Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
Tapir Feeding specialization Perissodactyla Rhinocerous and Horse Artiodactyla
The Pig Pronghorn modern Deer Camel Cursorial specialization ungulates
Perissodactyla -- Odd-toed Ungulates Evolutionary origin 45 MYA 3 families, 6 genera, 17 species Originated in North America Now Asia, South America
Perissodactyls 50 mya in North America Condylarthra -- Extinct Order 13 of 14 families Gave rise to: 9 extinct by 2 mya Artiodactyla Indricotherium transouralicum Perissodactyla Cetacea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Chalicotheriidae Sirenia 4 to 40 mya – Large forelimbs, short hind limbs Standing, feeding on trees
Classic example in biology texts Perissodactyla -- Equidae Increase in size Perissodactyla -- Tapiridae Reduction in digits Longer skull Single genus, 4 species Tooth complexity Up to 300 kg From 50 mya to today Originate North America Now South America, Asia 20 mya for current genus Fig. 19.4 Little change since then
Nocturnal, All but 1 near water
Solitary
Single genus, 7 species Gestation over 1 year, single offspring 250 to 400 kg in wild species Declining in number, distribution – E or T
1 Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
Sumatran rhinoceros Artiodactyla -- Even-toed Ungulates Perissodactyla -- Rhinoceratidae Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 50 million+ year history 4 genera, 5 species First artiodactyl rabbit-sized, 50 mya Up to 2,000 kg 36 families, 10 still present Diacodexis 3rd and 4th foot bones weight-bearing 10-25 mya for genera Originated in North America (probably) Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis Africa, Asia (split 26 mya) Suiformes -- pigs, peccaries, hippopotamus Generally solitary Tylopoda -- camels Gestation 8 or 16 months Single offspring Ruminantia -- ruminants -- cow, sheep, deer, White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum Adults invulnerable to predation Each suborder has reprentatives Endangered from Eocene (50 mya)
Rhinocerous In Perissodactyla! Artiodactyla--Suiformes Artiodactyla Deer Pronghorn Cow Giraffe Suiformes -- Pigs -- Suidae 5 genera, 16 species
Omnivorous Up to 275 kg (similar to tapir) Typically forested or brushy areas Tayassuidae
100 to 175 day gestation 1 - 12 offspring / gestation
Artiodactyla--Suiformes Artiodactyla--Tylopoda - Camelidae
Camels -- 1 genus, 2 species llamas -- 1 genus, 3 species
Camels--reversal to digitigrade Dry, sandy conditions
60 to 650 kg
Hippopotamidae - 2 genera, 2 species
Hippopotamus – 4.5 m, up to 4,500 kg Hexaprotodon – 2 m, up to 250 kg
240 and 200 day gestation 1 young / gestation
2 Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Giraffidae Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Tragulidae
Mouse deer Giraffe, Okapi 3 genera, 4 species 2 genera, 2 species 2.3 to 4.6 kg Africa and Asia 1,800 kg and 250 kg 5.5 m and 2+ m
About 450 day gestation No antlers, upper canines tusk-like Africa Solitary, nocturnal
Ruminants
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Moschidae Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Cervidae
Musk deer Deer family Has been in Cervidae 1 genus, 4 species 16 genera, 43 species
Up to 18 kg Antlers (all but 1 species)
No antlers -- note canines Many species: Solitary / Gregarious Threatened or vulnerable 8 to 800 kg “Musk” used in perfumes 170 to 240 day gestation 1 to 3 young
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Bovidae Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Antilocapridae African and Asian antelope Bison, Sheep, Goats, and Cattle Pronghorn antelope 1 genus, 1 species 45 genera, 137 species 36 to 70 kg Many species: Open grassland / semidesert Solitary / Gregarious 25 to 1,000 kg Pronghorn (M/F like caribou)
Fastest New World mammal 86 km / h
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