Time Pliocene / Pleistocene (0-6 Ma time-slice) ScaLe R Creator CHRONOS Cen Mesozoic Paleozoic Sponsored, in part, by: Precambrian Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al., 2004) and The CONCISE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008) ICS Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60.
Standard Geo- Sequences Marine Antarctic Ice Cores Regional Stage Planktonic Foraminifers Calcareous Nannofossils Dinoflagellate Cysts North Sea Radiolarians Diatoms Eurasian Stages Mammals Regional Stages Chinese Stage magnetic O-18 Age Chronostratigraphy CO Microfossil Zones Loess Age δ - Deuterium 2 South Magnetic Polarity Composite 0 North Atlantic T-R 0 ( /00 PDB) (ppmv) Italy Europe America New Sequences ( /00 PDB) Susceptibility Period Epoch Stage Global Cycles 3 4 5 -430 -410 -390 -370 200 240 280 Zones Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Zonal Markers Other Nannofossils Additional Nannofossils Zones Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts Zones North Sea Event Zones Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians Zones Zonal Markers Other Diatoms NW Europe Britain Russian Plain ELMA SALMA NALMA North American Mammals North America California Australia Zealand Units 210 20
0 Holocene 0.012 LGM Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. Emiliania huxleyi (acme in Hallian S0 0.012 0 0.02 huxleyi shift of dominance [in" Mediterreanean) transitional" waters] Weichselian Devensian Valdaian Platygonus compressus Wisconsinian Tarantian L1 Lt. Pleist. Globorotalia flexuosa Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. Lt. Pleist. 0.126 Tyrrhenian huxleyi shift of dominance [in Eemian Ipswichian Mikulinian Sangamonian 0.126 tropical and subtropical waters] RN17 MIS 6 NN21 CN15 Warthe Moscovian Megalonyx jeffersonii S1 0.14 Buccinosphaera invaginata "Tottenhill" Illinoian Haweran Drenthe Dnieper Rancholabrean Bison Bolliella calida NPD12 L2 c Globoquadrina pseudofoliata 0.27 Saalian Wacken / Wolstonian Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus S2 MIS 8 Emiliania huxleyi paroperarius Domnitz [un-named] Ir 3 Ondatara zibethicus A L3 b Globigerinoides ruber rosa Likhvinian
RN16 Proboscia curvirostris S3 Fuhne L4 NN20 b Thallassiosira jouseae Globorotalia flexuosa Holsteinian Hoxnian S4 Spiniferites elongatus Globorotalia hirsuta B Stylatractus universus Elsterian Anglian Okian MIS 12 Lujanian L5 M. Pleist. 0.44 Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Tectatodinium pellitum Noordbergum M. Pleist. Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina (Interglacial IV) teretis, Cassidulina Muchkapian C scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina Glacial c Neopleistocene
RN15 S5 Ionian pachyderma Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Rosmalen Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx Collosphaera tuberosa (Interglacial III) weatleyi Donian D Globorotalia tosaensis Gephyrocapsa sp.3 L6 MIS 16 Cromerian Glacial b Ir 2 Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys 0.64 CN14 Cromerian pliocaenicus Complex Westerhoven S6 Ilynian Pterocorys hertwegii Anthocyrtidium nosicaae (Interglacial II) L7 Globorotalia crassaformis hessi E a Glacial a Pokrovian S7 Smilodon populator 0.79 0.79 L8 NPD11 Waardenburg Miracinonyx inexpectatus Pterocorys campanula Petropavlovian Clethrionomys S8 (Interglacial I) Platygonus vetus MIS 22 Microtus paroperarius F L9
