreementbetween the running water and trapping the from stamps to pans for amalgam­ miner and a business owner whereby values in riffles. ation. food, clothing, ammunition, and mining supplies would befurnished Precious metals: Usually designated as Stamp milling was developedin in exchangefor a negotiated percent gold, silver, and platinum. Europeduring the Middle Ages and of returnon the miner's earnings. improved in Californiain the 1850s. Prospect: A mineral property,the value The process was usedthroughout the Headframe: A timber or steel structure of which has not beenproven. precious metal mining regions of the over the shaft that supports the United States until amalgamation was sheave and hoistingrope and is Raise: A vertical or inclined openingor replaced by the cyanide process in the braced to withstand the pull of the passagewayconnecting one mine early twentiethcentury. hoistingengine. working area with another at a higher level. Stope: An openingin the underground Hoist Any engine with a drum on workings of a mine from which ore is which the hoisting rope is wound. Russell Process: A metallurgical mined. Thewidth and height of the process perfectedin the mid-1880s at stopeare determined by the size of the Hydraulic mining: The excavating of a Park City, Utah for the extractionof ore body. bank of gold-bearinggravel by a jet of silver via lixiviation. water that was dischargedthrough a StripMine: Seeopen cut; openpit. nozzle under greatpressure. The Sha.ft: A verticalor steeply inclined nozzle was known as a "monitor'' or a access passagefrom the surface into a Tailing: The gangue and other refuse "giant." The gravel was carried away mine. It is usually sunk from the material resulting from washing, by the water and transportedthrough surface by mining in a downward concentrating, or treating ground ore sluices with riffles to catch the gold. direction. The interior is timberedso that is dischargedfrom a mill. Hydraulic mining was perfectedin that each entity has itsown passage­ Californiaby 1853. way or compartment-cage, skip, Timbering: The operationof setting manway, or pipe. timbersupports in a mine. Long Tom: An openbox 12 feet long that is 15 inches wide at the upper Sluice: A seriesof inclined troughs, Tipple: The tracks, trestles, and screens end and 30 inches wide at the lower, each of which are about 12 feet long at a coal mine where the coal is or discharge,end. The lower end is and 12 inches square, called sluice processed and loaded. closed, but has a screenin the bottom boxes. These were coupled together of the last two feet. The holes in the to form a continuous trough 24 to 72 Tramway: An establishedsystem of screenare one-half inch wide. Under feetlong. Devices known as riffles roads, rails, or cables over which oreis the screenis another inclined boxat were placed in the oottomof the moved from the mine to the mill. least 36 inches wide and 6 feetlong sluice. As the gravel was washed with rifflesin the bottom. Both boxes through the trough, the heavier Waste Rock Dump: The uneconomical are usually 12 inches deep. Water metals were retained by the riffles. rock that was mined and disposedof enters at the upperend and washes in the vicinity of a mining operation. 30 VIII. LIST OF NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS

The Basics How to Apply National Register Criteria for Evaluation,. Guidelines for Completing NationalRegister of Historic Places Form Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form'' Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form Researching a Historic Property*

Property Types Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation* Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering America's Historic Battlefields Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Historical Archeological Sites Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes* Guidelines for Identifying,Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining Sites How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices* Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Associated with Significant Persons Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties That Have Achieved Significance Withinthe Last Fifty Years Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes* Cuidelines forEvaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties* Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places

Technical Assistance Contribution of Moved Buildings to Historic Districts; Tax Treatments for Moved Buildings; and Use of Nomination Documentation in the Part I Certification Process Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties* Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning* How to Improve the Quality of Photographs for National Register Nominations National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation * Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites

The above publications may be obtained by writing to the National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Publications marked with an asterisk(*) are also available in electronic form on the World Wide Web at www.cr.nps.gov/nr, or send your request by e-mail to [email protected].

31