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Time Pliocene / Pleistocene (0-6 Ma time-slice) ScaLe R Creator CHRONOS Cen Mesozoic Paleozoic Sponsored, in part, by: Precambrian Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al., 2004) and The CONCISE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008) ICS Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60. Standard Geo- Sequences Marine Antarctic Ice Cores Regional Stage Planktonic Foraminifers Calcareous Nannofossils Dinoflagellate Cysts North Sea Radiolarians Diatoms Eurasian Stages Mammals Regional Stages Chinese Stage magnetic O-18 Age Chronostratigraphy CO Microfossil Zones Loess Age δ - Deuterium 2 South Magnetic Polarity Composite 0 North Atlantic T-R 0 ( /00 PDB) (ppmv) Italy Europe America New Sequences ( /00 PDB) Susceptibility Period Epoch Stage Global Cycles 3 4 5 -430 -410 -390 -370 200 240 280 Zones Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Zonal Markers Other Nannofossils Additional Nannofossils Zones Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts Zones North Sea Event Zones Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians Zones Zonal Markers Other Diatoms NW Europe Britain Russian Plain ELMA SALMA NALMA North American Mammals North America California Australia Zealand Units 210 20 0 Holocene 0.012 LGM Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. Emiliania huxleyi (acme in Hallian S0 0.012 0 0.02 huxleyi shift of dominance [in" Mediterreanean) transitional" waters] Weichselian Devensian Valdaian Platygonus compressus Wisconsinian Tarantian L1 Lt. Pleist. Globorotalia flexuosa Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. Lt. Pleist. 0.126 Tyrrhenian huxleyi shift of dominance [in Eemian Ipswichian Mikulinian Sangamonian 0.126 tropical and subtropical waters] RN17 MIS 6 NN21 CN15 Warthe Moscovian Megalonyx jeffersonii S1 0.14 Buccinosphaera invaginata "Tottenhill" Illinoian Haweran Drenthe Dnieper Rancholabrean Bison Bolliella calida NPD12 L2 c Globoquadrina pseudofoliata 0.27 Saalian Wacken / Wolstonian Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus S2 MIS 8 Emiliania huxleyi paroperarius Domnitz [un-named] Ir 3 Ondatara zibethicus A L3 b Globigerinoides ruber rosa Likhvinian RN16 Proboscia curvirostris S3 Fuhne L4 NN20 b Thallassiosira jouseae Globorotalia flexuosa Holsteinian Hoxnian S4 Spiniferites elongatus Globorotalia hirsuta B Stylatractus universus Elsterian Anglian Okian MIS 12 Lujanian L5 M. Pleist. 0.44 Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Tectatodinium pellitum Noordbergum M. Pleist. Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina (Interglacial IV) teretis, Cassidulina Muchkapian C scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina Glacial c Neopleistocene RN15 S5 Ionian pachyderma Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Rosmalen Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx Collosphaera tuberosa (Interglacial III) weatleyi Donian D Globorotalia tosaensis Gephyrocapsa sp.3 L6 MIS 16 Cromerian Glacial b Ir 2 Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys 0.64 CN14 Cromerian pliocaenicus Complex Westerhoven S6 Ilynian Pterocorys hertwegii Anthocyrtidium nosicaae (Interglacial II) L7 Globorotalia crassaformis hessi E a Glacial a Pokrovian S7 Smilodon populator 0.79 0.79 L8 NPD11 Waardenburg Miracinonyx inexpectatus Pterocorys campanula Petropavlovian Clethrionomys S8 (Interglacial I) Platygonus vetus MIS 22 Microtus paroperarius F L9 0.86 Pt1 RN14 Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum C1 NSR 13 (Cass. Dorst Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus S9 Reticulofenestra asanoi (LCO) teretis) Leerdam L10 Gephyrocapsa sp.3 FAD; end of S10 medium (over 4 micron) small Gephyrocapsa spp. Wheelerian Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance dominance Bayelian Castlecliffian L11 N22 Rhizosolenia matuyamai 1 (reemG event) Linge S11 1 un-named Pleistocene Rhizosolenia matuyamai Ensenadan L12 Irvingtonian S12 Bavel Sicilian Euceratherium L13 Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO) Anthocyrtidium angulare Krinitsa