0.86 Pt1 RN14 Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum C1 NSR 13 (Cass. Dorst Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus S9 Reticulofenestra asanoi (LCO) teretis) Leerdam L10 Gephyrocapsa sp.3 FAD; end of S10 medium (over 4 micron) small Gephyrocapsa spp. Wheelerian Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance dominance Bayelian Castlecliffian L11 N22 Rhizosolenia matuyamai 1 (reemG event) Linge S11 1 un-named Pleistocene
Rhizosolenia matuyamai Ensenadan L12 Irvingtonian S12 Bavel Sicilian Euceratherium L13 Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO) Anthocyrtidium angulare Krinitsa Lamprocyrtis nigriniae S13 Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. G (5T) L14 a NN19 S14 Stegomastodon Actinocyclus oculatus large (over 5.5 micron) Menapian Helicosphaera sellii Gephyrocapsa spp. LAD (tlG L15 event)& beginning of small Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos E. Pleist. Synaptomys E. Pleist. Globoturborotalita obliquus Gephyrocapsa spp. dominance Beestonian Mammuthus Emilian Pre-Illinoian Calabrian b Eopleistocene
Quaternary WS1 Pulleniatina finalis b Ir 1 RN13 Werrikooian CN13 Waalian 1.54 Anthocyrtidium michelinae WL1 MIS 52 (Cala 2) Megalonyx wheateyi Proboscia curvirostris large (over 5.5 micron) Tolucheevka H Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Gephyrocapsa spp. (blG event) WS2 1.65 Calcidiscus macintyrei Selenopemphix dionaeacysta NPD10 Thalassiosira antiqua MIS 58 (Cala 1) Santomian Globoturborotalita apertura Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys medium (over 4 micron) Eburonian Phenacomys vetus Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event) WL2 Pterocanium prismatium Paramylodon harlani Megalonyx leptostomus, Globigerina cariacoensis Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis 1.81 Globigerinoides fistulosus Anthocyrtidium angulare 1.81 Coscinodiscus pustulatus Pastonian a Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia Pterocorys zancleus C5-6 I beccari Pre-Pastonian WS3 C4c Lepus J Pyxidicula horridus / Baventian Platygonus vetus Discoaster brouweri Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) Discoaster triradiatus Fragilariopsis doliolus Khapry Prodipodomys truncatulinoides Northrotheriops, Mictomys Globigerinoides extremus kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys Neodenticula koizumii 2 2 Pulleniatina finalis Bramertonian pliocaenicus / Antian Venturian Nukumaruan D21 Theocorythium vetulum PL6 Pyxidicula pustulata RN12b Nanippus peninsulatus, WL3 Menardella exilis Tiglian Borophagus diversidens, Uquian Glossotherium chapadmalense 2.16 Ge 2 NN18 d C2 A, B, C1-3 Procasteroides Gelasian Gelasian Discoaster triradiatus (acme) Thurnian Late Gelasian Pliocene Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance K Menardella limbata Bl 5 WS4 MN17 Menardella pertenuis Globoturborotalita woodi NSR 12B (Cass.
grossa) NPD9 Thalassiosira convexa Spiniferites pachyderma Ludhamian Verkhodon Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon Menardella (Globorotalia) Discoaster pentaradiatus Invertocysta tabulata Anthocyrtidium jenghisi gracilis miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia WL4 pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) NN17 c Paenemarmota, 2.50 Ge 1 Discoaster surculus Praetiglian Globorotalia truncatulinoides Pre-Ludhamian Glossotherium chapadmalense, [Pacific] Cycladophora davisiana Mictomys vetus Repettian 2.59 Mangapanian RS 2.59 Reuverian C Dipoides rexroadensis,
RN12a Ogmodontomys poaphagus, Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus b Yatalan Neodenticula seminae Waltonian Theocorythium trachelium Neodenticula kamtschatica Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO) Reuverian B trachelium.