Lamprocyrtis nigriniae S13 Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. G (5T) L14 a NN19 S14 Stegomastodon Actinocyclus oculatus large (over 5.5 micron) Menapian Helicosphaera sellii Gephyrocapsa spp. LAD (tlG L15 event)& beginning of small Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos E. Pleist. Synaptomys E. Pleist. Globoturborotalita obliquus Gephyrocapsa spp. dominance Beestonian Mammuthus Emilian Pre-Illinoian Calabrian b Eopleistocene Quaternary WS1 Pulleniatina finalis b Ir 1 RN13 Werrikooian CN13 Waalian 1.54 Anthocyrtidium michelinae WL1 MIS 52 (Cala 2) Megalonyx wheateyi Proboscia curvirostris large (over 5.5 micron) Tolucheevka H Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Gephyrocapsa spp. (blG event) WS2 1.65 Calcidiscus macintyrei Selenopemphix dionaeacysta NPD10 Thalassiosira antiqua MIS 58 (Cala 1) Santomian Globoturborotalita apertura Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys medium (over 4 micron) Eburonian Phenacomys vetus Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event) WL2 Pterocanium prismatium Paramylodon harlani Megalonyx leptostomus, Globigerina cariacoensis Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis 1.81 Globigerinoides fistulosus Anthocyrtidium angulare 1.81 Coscinodiscus pustulatus Pastonian a Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia Pterocorys zancleus C5-6 I beccari Pre-Pastonian WS3 C4c Lepus J Pyxidicula horridus / Baventian Platygonus vetus Discoaster brouweri Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) Discoaster triradiatus Fragilariopsis doliolus Khapry Prodipodomys truncatulinoides Northrotheriops, Mictomys Globigerinoides extremus kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys Neodenticula koizumii 2 2 Pulleniatina finalis Bramertonian pliocaenicus / Antian Venturian Nukumaruan D21 Theocorythium vetulum PL6 Pyxidicula pustulata RN12b Nanippus peninsulatus, WL3 Menardella exilis Tiglian Borophagus diversidens, Uquian Glossotherium chapadmalense 2.16 Ge 2 NN18 d C2 A, B, C1-3 Procasteroides Gelasian Gelasian Discoaster triradiatus (acme) Thurnian Late Gelasian Pliocene Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance K Menardella limbata Bl 5 WS4 MN17 Menardella pertenuis Globoturborotalita woodi NSR 12B (Cass. grossa) NPD9 Thalassiosira convexa Spiniferites pachyderma Ludhamian Verkhodon Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon Menardella (Globorotalia) Discoaster pentaradiatus Invertocysta tabulata Anthocyrtidium jenghisi gracilis miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia WL4 pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) NN17 c Paenemarmota, 2.50 Ge 1 Discoaster surculus Praetiglian Globorotalia truncatulinoides Pre-Ludhamian Glossotherium chapadmalense, [Pacific] Cycladophora davisiana Mictomys vetus Repettian 2.59 Mangapanian RS 2.59 Reuverian C Dipoides rexroadensis, RN12a Ogmodontomys poaphagus, Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus b Yatalan Neodenticula seminae Waltonian Theocorythium trachelium Neodenticula kamtschatica Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO) Reuverian B trachelium. PL5 Globoturborotalita decoraperta 2.80 Stichocorys peregrina Pia 2 CN12 Discoaster tamalis Cassidulina grossa LCO, Bl 4 Globorotalia crassaformis (S Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, coiling) Nonion affine LCO, Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata (pl. foram) Globorotalia crassaformis (D Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi coiling) S. North Sea: Hyalinea balthica Menardella multicamerata 3 Miracinonyx inexpectatus 3 MN16 Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus NN16 Sylvilagus Didymocyrtis avita Dentoglobigerina altispira Globorotalia crassaformis (S RN11b PL4 coiling) N20/ Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Thalassiosira marujamica Pliolemmus Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Piacenzian N21 Piacenzian s.str. Globorotalia inflata NSR 12A (Glob. NPD8 Hirsutella cibaoensis Globoquadrina baroemoenensis inflata) 3.27 Globorotalia crassaformis (D a a Thalassiosira jacksonii Pia 1 coiling) Globigerinoides fistulosus Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula Globorotalia tosaensis Borophagus hilli, Platygonus C2A pearcei Blancan Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance) Phormostichoartus fistula PL3 Procastoroides Menardella pertenuis Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus Sphenolithus spp. Borophagus diversidens, Pliocene 3.60 Chapadmalalan 3.60 Bl 3 Megalonyx leptostomus, Melitasphaeridium choanophorum PLANK. FORAMS = Lychnodictyum audax Glyptotherium Megantereon Neogloboquadrina atlantica, Globorotalia crassaformis, RN11a Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia puncticulata, Neogloboquadrina humerosa Menardella (Globorotalila) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Neodenticula koizumii miocenica Globorotalia plesiotumida NN15 Actinocyclus oculatus Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae MN15 Phormostichoartus doliolum Kalimnan Discoaster tricorniculatus 4.01 Amphirhopalum ypsilon 4 Za 2 Pliopotamys 4 NN14 b RN10 PL2 CN11 Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO) Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus Spongaster tetras tetras Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Spiniferites splendidus Spongaster pentas Didymocyrtis avita Spongaster berminghami, Didymocyrtis penultima Spongaster klingi Pulleniatina spectabilis Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l. a NPD7Bc Bl 2 Globoturborotalita nepenthes Menardella exilis b NSR 11 (Neoglob Zanclean Globoconella (Globorotalia) . atlantica) MN14 Zanclean puncticulata Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Amaurolithus primus b 4.62 Za 1 NN13 Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Ogmodontomys poaphagus Delmontian Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Neogene Dipoides rexroadensis Globigerinoides seiglei Cheltenhamian Bl 1 Ursus c Nanippus peninsulatus, Reticulofenestra
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  • Pleistocene Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Gephyrocapsid Occurrence in Site U1431D, IODP 349, South China Sea

    Pleistocene Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Gephyrocapsid Occurrence in Site U1431D, IODP 349, South China Sea

    geosciences Article Pleistocene Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Gephyrocapsid Occurrence in Site U1431D, IODP 349, South China Sea , Jose Dominick S. Guballa * y and Alyssa M. Peleo-Alampay Nannoworks Laboratory, National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-28-9707-5905 Current address: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, y ON M5S 3B1, Canada. Received: 25 August 2020; Accepted: 23 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: We reinvestigated the Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of Site U1431D (International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 349) in the South China Sea (SCS). Twelve calcareous nannofossil Pleistocene datums are identified in the site. The analysis confirms that the last occurrence (LO) of Calcidiscus macintyrei is below the first occurrence (FO) of large Gephyrocapsa spp. (>5.5 µm). The FO of medium Gephyrocapsa spp. (4–5.5 µm) is also identified in the samples through morphometric measurements, which was unreported in shipboard results. Magnetobiochronologic calibrations of the numerical ages of LO of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and FO of Emiliania huxleyi are underestimated and need reassessment. Other potential markers such as a morphological turnover of circular to elliptical variants of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and a small Gephyrocapsa acme almost synchronous with the FO of Emiliania huxleyi may offer biostratigraphic significance in the SCS. The morphologic changes in Gephyrocapsa coccoliths are also examined for the first time in Site U1431D. Placolith length and bridge angle changes are comparable with other ocean basins, suggesting that morphologic changes are most likely evolutionary novelties rather than being caused by local climate anomalies.