PL5 Globoturborotalita decoraperta 2.80 Stichocorys peregrina Pia 2 CN12 Discoaster tamalis
Cassidulina grossa LCO, Bl 4 Globorotalia crassaformis (S Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, coiling) Nonion affine LCO, Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata (pl. foram) Globorotalia crassaformis (D Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi coiling) S. North Sea: Hyalinea balthica Menardella multicamerata 3 Miracinonyx inexpectatus 3 MN16 Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus NN16 Sylvilagus Didymocyrtis avita Dentoglobigerina altispira Globorotalia crassaformis (S RN11b PL4 coiling) N20/ Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Thalassiosira marujamica Pliolemmus Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Piacenzian N21 Piacenzian s.str. Globorotalia inflata NSR 12A (Glob. NPD8 Hirsutella cibaoensis Globoquadrina baroemoenensis inflata) 3.27 Globorotalia crassaformis (D a a Thalassiosira jacksonii Pia 1 coiling) Globigerinoides fistulosus Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula Globorotalia tosaensis Borophagus hilli, Platygonus C2A pearcei Blancan Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance) Phormostichoartus fistula PL3 Procastoroides Menardella pertenuis Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus Sphenolithus spp. Borophagus diversidens, Pliocene 3.60 Chapadmalalan 3.60 Bl 3 Megalonyx leptostomus, Melitasphaeridium choanophorum PLANK. FORAMS = Lychnodictyum audax Glyptotherium Megantereon Neogloboquadrina atlantica,
Globorotalia crassaformis, RN11a Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia puncticulata, Neogloboquadrina humerosa Menardella (Globorotalila) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Neodenticula koizumii miocenica
Globorotalia plesiotumida NN15 Actinocyclus oculatus
Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae MN15 Phormostichoartus doliolum Kalimnan
Discoaster tricorniculatus
4.01 Amphirhopalum ypsilon 4 Za 2 Pliopotamys 4
NN14 b RN10
PL2 CN11 Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO) Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus Spongaster tetras tetras
Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Spiniferites splendidus Spongaster pentas Didymocyrtis avita Spongaster berminghami, Didymocyrtis penultima Spongaster klingi Pulleniatina spectabilis
Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l. a
NPD7Bc Bl 2 Globoturborotalita nepenthes
Menardella exilis b NSR 11 (Neoglob
Zanclean Globoconella (Globorotalia) . atlantica) MN14 Zanclean puncticulata Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Amaurolithus primus b 4.62 Za 1 NN13 Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Ogmodontomys poaphagus Delmontian
Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei,
Neogene Dipoides rexroadensis Globigerinoides seiglei Cheltenhamian Bl 1 Ursus c
Nanippus peninsulatus, Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, T. insigna Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Discoaster ovata Pterocanium prismatium
Reticulofenestra antarctica
Operculodinium tegillatum Transition of Ceratolithus acutus 5 Barssidinium evangelinae 5 to C. rugosus in Atlantic N18 PL1 CN10 Ceratolithus acutus Thalassiosira latimarginata
Ceratolithus rugosus C3 a
b NPD7Bb D20
Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Montehermosan
Ceratolithus larrymayeri (sp.1) RN9 5.33 5.33 Ceratolithus acutus Solenosphaera omnitubus NN12 Bolboforma metzmacheri, procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Cibicides telegdi; PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica (dextral), Globigerina Hh 4 bulloides, Neogloboquadrina acostaensis a Spongaster pentas
Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Thalassiosira oestrupii
Acrobotrys tritubus MN13
Discoaster quinqueramus Globorotalia pliozea, Globorotalia sphericomiozea Pterocorys campanula
Siphostichartus corona Globorotalia tumida a Hemphilian
5.77 Mitchellian Me 2 d d Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Globorotalia humilis Megantereon, Mustela, Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, NSR 10 (Bolbo. Protopliophenacomys) and Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Miocene metsmacheri) Hh 4
M14 Globoquadrina dehiscens Nicklithus amplificus Messinian Messinian CN9 6 alt 6 NPD7Ba NN11a N17b Globorotalia margaritae Rouxia californica
Thalassiosira miocenica Globorotalia lenguaensis Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Hh 3 Globigerinoides conglobatus c c Thalassiosira praeoestrupii C3A
M13 b
Acrobotrys tritubus
September 2008