  • An Attempt at Correlation of Main Climatostratigraphic Units of the Quaternary in the Marginal Zones of Continental Glaciations in Europe

    An Attempt at Correlation of Main Climatostratigraphic Units of the Quaternary in the Marginal Zones of Continental Glaciations in Europe

    ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA LUBLIN - POLONIA VOL.XLVIII, 14_____________________________ SECTIOB_____________________________________ 1993 Instytut Geologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Leszek LINDNER, Leszek MARKS An Attempt at Correlation of Main Climatostratigraphic Units of the Quaternary in the Marginal Zones of Continental Glaciations in Europe Próba korelacji głównych jednostek klimatostratygraficznego podziału czwartorzędu w brzeżnej strefie zasięgu zlodowaceń kontynentalnych w Europie INTRODUCTION Studies of the Quaternary palaeogeographical evolution in the marginal zone of conti­ nental glaciations in Europe must be based on good knowledge of rhythmus of climatic changes in that time. Such changes in most cases were expressed by coolings that favou­ red development of 8 continental glaciations (Fig. 1) and warmings which were typical of climatic conditions during 7 interglacials, all during this part of the Quaternary that is na­ med the Pleistocene (Figs 2-4). From a climatostratigraphic point of view these glacia­ tions and interglacials, together with preceding main coolings and warmings of the Early Quaternary (Prepleistocene) as well as the following - the youngest warming of the Holo­ cene, are considered to be the main units of the inland Quaternary (M. D. Baraniecka 1990; L. Li n d n e r 1991b). These units are more and more frequently correlated with the 18O stages that record the main Quaternary climatic changes in deep-sea sediments (D.Q. Bowen 1989; D.Q. Bowen etal. 1989; L.Lindner 1984,1988a,b, 1991 a, b;F. Wiegank 1982; 1987; L. N. Voznyachuk 1985; V. A. Zubakov 1986, 1988, 1990; V. A. Zubakov and 1.1. Borzenkova 1990), which enables their mu­ tual correlations (Table 1).
  • Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results Volume

    Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results Volume

    Ruddiman, W., Sarnthein M., et al., 1989 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 108 8. COMPARISON OF UPPER PLIOCENE DISCOASTER ABUNDANCE VARIATIONS FROM NORTH ATLANTIC SITES 552, 607, 658, 659, AND 662: FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR MARINE PLANKTON RESPONDING TO ORBITAL FORCING1 Alex Chepstow-Lusty,2 Jan Backman,3 and Nicholas J. Shackleton2 ABSTRACT Abundance variations of six Pliocene species of discoasters have been analyzed over the time interval from 1.89 to 2.95 Ma at five contrasting sites in the North Atlantic: Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 552 (56°N) and 607 (41°N) and Ocean Drilling Program 658 (20°N), 659 (18°N), and 662 (1°S). A sampling interval equivalent to approximately 3 k.y. was used. Total Discoaster abundance showed a reduction with increasing latitude and from the effects of upwelling. This phenomenon is most obvious in Discoaster brouweri, the only species that survived over the entire time interval studied. Prior to 2.38 Ma, Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus are important components of the Discoaster assemblage: Discoaster pentaradiatus increases slightly with latitude up to 41°N, and its abundance relative to D. brouweri increases up to 56°N; D. surculus increases in abundance with latitude and with upwelling conditions relative to both D. brouweri and D. pentaradiatus and is dominant to the latter species at upwelling Site 658 and at the highest latitude sites. Discoaster asymmetricus and Discoaster tamalis appear to increase in abundance with latitude relative to D. brouweri. Many of the abundance changes observed appear to be connected with the initiation of glaciation in the North Atlantic at 2.4 Ma.